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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kkyj94FGDPb8Htqt6pmN3TL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250056</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Monitoramento da Temperatura Esof&#225;gica durante a Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Um Estudo Randomizado</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2950-7505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Moreira Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9480-4963</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pisani</surname>
            <given-names>Cristiano Faria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wu</surname>
            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6697-7074</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chokr</surname>
            <given-names>Muhieddine Omar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3003-3017</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hardy</surname>
            <given-names>Carina Abigail</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2329-7439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Sissy Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darrieux</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Carlos da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmias, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Daniel M. C. Moura &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmias, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>danielmcm@alumni.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn id="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250056</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) para a abla&#231;&#227;o da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) apresenta risco de les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica (LTE), que pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es graves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias de monitoramento da temperatura esof&#225;gica luminal (TEL) e analisar sua efic&#225;cia na redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de LTE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes com FA foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos de IVP, conforme a estrat&#233;gia de monitoramento da temperatura: sem monitoramento de TEL (Grupo 1), monitoramento de TEL com term&#244;metro unipolar (Grupo 2) e monitoramento de TEL com term&#244;metro multipolar (Grupo 3). No Grupo 1, a abla&#231;&#227;o da FA foi realizada com pot&#234;ncia fixa de 20 W na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo. Nos Grupos 2 e 3, a pot&#234;ncia da abla&#231;&#227;o foi ajustada com base nas medi&#231;&#245;es da TEL, utilizando como limite a temperatura de 37,5 &#176;C. Cada grupo incluiu 20 pacientes. Considerou-se estatisticamente significativo um valor de p bilateral &lt;0,05. O estudo foi registrado no ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT03645070) e na International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (#RBR-2yvgyf).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a IVP e &#224; esofagogastroduodenoscopia. Nenhum caso de LTE foi observado em pacientes monitorados com o term&#244;metro multipolar. Em contraste, cinco pacientes sem monitoramento de TEL e seis pacientes monitorados com o term&#244;metro unipolar desenvolveram LTE (p=0,006). Temperaturas mais elevadas foram registradas com o term&#244;metro multipolar (37,9 vs 38,45 &#176;C, p=0,018). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na dura&#231;&#227;o do IVP ou no tempo total de aplica&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia (p=0,250 e p=0,253, respectivamente).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O monitoramento da TEL com term&#244;metro multipolar durante o IVP reduz significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de LTE em compara&#231;&#227;o com a aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento ou o monitoramento com term&#244;metro unipolar. A implementa&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias avan&#231;adas de monitoramento da TEL pode aumentar a seguran&#231;a do paciente sem comprometer a efici&#234;ncia do procedimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Monitoramento da Temperatura Esof&#225;gica durante a Abla&#231;&#227;o de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Um Estudo Randomizado</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AF: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; EGD: esofagogastroduodenoscopia; LTE: les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica; MSP: term&#244;metro multipolar.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kkyj94FGDPb8Htqt6pmN3TL/d37e368b104f0f0a5a96a185bde9c3274007dc66.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kkyj94FGDPb8Htqt6pmN3TL/ce082910c489e63868a3452a144a87a60517395c.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Esof&#225;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensaio Cl&#237;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia bem estabelecida para o controle do ritmo em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e, atualmente, apresenta taxas de complica&#231;&#227;o aceit&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, a forma&#231;&#227;o de uma f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica, embora rara, est&#225; associada a alta taxa de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Embora o mecanismo exato de forma&#231;&#227;o da f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica permane&#231;a controverso, acredita-se que a les&#227;o t&#233;rmica direta desempenhe um papel importante. A les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica (LTE), detectada por meio da esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) ap&#243;s o isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP), pode evoluir para perfura&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica e, consequentemente, para f&#237;stula atrioesof&#225;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diversas estrat&#233;gias t&#234;m sido empregadas para minimizar a les&#227;o esof&#225;gica durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF). Dentre essas, apenas o monitoramento da temperatura esof&#225;gica luminal (TEL) e a redu&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia entregue &#224; parede posterior s&#227;o amplamente recomendados, embora essa ainda seja uma &#225;rea de incerteza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Diversas sondas de TEL est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis comercialmente, variando em design, tamanho e resposta t&#233;rmica transit&#243;ria. A precis&#227;o do monitoramento de TEL na detec&#231;&#227;o do aquecimento da parede esof&#225;gica depende da dist&#226;ncia entre a sonda de temperatura e o local da abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Resultados vari&#225;veis t&#234;m sido relatados quanto ao monitoramento de TEL e seu papel na redu&#231;&#227;o da LTE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Embora o term&#244;metro multipolar apresente maior sensibilidade na detec&#231;&#227;o do aumento de temperatura, ainda n&#227;o foi claramente demonstrada a redu&#231;&#227;o da incid&#234;ncia de LTE com o uso desse tipo de sonda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de LTE ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA utilizando tr&#234;s diferentes estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o da LTE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo piloto randomizado, paralelo, aberto e de centro &#250;nico, que incluiu 60 pacientes com FA. Os pacientes foram alocados em tr&#234;s grupos na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:1:1, utilizando uma lista randomizada baseada na web: Grupo 1, sem monitoramento de temperatura; Grupo 2, monitoramento com term&#244;metro unipolar (Braile Biom&#233;dica, Brasil); e Grupo 3, monitoramento com term&#244;metro multipolar (S-Cath&#8482;, CIRCA Scientific, LLC, Englewood, CO, EUA). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o, e todos os procedimentos seguiram os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. O estudo foi registrado na plataforma ClinicalTrials.gov do <italic>National Institutes of Health</italic> dos EUA (NCT03645070) e na <italic>International Clinical Trials Registry Platform</italic> (ICTRP: RBR-2yvgyf). Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados para elegibilidade todos os pacientes com idade entre 18 e 75 anos, com FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente, que se apresentaram em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA utilizando o sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico CARTO&#8482; 3 (Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, EUA) entre julho de 2017 e outubro de 2018. Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que apresentavam trombo no &#225;trio esquerdo (avaliado por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica), hist&#243;rico de abla&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via de FA ou cirurgia card&#237;aca com abertura do t&#243;rax, contraindica&#231;&#245;es ao uso de anticoagulantes, classe funcional III ou IV da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic>, acidente vascular cerebral nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses, gravidez, hist&#243;rico de dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o, cirurgia esof&#225;gica pr&#233;via ou doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica avan&#231;ada (creatinina &gt;2,5 mg/dl).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o de FA</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos foram submetidos a IVP antral utilizando o cateter Thermocool Smarttouch&#8482; SF (Biosense Webster). Os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral. Nos Grupos 2 e 3, o term&#244;metro foi posicionado antes do acesso venoso. O acesso transseptal duplo ao &#225;trio esquerdo foi obtido utilizando a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o e introdutores padr&#227;o. Heparina intravenosa foi administrada para manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado entre 250 e 350 segundos, monitorado a cada 30 minutos durante o procedimento. O IVP ipsilaterais foi realizado em bloco. Um cateter circular de mapeamento das veias pulmonares (Inquiry, Abbott) foi utilizado para verificar o IVP por meio dos testes de bloqueio de entrada e sa&#237;da. Adenosina foi administrada para detectar condu&#231;&#227;o dormente. Durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es na parede posterior, buscou-se manter uma for&#231;a de contato de aproximadamente 10 g, e o Ablation Index (Biosense Webster) n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>A pot&#234;ncia de abla&#231;&#227;o foi limitada a um m&#225;ximo de 30 W, utilizando a t&#233;cnica de movimenta&#231;&#227;o do cateter (<italic>dragging</italic>) e uma taxa m&#225;xima de irriga&#231;&#227;o de 17 ml/min. De acordo com o grupo do estudo, a energia m&#225;xima entregue na parede posterior variou. No Grupo 1, todas as abla&#231;&#245;es na parede posterior foram realizadas com 20 W, e o cateter foi mantido no mesmo ponto por no m&#225;ximo 20 segundos. Nos Grupos 2 e 3, caso a TEL aumentasse para 37,5 &#176;C, a abla&#231;&#227;o era interrompida, a pot&#234;ncia m&#225;xima era reduzida para 20 W, e a abla&#231;&#227;o era retomada ap&#243;s a TEL cair abaixo de 37,0 &#176;C. Nos locais em que a TEL aumentava, o cateter era deslocado para o ponto seguinte dentro de 20 segundos.</p>
        <p>O term&#244;metro unipolar tinha design linear, com um &#250;nico termopar localizado na extremidade distal da sonda, e era eletricamente isolado. No Grupo 2, a posi&#231;&#227;o da ponta do term&#244;metro era ajustada sob orienta&#231;&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica para mant&#234;-la o mais pr&#243;ximo poss&#237;vel da ponta do cateter de abla&#231;&#227;o. O term&#244;metro multipolar possu&#237;a 12 sensores de temperatura distribu&#237;dos uniformemente ao longo da sonda, eletricamente isolados com elast&#244;meros termopl&#225;sticos, e apresentava um corpo flex&#237;vel com conforma&#231;&#227;o em &#8220;S&#8221;. Quando posicionado, os sensores cobriam toda a parede posterior, eliminando a necessidade de ajustes posteriores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-procedimento e seguimento</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a EGD dentro de 3 dias ap&#243;s o procedimento, ap&#243;s pelo menos 6 horas de jejum, para avaliar a presen&#231;a e a extens&#227;o da LTE. Um inibidor da bomba de pr&#243;tons foi prescrito a todos os pacientes por quatro semanas. Os investigadores respons&#225;veis pela EGD p&#243;s-abla&#231;&#227;o estavam cegos para os aspectos t&#233;cnicos dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o. Todas as les&#245;es na por&#231;&#227;o do es&#244;fago adjacente ao &#225;trio esquerdo e localizadas na parede anterior foram consideradas relacionadas &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o e classificadas em cinco grupos: 0, aus&#234;ncia de les&#227;o; 1, eritema; 2, hematoma; 3, eros&#227;o; e 4, &#250;lcera. Caso fosse identificada LTE, uma nova EGD era realizada entre sete e dez dias ap&#243;s a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial.</p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es de seguimento foram realizadas por telefone aos 30 dias e, posteriormente, a cada 6 meses. Durante essas liga&#231;&#245;es, era feita uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica geral e os pacientes eram agendados para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiograma e exame Holter 24 horas. A recorr&#234;ncia foi definida como qualquer epis&#243;dio de FA ou taquicardia atrial com dura&#231;&#227;o de 30 segundos ou mais, ocorrendo tr&#234;s meses ap&#243;s o procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a incid&#234;ncia de LTE avaliada por EGD. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram a taxa de IVP, a dura&#231;&#227;o da abla&#231;&#227;o de FA (medida como o tempo entre a primeira e a &#250;ltima les&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o no &#225;trio esquerdo), o tempo total de aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF e a TEL m&#225;xima alcan&#231;ada durante o procedimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada utilizando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o sim&#233;trica s&#227;o apresentados como medianas e intervalos interquart&#237;licos. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Dependendo do tipo de dado analisado, a an&#225;lise univariada foi realizada utilizando o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, o teste U de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney ou o teste &#967;<sup>2</sup>. A incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas e de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas graves (graus 3 e 4) foi comparada utilizando o teste da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a. Valores de p bilaterais &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS vers&#227;o 18.0 para Windows.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Dos 189 pacientes consecutivos avaliados para elegibilidade, 129 foram exclu&#237;dos, e 60 foram randomizados para um dos tr&#234;s bra&#231;os do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a IVP e EGD. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (95% vs 85% vs 65%, p=0,04), com idade mediana de 58 ou 59 anos (p=0,938), apresentava FA parox&#237;stica (p=0,053) e tinha di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo variando de 41 a 43 mm (p=0,815). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hist&#243;rico de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250056-50056-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo 1 (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Grupo 2 (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Grupo 3 (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (95)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (85)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (52; 63)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (46; 64)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (51; 65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,938</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,6 (25,9; 29,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28,6 (26,7; 31,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,5 (26,5; 33,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,413</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,530</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA parox&#237;stica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA persistente, &lt;1 ano, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA persistente, &gt;1 ano, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,750</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,789</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &gt;2, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,350</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,330</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,490</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de antiarr&#237;tmicos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso pr&#233;vio de antiarr&#237;tmicos, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,435</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo, mm (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (36; 47)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (38; 45)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (39; 48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,815</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, % (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (60; 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (59; 68)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (62; 67)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,650</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o e monitoramento da TEL</title>
