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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yhNwVTPhLn9wmP5TNMzF7nS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000800307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240428</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20240428</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares no Brasil de 2000 a 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2858-367X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bichara</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lino</surname>
            <given-names>Eric Delgado dos Santos Mafra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Aux&#237;lio na produ&#231;&#227;o dos mapas e gr&#225;ficos</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8121-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Militar de Engenharia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. CEP <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>8</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240428</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios observaram correla&#231;&#227;o entre as taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC), doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV) e o &#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS). Por&#233;m, persistem d&#250;vidas sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o do IVS total e dimens&#245;es com a mortalidade estratificada por sexo, etnia e aglomerados populacionais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do IVS total e dimens&#245;es, e correlacionar com as taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV no Brasil e Unidades da Federa&#231;&#227;o (UF), de 2000 a 2021.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Estudo ecol&#243;gico de s&#233;ries temporais das taxas de mortalidade padronizada (m&#233;todo direto com a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de 2000) por DIC e DCBV por idade, sexo e UF entre 2000 e 2021 correlacionadas com o IVS e suas dimens&#245;es. Os dados das causas b&#225;sicas de morte foram obtidos do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Mortalidade e os do IVS provieram do Atlas da Vulnerabilidade Social. Calculou-se correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (significativo se p&lt;0,05) para cada estrato analisado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>O IVS, a dimens&#227;o capital humano (IVS-CH) e a dimens&#227;o renda e trabalho (IVS-RT) em 2010 apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o forte com as varia&#231;&#245;es das taxas de mortalidade por DCBV e DIC (IVS x DCBV: Rho(p)=0,85; IVS x DIC: Rho(p)=0,75; IVS-CH x DCVB: Rho(p)=0,84; IVS-CH x DIC: Rho(p)=0,84; IVS-RT x DCBV: Rho(p)=0,81; IVS-RT x DIC: Rho(p)=0,71. A dimens&#227;o infraestrutura urbana IVS-IU apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o fraca para DCBV e DIC, respectivamente (IVS-IU x DCBV: Rho(p)=0,33; IVS-IU x DIC: Rho(p)=0,25).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>O IVS-CH e IVS-RT apresentaram maior grau de correla&#231;&#227;o com as varia&#231;&#245;es das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social e Mortalidade por Doen&#231;as Isqu&#234;micas do Cora&#231;&#227;o e Doen&#231;as Cerebrovasculares no Brasil de 2000 a 2021</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>IVS: &#205;ndice de vulnerabilidade social; IVS-IU: Dimens&#227;o infraestrutura urbana do &#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade social; IVS-RT: Dimens&#227;o renda e trabalho do &#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade social; IVS-CH: Dimens&#227;o capital humano do &#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade social. Os dados expostos nos mapas s&#227;o do ano de 2021.</attrib>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Isquemia Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos Cerebrovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Vulnerabilidade Social</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
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        <ref-count count="42"/>
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    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em 2021, se estimou que ocorreram mais de 9 milh&#245;es de mortes por doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) e quase 4 milh&#245;es de mortes por acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico no mundo.&#185; e aproximadamente 75% dessas mortes foram registradas em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No Brasil, as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs) tamb&#233;m s&#227;o a principal causa de morte, representadas pelas DIC e a doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares (DCBV), em sua maioria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No final do s&#233;culo XX ocorreu redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por essas condi&#231;&#245;es de modo mais acelerado em regi&#245;es com melhores indicadores socioecon&#244;micos, como a Europa Ocidental e a Am&#233;rica do Norte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No Brasil, as Unidades Federativas (UF) das regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste que t&#234;m os melhores indicadores socioecon&#244;micos apresentaram maiores redu&#231;&#245;es das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, houve crescimento do n&#250;mero de estudos que associaram os indicadores socioecon&#244;micos com as taxas de mortalidade pelas DCVs, entretanto, ainda s&#227;o poucos os que empregaram os indicadores de vulnerabilidade nessa an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Apesar disso, em comum, tais estudos identificaram maiores taxas de mortalidade em popula&#231;&#245;es mais vulner&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O termo vulnerabilidade social possui diversas defini&#231;&#245;es, uma das mais aceitas &#233; "a aus&#234;ncia ou insufici&#234;ncia de ativos que podem ser providos pelo estado".<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o em &#226;mbito global do &#237;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social (IVS). No Brasil, seu c&#225;lculo &#233; realizado pelo Instituto de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada (IPEA) que quantifica 16 indicadores alocados em 3 dimens&#245;es: Infraestrutura urbana, capital humano e renda, trabalho e forma de inser&#231;&#227;o (formal ou n&#227;o). Por fim, se calcula a m&#233;dia aritm&#233;tica dessas 3 dimens&#245;es para chegar ao valor do IVS total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A dimens&#227;o infraestrutura urbana tem por objetivo refletir o acesso ao saneamento b&#225;sico e transporte urbano. J&#225; a dimens&#227;o capital humano visa avaliar as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e acesso &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o de uma popula&#231;&#227;o. Por fim, a dimens&#227;o renda, trabalho e forma de inser&#231;&#227;o almeja identificar a insufici&#234;ncia de renda e de fluxo de renda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O IPEA disponibiliza ainda o c&#225;lculo do IVS e de suas dimens&#245;es para alguns segmentos espec&#237;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o, como popula&#231;&#227;o feminina, masculina, negra, branca, rural e urbana. Esses dados podem auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas de maior fragilidade nas popula&#231;&#245;es mais vulner&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar a evolu&#231;&#227;o do IVS total e suas dimens&#245;es, e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com as taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV, no Brasil e nas UF, no per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2021.