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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6KcMkPPhj49YqWjTRwPzjVh</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250314</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250314</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplicando o EASIX na Osteoartrite. O Elo Entre Inflama&#231;&#227;o e Risco Cardiovascular</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-4217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Roberto Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcio Roberto Moraes de Carvalho</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. CEP <postal-code>24220-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>carvalhobm@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>25</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>07</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250314</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoartrite</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A osteoartrite (OA), h&#225; muito considerada uma doen&#231;a articular de desgaste mec&#226;nico, est&#225; sendo cada vez mais reinterpretada &#224; luz das evid&#234;ncias que a identificam como uma doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica de baixo grau. Essa mudan&#231;a &#233; mais do que sem&#226;ntica; ela remodela fundamentalmente a forma como avaliamos os riscos sist&#234;micos enfrentados por esses pacientes, particularmente o risco cardiovascular (RCV). Dado o crescente reconhecimento da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial como uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o-chave do processo inflamat&#243;rio envolvido no desenvolvimento de eventos vasculares, a busca por ferramentas capazes de detectar indicadores desses mecanismos subjacentes &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> apresentamos uma nova aplica&#231;&#227;o do &#205;ndice de Ativa&#231;&#227;o e Estresse Endotelial (EASIX) para prever o RCV em pacientes com OA. Originalmente desenvolvido para condi&#231;&#245;es hematol&#243;gicas, particularmente a doen&#231;a do enxerto contra o hospedeiro (DECH), o EASIX integra tr&#234;s marcadores amplamente dispon&#237;veis &#8211; LDH, creatinina s&#233;rica e contagem de plaquetas &#8211; em um &#250;nico &#237;ndice que reflete o estresse endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Validado em diversos contextos marcados por disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, incluindo DECH aguda, microangiopatia tromb&#243;tica associada a transplante, sepse e pancreatite aguda, o valor medido pelo EASIX est&#225; associado a maior morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Sua nova aplica&#231;&#227;o oferece uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica e fisiologicamente s&#243;lida para o monitoramento de complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares em pacientes com OA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> aplicou o escore EASIX a uma coorte de pacientes com OA com idade entre 40 e 79 anos, excluindo aqueles com diagn&#243;stico conhecido de doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV). Os resultados demonstraram que um escore EASIX mais alto foi significativamente associado a um risco aumentado de DCV ateroscler&#243;tica (OR: 1,94; IC de 95%: 1,57&#8211;2,41) e mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,59; IC de 95%: 1,14&#8211;2,23). Especificamente, indiv&#237;duos com log (EASIX) &gt; &#8722;0,78 apresentaram maior risco de morte por qualquer causa em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com log (EASIX) &lt; &#8722;1,29. As an&#225;lises de subgrupos revelaram que essas associa&#231;&#245;es foram particularmente pronunciadas entre pacientes com idade &#8805; 65 anos, mulheres e indiv&#237;duos negros, destacando potenciais varia&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas na utilidade progn&#243;stica da pontua&#231;&#227;o EASIX na popula&#231;&#227;o com OA.</p>
    <p>O paralelo entre inflama&#231;&#227;o e regenera&#231;&#227;o tecidual na OA &#233; complexo, pois envolve fatores locais e sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, central &#224; aterosclerose e &#224;s doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, pode explicar, em parte, o RCV elevado na OA. A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica na OA promove a libera&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, acelerando o dano endotelial e a progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o de baixo grau, mediada principalmente pelo sistema imunol&#243;gico inato, promove a degrada&#231;&#227;o da cartilagem, a remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e as altera&#231;&#245;es sinoviais. Citocinas e quimiocinas n&#227;o apenas promovem danos estruturais, mas tamb&#233;m prejudicam a regenera&#231;&#227;o tecidual, um papel duplo bem documentado na artrite reumatoide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e na OA.</p>
    <p>Este editorial levanta uma quest&#227;o central: a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; o elo entre doen&#231;as degenerativas e adquiridas? Evid&#234;ncias emergentes sugerem que a inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de baixo grau est&#225; subjacente a algumas condi&#231;&#245;es, como aterosclerose, OA e diabetes tipo 2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> atuando tanto como um impulsionador da degenera&#231;&#227;o quanto como um gatilho frustrado da regenera&#231;&#227;o. Reconhecer a inflama&#231;&#227;o como um v&#233;rtice fisiol&#243;gico central abre novas oportunidades terap&#234;uticas e diagn&#243;sticas.</p>
    <p>Naturalmente, ainda existem limita&#231;&#245;es. O EASIX ainda n&#227;o foi validado prospectivamente nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Quest&#245;es sobre valores de corte espec&#237;ficos, reprodutibilidade interlaboratorial e o impacto das comorbidades precisam ser abordadas. No entanto, essas quest&#245;es em aberto n&#227;o diminuem a for&#231;a do racioc&#237;nio fisiopatol&#243;gico subjacente.</p>