        <p>O IVP foi alcan&#231;ado em todos os pacientes por meio de abla&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel do antro, exceto em um paciente do Grupo 3 que apresentava extensa &#225;rea de fibrose na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo; nesse caso, o IVP foi conclu&#237;do com o isolamento em bloco da parede posterior. A crit&#233;rio do operador, les&#245;es adicionais na carina direita e/ou esquerda foram realizadas em pacientes de todos os grupos, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (carina direita, p=0,333; carina esquerda, p=0,839).</p>
        <p>A TEL basal foi semelhante entre os dois grupos com monitoramento de TEL. Um aumento da TEL foi observado em ambos os grupos, com temperaturas m&#225;ximas mais elevadas registradas com o term&#244;metro MSP (37,9 vs 38,45 &#176;C, p=0,018). Entre os pacientes com monitoramento de TEL, o aumento de temperatura ocorreu em ambos os lados em 35% dos casos. Em tr&#234;s pacientes do Grupo 3 e quatro pacientes do Grupo 2, a pot&#234;ncia da RF foi reduzida para 10 W durante a abla&#231;&#227;o no local de maior eleva&#231;&#227;o da TEL devido ao aumento r&#225;pido da temperatura (p=0,677).</p>
        <p>Embora o aumento da TEL tenha ocorrido com mais frequ&#234;ncia no Grupo 3 do que no Grupo 2, e n&#227;o houvesse monitoramento de TEL no Grupo 1, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas no tempo para alcan&#231;ar o IVP ou no tempo total de aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF (p=0,250 e p=0,253, respectivamente). As caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados do procedimento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left">Grupo 1 (n=20)</th>
                  <th align="left">Grupo 2 (n=20)</th>
                  <th align="left">Grupo 3 (n=20)</th>
                  <th align="left">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF na carina direita, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (26,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF na carina esquerda, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (26,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,839</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio do istmo cavo-tric&#250;spide, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (52,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,355</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo at&#233; o IVP, min (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (57; 105)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (61; 91)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (55; 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de RF, min (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31,8 (26,9; 36,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,5 (28,6; 41,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">34,7 (28,8; 42,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,253</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TEL inicial, &#176;C (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">36,2 (35,9; 36,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">36,3 (35,6; 36,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,848</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TEL m&#225;xima, &#176;C (Q1; Q3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">37,9 (37,5; 38,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,4 (38; 39,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Local de aumento da TEL, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,290</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Veias pulmonares direitas, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Veias pulmonares esquerdas, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ambas as veias pulmonares, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aplica&#231;&#227;o de 10 W, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,677</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>IVP: isolamento das veias pulmonares; RF: radiofrequ&#234;ncia; TEL: temperatura esof&#225;gica luminal.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Apenas um evento adverso grave foi registrado: tamponamento card&#237;aco, que exigiu drenagem percut&#226;nea, com boa recupera&#231;&#227;o do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de EGD</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; EGD. Os principais achados, ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>, demonstram que o uso do term&#244;metro multipolar no Grupo 3 durante os procedimentos de IVP resultou na aus&#234;ncia de casos de LTE (p=0,006). Mesmo ao comparar os tr&#234;s grupos considerando apenas as les&#245;es mais graves (graus 3 e 4), a diferen&#231;a permaneceu estatisticamente significativa em favor do Grupo 3 (p=0,029).</p>
        <p>No Grupo 1, LTE foi identificada em cinco pacientes (25%): uma les&#227;o de grau II, duas les&#245;es de grau III e duas les&#245;es de grau IV. As les&#245;es de grau III mediam, respectivamente, 4 mm e 2,5 mm de di&#226;metro, e as de grau IV, 6 mm e 1 mm. No Grupo 2, um paciente apresentou duas les&#245;es de LTE de grau III, medindo 10 mm e 12 mm de di&#226;metro, respectivamente, e outros cinco pacientes apresentaram les&#245;es de LTE: dois com les&#245;es de grau II, dois com les&#245;es de grau III medindo, respectivamente, 4 mm e 5 mm, e um com les&#227;o de grau IV medindo 7 mm. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> apresenta exemplos dos achados de LTE.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A partir do canto superior esquerdo, no sentido hor&#225;rio: les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica, grau II; les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica, grau II; les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica, grau IV; les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica, grau III.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250056-50056-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Alimentos foram encontrados no est&#244;mago, apesar do jejum, em pelo menos 25% dos pacientes, e esofagite foi identificada em 10% dos pacientes, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (p=0,525 e p=0,098, respectivamente). Nenhuma outra les&#227;o foi detectada. Uma nova EGD foi realizada em todos os pacientes com LTE sete dias ap&#243;s o exame inicial, e, em todos os casos, as les&#245;es haviam se resolvido. Os achados da EGD est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados da esofagogastroduodenoscopia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Grupo 1 (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Grupo 2 (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Grupo 3 (n=20)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LTE, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau I</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau II</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau III</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,115</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Grau IV</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Graus III e IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Presen&#231;a de alimento no est&#244;mago, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,525</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Esofagite, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,998</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>LTE: les&#227;o t&#233;rmica esof&#225;gica.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento</title>
