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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zq5JR8GXwDBMgrTcCM3VRfN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250082</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a Fun&#231;&#227;o Renal e a Incid&#234;ncia de Desfechos Cardiovasculares Maiores em 1 Ano Ap&#243;s o Primeiro Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0605-8003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cechinel</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda Scarduelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto L&#233;o da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fattah</surname>
            <given-names>Tammuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joaquim</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Palho&#231;a</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palho&#231;a, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Daniel Medeiros Moreira &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina &#8211; Rua Adolfo Donato, s/n. CEP 88103-450, Praia Comprida, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>danielmedeirosmoreira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250082</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares constituem a principal causa de mortalidade no mundo, gerando impactos sociais e econ&#244;micos significativos. Essas condi&#231;&#245;es frequentemente coexistem com comorbidades, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina e a incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cardiovasculares no per&#237;odo de 1 ano em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo de coorte prospectivo incluiu pacientes hospitalizados em decorr&#234;ncia do primeiro epis&#243;dio de IAM. A depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina foi analisada em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos cardiovasculares, incluindo recidiva de IAM, acidente vascular cerebral e &#243;bito de causa cardiovascular. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram analisados 1.324 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 60,9 &#177; 11,4 anos, dos quais 67,4% do sexo masculino. Depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina inferior a 60 ml/min apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (79,6% vs. 55,1%; p&lt;0,001), diabetes mellitus (40,8% vs. 24,5%; p&lt;0,001) e dislipidemia (38,8% vs. 31,4%; p=0,043). Valores mais elevados de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina associaram-se a menor risco de eventos adversos cardiovasculares maiores (MACEs) em 1 ano (HR: 0,992; IC 95%: 0,984-0,999; p=0,030). Ademais, verificou-se associa&#231;&#227;o com menor mortalidade geral (HR: 0,984; IC 95%: 0,970-0,998; p=0,021).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Valores mais elevados de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina associaram-se a menores raz&#245;es de risco para MACEs e mortalidade geral no per&#237;odo de 1 ano ap&#243;s o IAM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre a Fun&#231;&#227;o Renal e a Incid&#234;ncia de Desfechos Cardiovasculares Maiores em 1 Ano Ap&#243;s o Primeiro Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Rim</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatinina</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) &#233; definida por altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o e/ou estrutura renal, caracterizando-se por sua irreversibilidade e progress&#227;o gradual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A DRC &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de alta preval&#234;ncia, afetando mais de 800 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo, frequentemente associada a outras enfermidades, incluindo as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico baseia-se, predominantemente, em exames laboratoriais e em estimativas como a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG), calculada a partir de marcadores de filtra&#231;&#227;o, como a creatinina s&#233;rica, ajustada por idade, sexo e etnia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As DCV constituem a principal causa de morbimortalidade em indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, englobando condi&#231;&#245;es como a doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), aterosclerose, angina pectoris, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca. No Brasil, as DCV configuram-se como a principal causa de &#243;bito, destacando-se o AVC e a DAC como os principais contribuintes &#8212; frequentemente relacionados a fatores de risco modific&#225;veis, como tabagismo, obesidade, alimenta&#231;&#227;o inadequada e sedentarismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A doen&#231;a renal associa-se de forma independente ao aumento do risco cardiovascular, sendo a TFG e a albumin&#250;ria indicadores-chave dessa rela&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ademais, a DRC relaciona-se tanto a causas ateroscler&#243;ticas quanto n&#227;o ateroscler&#243;ticas de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, como diabetes mellitus (DM) e hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (HAS), tamb&#233;m contribuem para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Eventos adversos cardiovasculares maiores (MACEs), como o IAM, s&#227;o mais frequentes em indiv&#237;duos com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; um reconhecimento crescente do papel de fatores de risco n&#227;o tradicionais &#8212; como os n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico e f&#243;sforo, que podem ser influenciados pela DRC &#8212; na fisiopatologia das DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e a incid&#234;ncia de MACEs em pacientes ap&#243;s IAM ao longo de 1 ano de seguimento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo constitui uma suban&#225;lise da coorte prospectiva <italic>Catarina Heart Study</italic>, que incluiu pacientes com primeiro epis&#243;dio de IAM, conforme definido pela <italic>Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction</italic> &#8212; vigente &#224; &#233;poca da concep&#231;&#227;o da coorte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Foram inclu&#237;dos indiv&#237;duos de ambos os sexos, com idade &#8805;18 anos, admitidos com suspeita de IAM, caracterizada por dor precordial e eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no ponto J em duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas (&#8805;0,1 mV na maioria das deriva&#231;&#245;es; para V2&#8211;V3: &#8805;0,2 mV em homens &#8805;40 anos, &#8805;0,25 mV em homens &lt;40 anos e &#8805;0,15 mV em mulheres). Outro crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o foi a presen&#231;a de dor precordial associada &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina I acima do percentil 99 do limite superior de refer&#234;ncia. Embora a creatinoquinase MB tenha sido considerada inicialmente para confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, ela n&#227;o foi utilizada na defini&#231;&#227;o de IAM em nenhum dos casos inclu&#237;dos na presente an&#225;lise. Pacientes com hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de IAM foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo avaliou a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina e diversos desfechos cl&#237;nicos. