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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yRwhxbLSk86DH9dgfwwp6Bq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250012</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o da Ativa&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e do &#205;ndice de Estresse com Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular e Mortalidade por Todas as Causas em Pacientes com Osteoartrite</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Ruoyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feng</surname>
            <given-names>Chaoqun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Kexin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Nan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7218-0046</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fan</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaohong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Orthopedics</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Chengdu</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine &#8211; Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu, Sichuan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Xiaohong Fan &#8226; Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine &#8211; No.39-41, Shijiqiao Road, Jinniu District Chengdu 610075 &#8211; China E-mail: <email>FFan_Xiaohong@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn id="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250012</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A osteoartrite &#233; um tipo prevalente de artrite caracterizada por altera&#231;&#245;es degenerativas cr&#244;nicas no sistema m&#250;sculo-esquel&#233;tico, que podem resultar em danos articulares e dor cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo investigou as associa&#231;&#245;es entre o &#237;ndice de ativa&#231;&#227;o e estresse endotelial (EASIX) e o aumento do risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) e mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes diagnosticados com osteoartrite.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O estudo de coorte abrangeu 2.028 indiv&#237;duos com idades entre 40 e 79 anos com osteoartrite, utilizando dados do banco de dados do National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) abrangendo os anos de 2007 a 2018. O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ponderada univariada e o modelo de Cox ponderado foram estabelecidos, respectivamente, para rastrear poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05 foi adotado para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O estudo revelou um risco elevado de DCVA em correla&#231;&#227;o com um log (EASIX) aumentado (raz&#227;o de chances: 1,94, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,57-2,41). Quando comparados a indiv&#237;duos com log (EASIX) &lt; -1,29, aqueles com log (EASIX)&gt;-0,78 demonstraram um risco aumentado de DCVA (raz&#227;o de chances: 2,31, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,68-3,18). Um valor de log (EASIX) mais alto tamb&#233;m foi associado a um risco aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas (raz&#227;o de risco: 1,59, com intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 1,14-2,23). Entre os indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com osteoartrite, aqueles que apresentaram log (EASIX)&gt;-0,78 apresentaram maior risco de morrer por qualquer causa, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com log (EASIX) &lt;-1,29.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A presen&#231;a de um alto &#237;ndice EASIX foi associada a um risco aumentado de DCVA e mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes com osteoartrite.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o da Ativa&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e do &#205;ndice de Estresse com Risco de Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular e Mortalidade por Todas as Causas em Pacientes com Osteoartrite</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yRwhxbLSk86DH9dgfwwp6Bq/16ced07c4c74aed31740bbbb28100e7a24cd7bcf.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yRwhxbLSk86DH9dgfwwp6Bq/767f8fdb116e5c86da79104f844fd950a40f4956.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yRwhxbLSk86DH9dgfwwp6Bq/d042756d6528676dde74ad1d92609b38a3e92390.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Osteoartrite</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine</funding-source>