        <p>Exceto por dois pacientes do Grupo 2 e dois do Grupo 3, todos os pacientes foram acompanhados por uma mediana de 27,8 meses (Q1:Q3, 24,6:31,4). Um total de 13 pacientes (22%) apresentou recorr&#234;ncia de FA: tr&#234;s pacientes no Grupo 1, seis no Grupo 2 e quatro no Grupo 3 (p=0,408). N&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas na recorr&#234;ncia de FA em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo para alcan&#231;ar o IVP (p=0,648), ao tempo total de aplica&#231;&#227;o de RF (p=0,480), &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o da FA (p=0,451), ao tamanho do &#225;trio esquerdo (p=0,928), &#224; pot&#234;ncia m&#237;nima da RF (p=0,658), &#224; temperatura local m&#225;xima (p=0,300) ou &#224; TEL m&#225;xima (p=0,637).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo randomizado que compara as tr&#234;s estrat&#233;gias de monitoramento de TEL mais utilizadas para a redu&#231;&#227;o da LTE: aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento de TEL com redu&#231;&#227;o da pot&#234;ncia de abla&#231;&#227;o, monitoramento com term&#244;metro unipolar e monitoramento com term&#244;mentro multipolar. Um limite de temperatura baixo (37,5 &#176;C) foi utilizado para a interrup&#231;&#227;o das aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF, e todos os pacientes foram submetidos a EGD.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>TEL vs aus&#234;ncia de TEL</title>
        <p>Diversos estudos relataram uma ampla varia&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de LTE durante a abla&#231;&#227;o de FA ao comparar o monitoramento de TEL com a aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento. No entanto, esses estudos mostraram resultados divergentes e nenhum deles foi randomizado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Kiuchi et al. e M&#252;ller et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> utilizaram um term&#244;metro multipolar (SensiTherm&#8482;) e relataram resultados conflitantes: o estudo de M&#252;ller encontrou uma maior incid&#234;ncia de LTE no grupo com monitoramento de temperatura (30% vs 2,5%), enquanto o estudo de Kiuchi relatou uma incid&#234;ncia menor (0% vs 7,5%). Mais recentemente, Schoene et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> no ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado OPERA, investigaram se o uso de um term&#244;metro multipolar (SensiTherm&#8482;) era n&#227;o inferior &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA sem monitoramento de TEL. Eles encontraram uma incid&#234;ncia de LTE semelhante entre os grupos (11,1% vs 8,9%). No estudo, foi utilizado um limite de temperatura bastante elevado (41 &#176;C) para interromper as aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF, al&#233;m de ajustes de pot&#234;ncia diferentes (25 a 30 W vs 25 W), o que resultou em uma diferen&#231;a significativa na energia de RF entregue &#224; parede posterior (p&lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>Meininghaus et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> conduziram um ensaio randomizado comparando IVP com monitoramento de TEL utilizando a sonda CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; versus aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; EGD antes e depois do IVP, que foi realizado com pot&#234;ncia de 25 W e estrat&#233;gia de redu&#231;&#227;o de pot&#234;ncia guiada pela TEL utilizando como limite a temperatura de 41 &#176;C. Neste estudo, les&#245;es de mucosa foram observadas em seis de 44 pacientes no grupo com monitoramento de TEL e em dois de 42 pacientes no grupo controle. Entretanto, o valor de p n&#227;o foi significativo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipo de sonda</title>
        <p>Turagam et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> avaliaram as caracter&#237;sticas termodin&#226;micas de 22 sondas de TEL dispon&#237;veis comercialmente e demonstraram uma varia&#231;&#227;o notavelmente ampla entre elas. A sonda CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; apresentou um perfil termodin&#226;mico superior em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;s demais. Em um estudo prospectivo n&#227;o randomizado, incluindo 20 pacientes com FA sintom&#225;tica submetidos ao IVP inicial, Tschabrunn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> mostraram que a CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; teve desempenho termodin&#226;mico superior em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma sonda unipolar linear padr&#227;o e n&#227;o deflet&#237;vel.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo prospectivo n&#227;o randomizado, Carroll et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> investigaram as taxas de LTE associadas ao uso de uma sonda multipolar (CIRCA S-CATH&#8482;) versus uma sonda unipolar (Acoustascope, Smiths Medical ASD, Inc., Keene, NH, EUA). Foi aplicada uma pot&#234;ncia de 25 W na parede posterior, com um limite de temperatura de 38 &#176;C. Entre os 543 pacientes inclu&#237;dos (455 com unipolar e 88 com multipolar), apenas aqueles que apresentaram TEL m&#225;xima superior a 39 &#176;C foram submetidos &#224; endoscopia (75% dos pacientes no grupo multipolar e 39% no grupo unipolar). Uma taxa significativamente maior de ulcera&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica foi associada ao uso do term&#244;metro multipolar (46% vs 29%, p=0,02). No entanto, observou-se uma diferen&#231;a significativa nas caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes, com o grupo multipolar apresentando maior tempo total de abla&#231;&#227;o por RF e maior energia total aplicada.</p>
        <p>Em um estudo randomizado envolvendo cem pacientes, Kuwahara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> compararam um term&#244;metro unipolar deflet&#237;vel com um term&#244;metro multipolar (SensiTherm&#8482;). Foi utilizado um cateter de ponta irrigada aberta sem sensor de for&#231;a de contato, com configura&#231;&#227;o de RF de 25 a 30 W e limite de temperatura de 45 &#176;C, aplicando um corte de 42 &#176;C. N&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a significativa nas taxas de LTE entre os grupos (30% vs 20%, p=0,25).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;vel de energia</title>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de energia aplicado na parede posterior em nosso estudo reflete a estrat&#233;gia padr&#227;o de abla&#231;&#227;o utilizada nos &#250;ltimos anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> No entanto, a abla&#231;&#227;o de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o ganhou popularidade recentemente. Chieng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> publicaram o estudo Hi-Lo HEAT, no qual n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a nas taxas de LTE entre as estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o com 40 W e 25 W. Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> estudaram 120 pacientes consecutivos, comparando o monitoramento de TEL com a sonda CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; versus aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento de TEL, utilizando um limite de 39 &#176;C para interrup&#231;&#227;o das aplica&#231;&#245;es de RF. A pot&#234;ncia da RF foi ajustada para 50 W durante todo o procedimento, com taxa de irriga&#231;&#227;o de 20 ml/min, seguindo um modelo de controle de pot&#234;ncia e guiado pelo <italic>ablation index</italic> (Biosense Webster), com valor alvo de 400 na parede posterior do &#225;trio esquerdo. Eles relataram baixa incid&#234;ncia de LTE, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (3,3% vs 1,7%, p=0,99).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Foi um estudo piloto, de centro &#250;nico, com pequeno tamanho amostral. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava FA parox&#237;stica, escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &lt;2 e aus&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa do &#225;trio esquerdo. N&#227;o se pode excluir a possibilidade de que o dano esof&#225;gico tenha sido causado pela inser&#231;&#227;o e manipula&#231;&#227;o da sonda de temperatura nos Grupos 2 e 3, ou pela sonda de ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica. Como nenhuma EGD foi realizada antes da abla&#231;&#227;o por RF, podemos apenas presumir que a localiza&#231;&#227;o das les&#245;es na parede anterior do es&#244;fago, distante da jun&#231;&#227;o gastroesof&#225;gica, torna prov&#225;vel que a LTE esteja relacionada &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o de FA.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o correlacionamos especificamente os achados locais de LTE com os dados de abla&#231;&#227;o por RF, informa&#231;&#245;es de for&#231;a de contato do sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico ou medi&#231;&#245;es de temperatura. Apenas um sistema de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico foi utilizado e diferentes resultados poderiam ser observados com outros sistemas. Todos os procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o foram realizados sob anestesia geral. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o, nem o Visitag (Biosense Webster) nem a estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o de alta pot&#234;ncia e curta dura&#231;&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis &#224; &#233;poca, e o isolamento da parede posterior foi realizado em apenas um paciente. Utilizamos uma t&#233;cnica de movimenta&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua (<italic>dragging</italic>) do cateter com 30 W, e, embora essa abordagem tenha sido empregada, tanto a taxa de recorr&#234;ncia quanto a incid&#234;ncia de les&#245;es esof&#225;gicas permaneceram baixas, o que poderia ter sido diferente caso estrat&#233;gias alternativas fossem usadas.</p>
