<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LcbKndMwbmPNGv4WnxZkf4d</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700208</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250516</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00208</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Alcan&#231;ando as Metas de Colesterol LDL: A Ci&#234;ncia da Implementa&#231;&#227;o Poder&#225; nos Salvar?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o e Nefrologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o e Nefrologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Fernando Yue Cesena</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o e Nefrologia &#8211; Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@dantepazzanese.org.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250516</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticolesterolemiantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Ci&#234;ncia da Implementa&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) &#233; a principal causa de morte em todo o mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e indiv&#237;duos que j&#225; sofreram um evento de DCVA s&#227;o os que t&#234;m maior risco de um novo evento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Alcan&#231;ar n&#237;veis baixos de colesterol LDL (LDL-c) &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia comprovada e segura para prevenir eventos subsequentes. As diretrizes atuais recomendam n&#237;veis de LDL-c abaixo de 50 mg/dL ou 55 mg/dL na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os tratamentos dispon&#237;veis, incluindo estatinas, ezetimiba, agentes anti-PCSK9 e &#225;cido bempedoico, s&#227;o suficientes para que a maioria dos pacientes atinja as metas de LDL-c. No entanto, o fracasso generalizado em atingir essas metas tem sido amplamente relatado em todo o mundo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Esta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia apresenta um estudo que investigou as pr&#225;ticas de prescri&#231;&#227;o de 29 cardiologistas brasileiros para o manejo do LDL-c em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, estimando o n&#250;mero de pacientes potencialmente eleg&#237;veis para terapias al&#233;m de estatinas e ezetimiba. M&#233;dicos que trabalham no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) ou Sistema de Sa&#250;de Suplementar (SSS) responderam a um question&#225;rio sobre suas pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas. Os autores estimaram que, entre os pacientes cujos cardiologistas visavam metas de LDL-c (92% do total), 79% no SUS e 86% no SSS atingiriam os n&#237;veis desejados de LDL-c usando apenas estatinas e ezetimiba. Ao estimar o n&#250;mero total de indiv&#237;duos em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria no Brasil em 2024, os autores conclu&#237;ram que mais de um milh&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos no SUS e ~150.000 no SSS seriam candidatos potenciais &#224; terapia hipolipemiante al&#233;m de estatinas e ezetimiba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esses resultados fornecem suporte convincente para melhorar o acesso a medicamentos modernos para redu&#231;&#227;o de lip&#237;dios, como agentes anti-PCSK9.</p>
    <p>Esses achados tamb&#233;m devem ser considerados no contexto mais amplo de ades&#227;o inadequada &#224;s diretrizes e alcance das metas de LDL-c abaixo do ideal observado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. No Brasil, apesar de uma taxa de prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas superior a 80-85% na alta hospitalar ser frequentemente relatada ap&#243;s s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> o cen&#225;rio para a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica cr&#244;nica parece ser muito diferente. No registro da <italic>NEtwork to control AtheroThrombosis</italic> (NEAT), envolvendo 2.003 pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou perif&#233;rica, 55% dos que estavam em terapia com estatinas n&#227;o utilizavam estatinas de alta intensidade. Al&#233;m disso, a mediana do n&#237;vel de LDL-c foi de 79 mg/dL, bem acima da meta recomendada pelas diretrizes, com apenas 8,6% dos participantes atingindo n&#237;veis de LDL-c abaixo de 55 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Ainda mais alarmantes s&#227;o os dados do programa Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia, que mostraram que, entre mais de 35.000 adultos com hist&#243;rico de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular cerebral, apenas 6,7% estavam em terapia com estatinas, e apenas 0,6% usavam estatinas de alta pot&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As raz&#245;es subjacentes ao controle inadequado do LDL-c s&#227;o multifatoriais e amplamente documentadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Fatores relacionados aos m&#233;dicos incluem conhecimento insuficiente das diretrizes, ceticismo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es, receio quanto a potenciais efeitos adversos, in&#233;rcia terap&#234;utica e limita&#231;&#245;es de tempo para o atendimento ideal ao paciente. O presente estudo relata v&#225;rios achados relevantes: apenas 57% dos cardiologistas do SSS concordaram com a meta da diretriz brasileira de LDL-c &lt; 50 mg/dL; 50% dos cardiologistas do SUS relataram que poderiam usar sinvastatina como prescri&#231;&#227;o inicial; 17% n&#227;o intensificariam a terapia quando as estatinas n&#227;o atingem as metas de LDL-c; e 25% n&#227;o concordaram com a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatinas para todos os pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Embora as raz&#245;es por tr&#225;s dessas pr&#225;ticas n&#227;o tenham sido exploradas, os resultados indicam que h&#225; muito espa&#231;o para melhorias na transfer&#234;ncia de diretrizes baseadas em evid&#234;ncias para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina.</p>
    <p>Da perspectiva do paciente, a ades&#227;o aos tratamentos m&#233;dicos &#233; frequentemente comprometida por fatores como custos dos medicamentos, efeitos colaterais e conscientiza&#231;&#227;o limitada sobre o risco cardiovascular e os benef&#237;cios do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em particular, deve-se priorizar a melhoria do acesso dos pacientes de maior risco a estatinas de alta intensidade, ezetimiba e terapias anti-PCSK9.</p>