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo ecol&#243;gico e descritivo das varia&#231;&#245;es das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV em ambos os sexos e faixas et&#225;rias entre os anos de 2000 e 2021. Analisou-se tamb&#233;m o IVS total e dimens&#245;es, no Brasil e nas UF, entre 2000 e 2021.</p>
      <p>Os dados sobre as causas b&#225;sicas de &#243;bitos foram obtidos no site do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade (SIM) do Departamento de inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#250;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS) do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (MS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Foram selecionadas as informa&#231;&#245;es sobre mortalidade referentes ao Brasil e em suas UF. Utilizaram-se como vari&#225;veis a faixa et&#225;ria, o sexo e &#243;bitos por resid&#234;ncia. Para a pesquisa, a popula&#231;&#227;o foi estratificada em faixas et&#225;rias da seguinte forma: 0-19 anos, 20-29 anos e subsequentemente em faixas com 10 anos at&#233; o grupo de maiores de 80 anos.</p>
      <p>Para sele&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bitos cuja causa b&#225;sica era DIC se utilizaram os c&#243;digos I20-I25 do C&#243;digo Internacional de Doen&#231;as (CID-10). Para DCBV, os c&#243;digos s&#227;o do I60 ao I69.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Sequencialmente, se procedeu ao <italic>download</italic> de arquivos em formato .CSV que foram convertidos para XLS no programa Microsoft Excel, utilizado para an&#225;lise de dados e constru&#231;&#227;o de gr&#225;ficos e tabelas.</p>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o residente no Brasil e em suas UF foram retiradas do <italic>site</italic> do DATASUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que utiliza os dados oficiais censit&#225;rios do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica (IBGE) de 1980, 1991, 2000 e 2010, proje&#231;&#245;es intercensit&#225;rias at&#233; 2012, e proje&#231;&#245;es populacionais de 2013 em diante.</p>
      <p>As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o IVS foram obtidas do Atlas da Vulnerabilidade Social, disponibilizado pelo IPEA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> onde foi obtido o valor do IVS e suas dimens&#245;es para a popula&#231;&#227;o total e para os estratos populacionais disponibilizados. O IVS foi considerado muito baixo quando era inferior a 0,2, baixo quando estava entre 0,2 e 0,3, m&#233;dio quando estava entre 0,3 e 0,4, alto quando estava entre 0,4 e 0,5 e muito alto quando era maior que 0,5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Tais valores foram usados como refer&#234;ncia para a colora&#231;&#227;o dos mapas e tabelas do material suplementar.</p>
      <p>Foram realizados os c&#225;lculos das taxas de mortalidade bruta e da padronizada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> por faixa et&#225;ria e sexo pelo m&#233;todo direto, tendo como popula&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira do ano 2000 para a DIC e para a DCBV. Avaliou-se a tend&#234;ncia temporal das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por faixa et&#225;ria e sexo no per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2021, e a associa&#231;&#227;o com o IVS e suas dimens&#245;es do ano de 2010. O ano de 2021 foi escolhido como o ano limite, pois &#233; o ano mais recente com dados dispon&#237;veis para todas as vari&#225;veis analisadas.</p>
      <p>Foram constru&#237;das tabelas usando os dados dos anos de 2000 e de 2021 para o IVS e suas dimens&#245;es. Para a constru&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos foram utilizadas as varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais das taxas de mortalidade padronizadas por DIC e DCBV e o IVS do ano de 2010. Utilizou-se uma defasagem temporal de aproximadamente 10 anos entre os indicadores e as taxas de mortalidade conforme estudos pr&#233;vios sobre o tema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Para an&#225;lise do grau de correla&#231;&#227;o foram realizados os c&#225;lculos para obten&#231;&#227;o da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman (significativo se p&lt;0,05) para cada estrato analisado. A correla&#231;&#227;o foi considerada fraca se &#8804; 0,3, moderada se &gt;0,3 e &lt;0,7, e forte se &#8805; 0,7.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de 2000 a 2021, ocorreram 2.127.662 mortes por DCBV e 2.193.405 mortes por DIC, no Brasil, sendo 50,58% e 58,29% respectivamente, no sexo masculino. No mesmo per&#237;odo, o IVS do Brasil variou de 0,446 em 2000 a 0,249 em 2021.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise do IVS e de suas dimens&#245;es na popula&#231;&#227;o total e nos estratos populacionais dispon&#237;veis permitiu observar que houve melhora do indicador na quase totalidade das UF, entretanto durante todo per&#237;odo os melhores indicadores se concentram nas UF das regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl01.pdf">Figuras 1 e 2</inline-supplementary-material> e <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl02.pdf">Tabelas 1,2,3 e 4 do material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>). Al&#233;m disso, se p&#244;de observar que no ano de 2000 quase todas as UF com vulnerabilidade muito alta se localizavam nas regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste do pa&#237;s (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl03.pdf">Figura 1</inline-supplementary-material> e <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl04.pdf">Tabelas 1,2,3 e 4 do material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>). Outro fato a ser destacado &#233; que as popula&#231;&#245;es negra e rural apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade que os demais segmentos analisados (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl05.pdf">Tabelas 1, 2, 3 e 4 do material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      <p>A dimens&#227;o infraestrutura urbana (IVS-IU) apresentou menor vulnerabilidade que o IVS total e o maior n&#250;mero de UF com vulnerabilidade baixa e muito baixa em 2021 (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl06.pdf">Tabela 2 do