        <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da FA, quatro pacientes foram perdidos no seguimento &#8212; dois no Grupo 2 e dois no Grupo 3 &#8212;, e a recorr&#234;ncia de FA foi avaliada apenas por meio de eletrocardiograma e exame Holter 24 horas.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; consenso quanto ao limite ideal de temperatura para a preven&#231;&#227;o de LTE, e diferentes limites de temperatura n&#227;o foram comparados neste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo piloto demonstra que o monitoramento da TEL com o uso de term&#244;metro multipolar reduz significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de LTE em compara&#231;&#227;o ao monitoramento com term&#244;metro unipolar ou &#224; aus&#234;ncia de monitoramento, sem aumento da taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de FA ap&#243;s a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF. Esses achados sugerem que o uso do term&#244;metro multipolar pode aumentar a seguran&#231;a do paciente durante o IVP, minimizando efetivamente o risco de LTE. No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios novos estudos randomizados, com amostras maiores, para confirmar esses resultados e orientar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica futura.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente, Daniel M. C. Moura.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250056i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
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        <article-title>Esophageal Temperature Monitoring during Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Randomized Study</article-title>
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            <given-names>Daniel Moreira Costa</given-names>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9480-4963</contrib-id>
          <name>
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            <given-names>Renner Augusto Raposo</given-names>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3457-1605</contrib-id>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
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            <given-names>Tan Chen</given-names>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6697-7074</contrib-id>
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          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3003-3017</contrib-id>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2329-7439</contrib-id>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5818-5958</contrib-id>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5338-3242</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hachul</surname>
            <given-names>Denise Tessariol</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7327-2275</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio Ibrahim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmias, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Daniel M. C. Moura &#8226; Unidade Cl&#237;nica de Arritmias, Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: danielmcm@alumni.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn id="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation carries a risk of esophageal thermal injury (ETI), which can lead to severe complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate three luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring strategies and assess their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of ETI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Patients with AF were randomized into three PVI groups according to the temperature monitoring strategy: no LET monitoring (Group 1), LET monitoring with a single-sensor probe (SSP) thermometer (Group 2), and LET monitoring with a multisensor probe (MSP) thermometer (Group 3). In Group 1, AF ablation was performed at a fixed power of 20 W on the left atrial posterior wall. In Groups 2 and 3, AF ablation power was titrated based on LET measurements, with a cutoff temperature of 37.5 &#176;C. Each group included 20 patients. A two-sided p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT03645070) and International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (#RBR-2yvgyf).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> All patients underwent PVI and esophagogastroduodenoscopy. No ETI was observed in patients monitored with an MSP thermometer. In contrast, five patients without LET monitoring and six patients monitored with an SSP thermometer developed ETI (p=0.006). Higher temperatures were recorded with an MSP thermometer (37.9 vs. 38.45 &#176;C, p=0.018). There were no significant differences in PVI duration or total radiofrequency application time (p=0.250 and p=0.253, respectively).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> LET monitoring with an MSP thermometer during PVI significantly reduces the incidence of ETI compared to no monitoring or SSP monitoring. Implementing advanced LET monitoring strategies may enhance patient safety without compromising procedural efficiency.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Esophageal Temperature Monitoring during Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Randomized Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>AF: atrial fibrillation; EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; ETI: esophageal thermal injury; MSP: multisensory probe.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250056-50056-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Esophageal Fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Radiofrequency Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Trial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Catheter ablation is a well-established strategy for rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and is currently associated with acceptable complication rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, the formation of an atrioesophageal fistula, although rare, carries a high mortality rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Although the exact mechanism of atrioesophageal fistula formation remains controversial, direct thermal injury appears to play a major role. Esophageal thermal injury (ETI) detected via esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) following pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been shown to progress to esophageal perforation and, ultimately, atrioesophageal fistula.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Many strategies have been employed to minimize esophageal injury during radiofrequency (RF) applications. Of these, only luminal esophageal temperature (LET) monitoring and reduced power delivery to the posterior wall are widely recommended, although this remains an area of uncertainty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Several LET probes are commercially available, differing in design, size, and transient thermal response. The accuracy of LET monitoring in detecting esophageal wall heating depends on the distance between the temperature probe and the ablation site.