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACEs, definido como morte cardiovascular, novo AMI ou AVC. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram cada um desses componentes individualmente, al&#233;m de angina inst&#225;vel, reinterna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar em at&#233; 1 ano, trombose aguda de <italic>stent</italic> e reestenose de <italic>stent</italic>. Tamb&#233;m foi avaliada a associa&#231;&#227;o entre disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (TFG &lt;60 ml/min) e fatores de risco, como HAS, DM, dislipidemia, sedentarismo, tabagismo e hist&#243;ria familiar de DCV. Os dados foram coletados por meio de formul&#225;rio padronizado desenvolvido para o <italic>Catarina Heart Study</italic>, a ser preenchido pelo m&#233;dico assistente. Este formul&#225;rio contempla dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos, medidas antropom&#233;tricas, h&#225;bitos alimentares, informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado mental, procedimentos realizados nas primeiras 24 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o, &#237;ndice de religiosidade, n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, status hemodin&#226;mico, resultados de ecocardiograma, exames laboratoriais e informa&#231;&#245;es de seguimento em 1 ano.</p>
      <p>A depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina foi calculada utilizando a f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> com base na primeira dosagem de creatinina obtida nas primeiras 72 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Os valores cont&#237;nuos de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina foram utilizados para a an&#225;lise dos desfechos prim&#225;rio e secund&#225;rios. Para as compara&#231;&#245;es entre fun&#231;&#227;o renal e fatores de risco cardiovascular, os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos: aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal (TFG &lt;60 ml/min) e aqueles com fun&#231;&#227;o renal preservada (TFG &#8805;60 ml/min).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral indicou a necessidade de incluir 458 pacientes, assegurando um poder estat&#237;stico de 90% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%, para detectar uma incid&#234;ncia de 24% de MACEs em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 12% naqueles sem disfun&#231;&#227;o, conforme dados relatados por Gallacher et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo foi aprovado por comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional e seguiu todas as normas &#233;ticas e legais vigentes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram inseridos em planilhas do Microsoft Excel e posteriormente analisados utilizando o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 13.0 (Chicago: SPSS Inc.; 2005). Foram realizadas estat&#237;sticas descritivas para todas as vari&#225;veis. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas, enquanto os dados cont&#237;nuos foram expressos por medidas de tend&#234;ncia central (m&#233;dia ou mediana) e suas respectivas medidas de dispers&#227;o (desvio padr&#227;o ou intervalo interquart&#237;lico [IIQ]). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para verificar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Na an&#225;lise bivariada, as associa&#231;&#245;es entre vari&#225;veis dependentes e independentes foram avaliadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos foi analisada utilizando regress&#227;o de Cox, incorporando a depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Cockcroft-Gault). O modelo tamb&#233;m incluiu as vari&#225;veis DM, dislipidemia, HAS, hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV, tabagismo, sedentarismo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e idade. Considerou-se valor de p &lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo 1.324 pacientes que apresentaram o primeiro epis&#243;dio de IAM entre 2016 e 2023. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 60,9 &#177; 11,4 anos, e 67,4% dos participantes eram do sexo masculino. Na coorte, 58,9% apresentavam HAS, 27,1% tinham DM, 32,7% dislipidemia, 32,3% eram tabagistas e 45,9% possu&#237;am hist&#243;rico familiar de DAC. A mediana da depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina foi de 89,5 ml/min (IIQ: 66,2-116,6). As caracter&#237;sticas adicionais dos pacientes est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th>N (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">51,3&#177;12,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos), m&#233;dia&#177;DP</td>
                <td align="center">60,9&#177;11,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">418 (31,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">358 (27,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">431 (32,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">778 (58,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">606 (45,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">818 (61,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">893 (67,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">421 (32,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina (ml/min), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">89,5 (66,2-116,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">53,00 (43,0-61,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 (24,5-30,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore SYNTAX, mediana (IIQ)</td>
                <td align="center">13,00 (7,0-20,0)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; IIQ: intervalo interquart&#237;lico.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina inferior a 60 ml/min esteve associada a maior preval&#234;ncia de HAS e DM. Informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina e fatores de risco</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fatores de risco</th>
                <th>Depura&#231;&#227;o &lt;60 ml/min, n (%)</th>
                <th>Depura&#231;&#227;o &gt;60 ml/min, n (%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de &#225;lcool</td>
                <td align="center">38 (19,5)</td>
