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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WnDfBddm8tPzjSNdj3tSQ6L</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250395</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia Diab&#233;tica: Desvendando Mecanismos Fisiopatol&#243;gicos por Meio de RNAs n&#227;o Codificantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5824-5199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ojopi</surname>
            <given-names>Elida Paula Benquique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;der Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Elida Paula Benquique Ojopi</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Avenida Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>benquique.ojopi@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250395</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias Diab&#233;ticas</kwd>
        <kwd>MicroRNAs</kwd>
        <kwd>RNA Longo n&#227;o Codificante</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica (CMD) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o grave do diabetes mellitus (DM) caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es que resultam em remodelamento card&#237;aco com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e, eventualmente, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, na aus&#234;ncia de outras condi&#231;&#245;es como hipertens&#227;o arterial, valvopatias, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A CMD se desenvolve independentemente de outros fatores de risco cardiovasculares e est&#225; associada a altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas, incluindo hiperglicemia e hiperlipidemia. V&#225;rios mecanismos contribuem para a patog&#234;nese da CMD, tais como sinaliza&#231;&#227;o insul&#237;nica card&#237;aca desregulada, disfun&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial, estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o e altera&#231;&#245;es no equil&#237;brio de c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de sua crescente preval&#234;ncia, os mecanismos pelos quais a CMD se desenvolve permanecem amplamente n&#227;o elucidados, e um tratamento eficaz ainda &#233; necess&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>RNAs n&#227;o codificantes (ncRNAs) s&#227;o produtos da transcri&#231;&#227;o que n&#227;o s&#227;o traduzidos em prote&#237;nas, apresentando uma ampla diversidade quanto &#224; biog&#234;nese, tamanho, forma e fun&#231;&#227;o. Os ncRNAs mais extensivamente estudados s&#227;o os microRNAs (miRNAs) e os RNAs longos n&#227;o codificantes (lncRNAs). Atualmente, &#233; amplamente aceito que ncRNAs com mais de 200 nucleot&#237;deos de comprimento s&#227;o classificados como lncRNAs. Os miRNAs pertencem a uma classe mais ampla de ncRNAs conhecida como "pequenos RNAs", definidos por seu tamanho (20&#8211;28 nucleot&#237;deos) e associa&#231;&#227;o com prote&#237;nas da fam&#237;lia Argonauta (Ago). Esses pequenos RNAs atuam como guias, direcionando as prote&#237;nas Ago para &#225;cidos nucleicos-alvo, a fim de induzir o silenciamento g&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> miRNAs e lncRNAs regulam diversos processos envolvidos na CMD, incluindo estresse oxidativo, inflama&#231;&#227;o, apoptose e autofagia. Por isso, t&#234;m sido explorados como potenciais biomarcadores e alvos terap&#234;uticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>H19 &#233; um lncRNA identificado em 1990<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> como um dos transcritos com <italic>imprinting</italic> materno. Possui 2,3 kb de comprimento, &#233; abundantemente expresso e apresenta caracter&#237;sticas de mRNA, exceto pela aus&#234;ncia de potencial codificador. Transcrito pela RNA polimerase II (RNAPII) e localizado no citoplasma, o H19 passa por <italic>capping</italic>, <italic>splicing</italic> e poliadenila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> investigaram os efeitos cardioprotetores da orientina, um flavonoide com propriedades antioxidantes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> com foco no papel dos ncRNAs, especificamente no eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT. Este estudo interessante avan&#231;a ao conectar um composto natural a mecanismos moleculares finamente regulados na fisiopatologia da CMD.</p>
    <p>A CMD foi induzida em camundongos por meio da combina&#231;&#227;o de uma dieta rica em gorduras e inje&#231;&#245;es de estreptozotocina. A pesquisa envolveu v&#225;rios grupos de tratamento para avaliar os efeitos de diferentes doses de orientina (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg e 40 mg/kg por dia, por via intraperitoneal) ao longo de 12 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Apesar dos n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue permanecerem inalterados, houve redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica e da apoptose, al&#233;m de melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos animais tratados. A orientina reduziu os n&#237;veis de marcadores bioqu&#237;micos de dano card&#237;aco, como LDH, CK-MB e cTnI. Os resultados sugeriram que a orientina aumentou a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, uma vez que o pr&#233;-tratamento inibiu a produ&#231;&#227;o de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS) induzida por alta glicose em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1. O estudo destacou que os n&#237;veis de lncRNA H19 e ALDH2 estavam reduzidos, enquanto miR-103-3p estava aumentado na condi&#231;&#227;o diab&#233;tica. A orientina reverteu essas altera&#231;&#245;es, indicando que modula o eixo de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2, o qual desempenha um papel crucial na fisiopatologia da CMD. A orientina tamb&#233;m ativou a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o PI3K/AKT, essencial para a sobreviv&#234;ncia celular, associada &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o positiva de ALDH2, sugerindo um mecanismo protetor contra o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose em cardiomi&#243;citos. Especificamente, H19 aumentou a express&#227;o de ALDH2 ao se ligar ao miR-103-3p, um inibidor de ALDH2, ativando assim a via PI3K/AKT em c&#233;lulas HL-1 tratadas com alta glicose.</p>