material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>). Maior n&#250;mero de UF foram classificadas como de vulnerabilidade muito alta na dimens&#227;o capital humano (IVS-CH), principalmente no ano de 2000, abrangendo todas as UF do Norte e Nordeste. Al&#233;m disso, as popula&#231;&#245;es negra e rural apresentaram vulnerabilidade maior do que os demais segmentos populacionais (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl07.pdf">Tabela 3 do material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>). Por fim, a dimens&#227;o renda e trabalho (IVS-RT) destacou a maior vulnerabilidade da popula&#231;&#227;o feminina em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; masculina (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl08.pdf">Tabela 4 do material suplementar</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, se observa que a popula&#231;&#227;o das UF das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste teve maior vulnerabilidade e piora ou redu&#231;&#227;o menos expressiva das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV. Destaca-se ainda que as UF da regi&#227;o Sul apresentaram menor vulnerabilidade com redu&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva da mortalidade por DIC e DCBV. Para todos os cen&#225;rios foi calculada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, tendo sido alcan&#231;ado grau de correla&#231;&#227;o moderada a forte. Os coeficientes das correla&#231;&#245;es encontrados foram: IVS x DCBV: Rho(p)=0,85; IVS x DIC: Rho(p)=0,75.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre o IVS do ano de 2010 e a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil e nas unidades federativas, em ambos os sexos, entre 2000 e 2021. (1A) - IVS de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DCBV, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021, (1B) IVS de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual do da mortalidade por DIC, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref> se observa que as UF das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentaram maior vulnerabilidade na dimens&#227;o infraestrutura urbana que as UF da regi&#227;o Sul. Al&#233;m disso, as UF das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentaram piora ou redu&#231;&#227;o menos expressiva da mortalidade por DIC e DCBV. Entretanto, ao avaliar as regi&#245;es Centro-Oeste e Sudeste, se nota que Distrito Federal, Goi&#225;s, Rio de Janeiro e S&#227;o Paulo apresentaram vulnerabilidade maior que a maioria das UF das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste. O c&#225;lculo da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman identificou correla&#231;&#227;o fraca. Os coeficientes das correla&#231;&#245;es encontrados foram: IVS-IU x DCBV: Rho(p)=0,33; IVS-IU x DIC: Rho(p)=0,25.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a dimens&#227;o de infraestrutura urbana do &#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social de 2010 e a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil e nas suas unidades federativas, em ambos os sexos entre 2000 e 2021. (2A) - IVS-IU de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DCBV, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021, (2B) IVS-IU de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DIC, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>, se observou padr&#227;o semelhante ao identificado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>, no qual as UF das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentaram vulnerabilidade maior no quesito capital humano e piora ou redu&#231;&#227;o menos expressiva das mortalidades por DIC e DCBV que as demais regi&#245;es. Interessante notar, que ao realizar o c&#225;lculo da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, foi identificada correla&#231;&#227;o forte do IVS-CH comparada aos demais. Os coeficientes das correla&#231;&#245;es encontrados foram: IVS-CH x DCVB: Rho(p)=0,84; IVS-CH x DIC: Rho(p)=0,84.</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a dimens&#227;o capital humano do &#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social de 2010 e a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil e nas suas unidades federativas, em ambos os sexos, entre 2000 e 2021. (3A) - IVS-CH de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DCBV, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021, (3B) IVS-CH de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DIC, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 4</xref> se nota novamente o padr&#227;o j&#225; descrito nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">3</xref>. As UF das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste apresentam maior vulnerabilidade na dimens&#227;o renda e trabalho do IVS e apresentou ou aumento da mortalidade por DIC e DCBV, ou em caso de queda, esta foi menos expressiva quando comparada a outras UF das demais regi&#245;es. O c&#225;lculo da correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman identificou correla&#231;&#227;o forte, entretanto de modo menos expressivo que os valores obtidos com o IVS-CH e o IVS. Os coeficientes das correla&#231;&#245;es encontrados foram: IVS-RT x DCBV: Rho(p)=0,81; IVS-RT x DIC: Rho(p)=0,71.</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre a dimens&#227;o de renda e trabalho do &#205;ndice de Vulnerabilidade Social de 2010 e a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da taxa de mortalidade por doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares e doen&#231;as isqu&#234;micas do cora&#231;&#227;o no Brasil e nas suas unidades federativas, em ambos os sexos, entre 2000 e 2021. (4A) - IVS-RT de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DCBV, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021, (4B) IVS-RT de 2010 e varia&#231;&#227;o percentual da mortalidade por DIC, em ambos os sexos, no Brasil, 2000 a 2021.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es do IVS se observou que apesar da melhora dos indicadores no per&#237;odo, a grande maioria das UF de Norte e Nordeste permaneceram com a maior vulnerabilidade do pa&#237;s em todas as dimens&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, foi evidente maior vulnerabilidade das popula&#231;&#245;es negra e rural e maior vulnerabilidade na dimens&#227;o capital humano do IVS. Esses achados foram tamb&#233;m descritos em outros estudos que observaram maior vulnerabilidade das popula&#231;&#245;es negra<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> e rural<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> em diversas &#225;reas, incluindo o acesso &#224; sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>Observou-se que houve ou aumento da mortalidade por DIC e DCBV, ou em caso de queda, esta foi menos expressiva nas UF das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste quando comparada a outras UF, apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o da vulnerabilidade observada nesse per&#237;odo. A an&#225;lise das correla&#231;&#245;es da varia&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DIC