                <td align="center">373 (34,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">80 (40,8)</td>
                <td align="center">268 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">76 (38,8)</td>
                <td align="center">344 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">156 (79,6)</td>
                <td align="center">604 (55,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria familiar</td>
                <td align="center">70 (35,7)</td>
                <td align="center">523 (47,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">45 (23,2)</td>
                <td align="center">364 (33,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">34 (28,3)</td>
                <td align="center">455 (38,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">143 (73,0)</td>
                <td align="center">732 (66,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,077</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise dos desfechos em 1 ano, observou-se que valores mais elevados de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina associaram-se a uma raz&#227;o de risco (HR) significativamente menor para MACEs (HR: 0,992 a cada aumento de 1 ml/min; IC 95%: 0,984-0,999; p=0,030). Da mesma forma, maiores valores de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina estiveram associados a menor HR para mortalidade por todas as causas. Outras associa&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre valores de depura&#231;&#227;o e desfechos em 1 ano</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Desfechos</th>
                <th>Raz&#227;o de risco (IC 95%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina inst&#225;vel</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (0,993-1,011)</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">0,991 (0,974-1,008)</td>
                <td align="center">0,293</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM</td>
                <td align="center">0,991 (0,981-1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MACE</td>
                <td align="center">0,992 (0,984-0,999)</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade cardiovascular</td>
                <td align="center">0,994 (0,981-1,008)</td>
                <td align="center">0,407</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade por todas as causas</td>
                <td align="center">0,984 (0,970-0,998)</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reestenose de stent</td>
                <td align="center">0,996 (0,979-1,014)</td>
                <td align="center">0,617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reinterna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,996 (0,991-1,001)</td>
                <td align="center">0,127</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Trombose aguda de stent</td>
                <td align="center">1,002 (0,990-1,014)</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; MACE: eventos adversos cardiovasculares maiores.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo apresenta achados relevantes sobre a incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade e desfechos cardiovasculares em 1 ano em pacientes brasileiros com diagn&#243;stico de IAM, estratificados de acordo com a depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina na admiss&#227;o. Os resultados demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal comprometida e o aumento da HR tanto para mortalidade por todas as causas quanto para MACEs.</p>
      <p>A amostra de pacientes foi predominantemente composta por indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia em torno de 61 anos, e mais da metade apresentava HAS &#8212; achados consistentes com estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos valores de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina, estudos anteriores que avaliaram a fun&#231;&#227;o renal em pacientes ap&#243;s IAM relataram medianas inferiores &#224;s observadas no presente estudo, variando entre 63,7 e 77 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre DM, HAS e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal observada neste estudo era esperada. O DM constitui um dos principais fatores etiol&#243;gicos de les&#227;o renal, achado que corrobora relatos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A HAS pode atuar tanto como causa quanto como consequ&#234;ncia do decl&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, sendo ambas condi&#231;&#245;es reconhecidamente fatores de risco independentes para DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre dislipidemia e doen&#231;a renal pode ser explicada por um poss&#237;vel v&#237;nculo com o aumento da aterosclerose, incluindo a aterosclerose renal. No entanto, tamb&#233;m &#233; poss&#237;vel que tal associa&#231;&#227;o seja esp&#250;ria e decorrente do acaso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esta &#233; uma das maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es brasileiras a demonstrar que a fun&#231;&#227;o renal na admiss&#227;o representa um fator progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAM. Valores mais elevados de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina associaram-se a menores HRs para MACEs e mortalidade por todas as causas. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o foi confirmada por meio de an&#225;lise multivariada, a qual incluiu vari&#225;veis como DM, idade e IMC &#8212; potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o &#8212; e considerou os valores absolutos de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina. Em outras palavras, a menor depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina em pacientes com IAM configura-se como preditor independente de piores desfechos, independentemente da presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o renal manifesta.</p>