    <p>Por fim, experimentos de "resgate" (silenciamento de H19 e inibi&#231;&#227;o de PI3K) demonstraram que a deple&#231;&#227;o de H19 ou a inibi&#231;&#227;o de PI3K reverteram os efeitos protetores da orientina, estabelecendo uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal entre esse eixo molecular e os benef&#237;cios observados. Os resultados deste estudo refor&#231;am as propriedades cardioprotetoras da orientina, previamente sugeridas em outros contextos, como no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Investiga&#231;&#245;es futuras sobre os alvos diretos de miR-103-3p podem proporcionar uma compreens&#227;o mais aprofundada da rede regulat&#243;ria envolvida na CMD. Al&#233;m disso, estudos translacionais em modelos animais maiores e, futuramente, ensaios cl&#237;nicos em pacientes com CMD, ser&#227;o cruciais para validar o potencial terap&#234;utico da orientina e a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica do eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT como alvo terap&#234;utico.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: A Orientina Alivia o Estresse Oxidativo e a Apoptose na Cardiomiopatia Diab&#233;tica por Meio do Eixo Lncrna H19/Mir-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250395i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Unraveling Pathophysiological Mechanisms via Non-coding RNAs</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5824-5199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ojopi</surname>
            <given-names>Elida Paula Benquique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>&#201;der Anderson</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Politi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana Urbano</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Medicina &#8211; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Elida Paula Benquique Ojopi</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Avenida Prof. M&#225;rio Rubens Guimar&#227;es Montenegro, s/n. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>benquique.ojopi@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Diabetic Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>MicroRNAs</kwd>
        <kwd>Long Noncoding RNA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by changes that result in cardiac remodeling with ventricular dysfunction and eventually heart failure in the absence of other conditions such as arterial hypertension, valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, and congenital heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> DCM develops independently of other cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with metabolic abnormalities, including hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Multiple mechanisms contribute to DCM pathogenesis, such as impaired cardiac insulin signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, and calcium handling defects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite its increasing prevalence, the underlying mechanisms of DCM remain largely unelucidated, and effective treatment is still needed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are transcriptional outputs that do not translate into proteins, exhibiting a diverse range of biogenesis, size, shape, and function. The most extensively studied ncRNAs are microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). It has become a broadly accepted definition that ncRNAs over 200 nucleotides in length are classified as lncRNAs. miRNAs belong to a broader class of ncRNAs known as &#8216;small RNAs&#8217;, which are defined by their size (20&#8211;28 nucleotides) and association with Argonaute (Ago) family proteins. Small RNAs act as guides, directing Ago proteins to target nucleic acids to induce gene silencing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> miRNAs and lncRNAs regulate various processes involved in DCM, including oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Therefore, they have been explored as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H19 is a lncRNA identified in 1990<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> as one of the maternally imprinted transcripts. H19 is 2.3 kb in length, abundantly expressed, and has characteristics of mRNA except that it lacks coding potential. Transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) and localized in the cytoplasm, H19 undergoes capping, splicing, and polyadenylation.</p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> investigated the cardioprotective effects of orientin, a flavonoid with antioxidant properties,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> with a focus on the role of ncRNAs, specifically the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis. This interesting study advances by connecting a natural compound with finely regulated molecular mechanisms to DCM pathophysiology.</p>
      <p>DCM was induced using a combination of a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injections in mice. The research involved multiple treatment groups to assess the effects of different doses of orientin (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg per day intraperitoneally) over 12 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Despite unchanged blood glucose levels, myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis were significantly reduced, and cardiac function improved in the treated mice. Orientin reduced the levels of biochemical markers associated with cardiac damage, such as LDH, CK-MB, and cTnI. Results suggested that orientin increased antioxidant enzyme activities as pretreatment inhibited high glucose-triggered ROS production in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. The study highlighted that lncRNA H19 and ALDH2 levels were reduced while miR-103-3p increased in diabetic conditions. Orientin reversed these changes, indicating that it modulates the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2 signaling axis, which plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of DCM. Orientin also activated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, essential for cell survival, which was linked to ALDH2 upregulation, suggesting a protective mechanism against oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Specifically, H19 upregulated ALDH2 expression by binding to miR-103-3p, an ALDH2 inhibitor, thereby activating the PI3K/AKT pathway in high glucose-treated HL-1 cells.</p>
      <p>Finally, "rescue" experiments (H19 knockdown and PI3K inhibition) demonstrated that H19 depletion or PI3K inhibition reversed the protective effects of orientin, establishing a causal link between this molecular axis and the observed benefits. The results of this study reinforce the cardioprotective properties of orientin previously suggested in other contexts, such as in myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Future investigations into the direct targets of miR-103-3p can provide a better understanding of the regulatory network involved in DCM. Furthermore, translational studies in larger animal models and, eventually, clinical trials in DCM patients would be crucial to validate the therapeutic potential of orientin and the clinical relevance of the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis as a therapeutic target.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Orientin Alleviates Oxidative Stress And Apoptosis In Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Via The Lncrna H19/Mir-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/ AKT Axis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
