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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Q9jHpz7sG6JpPTg6RTFMXCH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250352</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Compress&#227;o Coron&#225;ria na Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar: Uma Amea&#231;a Trat&#225;vel Escondida &#224; Vista de Todos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan K. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Tulane University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Biomedical Engineering</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New Orleans</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Allan K. N. Alencar</bold> &#8226; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, <postal-code>70118</postal-code> - USA E-mail: <email>aalencar@tulane.edu</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>07</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250352</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) representa uma condi&#231;&#227;o grave e progressiva associada &#224; insufici&#234;ncia ventricular direita, comprometimento da capacidade funcional e aumento da mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Embora a angina n&#227;o seja um sintoma caracter&#237;stico da HP, ela pode afetar at&#233; 30% dos pacientes e &#233; frequentemente esquecida na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O estudo publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> aborda uma causa rara, por&#233;m cr&#237;tica, de dor tor&#225;cica na HP: compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) por uma art&#233;ria pulmonar dilatada. Os autores apresentam uma s&#233;rie de casos observacionais de 12 pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) com implante de stent para compress&#227;o da TCE, relatando viabilidade e al&#237;vio sustentado dos sintomas.</p>
    <p>Embora a aterosclerose do TCE seja bem reconhecida por seu impacto progn&#243;stico, a compress&#227;o deste vaso devido &#224; dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar na HP permanece subdiagnosticada. Os autores destacam que at&#233; 76% dos pacientes com HP avan&#231;ada apresentam dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, o que pode resultar em compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca significativa do TCE, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de aterosclerose coronariana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que a compress&#227;o do TCE tem sido associada &#224; morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita em coortes de HP, enfatizando a necessidade de alta suspeita cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo atual refor&#231;a descobertas de relat&#243;rios anteriores, como a s&#233;rie italiana de Saia et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que demonstrou resultados positivos ap&#243;s a coloca&#231;&#227;o de stent em 53 pacientes. Nesta s&#233;rie brasileira, todos os 12 pacientes relataram melhora dos sintomas, com sucesso angiogr&#225;fico e sem complica&#231;&#245;es imediatas. Ao longo de um acompanhamento de 33 meses, ocorreram apenas quatro mortes, todas atribu&#237;das &#224; progress&#227;o da HP subjacente, sem relatos de eventos relacionados ao stent.</p>
    <p>Esta s&#233;rie de casos &#233; valiosa por v&#225;rios motivos. Primeiro, ela fornece evid&#234;ncias do mundo real de um centro de HP de alto volume na Am&#233;rica Latina, uma regi&#227;o sub-representada na pesquisa em HP coron&#225;ria-vascular. Segundo, ela demonstra um algoritmo diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico estruturado que envolve avalia&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar, imagens avan&#231;adas com angiotomografia computadorizada de coron&#225;rias e tomada de decis&#227;o individualizada &#8212; um modelo que vale a pena replicar em centros especializados.</p>
    <p>O estudo tamb&#233;m se alinha &#224; crescente conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre causas n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticas de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica em doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas. A fisiopatologia distinta da HP contribui para a subperfus&#227;o coron&#225;ria devido ao aumento do estresse da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito e &#224; altera&#231;&#227;o da reserva coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A adi&#231;&#227;o de compress&#227;o mec&#226;nica pelo tronco pulmonar cria um mecanismo de "duplo impacto" que pode passar inadvertido, a menos que exames de imagem coron&#225;ria sejam realizados de forma proativa em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante destacar que os autores descrevem as nuances t&#233;cnicas da sele&#231;&#227;o e implanta&#231;&#227;o do stent. Na maioria dos casos, um &#250;nico stent foi suficiente; no entanto, em 25% dos casos, um segundo stent foi necess&#225;rio para otimizar a for&#231;a radial e o ganho de l&#250;men. Embora a imagem intravascular tenha sido utilizada com parcim&#244;nia, sua aplica&#231;&#227;o seletiva ressalta as limita&#231;&#245;es do mundo real e a necessidade de abordagens flex&#237;veis e pragm&#225;ticas em cen&#225;rios com recursos limitados.</p>
    <p>Uma das principais mensagens &#233; que a compress&#227;o do TCE deve ser sistematicamente considerada em pacientes com HP e angina ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular inexplicada. Embora as estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o para a doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica do TCE estejam bem estabelecidas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> o papel da ICP na compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca ainda est&#225; em evolu&#231;&#227;o. O impacto progn&#243;stico a longo prazo do implante de stent neste contexto n&#227;o &#233; totalmente conhecido, e o estudo atual se soma a um crescente corpo de literatura que sugere benef&#237;cio sintom&#225;tico, embora estudos randomizados sejam improv&#225;veis devido &#224; raridade da condi&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Pesquisas futuras devem explorar a utilidade da triagem de rotina em pacientes com HP de alto risco, especialmente aqueles com di&#226;metros de art&#233;ria pulmonar &gt; 40 mm ou proximidade anat&#244;mica entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e o TCE em exames de imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, avaliar o impacto da ICP na fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito e na sobrevida a longo prazo pode gerar insights sobre o tratamento integrativo da HP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em conclus&#227;o, os autores fornecem evid&#234;ncias convincentes de que a compress&#227;o do TCE na HP &#233; clinicamente significativa e terapeuticamente vi&#225;vel. Sua experi&#234;ncia corrobora a incorpora&#231;&#227;o da avalia&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria aos algoritmos de tratamento da HP e posiciona a ICP como uma interven&#231;&#227;o segura e eficaz em casos selecionados. Na era da cardiologia de precis&#227;o, reconhecer e tratar esses culpados anat&#244;micos n&#227;o s&#243; &#233; vi&#225;vel, como tamb&#233;m pode salvar vidas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Angioplastia do Tronco da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Esquerda no Tratamento de Compress&#227;o Extr&#237;nseca em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250352i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coronary Compression in Pulmonary Hypertension: A Treatable Threat Hidden in Plain Sight</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3072-6270</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Allan K. N.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">New Orleans</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Allan K. N. Alencar</bold> &#8226; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, 500 Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, LA, <postal-code>70118</postal-code> - USA E-mail: <email>aalencar@tulane.edu</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) represents a severe, progressive condition associated with right ventricular failure, impaired functional capacity, and increased mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Although angina is not a hallmark symptom of PH, it can affect up to 30% of patients and is frequently overlooked in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The study published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> addresses a rare yet critical cause of chest pain in PH: extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) by a dilated pulmonary artery. The authors present an observational case series of 12 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting for LMCA compression, reporting both feasibility and sustained symptom relief.</p>
      <p>While LMCA atherosclerosis is well recognized for its prognostic impact, compression of this vessel due to pulmonary artery dilation in PH remains underdiagnosed. The authors highlight that up to 76% of patients with advanced PH exhibit pulmonary artery enlargement, which may result in significant extrinsic compression of the LMCA, even in the absence of coronary atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Importantly, LMCA compression has been associated with sudden cardiac death in PH cohorts, emphasizing the need for high clinical suspicion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The current study reinforces findings from previous reports, such as the Italian series by Saia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> which demonstrated successful outcomes following stenting in 53 patients. In this Brazilian series, all 12 patients reported symptom improvement, with angiographic success and no immediate complications. Over a 33-month follow-up, only four deaths occurred, all attributed to the progression of underlying PH, with no stent-related events reported.</p>
      <p>This case series is valuable for several reasons. First, it provides real-world evidence from a high-volume PH center in Latin America, a region underrepresented in coronary-vascular PH research. Second, it demonstrates a structured diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm involving multidisciplinary evaluation, advanced imaging with coronary computed tomography angiography, and individualized decision-making &#8212; a model worth replicating in specialized centers.</p>
      <p>The study also aligns with growing awareness of non-atherosclerotic causes of myocardial ischemia in systemic diseases. The distinct pathophysiology of PH contributes to coronary underperfusion due to increased right ventricular wall stress and altered coronary reserve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The addition of mechanical compression by the pulmonary trunk creates a &#8216;double-hit&#8217; mechanism that may go unrecognized unless coronary imaging is proactively pursued in symptomatic patients.</p>
      <p>Importantly, the authors describe technical nuances of stent selection and deployment. In most cases, a single stent sufficed; however, in 25% of cases, a second stent was required to optimize radial force and lumen gain. Although intravascular imaging was used sparingly, its selective application underscores the real-world constraints and the need for flexible, pragmatic approaches in resource-limited settings.</p>
      <p>One of the key messages is that LMCA compression should be systematically considered in PH patients with angina or unexplained ventricular dysfunction. While revascularization strategies for atherosclerotic LMCA disease are well established,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> the role of PCI in extrinsic compression is still evolving. The long-term prognostic impact of stenting in this context is not fully known, and the current study adds to a growing body of literature suggesting symptomatic benefit, though randomized studies are unlikely due to the rarity of the condition.</p>
      <p>Future research should explore the utility of routine screening in high-risk PH patients, especially those with pulmonary artery diameters &gt;40 mm or anatomic proximity between the pulmonary artery and LMCA on imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Additionally, assessing the impact of PCI on right ventricular function and long-term survival could yield insights into the integrative management of PH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In conclusion, the authors provide compelling evidence that LMCA compression in PH is both clinically significant and therapeutically actionable. Their experience supports the incorporation of coronary evaluation into PH care algorithms and positions PCI as a safe and effective intervention in selected cases. In an era of precision cardiology, recognizing and treating such anatomical culprits is not only feasible &#8212; it may also prove to be life-saving.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Left Main Coronary Artery Angioplasty for the Treatment of Extrinsic Compression in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