e DCBV com as dimens&#245;es do IVS isoladamente, permitiu identificar que o IVS-CH (&gt;0,83- forte) alcan&#231;ou um grau de correla&#231;&#227;o superior ao do IVS (&gt;0,75 &#8211; forte). Al&#233;m disso, o IVS-RT tamb&#233;m apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o forte enquanto o IVS-IU teve correla&#231;&#227;o fraca (&lt;0,35). Estudos pr&#233;vios j&#225; haviam identificado a associa&#231;&#227;o de indicadores socioecon&#244;micos de desenvolvimento e vulnerabilidade com a mortalidade por essas condi&#231;&#245;es,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> entretanto ainda n&#227;o havia sido realizada uma an&#225;lise para identificar quais fatores teriam maior influ&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; vulnerabilidade, estudos dos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica sugeriram que as m&#233;tricas de vulnerabilidade poderiam apresentar boa correla&#231;&#227;o com desfechos em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Estudos internacionais identificaram que popula&#231;&#245;es mais vulner&#225;veis est&#227;o sujeitas a apresentar mais fatores de risco cardiovascular como hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, diabetes e tabagismo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> maior dificuldade de acesso a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> menor acesso a servi&#231;os de reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> mais readmiss&#245;es hospitalares em 30 dias por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> e aumento da mortalidade, inclusive mortalidade precoce por DCVs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios, que analisaram o IVS no Brasil, identificaram a melhora desse indicador em &#226;mbito nacional, entretanto com maior vulnerabilidade das regi&#245;es Norte e Nordeste,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> compat&#237;vel com nossos achados. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a mortalidade por DCBV, tamb&#233;m foi identificado uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade nas UF das regi&#245;es Sul, Sudeste e Centro-Oeste,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> assim como para DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Este estudo sugere quais fatores socioecon&#244;micos teriam maior influ&#234;ncia sobre a mortalidade de DIC e DCBV.</p>
      <p>A dimens&#227;o infraestrutura urbana, que avalia coleta de lixo, fornecimento de &#225;gua e esgoto inadequados e tempo de deslocamento casa-trabalho, apresentou grau de correla&#231;&#227;o inferior &#224;s demais. Esses achados se devem principalmente ao fato das UF do Distrito Federal (DF), Goi&#225;s (GO), Rio de Janeiro (RJ) e S&#227;o Paulo (SP) terem apresentado maior vulnerabilidade, diferenciando-se do padr&#227;o observado nas demais dimens&#245;es. Pode-se supor que no RJ e em SP isso se deva aos grandes movimentos migrat&#243;rios a partir da d&#233;cada de 1950 que levaram a um r&#225;pido e desorganizado aumento da popula&#231;&#227;o urbana, culminando na forma&#231;&#227;o das favelas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> As UF de GO e DF tamb&#233;m sofreram com processo semelhante, embora de menor dimens&#227;o, a partir da d&#233;cada de 60, motivados pela constru&#231;&#227;o da Capital Federal e posteriormente pela expans&#227;o da fronteira agr&#237;cola.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outras hip&#243;teses para o fato de as correla&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o serem fortes para a IVS- IU, pode ser a necessidade de maior defasagem temporal entre a melhoria dessa dimens&#227;o da vulnerabilidade social para que ocorra a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade, ou ainda que essa dimens&#227;o tenha sido representada por outras do IVS capital humano, que mensura a mortalidade infantil e anos estudados, ou o IVS renda e trabalho com avalia&#231;&#227;o da renda domiciliar per capita, que isoladamente j&#225; mostram correla&#231;&#227;o em estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A dimens&#227;o Capital Humano avalia oito fatores, com foco em educa&#231;&#227;o/escolaridade, mortalidade infantil e m&#227;es jovens. Estudos nacionais pr&#233;vios, identificaram que popula&#231;&#245;es com menor escolaridade estavam mais predispostos a apresentar fatores de risco de DCVs e menor acesso a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Foram descritos estudos que demonstram que maior mortalidade infantil pode estar associada a acesso mais dif&#237;cil aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> O exposto anteriormente pode justificar a melhor correla&#231;&#227;o desta dimens&#227;o com a mortalidade por DIC e DCBV. &#201; prov&#225;vel que esta dimens&#227;o tenha alcan&#231;ado grau de correla&#231;&#227;o superior ao pr&#243;prio IVS, pois este sofreu influ&#234;ncia das outras dimens&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Por fim, a forte correla&#231;&#227;o da dimens&#227;o renda e trabalho, pode ser justificada pelo fato de o maior poder aquisitivo representar um acesso mais f&#225;cil a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de. Estudos pr&#233;vios identificaram que popula&#231;&#245;es com menor poder aquisitivo t&#234;m mais fatores de risco cardiovasculares e maior mortalidade por DIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Foi descrito tamb&#233;m a rela&#231;&#227;o inversa, uma vez que as DCVs podem deixar sequelas e incapacidades afetando a capacidade de trabalho do indiv&#237;duo e aumentando os gastos em sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo traz uma metodologia in&#233;dita e contribui para o conhecimento atual das DCVs ao analisar as dimens&#245;es do IVS para a popula&#231;&#227;o total e para os estratos populacionais disponibilizados pelo IPEA, al&#233;m de analisar o grau de correla&#231;&#227;o desses indicadores com a varia&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade padronizada pela faixa et&#225;ria de DIC e DCBV no Brasil e em suas UF.</p>
      <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo est&#227;o o fato de se tratar de um estudo ecol&#243;gico, que permite uma an&#225;lise populacional preliminar que necessitar&#225; ser referendada por estudos prospectivos com coleta de dados sistematizada. As informa&#231;&#245;es foram obtidas de banco de dados, podem estar vulner&#225;veis a vieses por falhas na coleta de dados: subnotifica&#231;&#227;o, causas mal definidas ou <italic>garbage codes</italic>. No entanto, se ressalta que tais limita&#231;&#245;es atuam de modo sist&#234;mico, em todas as declara&#231;&#245;es e bancos de &#243;bito, n&#227;o sendo um impedimento para a an&#225;lise global dos dados.</p>