      <p>Pesquisas pr&#233;vias j&#225; indicam que a fun&#231;&#227;o renal na admiss&#227;o est&#225; associada a pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com IAM. Evid&#234;ncias demonstram que a concentra&#231;&#227;o de creatinina s&#233;rica na admiss&#227;o constitui um forte preditor de mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com IAM com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, especialmente entre indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Outro estudo evidenciou que uma TGE estimada (TFGe) inferior a 60 ml/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> na admiss&#227;o associa-se ao aumento da mortalidade precoce e tardia em pacientes com IAM que desenvolvem les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina calculada na admiss&#227;o foi identificada como preditor independente de mortalidade a longo prazo em pacientes com IAM, com aumento do risco de &#243;bito em at&#233; 10 anos ap&#243;s o evento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal na admiss&#227;o tamb&#233;m tem sido associada a maiores taxas de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, alguns estudos, embora tenham demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre menores valores de TFG e maior mortalidade em 30 dias ap&#243;s o IAM, tamb&#233;m observaram que as varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais na depura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, outros autores exploraram rela&#231;&#245;es mais indiretas entre a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal e MACE, as quais podem ser explicadas pela presen&#231;a de comorbidades frequentemente encontradas em pacientes com LRA, como a anemia, que tamb&#233;m contribuem para piores desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esses dados refor&#231;am a relev&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o renal, frequentemente negligenciada no manejo de pacientes com IAM. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fun&#231;&#227;o renal na admiss&#227;o e os desfechos cl&#237;nicos sugere que a avalia&#231;&#227;o da depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina pode atuar como ferramenta progn&#243;stica precoce, possibilitando a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior risco para MACEs e mortalidade, e permitindo, assim, interven&#231;&#245;es mais direcionadas que possam melhorar os desfechos a longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Diversas limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo devem ser reconhecidas. Primeiramente, trata-se de uma an&#225;lise explorat&#243;ria de um banco de dados existente, o que pode implicar limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes quanto &#224; completude e consist&#234;ncia dos dados, uma vez que o banco de dados n&#227;o foi originalmente concebido para responder &#224;s quest&#245;es de pesquisa deste estudo. Apesar de os pesquisadores terem recebido orienta&#231;&#227;o e treinamento adequados, a coleta de dados pode ter sido suscet&#237;vel a vieses de mensura&#231;&#227;o, em virtude das dificuldades inerentes &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de entrevistas em ambiente de emerg&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Embora o c&#225;lculo amostral tenha indicado uma amostra suficientemente ampla, n&#227;o foi realizada uma an&#225;lise formal de poder estat&#237;stico, o que pode ter limitado a capacidade do estudo em detectar efeitos de menor magnitude em alguns desfechos secund&#225;rios. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes em estado cr&#237;tico n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos, devido &#224; impossibilidade de participa&#231;&#227;o no processo de entrevista, o que pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o e limitado a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com IAM em condi&#231;&#245;es mais graves.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, determinados biomarcadores associados ao risco cardiovascular, como albumin&#250;ria, n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico e f&#243;sforo, n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis no banco de dados, o que limitou a possibilidade de avaliar sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para o progn&#243;stico p&#243;s IAM. Tamb&#233;m podem ter ocorrido fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o mensurados, como ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso ou condi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, que potencialmente influenciaram as associa&#231;&#245;es observadas.</p>
      <p>Por fim, n&#227;o se pode descartar a possibilidade de erro tipo 1, uma vez que os resultados podem ter sido influenciados pelo acaso ou por vieses desconhecidos. Ademais, pode ter ocorrido confundimento por indica&#231;&#227;o, dado que pacientes com pior fun&#231;&#227;o renal possivelmente receberam estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas distintas, as quais podem ter impactado os desfechos de forma independente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo indicam que valores mais elevados de depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina na admiss&#227;o est&#227;o diretamente associados a menor risco de MACEs e mortalidade por todas as causas no per&#237;odo de 1 ano p&#243;s IAM. Esses resultados sugerem que a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, avaliada especificamente por meio da depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina, pode constituir um marcador progn&#243;stico relevante para a predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares a longo prazo em pacientes com IAM. Dada a simplicidade e o baixo custo da medi&#231;&#227;o da depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina, sua integra&#231;&#227;o &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica de rotina poderia auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de pacientes de alto risco que possam se beneficiar de monitoramento e interven&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas mais intensivas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
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      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
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        <article-title>Association between Renal Function and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes 1 Year After the First Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Ant&#244;nio de</given-names>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cechinel</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Fernanda Scarduelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto L&#233;o da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fattah</surname>