          <award-id>2024zd025</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2024zd025).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="29"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A osteoartrite (OA) &#233; uma doen&#231;a articular degenerativa prevalente associada &#224; dor cr&#244;nica, decl&#237;nio funcional e redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora os tratamentos atuais se concentrem no controle dos sintomas, eles n&#227;o interrompem a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a nem previnem danos nas articula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Notavelmente, a OA &#233; cada vez mais reconhecida como um fator de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCVs),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> que continua a ser uma das principais causas de mortalidade global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Identificar pacientes com OA com risco elevado de DCV &#233; fundamental para melhorar o progn&#243;stico e reduzir a carga da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, um mecanismo chave na aterosclerose e na DCV, pode estar subjacente ao aumento do risco de DCV em pacientes com OA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica na OA leva &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o de mediadores inflamat&#243;rios na circula&#231;&#227;o, promovendo dano endotelial e progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O &#237;ndice de ativa&#231;&#227;o e estresse endotelial (EASIX) surgiu recentemente como um novo marcador de les&#227;o endotelial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> sugerindo sua utilidade potencial na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de DCV em pacientes com OA.</p>
      <p>O escore de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica (DCVA) de 10 anos do <italic>American College of Cardiology</italic> e da <italic>American Heart Association</italic> &#233; amplamente utilizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Neste estudo, objetivamos avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EASIX e alto risco de DCVA, bem como a mortalidade geral, em pacientes com OA, utilizando dados da <italic>National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys</italic> (NHANES). An&#225;lises de subgrupos foram conduzidas para explorar o impacto da idade, g&#234;nero, etnia, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e uso de medicamentos anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte incluiu 2.824 pacientes com OA com idades entre 40 e 79 anos no banco de dados NHANES de 2007 a 2018. O programa NHANES &#233; um estudo abrangente e cont&#237;nuo conduzido com o objetivo de espelhar o perfil demogr&#225;fico abrangente da popula&#231;&#227;o civil n&#227;o institucionalizada nos Estados Unidos, empregando um m&#233;todo sofisticado de amostragem em v&#225;rios est&#225;gios com agrupamento probabil&#237;stico em seu projeto de pesquisa, que fornece insights abrangentes sobre diversos par&#226;metros de sa&#250;de, abrangendo escolhas de estilo de vida, n&#237;veis de aptid&#227;o f&#237;sica, h&#225;bitos alimentares e bem-estar mental.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos participantes com diagn&#243;stico de OA, com idades entre 40 e 79 anos, com dados completos para o c&#225;lculo do EASIX, com avalia&#231;&#227;o de DCVA em 10 anos e com dados completos de sobrevida no NHANES 2007-2018. Participantes com DCV autorrelatada foram exclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covari&#225;veis potenciais e defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A educa&#231;&#227;o foi categorizada como abaixo do n&#237;vel de um diploma de ensino m&#233;dio ou ter pelo menos um diploma de ensino m&#233;dio, raz&#227;o pobreza-renda (PIR), atividade f&#237;sica (MET &#215; min/semana), IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e vitamina D (nmol/L) foram respectivamente dicotomizados como &lt;1,3 ou &#8805;1,3, &lt;750 ou &#8805;750, &lt;25 ou &#8805;25 e &lt;75 ou &#8805;75. Bebida, depress&#227;o, c&#226;ncer, agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos, esteroides corticais adrenais, analg&#233;sicos e relaxantes musculares foram dicotomizados como sim ou n&#227;o. A raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) e o &#205;ndice de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o Saud&#225;vel 2015 (HEI-2015) foram utilizados como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas.</p>
        <p>A entrevista presencial realizada no MEC utilizou o Question&#225;rio de Sa&#250;de do Paciente-9 (PHQ-9)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> para avaliar os sintomas depressivos vivenciados nas duas semanas anteriores. Os entrevistados classificaram a frequ&#234;ncia de nove sintomas depressivos (por exemplo, anedonia, humor deprimido, dist&#250;rbios do sono) em uma escala de 0 a 3 durante uma avalia&#231;&#227;o. Pontua&#231;&#245;es totais variaram de 0 a 27, com pontua&#231;&#245;es de 10 ou mais indicando sintomas depressivos clinicamente significativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A atividade f&#237;sica foi convertida em consumo energ&#233;tico, e o consumo energ&#233;tico (MET &#215; min) = equivalente metab&#243;lico sugerido (MET) &#215; tempo de atividade esportiva correspondente (min). Vitamina D &#8805; 75 nmol/L foi definida como adequada, &lt; 75 nmol/L como inadequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O HEI-2015 se concentra em nove grupos alimentares para consumo equilibrado (como frutas, vegetais, gr&#227;os integrais, latic&#237;nios e prote&#237;nas de diversas fontes), enfatizando tamb&#233;m uma propor&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel de gorduras insaturadas e saturadas. Quatro componentes (gr&#227;os refinados, s&#243;dio, a&#231;&#250;cares adicionados e gorduras saturadas) devem ser consumidos com modera&#231;&#227;o. A ingest&#227;o de cada componente &#233; padronizada usando o m&#233;todo da densidade com uma refer&#234;ncia de 4184 kJ. Os componentes recebem uma pontua&#231;&#227;o que varia de 0 a 5 ou de 0 a 10. Somando as pontua&#231;&#245;es desses componentes para cada respondente com uma pontua&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima poss&#237;vel de 100 pontos, uma pontua&#231;&#227;o geral pode ser calculada. O m&#233;todo da raz&#227;o populacional &#233; utilizado adequadamente para calcular as pontua&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;vel principal</title>