      <p>A hip&#243;tese central de que existiria correla&#231;&#227;o entre a diminui&#231;&#227;o da vulnerabilidade social e a redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares foi corroborada nesse estudo. Analisar o IVS por estratos populacionais permite supor que o aglomerado populacional rural, as mulheres e os negros, historicamente associados com maior vulnerabilidade social, apresentariam menores redu&#231;&#245;es das taxas de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV. Novos estudos que contemplem per&#237;odos temporais maiores poder&#227;o auxiliar no entendimento de quais componentes do IVS causar&#227;o maior impacto na diminui&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade pelas DCVs, auxiliando no direcionamento de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas voltadas para a sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise das dimens&#245;es do IVS permitiu identificar a redu&#231;&#227;o da vulnerabilidade do Brasil e da grande maioria das suas UF em todas as dimens&#245;es, apesar de persistirem as desigualdades com maior vulnerabilidade nas UF de Norte e Nordeste. Al&#233;m disso, se identificou maior vulnerabilidade das popula&#231;&#245;es negra e rural. Apesar da redu&#231;&#227;o da vulnerabilidade nas UF de Norte e Nordeste, n&#227;o houve redu&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva de mortalidade por DIC e DCBV. Foi poss&#237;vel identificar correla&#231;&#227;o forte da varia&#231;&#227;o do IVS, IVS-CH e IVS-RT com a varia&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade por DIC e DCBV. Esses dados podem guiar investimentos p&#250;blicos, com o intuito de reduzir a mortalidade por essas condi&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Jos&#233; Lucas Bichara pela Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240428i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Social Vulnerability Index and Mortality from Ischemic Heart Diseases and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Brazil from 2000 to 2021</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2858-367X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bichara</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bastos</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lino</surname>
            <given-names>Eric Delgado dos Santos Mafra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Assistance in the production of maps and graphs</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8121-5959</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Villela</surname>
            <given-names>Paolo Blanco</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 255. Postal Code <postal-code>21941-901</postal-code>, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Previous studies have observed a correlation between mortality rates from ischemic heart diseases (IHDs), cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), and the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). However, doubts persist about the association between the overall SVI and its dimensions and mortality stratified by sex, ethnicity, and population clusters.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To analyze the evolution of the overall SVI and its dimensions and correlate it with mortality rates due to IHD and CBVD in Brazil and its Federative Units (FUs) from 2000 to 2021.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Ecological study of time series of standardized mortality rates (using the direct method with the Brazilian population in 2000) due to IHD and CBVD categorized by age, sex, and FUs between 2000 and 2021, correlated with the SVI and its dimensions. Data on the underlying causes of death were obtained from the Mortality Information System, while SVI data were sourced from the Social Vulnerability Atlas. Spearman correlation (considered significant if p&lt;0.05) was employed to calculate each analyzed stratum.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The SVI and its Human Capital (SVI-HC) dimension and Income and Employment (SVI-IE) dimension in 2010 showed a strong correlation with variations in mortality rates due to CBVD and IHD (SVI x CBVD: Rho(p)=0.85; SVI x IHD: Rho(p)=0.75; SVI-HC x CBVD: Rho(p)=0.84; SVI-HC x IHD: Rho(p)=0.84; SVI-IE x CBVD: Rho(p)=0.81; SVI-IE x IHD: Rho(p)=0.71). The Urban Infrastructure dimension (SVI-UI) showed a weak correlation with CBVD and IHD, respectively (SVI-UI x CBVD: Rho(p)=0.33; SVI-UI x IHD: Rho(p)=0.25).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Both SVI-HC and SVI-IE demonstrated strong correlations with variations in mortality rates from IHD and CBVD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Social Vulnerability Index and Mortality from Ischemic Heart Diseases and Cerebrovascular Diseases in Brazil from 2000 to 2021</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>SVI: Social Vulnerability Index; SVI-UI: Urban Infrastructure dimension of the Social Vulnerability Index; SVI-IE: Income and Employment dimension of the Social Vulnerability Index; SVI-HC: Human Capital dimension of the Social Vulnerability Index. The data displayed on the maps are from the year 2021.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Ischemia</kwd>
        <kwd>Cerebrovascular Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Social Vulnerability</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In 2021, more than 9 million deaths were estimated to have occurred due to ischemic heart diseases (IHDs), and nearly 4 million deaths were attributed to ischemic stroke worldwide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Approximately 75% of these deaths were recorded in developing countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In Brazil, cardiovascular diseases are also the leading cause of death, primarily represented by IHDs and cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> At the end of the 20th century, there was a faster reduction in mortality from these conditions in regions with improved socioeconomic indicators, such as Western Europe and North America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In Brazil, the Federative Units (FUs) in the South, Southeast, and Central-West regions, which have the best socioeconomic indicators, showed greater reductions in mortality rates from IHD and CBVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of studies associating socioeconomic indicators with mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases; however, few studies have used vulnerability indicators in this analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Despite this, these studies have in common the identification of higher mortality rates in more vulnerable populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The term social vulnerability has several definitions; one of the most accepted is "the absence or insufficiency of assets that can be provided by the state."<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> On a global level, there is no standardization of the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). In Brazil, the index is calculated by the Institute for Applied Economic Research (<italic>Instituto de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada</italic>, IPEA), which quantifies 16 indicators grouped into three dimensions: Urban Infrastructure, Human Capital, and Income and Employment (including the form of integration, whether formal or informal). Finally, the arithmetic mean of these three dimensions is calculated to yield the overall SVI value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The Urban Infrastructure dimension reflects access to basic sanitation and urban transportation. The Human Capital dimension assesses a population's health conditions and access to education. Lastly, the Income and Employment dimension (including the form of insertion) identifies insufficient income and income flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The IPEA also provides calculations of the overall SVI and its dimensions for specific population segments, including women, men, Black and White individuals, and rural and urban populations. These data may help identify the most fragile characteristics in the most vulnerable populations.</p>