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Variable results regarding LET monitoring and its role in reducing ETI have been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Although a multisensor probe (MSP) thermometer demonstrates greater sensitivity in detecting temperature increases, a reduction in ETI incidence with the use of this type of probe has not yet been clearly demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of ETI following AF ablation using three different strategies for ETI prevention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This was a single-center, open-label, randomized, parallel pilot trial that included 60 patients with AF. Patients were allocated to three groups in a 1:1:1 ratio using a randomized web-based list: Group 1, no temperature monitoring; Group 2, SSP thermometer (Braile Biom&#233;dica, Brazil) monitoring; and Group 3, MSP thermometer (S-Cath&#8482;, CIRCA Scientific, LLC, Englewood, CO, USA) monitoring. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Board of our institution, and all procedures adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. The trial was registered on the U.S. National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03645070) and the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP: RBR-2yvgyf). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>We assessed the eligibility of all patients aged between 18 and 75 years with paroxysmal or persistent AF who presented to our institution for AF ablation using the CARTO&#8482; 3 (Biosense Webster, Inc., Diamond Bar, CA, USA) electroanatomic mapping system between July 2017 and October 2018. Patients were excluded if they had thrombus in the left atrium (assessed by transesophageal echocardiography), prior AF ablation or open-chest cardiac surgery, contraindications to anticoagulation, New York Heart Association functional class III or IV, stroke within the past 3 months, pregnancy, a history of blood clotting abnormalities, prior esophageal surgery, or advanced chronic kidney disease (creatinine &gt;2.5 mg/dL).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>AF ablation procedure</title>
          <p>All included patients underwent wide antral PVI using a Thermocool Smarttouch&#8482; SF Catheter (Biosense Webster). Procedures were performed under general anesthesia. In Groups 2 and 3, the thermometer was positioned before venous access. Double transseptal access to the left atrium was obtained using the standard technique and standard sheaths. Intravenous heparin was administered to maintain activated clotting times between 250 and 350 seconds, monitored every 30 minutes during the procedure. Isolation of the ipsilateral pulmonary veins was performed en bloc. A circular diagnostic pulmonary vein mapping catheter (Inquiry, Abbott) was used to verify PVI through entrance and exit block tests. Adenosine was administered to detect dormant conduction. During posterior wall applications, we aimed to maintain a contact force of approximately 10 g, and the Ablation Index (Biosense Webster) was not available.</p>
          <p>Ablation power was limited to a maximum of 30 W, using a catheter dragging approach and a maximum irrigation rate of 17 mL/min. According to the study group, the maximum energy delivery at the posterior wall varied. In Group 1, all posterior wall ablations were performed with 20 W, and the catheter was maintained at the same point for no more than 20 seconds. In Groups 2 and 3, if LET rose to 37.5 &#176;C, ablation was halted, the maximum energy delivery was reduced to 20 W, and ablation was resumed once LET dropped below 37.0 &#176;C. At sites where LET increased, the catheter was moved to the next point within 20 seconds.</p>
          <p>The SSP thermometer had a linear design with a single thermocouple located at the distal end of the probe, and it was electrically isolated. In Group 2, the position of the thermometer tip was adjusted under fluoroscopic guidance to keep it as close as possible to the tip of the ablation catheter. The MSP thermometer had 12 temperature sensors evenly spaced along the probe, electrically insulated with thermoplastic elastomers, and featured a smooth shaft with an &#8220;S&#8221; conformation. When positioned, the sensors covered the entire posterior wall, eliminating the need for further adjustment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Post-procedural evaluation and follow-up</title>
          <p>All patients underwent EGD within 3 days after the procedure, following at least 6 hours of fasting, to assess the presence and extent of ETI. A proton pump inhibitor was prescribed to all patients for four weeks. Investigators performing the post-ablation EGD were blinded to the technical aspects of the ablation procedures. All lesions in the portion of the esophagus adjacent to the left atrium and located on the anterior wall were assumed to be ablation-related and were classified into five groups: 0, no lesion; 1, erythema; 2, hematoma; 3, erosion; and 4, ulcer. If ETI was identified, a repeat EGD was performed seven to ten days after the initial evaluation.</p>
          <p>Follow-up assessments were conducted via telephone at 30 days and every 6 months thereafter. During these calls, a general clinical assessment was performed, and patients were scheduled for electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitoring. Recurrence was defined as any episode of AF or atrial tachycardia lasting 30 seconds or longer, occurring three months after the ablation procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was the incidence of ETI as assessed by EGD. Secondary outcomes included the PVI rate, the duration of AF ablation (measured as the time between the first and last ablation lesion in the left atrium), total RF application time, and the maximum LET reached during the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normality of data was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Data with a nonsymmetric distribution are reported as medians and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables are presented as frequencies and percentages. Depending on the type of data analyzed, univariate analysis was performed using the likelihood ratio test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test, or &#967;<sup>2</sup> test. The incidence of esophageal lesions and severe esophageal lesions (grades 3 and 4) was compared using the likelihood ratio test. Two-tailed p-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 for Windows.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient characteristics</title>
          <p>Of the 189 consecutive patients assessed for eligibility, 129 were excluded, and 60 were randomized into one of the three study arms (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). All patients underwent PVI and EGD. Most patients were male (95% vs. 85% vs. 65%, p=0.04), with a median age of 58 or 59 years (p=0.938), had paroxysmal AF (p=0.053), and had a left atrial diameter ranging from 41 to 43 mm (p=0.815). No significant differences were observed between groups regarding the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, history of heart failure, or left ventricular ejection fraction. Patient demographic characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the study selection process.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250056-50056-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Group 1 (n=20)</th>
                    <th>Group 2 (n=20)</th>
                    <th>Group 3 (n=20)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (95)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (85)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.040</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (52; 63)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (46; 64)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (51; 65)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.938</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.6 (25.9; 29.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">28.6 (26.7; 31.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.5 (26.5; 33.