            <given-names>Tammuz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Joaquim</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo de Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Palho&#231;a, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Daniel Medeiros Moreira &#8226; Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina &#8211; Rua Adolfo Donato, s/n. Postal Code 88103-450, Praia Comprida, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil E-mail: danielmedeirosmoreira@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, with substantial social and economic impacts. These conditions are frequently associated with comorbidities, including renal dysfunction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the association between creatinine clearance and the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes within 1 year in patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This prospective cohort study included patients hospitalized for their first AMI. Creatinine clearance was assessed in relation to cardiovascular outcomes, including recurrent AMI, stroke, and cardiovascular death. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 1,324 patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 60.9 &#177; 11.4 years; 67.4% were male. Creatinine clearance &lt;60 mL/min was significantly associated with systemic arterial hypertension (79.6% vs. 55.1%, p&lt;0.001), diabetes mellitus (40.8% vs. 24.5%, p&lt;0.001), and dyslipidemia (38.8% vs. 31.4%, p=0.043). Higher creatinine clearance values were associated with a reduced risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) at 1 year (HR: 0.992; 95% CI: 0.984-0.999; p=0.030). Additionally, higher clearance was linked to lower overall mortality (HR: 0.984; 95% CI: 0.970-0.998; p=0.021).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Higher creatinine clearance values are associated with a lower hazard ratio for MACE and overall mortality within 1 year following AMI.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Association between Renal Function and the Incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes 1 Year After the First Acute Myocardial Infarction</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250082-50082-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Kidney</kwd>
        <kwd>Creatinine</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by alterations in kidney function and/or structure, marked by its irreversibility and gradual progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> CKD is a highly prevalent condition, affecting more than 800 million people worldwide, and is frequently associated with other health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (CVD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Diagnosis typically involves laboratory tests and estimations such as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which is calculated based on filtration markers like serum creatinine, adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CVD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with renal dysfunction, encompassing conditions such as coronary artery disease (CAD), atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), stroke, and sudden cardiac death. In Brazil, CVD is the primary cause of death, with stroke and CAD as the main contributors &#8212; often linked to modifiable risk factors such as smoking, obesity, poor diet, and a sedentary lifestyle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Renal disease is independently associated with increased cardiovascular risk, with GFR and albuminuria serving as key indicators of this relationship.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, CKD is linked to both atherosclerotic and non-atherosclerotic causes of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Common cardiovascular risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), also play a role in the development of renal disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), such as AMI, are more frequent in individuals with renal dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Additionally, there is growing recognition of the role of nontraditional risk factors &#8212; such as uric acid and phosphate levels, which may be influenced by CKD &#8212; in the pathophysiology of CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The current study aims to investigate the relationship between renal function and the incidence of MACEs in patients after an AMI over the course of 1 year.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study is a subanalysis of the prospective cohort Catarina Heart Study, which enrolled patients with their first AMI as defined by the Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction &#8212; the standard in place when the cohort was designed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Eligible participants were men and women aged &#8805;18 years admitted with suspected AMI characterized by precordial pain and new ST-segment elevation at the J point in two contiguous leads (&#8805;0.1 mV in most leads; for V2&#8211;V3: &#8805;0.2 mV in men &#8805;40 years, &#8805;0.25 mV in men &lt;40 years, and &#8805;0.15 mV in women). An additional inclusion criterion was precordial pain plus troponin I elevation above the 99th percentile of the upper reference limit. Although creatine kinase MB was originally considered for diagnostic confirmation, it was not used to define AMI in any case included in this analysis. Patients with a history of prior AMI were excluded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The study assessed the relationship between creatinine clearance and various clinical outcomes. The primary outcome was the occurrence of a MACE, defined as cardiovascular death, new AMI, or stroke. Secondary outcomes included each of these components individually, as well as unstable angina, hospital readmission within 1 year, acute stent thrombosis, and stent restenosis. The relationship between renal dysfunction (GFR &lt;60 mL/min) and risk factors such as SAH, DM, dyslipidemia, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, and a family history of CVD was also assessed. Data were collected using a standardized form developed for the Catarina Heart Study, to be completed by the attending physician. This form includes sociodemographic data, anthropometric measurements, dietary habits, clinical information, mental status assessment, procedures performed within the first 24 hours of admission, religiosity index, physical activity level, hemodynamic status, echocardiogram results, laboratory tests, and 1-year follow-up information.</p>