        <p>The aim of this article was to analyze the evolution of the overall SVI and its dimensions, as well as its association with mortality rates due to IHD and CBVD in Brazil and its FUs from 2000 to 2021.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Ecological and descriptive study of variations in mortality rates due to IHDs and CBVDs across both sexes and age groups between 2000 and 2021. The overall SVI and its dimensions in Brazil and its FUs between 2000 and 2021 were also analyzed.</p>
        <p>Data on the underlying causes of death were obtained from the Mortality Information System (<italic>Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre Mortalidade</italic>; SIM) website maintained by the Information Technology Department of the Unified Health System (<italic>Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de</italic>; DATASUS) within the Ministry of Health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Mortality information for Brazil and its FUs was selected. Age group, sex, and deaths per residence were used as variables. For the research, the population was stratified into age groups as follows: 0&#8211;19 years, 20&#8211;29 years, and subsequently into 10-year bands up to the 80+ age group.</p>
        <p>To select deaths with underlying causes of IHDs, International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codes I20&#8211;I25 were used. For CBVDs, the I60&#8211;I69.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> codes were used. Subsequently, files in a CSV format were downloaded and converted into XLS using Microsoft Excel for data analysis and construction of graphs and tables.</p>
        <p>Information on the population residing in Brazil and its FUs was obtained from the DATASUS website,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which uses official census data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (<italic>Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat&#237;stica</italic>; IBGE) for 1980, 1991, 2000, and 2010, along with intercensal projections up to 2012, and population projections from 2013 onwards.</p>
        <p>Information on SVI was obtained from the Atlas of Social Vulnerability provided by IPEA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> where the values of the SVI and its dimensions for both the overall population and the available population strata were collected. The SVI was considered very low when below 0.2, low when between 0.2 and 0.3, medium when between 0.3 and 0.4, high when between 0.4 and 0.5, and very high when greater than 0.5.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> These values served as references for coloring the maps and tables in the supplementary material.</p>
        <p>The crude and standardized mortality rates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> were calculated by age group and sex using the direct method, with the Brazilian population of the year 2000 serving as the standard population for IHD and CBVD. The temporal trend of mortality rates standardized by age group and sex from 2000 to 2021 was evaluated, as well as the association with the SVI and its dimensions in 2010. The year 2021 was chosen as the cutoff because it is the most recent year for which data are available for all variables analyzed.</p>
        <p>Tables were constructed using data from the overall SVI and its dimensions for the years 2000 and 2021. To construct the graphs, the percentage variations in standardized mortality rates for IHD and CBVD and the 2010 SVI were used. A time lag of approximately 10 years was adopted between the indicators and mortality rates, as per previous studies on this topic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> To analyze the degree of correlation, Spearman's correlation was calculated for each stratum analyzed, with significance set at p &lt; 0.05. Correlations were considered weak when &#8804; 0.3, moderate when &gt; 0.3 and &lt; 0.7, and strong when &#8805; 0.7.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From 2000 to 2021, there were 2,127,662 deaths from CBVDs and 2,193,405 deaths from IHDs in Brazil, with 50.58% and 58.29%, respectively, attributed to the male sex. During the same period, the SVI in Brazil ranged from 0.446 in 2000 to 0.249 in 2021.</p>
        <p>The analysis of the SVI and its dimensions within the overall population and across the available population strata revealed improvements in this indicator in nearly all FUs. However, throughout the entire period, the best indicators were concentrated in the FUs of the South, Southeast, and Central-West regions (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl01-en.pdf">Supplementary Figures 1 and 2</inline-supplementary-material> and <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl02-en.pdf">Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4</inline-supplementary-material>). It was also clear that, in 2000, almost all FUs with very high vulnerability were situated in the North and Northeast regions of the country (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl03-en.pdf">Supplementary Figure 1</inline-supplementary-material> and <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl04-en.pdf">Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4</inline-supplementary-material>). Another key fact to highlight is that the Black and rural populations exhibited the highest vulnerability compared with the other segments analyzed (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl05-en.pdf">Supplementary Tables 1, 2, 3, and 4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>The Urban Infrastructure (SVI-UI) dimension exhibited lower vulnerability than the overall SVI and demonstrated the highest number of FUs classified as having low and very low vulnerability in 2021 (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl06-en.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</inline-supplementary-material>). A greater number of FUs were classified as having very high vulnerability in the Human Capital (SVI-HC) dimension, primarily in the year 2000, encompassing all FUs in the North and Northeast. Furthermore, Black and rural populations presented greater vulnerability than other population segments (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl07-en.