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.413</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF classification</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.530</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Paroxysmal AF, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (75)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (90)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent AF, &lt;1 year, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Persistent AF, &gt;1 years, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.750</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.789</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA2DS2-VASc score &gt;2, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.350</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous electrical cardioversion, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.330</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anticoagulation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.490</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of antiarrhythmics, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (80)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.563</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous use of antiarrhythmics, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.435</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrium diameter, mm (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (36; 47)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (38; 45)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (39; 48)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.815</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left ventricular ejection fraction, % (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (60; 66)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (59; 68)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (62; 67)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.650</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ablation procedure and LET monitoring</title>
          <p>PVI was achieved in all patients through antral ablation, except for one patient in Group 3 who had an extensive scar at the posterior wall of the left atrium; in this case, PVI was completed with box isolation of the posterior wall. At the operator&#8217;s discretion, additional lesions at the right and/or left carina were performed in patients from all groups, with no significant differences observed between groups (right carina, p=0.333; left carina, p=0.839).</p>
          <p>The baseline LET was similar between both groups with LET monitoring. A rise in LET was observed in both groups, with higher maximum temperatures recorded with an MSP thermometer (37.9 vs. 38.45 &#176;C, p=0.018). Among patients with LET monitoring, a temperature rise occurred on both sides in 35% of patients. In three patients from Group 3 and four patients from Group 2, RF power was reduced to 10 W during ablation at the site of the highest LET rise due to rapid temperature increase (p=0.677).</p>
          <p>Although LET increased more frequently in Group 3 than in Group 2, and there was no LET monitoring in Group 1, no significant differences were found in the time to achieve PVI or in the total RF application time (p=0.250 and p=0.253, respectively). Procedural characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Procedure data</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left">Group 1 (n=20)</th>
                    <th align="left">Group 2 (n=20)</th>
                    <th align="left">Group 3 (n=20)</th>
                    <th align="left">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PVI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (100%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RF applications at right carina, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (26.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.333</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RF applications at left carina, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (26.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.839</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cavotricuspid isthmus block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (52.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.355</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time to PVI, min (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (57; 105)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (61; 91)</td>
                    <td align="center">63 (55; 80)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.250</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RF time, min (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td align="center">31.8 (26.9; 36.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.5 (28.6; 41.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">34.7 (28.8; 42.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.253</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Initial LET, &#176;C (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">36.2 (35.9; 36.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">36.3 (35.6; 36.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.848</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maximum LET, &#176;C (Q1; Q3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">37.9 (37.5; 38.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.4 (38; 39.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Site of LET rise, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.290</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Right pulmonary veins, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">9 (45)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left pulmonary veins, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Both pulmonary veins, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10 W application, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.677</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>LET: luminal esophageal temperature; PVI: pulmonary vein isolation; RF: radiofrequency.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Only one serious adverse event occurred: cardiac tamponade requiring percutaneous drainage, with the patient experiencing a good recovery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>EGD procedure</title>
          <p>All patients underwent EGD. The main findings, illustrated in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>, demonstrate that the use of an MSP thermometer in Group 3 during PVI procedures resulted in no cases of ETI (p=0.006). Even when comparing the three groups regarding more severe lesions (grades 3 and 4), the difference remained statistically significant in favor of Group 3 (p=0.029).</p>
          <p>In Group 1, ETI was identified in five patients (25%): one grade II lesion, two grade III lesions, and two grade IV lesions. The grade III lesions measured 4 mm and 2.5 mm in diameter, respectively, and the grade IV lesions measured 6 mm and 1 mm, respectively. In Group 2, one patient had two grade III ETI lesions measuring 10 mm and 12 mm in diameter, respectively, and five additional patients had ETI lesions: two with grade II lesions, two with grade III lesions measuring 4 mm and 5 mm, respectively, and one with a grade IV lesion measuring 7 mm. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> shows examples of ETI findings.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; From the top left, clockwise: esophageal thermal injury, grade II; esophageal thermal injury, grade II; esophageal thermal injury, grade IV; esophageal thermal injury, grade III.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250056-50056-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Food was found in the stomach despite the fasting state in at least 25% of patients, and esophagitis was identified in 10% of patients, with no significant differences between groups (p=0.525 and p=0.098, respectively). No other lesions were detected. A repeat EGD was performed in all patients with ETI seven days after the initial examination, and in all cases, the lesions had resolved. EGD findings are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Esophagogastroduodenoscopy results</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Group 1 (n=20)</th>
                    <th>Group 2 (n=20)</th>
                    <th>Group 3 (n=20)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ETI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade I</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade II</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.250</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade III</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.115</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grade IV</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.250</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Grades III and IV, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.029</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Food in stomach, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.525</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Esophagitis, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>ETI: esophageal thermal injury.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Follow-up</title>