    <p>Este editorial v&#234; neste estudo uma semente conceitual f&#233;rtil, vislumbrando um futuro em que o RCV &#233; avaliado por meio de inflama&#231;&#227;o, microangiopatia e estresse endotelial, oferecendo novas bases para a cardiologia tradicional. Nesse contexto, o EASIX pode transcender seu papel num&#233;rico para preencher a lacuna entre a reumatologia degenerativa e a cardiologia preventiva. A medicina ser&#225; cada vez mais transversal, inflamat&#243;ria e endotelial, e o uso do EASIX pode ser uma oportunidade para essa compreens&#227;o.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Ativa&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e do &#205;ndice de Estresse com Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular e Mortalidade por Todas as Causas em Pacientes com Osteoartrite</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250314i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Applying EASIX in Osteoarthritis. The Link between Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1517-4217</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Marcio Roberto Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcio Roberto Moraes de Carvalho</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal Fluminense - Av. Marqu&#234;s do Paran&#225;, 303. Postal Code <postal-code>24220-900</postal-code>, Centro, Niter&#243;i, RJ - Brazil E-mail: <email>carvalhobm@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Osteoarthritis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Osteoarthritis (OA), long regarded as a mechanical wear-and-tear disease of the joints, is increasingly being reinterpreted in light of evidence identifying it as a chronic low-grade inflammatory disease. This shift is more than semantic; it fundamentally reshapes how we assess the systemic risks faced by these patients, particularly their cardiovascular risk (CVR). Given the growing recognition of endothelial dysfunction as a key manifestation of the inflammatory process involved in vascular event development, the pursuit of tools capable of detecting indicators of these underlying mechanisms is of substantial importance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> we present a new application of the Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX) to predict CVR in OA patients. Originally developed for hematological conditions, particularly graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), EASIX integrates three widely available markers - LDH, serum creatinine, and platelet count - into a single index that reflects endothelial stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Validated in diverse contexts marked by endothelial dysfunction, including acute GVHD, transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy, sepsis, and acute pancreatitis, the value measured by EASIX is associated with greater morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Its new application offers a practical and physiologically sound tool for monitoring cardiovascular complications in OA patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> applied the EASIX score to a cohort of patients with OA aged 40 to 79 years, excluding those with a known diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The results demonstrated that a higher EASIX score was significantly associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic CVD (OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.57&#8211;2.41) and all-cause mortality (HR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.14&#8211;2.23). Specifically, individuals with log (EASIX) &gt; &#8722;0.78 exhibited a higher risk of death from any cause compared to those with log (EASIX) &lt; &#8722;1.29. Subgroup analyses revealed that these associations were particularly pronounced among patients aged &#8805;65 years, women, and Black individuals, highlighting potential demographic variations in the prognostic utility of the EASIX score within the OA population.</p>
      <p>The parallel between inflammation and tissue regeneration in OA is complex, as it involves local and systemic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Endothelial dysfunction, central to atherosclerosis and CVD, may partly explain the elevated CVR in OA. Chronic inflammation in OA promotes the systemic release of inflammatory mediators, accelerating endothelial damage and atherosclerosis progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Low-grade inflammation, mainly mediated by the innate immune system, drives cartilage degradation, bone remodeling, and synovial changes. Cytokines and chemokines not only promote structural damage but also impair tissue regeneration, a well documented dual role in rheumatoid arthritis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and OA.</p>
      <p>This editorial raises a main question: Is inflammation the link between degenerative and acquired diseases? Emerging evidence suggests that chronic low-grade inflammation underlies some conditions, such as atherosclerosis, OA, and type 2 diabetes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> acting as both a driver of degeneration and a frustrated trigger of regeneration. Recognizing inflammation as a central physiological vertex opens up new therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.</p>
      <p>Naturally, limitations remain. The EASIX has not yet been prospectively validated in this population. Questions about specific cut-off values, interlaboratory reproducibility, and the impact of comorbidities need to be addressed. However, these open questions do not diminish the strength of the underlying physiopathological reasoning.</p>
      <p>This editorial sees in this study a fertile conceptual seed, envisioning a future in which CVR is assessed through inflammation, microangiopathy, and endothelial stress, offering new foundations for traditional cardiology. In this context, EASIX can transcend its numerical role to bridge the gap between degenerative rheumatology and preventive cardiology. Medicine will increasingly be cross-sectional, inflammatory, and endothelial, and the use of EASIX could be an opportunity for this understanding.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Association of Endothelial Activation and Stress Index with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-cause Mortality in Patients with Osteoarthritis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