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</inline-supplementary-material>). Finally, the Income and Employment (SVI-IE) dimension highlighted greater vulnerability in the female population compared with the male population (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-suppl08-en.pdf">Supplementary Table 4</inline-supplementary-material>).</p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>, the populations of the FUs in the North and Northeast regions exhibited greater vulnerability and either a worsening or less substantial reduction in mortality rates due to IHD and CBVD. Notably, the FUs in the South region demonstrated lower vulnerability with a more significant reduction in mortality from IHD and CBVD. Spearman's correlation was calculated for all scenarios, revealing a moderate to strong correlation. The correlation coefficients found were: SVI x CBVD, Rho(p)=0.85; SVI x IHD, Rho(p)=0.75.</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the SVI in the year 2010 and the percentage variation in the mortality rate due to cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases in Brazil and its Federative Units, for both sexes, from 2000 to 2021. (1A) - 2010 SVI and percentage variation in mortality from CBVD, for both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021. (1B) - 2010 SVI and percentage variation in mortality from IHD, for both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 2</xref> illustrates that the FUs in the North and Northeast regions displayed higher vulnerability in the SVI-UI dimension than the FUs in the South region. Furthermore, the FUs in the North and Northeast regions exhibited a worsening or less expressive reduction in mortality due to IHD and CBVD. However, when the Central-West and Southeast regions were evaluated, it was observed that the Federal District, Goi&#225;s, Rio de Janeiro, and S&#227;o Paulo exhibited greater vulnerability than most of the FUs in the North and Northeast regions. Spearman's correlation revealed a weak correlation. The correlation coefficients found were: SVI-UI x CBVD, Rho(p)=0.33; SVI-UI x IHD, Rho(p)=0.25.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the Urban Infrastructure dimension of the 2010 Social Vulnerability Index and the percentage variation in the mortality rate from cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases in Brazil and its Federative Units, for both sexes, from 2000 to 2021. (2A) - 2010 SVI-UI and percentage variation in mortality due to CBVD, in both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021. (2B) - 2010 SVI-UI and percentage variation in mortality rates due to IHD, for both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref>, the pattern was similar to that observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 1</xref>, where the FUs in the North and Northeast regions exhibited greater vulnerability in terms of human capital, alongside a worsening or less pronounced reduction in mortality due to IHD and CBVD compared with the other regions. Notably, Spearman's correlation identified a strong correlation between SVI-HC and the others. The correlation coefficients were: SVI-HC x CBVD, Rho(p)=0.84; SVI-HC x IHD, Rho(p)=0.84.</p>
        <fig id="f9">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the Human Capital dimension of the 2010 Social Vulnerability Index and the percentage variation in mortality rate from cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases in Brazil and its Federative Units, for both sexes, from 2000 to 2021. (3A) &#8211; 2010 SVI-HC and percentage variation in mortality due to CBVD, for both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021. (3B) - 2010 SVI-HC and percentage variation in mortality due to IHD, for both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>In <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref>, the pattern observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">3</xref> reappears. The FUs in the North and Northeast regions exhibited higher vulnerability in the SVI-IE dimension and demonstrated either an increase in mortality due to IHD and CBVD, or, in the case of a decrease, this was less pronounced compared with other FUs in the other regions. Spearman's correlation identified a strong correlation, although it was less pronounced than the values obtained for SVI-HC and the SVI. The correlation coefficients were: SVI-IE x CBVD, Rho(p)=0.81; SVI-IE x IHD, Rho(p)=0.71.</p>
        <fig id="f10">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Comparison of the Income and Employment dimension of the 2010 Social Vulnerability Index and the percentage variation in mortality rate from cerebrovascular diseases and ischemic heart diseases in Brazil and its Federative Units, for both sexes, from 2000 to 2021. (4A) - 2010 SVI-IE and percentage variation in mortality due to CBVD, for both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021. (4B) - 2010 SVI-IE and percentage variation in mortality rate due to IHD, for both sexes, in Brazil, from 2000 to 2021.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-08-e20240428-40428-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In assessing the SVI dimensions, it was observed that despite improvements in indicators during the period, the vast majority of the FUs in the North and Northeast remained the most vulnerable in the country across all dimensions. Furthermore, there was a clear greater vulnerability among Black and rural populations, as well as increased vulnerability in the Human Capital dimension of the SVI. These findings were also described in other studies observing greater vulnerability among Black populations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> and rural populations<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> in several areas, including access to healthcare.</p>
        <p>It was observed that there was either an increase in mortality from IHD and CBVD, or any decrease observed was less pronounced in the FUs of the North and Northeast regions compared with the other FUs, despite the reduction in vulnerability observed during this period. The analysis of the correlations between the variation in mortality due to IHD and CBVD with the dimensions of the SVI alone revealed that the SVI-HC (&gt; 0.83 &#8211; strong) achieved a stronger correlation than the SVI (&gt; 0.75 &#8211; strong). Additionally, SVI-IE also showed a strong correlation, while SVI-UI exhibited a weak correlation (&lt; 0.35). Previous studies have already identified an association between socioeconomic indicators of development and vulnerability and mortality from these conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> However, no analysis has yet been conducted to identify which factors have the greatest influence.</p>