    <p>Essas observa&#231;&#245;es ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da ci&#234;ncia da implementa&#231;&#227;o, que &#233; o estudo de m&#233;todos e estrat&#233;gias para identificar e abordar barreiras &#224; ado&#231;&#227;o de diretrizes e facilitar a transfer&#234;ncia de recomenda&#231;&#245;es baseadas em evid&#234;ncias para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina. Tem sido proposto um modelo de interven&#231;&#227;o multin&#237;vel direcionado a pacientes, profissionais de sa&#250;de, institui&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em um relat&#243;rio especial do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic>, uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica identificou duas estrat&#233;gias de interven&#231;&#227;o particularmente eficazes para melhorar o processo de atendimento e os resultados cl&#237;nicos: auditoria do desempenho cl&#237;nico com recomenda&#231;&#245;es de feedback e realiza&#231;&#227;o de visitas educacionais aos profissionais de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, evid&#234;ncias substanciais indicam que existem oportunidades significativas para melhorar o controle do LDL-c entre pacientes com DCVA no Brasil e no mundo, reduzindo, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a carga de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Nossa incapacidade coletiva de transformar evid&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas em a&#231;&#245;es permanece evidente. Incentivar e apoiar a pesquisa de implementa&#231;&#227;o &#233; essencial para identificar e promover as estrat&#233;gias mais eficazes para integrar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Estimativa de Brasileiros em Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria de Eventos Cardiovasculares que N&#227;o Atingem a Meta de LDL Colesterol com Tratamento Hipolipemiante</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>GMM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brant</surname>
              <given-names>LCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Polanczyk</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malta</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Biolo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>BR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2023</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240079</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240079</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 Oliveira GMM, Brant LCC, Polanczyk CA, Malta DC, Biolo A, Nascimento BR, et al. Cardiovascular Statistics - Brazil 2023. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(2):e20240079. doi: 10.36660/abc.20240079.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roth</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mensah</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>CO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Addolorato</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ammirati</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baddour</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <month>12</month>
          <day>22</day>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2982</fpage>
          <lpage>2921</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990-2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 22;76(25):2982-21. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faludi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>JFK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chacra</surname>
              <given-names>APM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianco</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose &#8211; 2017</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <supplement>2 Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170121</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Faludi AA, Izar MCO, Saraiva JFK, Chacra APM, Bianco HT, Afiune A Neto, et al. Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose &#8211; 2017. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(2 Suppl 1):1-76. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170121.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mach</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baigent</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Catapano</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koskinas</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casula</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badimon</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, Koskinas KC, Casula M, Badimon L, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias: Lipid Modification to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-88. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Virani</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballantyne</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petersen</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guideline-Concordant Statin Therapy Use in Secondary Prevention: Should the Medical Community Wait for Divine Intervention?</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1814</fpage>
          <lpage>1817</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.042</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 Virani SS, Ballantyne CM, Petersen LA. Guideline-Concordant Statin Therapy Use in Secondary Prevention: Should the Medical Community Wait for Divine Intervention? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;79(18):1814-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.042.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pedretti</surname>
              <given-names>RFE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ambrosetti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Back</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berger</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ferreira</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How to Optimize the Adherence to a Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in the Secondary Prevention of cardiovascular Diseases: A Clinical Consensus Statement from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>149</fpage>
          <lpage>166</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurjpc/zwac204</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Pedretti RFE, Hansen D, Ambrosetti M, Back M, Berger T, Ferreira MC, et al. How to Optimize the Adherence to a Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in the Secondary Prevention of cardiovascular Diseases: A Clinical Consensus Statement from the European Association of Preventive Cardiology. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2023;30(2):149-66. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac204.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paiva</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Freitas</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Attainment of LDL-Cholesterol Goals in Patients with Previous Myocardial Infarction: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230242</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230242</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Gomes DA, Paiva MS, Freitas P, Albuquerque F, Lima MR, Santos RR, et al. Attainment of LDL-Cholesterol Goals in Patients with Previous Myocardial Infarction: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(1):e20230242. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230242.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreira</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpe</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foschini</surname>
              <given-names>VB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lascala</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romano</surname>