        <p>Creatinine clearance was calculated using the Cockcroft formula,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> based on the first creatinine measurement obtained within 72 hours of hospital admission. Continuous creatinine clearance values were used to analyze both primary and secondary outcomes. For comparisons between renal function and cardiovascular risk factors, patients were categorized into two groups: those with renal dysfunction (GFR &lt;60 mL/min) and those with preserved renal function (GFR &#8805;60 mL/min).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A sample size of 458 patients was calculated to ensure 90% power and a 5% alpha to detect a 24% incidence of MACEs in patients with renal dysfunction, compared to 12% in those without, based on the data reported by Gallacher et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The study was approved by an institutional ethics committee and complied with all ethical and legal requirements.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were entered into Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and subsequently analyzed using the SPSS software version 13.0 (Chicago: SPSS Inc; 2005). Descriptive statistics were performed for all variables. Categorical data were presented as absolute and relative frequencies, while continuous data were expressed as measures of central tendency (mean or median) along with their respective measures of variability (standard deviation or interquartile range [IQR]). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of continuous variables. For bivariate analysis, associations between the dependent and independent variables were evaluated using the chi-square test. The association between renal function and clinical outcomes was analyzed using Cox regression, incorporating creatinine clearance as a continuous variable (calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula). The model also included DM, dyslipidemia, SAH, family history of CVD, smoking status, sedentary lifestyle, body mass index (BMI), and age. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study included 1,324 patients who experienced their first AMI between 2016 and 2023. The mean age was 60.9 &#177; 11.4 years, and 67.4% of participants were male. Among the cohort, 58.9% had SAH, 27.1% had DM, 32.7% had dyslipidemia, 32.3% were smokers, and 45.9% had a family history of CAD. The median creatinine clearance was 89.5 mL/min (IQR: 66.2-116.6). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows additional patient characteristics.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients&#8217; baseline characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristics</th>
                  <th>N (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3&#177;12.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years), mean&#177;SD</td>
                  <td align="center">60.9&#177;11.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol use</td>
                  <td align="center">418 (31.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">358 (27.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">431 (32.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">778 (58.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Family history</td>
                  <td align="center">606 (45.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">818 (61.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">893 (67.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">421 (32.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine clearance (mL/min), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.5 (66.2-116.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.00 (43.0-61.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 (24.5-30.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SYNTAX score, median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.00 (7.0-20.0)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; IQR: interquartile range; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Creatinine clearance &lt;60 mL/min was associated with a higher prevalence of SAH and DM. Further details are provided in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between creatinine clearance and risk factors</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Risk factors</th>
                  <th>Clearance &lt;60 mL/min, n (%)</th>
                  <th>Clearance &gt;60 mL/min, n (%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol use</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (19.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">373 (34.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (40.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">268 (24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (38.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">344 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Systemic arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (79.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">604 (55.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Familial history</td>
                  <td align="center">70 (35.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">523 (47.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (23.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">364 (33.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentary lifestyle</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (28.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">455 (38.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (73.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">732 (66.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.077</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the analysis of 1-year outcomes, higher creatinine clearance was significantly associated with a lower hazard ratio (HR) for MACEs (HR: 0.992 per 1 mL/min increase; 95% CI: 0.984-0.999; p=0.030). Higher clearance was also linked to significantly reduced HR for all-cause mortality. Additional associations are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> and the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Association between clearance values and 1-year outcomes</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Outcomes</th>
                  <th>Hazard ratio (95% CI)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Unstable Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002 (0.993-1.011)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991 (0.974-1.008)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.293</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">0.991 (0.981-1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MACE</td>
                  <td align="center">0.992 (0.984-0.999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">0.994 (0.981-1.008)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.407</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>All-cause mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">0.984 (0.970-0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent restenosis</td>
                  <td align="center">0.996 (0.979-1.014)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.617</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Readmission</td>
                  <td align="center">0.996 (0.991-1.001)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.127</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stent acute thrombosis</td>