        <p>Regarding vulnerability, studies from the United States suggest that vulnerability metrics may correlate well with public health outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> International studies have identified that populations with greater vulnerability are more likely to have cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes and smoking,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> greater difficulty in accessing healthcare services,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> less access to cardiac rehabilitation services,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> more hospital readmissions within 30 days due to heart failure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> and increased mortality, including early mortality due to cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previous studies analyzing the SVI in Brazil have identified improvements at a national level but greater vulnerability in the North and Northeast regions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> which aligns with our findings. Concerning mortality due to CBVD, a decline in mortality was also observed in the FUs of the South, Southeast, and Central-West regions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which was similar for IHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> This study suggests the socioeconomic factors that may have the greatest impact on mortality from both IHD and CBVD.</p>
        <p>The Urban Infrastructure dimension, which evaluates garbage collection, inadequate water and sewage supply, and commuting times, demonstrated a weaker correlation than the other dimensions. These findings are primarily due to the fact that the FUs of Federal District (DF), Goi&#225;s (GO), Rio de Janeiro (RJ), and S&#227;o Paulo (SP) exhibited greater vulnerability, contrasting with the patterns observed in the other dimensions. It can be assumed that in RJ and SP, this phenomenon is attributed to the large migratory movements that began in the 1950s, which resulted in rapid and disorganized growth of the urban population, leading to the formation of slums (<italic>favelas</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> The FUs of GO and DF also experienced a similar process, though on a smaller scale, starting in the 1960s, motivated by the construction of the Federal Capital and later by the expansion of the agricultural frontier.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Other possible explanations for the correlations not being strong for the SVI-UI dimension include the need for a longer time lag between the improvements in this dimension of social vulnerability and a reduction in mortality, or that this dimension may be represented by other SVI dimensions, such as the Human Capital, which measures infant mortality and years of schooling, or the Income and Employment, which assesses per capita household income, which has already shown isolated correlation in a previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Human Capital dimension assesses eight factors related to education/schooling, infant mortality, and young mothers. Previous national studies have identified that populations with lower levels of education are more likely to exhibit risk factors for cardiovascular disease and have less access to healthcare services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Studies have also shown that higher infant mortality may be associated with more difficult access to healthcare services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> This may justify the stronger correlation of this dimension with mortality from IHD and CBVD. It is likely that this dimension achieved a higher degree of correlation than the SVI itself, as the other dimensions influenced the latter.</p>
        <p>Finally, the strong correlation observed in the Income and Employment dimension may be explained by the fact that greater purchasing power leads to access to healthcare services. Previous studies have identified that populations with lower purchasing power have more cardiovascular risk factors and higher mortality due to IHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> An inverse relationship has also been described, as cardiovascular diseases can leave sequelae and disabilities, affecting the individual's ability to work and increasing healthcare costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study employs a novel methodology and enhances current knowledge of cardiovascular diseases by analyzing the dimensions of the SVI for the overall population and for the population strata provided by the IPEA. Additionally, it examines the degree of correlation between these indicators and the variation in the age-standardized mortality rates for IHD and CBVD in Brazil and its FUs.</p>
        <p>The limitations of the study include the fact that it is an ecological study, which permits a preliminary population analysis that requires validation by future prospective studies with systematic data collection. The data were obtained from databases and may be susceptible to bias due to issues in data collection, including underreporting, poorly defined causes, or garbage codes. However, it is important to note that these limitations are systemic across all death certificates and databases and do not hinder the global analysis of the data.</p>
        <p>The central hypothesis of a correlation between a reduction in social vulnerability and a decrease in mortality rates from IHDs and CBVDs was corroborated in this study. Analyzing the SVI by population strata allowed us to infer that the clusters of rural populations, women, and Black individuals, historically associated with greater social vulnerability, would experience smaller reductions in mortality rates due to IHD and CBVD. Future studies covering longer time periods may improve the understanding of which components of the SVI will have the greatest impact on reducing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases, helping to guide public policies focused on health.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The analysis of the SVI dimensions enabled the identification of a reduction in vulnerability in Brazil and in most of its FUs across all dimensions, despite the persistence of inequalities with greater vulnerability in the FUs in the North and Northeast. Additionally, increased vulnerability was identified among Black and rural populations. Despite the reduction in vulnerability in the North and Northeast FUs, a pronounced decrease in mortality from IHDs and CBVDs was not observed. A strong correlation was identified between the variation in SVI, SVI-HC, and SVI-IE and the variation in mortality from IHD and CBVD. These data may inform public investments aimed at reducing mortality from these conditions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Jos&#233; Lucas Bichara, from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
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        <app id="app2">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0428_supplementary_ing.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
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