          <p>Except for two patients in Group 2 and two in Group 3, all patients were followed for a median of 27.8 months (Q1:Q3, 24.6:31.4). A total of 13 patients (22%) experienced AF recurrence: three patients in Group 1, six in Group 2, and four in Group 3 (p=0.408). No significant differences in AF recurrence were found with respect to time to achieve PVI (p=0.648), total RF application time (p=0.480), AF classification (p=0.451), left atrial size (p=0.928), minimum RF power (p=0.658), local maximum temperature (p=0.300), or peak LET (p=0.637).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first randomized trial comparing the three most common LET monitoring strategies for reducing ETI: no LET monitoring with reduced ablation power, SSP monitoring, and MSP monitoring. A low cutoff temperature (37.5 &#176;C) was used to interrupt RF applications, and all patients underwent EGD.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>LET vs. no LET</title>
          <p>Several studies have reported a wide range of ETI incidence during AF ablation when comparing LET monitoring to no LET monitoring. However, these studies showed mixed results, and none were randomized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>M&#252;ller et al. and Kiuchi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> used an MSP (SensiTherm&#8482;) thermometer and reported conflicting results: M&#252;ller&#8217;s study found a higher incidence of ETI in the temperature probe group (30% vs. 2.5%), while Kiuchi&#8217;s study reported a lower incidence (0% vs. 7.5%). More recently, Schoene et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> in the OPERA randomized controlled trial, investigated whether the use of an MSP thermometer (SensiTherm&#8482;) was noninferior to AF ablation without LET monitoring. They found the incidence of ETI was similar between the groups (11.1% vs. 8.9%). In their study, a very high temperature cutoff of 41 &#176;C was used to stop RF applications, along with different power settings (25 to 30 W vs. 25 W), resulting in a significant difference in RF energy delivery at the posterior wall (p&lt;0.001).</p>
          <p>Meininghaus et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> conducted a randomized trial comparing PVI with LET monitoring using the CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; probe versus no LET monitoring. All patients underwent EGD both before and after PVI, which was performed with a 25 W setting and a LET-guided power reduction strategy using a cutoff temperature of 41 &#176;C. In this study, mucosal lesions were observed in six of 44 patients in the LET monitoring group and in two of 42 patients in the control group. However, the p-value was not significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Type of probe</title>
          <p>Turagam et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> assessed the thermodynamic characteristics of 22 commercially available LET probes and demonstrated a remarkably wide variation among them. The CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; probe exhibited a superior thermodynamic profile compared to the other probes. In a prospective, nonrandomized study including 20 patients with symptomatic AF undergoing index PVI, Tschabrunn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> showed that the CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; had a superior thermodynamic performance compared to a standard linear, nondeflectable SSP.</p>
          <p>In a prospective nonrandomized trial, Carroll et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> investigated the rates of ETI associated with the use of an MSP (CIRCA S-CATH&#8482;) vs. an SSP (Acoustascope, Smiths Medical ASD, Inc., Keene, NH, USA). They applied a power setting of 25 W at the posterior wall with a cutoff temperature of 38 &#176;C. Among the 543 patients included (455 with SSP and 88 with MSP), only those with a maximum LET exceeding 39 &#176;C underwent endoscopy (75% of patients in the MSP group and 39% in the SSP group). A significantly higher rate of esophageal ulceration was associated with the use of an MSP (46% vs. 29%, p=0.02). However, a significant difference in patient characteristics was noted, with the MSP group exhibiting a greater total RF ablation time and total energy applied.</p>
          <p>In a randomized trial involving one hundred patients, Kuwahara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> compared a deflectable SSP thermometer with an MSP (SensiTherm&#8482;) thermometer. An open irrigated-tip catheter without contact force sensing was used, with a RF setup of 25 to 30 W and a temperature limit of 45 &#176;C, applying a cutoff of 42 &#176;C. No significant difference in ETI rates was found between the groups (30% vs. 20%, p=0.25).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Energy level</title>
          <p>The energy level applied at the posterior wall in our study reflects the standard ablation strategy employed over the past several years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> However, high-power, short-duration ablation has gained popularity in recent years. Chieng et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> published the Hi-Lo HEAT trial, which found no difference in ETI rates between 40 W and 25 W ablation strategies. Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> studied 120 consecutive patients, comparing LET monitoring with the CIRCA S-CATH&#8482; probe versus no LET monitoring, using a 39 &#176;C cutoff to interrupt RF applications. RF power was set at 50 W throughout the procedure, with an irrigation flow rate of 20 mL/min, following a power-controlled model and guided by the ablation index (Biosense Webster), targeting a value of 400 at the left atrial posterior wall. They reported a low incidence of ETI, with no significant difference between groups (3.3% vs. 1.7%, p=0.99).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has several limitations. It was a single-center, pilot study with a small sample size. Most patients had paroxysmal AF, a CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score &lt;2, and no significant left atrial enlargement. It cannot be excluded that esophageal damage may have been caused by the insertion and manipulation of the temperature probe in Groups 2 and 3, or by the transesophageal echocardiography probe. Since no EGD was performed prior to RF ablation, we can only assume that the location of the lesions in the anterior esophagus, distant from the gastroesophageal junction, makes it likely that ETI was related to AF ablation.</p>
          <p>We did not specifically correlate local ETI findings with RF ablation data, contact force information from the electroanatomic mapping system, or temperature measurements. Only one electroanatomic mapping system was used, and different results might be observed with other systems. All ablation procedures were performed under general anesthesia. Regarding the ablation technique, neither Visitag (Biosense Webster) nor a high-power, short-duration ablation strategy was available at the time, and posterior wall isolation was performed in only one patient. We used a 30 W dragging technique, and although this approach was employed, both the recurrence rate and the incidence of esophageal lesions remained low, which might have differed had alternative strategies been used.</p>
          <p>Regarding AF recurrence, four patients were lost to follow-up &#8212; two in Group 2 and two in Group 3 &#8212; and AF recurrence was assessed solely through electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitoring.</p>
          <p>There is no consensus regarding the optimal temperature cutoff to prevent ETI, and different cutoff temperatures were not compared in this study.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This pilot study demonstrates that LET monitoring with an MSP significantly reduces the incidence of ETI compared to SSP monitoring or no monitoring, without increasing the recurrence rate of AF following RF ablation. These findings suggest that the use of an MSP thermometer can enhance patient safety during PVI by effectively minimizing the risk of ETI. However, further randomized studies with larger patient populations are needed to confirm these results and guide future clinical practice.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Daniel Moreira Costa Moura, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 2.046.012. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author, Daniel M. C. Moura.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