                  <td align="center">1.002 (0.990-1.014)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.763</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CI: confidence interval; MACE: major adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study presents important findings on the incidence of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes within 1 year in Brazilian patients diagnosed with AMI, stratified by creatinine clearance at admission. The results demonstrate a significant association between impaired renal function and an increased HR for both all-cause mortality and MACEs.</p>
        <p>The patient sample was predominantly male, with a mean age of approximately 61 years, and more than half of the individuals had SAH &#8212; findings consistent with other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Regarding creatinine clearance values, previous studies assessing renal function in patients post AMI reported lower medians than those observed in this study, ranging from 63.7 to 77 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The association between DM, SAH, and renal dysfunction observed in this study was expected. DM is one of the main etiological factors for kidney damage, and this finding is consistent with previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> SAH can act as both a cause and a consequence of declining renal function, and both conditions are independent risk factors for CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The association between dyslipidemia and kidney disease may be explained by a potential link to increased atherosclerosis, including renal atherosclerosis. However, it is also possible that this association is spurious and the result of chance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study is one of the largest Brazilian investigations to demonstrate that renal function at admission is a prognostic factor in patients with AMI. Higher creatinine clearance values are associated with lower HRs for MACEs and all-cause mortality. This association was confirmed through multivariate analysis, which included variables such as DM, age, and BMI &#8212; potential confounders &#8212; and incorporated absolute clearance values. In other words, lower creatinine clearance in AMI patients is an independent predictor of worse outcomes, regardless of the presence of overt renal dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Previous research already suggests that renal function at admission is associated with worse prognosis in patients with AMI. Evidence indicates that serum creatinine concentration at admission is a strong predictor of in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, particularly among younger and female patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Another study showed that an estimated GFR (eGFR) below 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> at admission is associated with increased early and late mortality in AMI patients who develop acute kidney injury (AKI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Furthermore, creatinine clearance calculated at admission has been identified as an independent predictor of long-term mortality in AMI patients, with an increased risk of death up to 10 years after the event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Reduced renal function at admission has also been linked to higher mortality rates in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, some studies, although showing an association between lower GFR and higher 30-day mortality after AMI, also found that percentage changes in clearance were not significantly associated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Additionally, other authors have explored more indirect links between renal dysfunction and MACE, which may be explained by comorbidities commonly found in patients with AKI that also contribute to worse outcomes, such as anemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>These data reinforce the importance of assessing renal function, which is often overlooked in the management of patients with AMI. The association between renal function at admission and clinical outcomes suggests that evaluating creatinine clearance could serve as an early prognostic tool. This would allow for the identification of high-risk patients for cardiovascular adverse events and mortality, enabling more targeted interventions that may improve long-term outcomes.</p>
        <p>Several limitations of the present study should be acknowledged. First, it is based on exploratory analyses of an existing database, which may have inherent limitations regarding data completeness and consistency since the database was not designed specifically to address the research questions of this study. Despite the researchers receiving appropriate guidance and training, data collection may have been subject to measurement biases due to the challenges of conducting interviews in an emergency setting.</p>
        <p>Although the sample size was calculated to be sufficiently large, a formal power analysis was not conducted, and the study may have lacked statistical power to detect smaller effect sizes for some secondary outcomes. Additionally, critically ill patients were not included due to their inability to participate in the interview process, which may have introduced selection bias and limited the generalizability of the results, particularly to the most severely ill patients with AMI.</p>
        <p>Moreover, certain biomarkers associated with cardiovascular risk, such as albuminuria, uric acid, and phosphate levels, were not available in the dataset, limiting the ability to assess their contribution to post-AMI prognosis. There may also have been unmeasured confounding factors, such as medication adherence or socioeconomic status, that influenced the observed associations.</p>
        <p>Finally, the possibility of a type 1 error cannot be ruled out, as the results may have been influenced by chance or unknown biases. Confounding by indication may also have occurred, as patients with worse renal function might have received different treatment strategies that independently affected the outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The findings of this study indicate that higher creatinine clearance values at admission are directly associated with a lower risk of MACEs and all-cause mortality within 1 year following AMI. These results suggest that renal function, specifically assessed through creatinine clearance, may serve as a valuable prognostic marker for predicting long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AMI. Given the simplicity and cost-effectiveness of creatinine clearance measurement, its integration into routine clinical practice could support the early identification of high-risk patients who may benefit from more intensive monitoring and therapeutic interventions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Cardiologia de Santa Catarina under the protocol number 55450816.0.1001.0113. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