              <given-names>MMD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Statins Prescriptions and Lipid Levels in a Tertiary Public Hospital</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>736</fpage>
          <lpage>741</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190513</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Schmidt A, Moreira HT, Volpe GJ, Foschini VB, Lascala TF, Romano MMD, et al. Statins Prescriptions and Lipid Levels in a Tertiary Public Hospital. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(4):736-41. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190513.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ray</surname>
              <given-names>KK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molemans</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schoonen</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giovas</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bray</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kiru</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>EU-Wide Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: the DA VINCI study</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Prev Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1279</fpage>
          <lpage>1289</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa047</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Ray KK, Molemans B, Schoonen WM, Giovas P, Bray S, Kiru G, et al. EU-Wide Cross-Sectional Observational Study of Lipid-Modifying Therapy Use in Secondary and Primary Care: the DA VINCI study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;28(11):1279-89. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaa047.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cannon</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lemos</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenson</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ballantyne</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Lipid-Lowering Therapies Over 2 Years in GOULD, a Registry of Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the US</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>6</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1060</fpage>
          <lpage>1068</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamacardio.2021.1810</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>10 Cannon CP, Lemos JA, Rosenson RS, Ballantyne CM, Liu Y, Gao Q, et al. Use of Lipid-Lowering Therapies Over 2 Years in GOULD, a Registry of Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in the US. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(9):1060-8. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.1810.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braga</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magliano</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Senna</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tura</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimate of Brazilians Under Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events Who Do Not Achieve LDL Cholesterol Targets with LipidLowering Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240617</elocation-id>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240617i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240617i</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>11 Braga A, Santos M, Magliano C, Senna K, Tura B, Oliveira O. Estimate of Brazilians Under Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events Who Do Not Achieve LDL Cholesterol Targets with LipidLowering Therapy. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025; 122(7):e20240617. doi: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240617i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240617i</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barros e Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PGM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>CT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakazone</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>MU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Primary Results of the Brazilian Registry of Atherothrombotic Disease (NEAT)</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>4222</fpage>
          <lpage>4222</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-024-54516-9</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>12 Barros e Silva PGM, Nascimento CT, Pedrosa RP, Nakazone MA, Nascimento MU, Melo LA, et al Primary Results of the Brazilian Registry of Atherothrombotic Disease (NEAT). Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):4222. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54516-9.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Machline-Carrion</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girotto</surname>
              <given-names>AN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieri</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monfardini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Forestiero</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessing Statins Use in a Real-World Primary Care Digital Strategy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Population-Wide Digital Health Approach</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Reg Health Am</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <fpage>100534</fpage>
          <lpage>100534</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lana.2023.100534</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>13 Machline-Carrion MJ, Girotto AN, Nieri J, Pereira PM, Monfardini F, Forestiero F, et al. Assessing Statins Use in a Real-World Primary Care Digital Strategy: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of a Population-Wide Digital Health Approach. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023;23:100534. doi: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100534.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cesena</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Achievement of LDL-Cholesterol Targets: Why do We Fail, and How Can We Improve?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1026</fpage>
          <lpage>1027</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220288</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>14 Cesena F. Achievement of LDL-Cholesterol Targets: Why do We Fail, and How Can We Improve? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(6):1026-7. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220288.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chan</surname>
              <given-names>WV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pearson</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cushman</surname>
              <given-names>WC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaziano</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gorman</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ACC/AHA Special Report: Clinical Practice Guideline Implementation Strategies: A Summary of Systematic Reviews by the NHLBI Implementation Science Work Group: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1076</fpage>
          <lpage>1092</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>15 Chan WV, Pearson TA, Bennett GC, Cushman WC, Gaziano TA, Gorman PN, et al. ACC/AHA Special Report: Clinical Practice Guideline Implementation Strategies: A Summary of Systematic Reviews by the NHLBI Implementation Science Work Group: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(8):1076-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.11.004.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250516i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Achieving LDL-Cholesterol Goals: Can Implementation Science Save Us?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o e Nefrologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Fernando Yue Cesena</bold> &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Se&#231;&#227;o de Hipertens&#227;o e Nefrologia &#8211; Av. Dr. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>fernando.cesena@dantepazzanese.org.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticholesteremic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Implementation Science</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and individuals who have already experienced an ASCVD event are at the highest risk of a new event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Achieving low levels of LDL-cholesterol (LDL-c) is a proven and safe strategy for preventing subsequent events. Current guidelines recommend LDL-c levels below 50 mg/dL or 55 mg/dL in secondary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Available therapies, including statins, ezetimibe, anti-PCSK9 agents, and bempedoic acid, are sufficient for most patients to achieve LDL-c targets. Nevertheless, the widespread failure to attain these goals has been extensively reported globally.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> presents a study that investigated the prescription practices of 29 Brazilian cardiologists for LDL-c management in secondary prevention, estimating the number of patients potentially eligible for therapies beyond statins and ezetimibe. Physicians working in the Public Health System (PHS) or Supplementary Health System (SHS) completed a questionnaire regarding their clinical practices. The authors estimated that, among patients whose cardiologists aimed for LDL-c targets (92% of the total), 79% in the PHS and 86% in the SHS would achieve the desired LDL-c levels using statins and ezetimibe alone. By estimating the total number of individuals in secondary prevention in Brazil in 2024, the authors concluded that over one million individuals in the PHS and ~150.000 in the SHS would be potential candidates to lipid-lowering therapy beyond statins and ezetimibe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These results provide compelling support for improving access to modern lipid-lowering medications, such as anti-PCSK9 agents.</p>
      <p>These findings should also be considered within the broader context of suboptimal guideline adherence and LDL-c target attainment observed in clinical practice. In Brazil, despite a statin prescription rate exceeding 80&#8211;85% at hospital discharge is often reported following acute coronary syndromes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> the scenario for chronic ischemic heart disease seems to be very different. In the NEtwork to control AtheroThrombosis (NEAT) registry, involving 2,003 patients with coronary or peripheral artery disease, 55% of those on statin therapy were not using high-intensity statins. Furthermore, the median LDL-c level was 79 mg/dL, which is well above the guideline-recommended target, with only 8.6% of participants achieving LDL-c levels below 55 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Even more alarming are data from the Family Health Strategy (<italic>Estrat&#233;gia de Sa&#250;de da Fam&#237;lia</italic>) program, which showed that, among more than 35,000 adults with a history of myocardial infarction or stroke, merely 6.7% were on statin therapy, and only 0.6% were using high-intensity statins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The reasons underlying inadequate LDL-c control are multifactorial and extensively documented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Physician-related factors include insufficient knowledge of guidelines, skepticism about recommendations, apprehension about potential adverse effects, therapeutic inertia, and time constraints for optimal patient care. The current study reports several relevant findings: only 57% of SHS cardiologists agreed with the Brazilian guideline target of LDL-c &lt;50 mg/dL; 50% of PHS cardiologists reported they could use simvastatin as the initial prescription; 17% would not escalate therapy when statins fail to achieve LDL-c targets; and 25% did not agree with prescribing statins to all patients in secondary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Although the reasons behind these practices were not explored, the results indicate substantial room for improvement in translating evidence-based guidelines into routine clinical practice.</p>
      <p>From the patient's perspective, adherence to medical treatments is often compromised by factors such as medication costs, side effects, and limited awareness of cardiovascular risk and treatment benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In particular, improving access for the highest-risk patients to high-intensity statins, ezetimibe, and anti-PCSK9 therapies should be prioritized.</p>
      <p>These observations underscore the importance of implementation science, which is the study of methods and strategies to identify and address barriers to guideline adoption and facilitate the translation of evidence-based recommendations into routine clinical practice. A multilevel intervention model targeting patients, healthcare providers, clinical institutions, and healthcare policies has been proposed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In a special report from the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association, a systematic review identified two particularly effective intervention strategies for improving the process of care and clinical outcomes: auditing clinical performance with feedback recommendations and conducting educational visits to healthcare providers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion, substantial evidence indicates that significant opportunities exist to improve LDL-c control among ASCVD patients in Brazil and globally, ultimately reducing the cardiovascular disease burden. Our collective failure to translate clinical evidence into action remains evident. Encouraging and supporting implementation research is essential to identify and promote the most effective strategies for integrating guideline recommendations into clinical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Estimate of Brazilians Under Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events Who Do Not Achieve LDL Cholesterol Targets with LipidLowering Therapy</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