          <p>A pontua&#231;&#227;o do EASIX foi a principal vari&#225;vel. A f&#243;rmula utilizada para calcular o EASIX foi: n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de lactato desidrogenase (LDH) (U/L) &#215; n&#237;vel de creatinina (mg/dL)/contagem de plaquetas (109/L). Como o EASIX apresentou uma distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica, ele passou por uma transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica antes da an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> exibe os dados do EASIX antes e depois da aplica&#231;&#227;o da transforma&#231;&#227;o log2.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados EASIX antes e depois da transforma&#231;&#227;o log2.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Vari&#225;veis de resultado</title>
          <p>O alto risco de DCV foi o desfecho prim&#225;rio, que foi avaliado pelo escore de risco de DCVA de 10 anos com base em fatores como idade, g&#234;nero e etnia. Outro exemplo seriam os n&#237;veis de colesterol, press&#227;o arterial e uso de medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios para avaliar o risco de DCV em 10 anos classificam os indiv&#237;duos em quatro n&#237;veis de risco: baixo risco (&lt;5%), risco lim&#237;trofe (5% a 7,5%), risco intermedi&#225;rio (7,5% a &lt;20%) e alto risco (&#8805;20%). Neste estudo, objetivamos explorar o alto risco de DCV dos pacientes.</p>
          <p>O desfecho secund&#225;rio concentrou-se na taxa de mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes com OA, avaliada pela vincula&#231;&#227;o de seus registros de atestado de &#243;bito com o &#205;ndice Nacional de &#211;bitos (INO). A mortalidade por todas as causas refere-se ao n&#250;mero total de mortes ocorridas durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, abrangendo at&#233; dezembro de 2019.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk, e as vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o atenderam &#224; suposi&#231;&#227;o de normalidade foram transformadas adequadamente. Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre m&#250;ltiplos grupos, se utilizou a An&#225;lise de Vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) unidirecional, seguida do teste post hoc de Tukey para identificar diferen&#231;as espec&#237;ficas entre os grupos quando os resultados da ANOVA foram significativos. Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram apresentados como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens [n (%)], e as compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas pelo teste qui-quadrado ou o m&#233;todo de probabilidade exata de Fisher, conforme apropriado. O estado dos valores faltantes para as vari&#225;veis &#233; apresentado na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_1.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link>, e imputa&#231;&#227;o m&#250;ltipla foi aplicada. Compara&#231;&#245;es de dados entre antes e depois de imputa&#231;&#245;es m&#250;ltiplas foram exibidas na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_2.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 2</ext-link>. Modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ponderada univariada e modelo de Cox ponderado foram estabelecidos respectivamente para rastrear poss&#237;veis fatores de confus&#227;o. Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica ponderada univariada e multivariada, modelo ponderado e modelo de Cox ponderado foram aplicados respectivamente para analisar as associa&#231;&#245;es do EASIX com DCVA de alto risco e mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com OA. A an&#225;lise de subgrupo foi categorizada com base em idade, sexo, etnia, IMC e agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos. O OR e o HR com seus respectivos IC de 95% foram calculados. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com SAS 9.4, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica definida em um valor de p menor que 0,05.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes com base em diferentes pontua&#231;&#245;es do EASIX</title>
        <p>No total, foram identificados 2.824 pacientes com OA, com idades entre 40 e 79 anos, no banco de dados NHANES, de 2007 a 2018. Indiv&#237;duos que j&#225; haviam apresentado DCV n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo (n = 554). Participantes sem dados completos para o c&#225;lculo do EASIX (n = 180), sem dados completos de sobrevida (n = 4) ou sem a avalia&#231;&#227;o da DCVA em 10 anos (n = 58) foram exclu&#237;dos. Por fim, 2.028 participantes foram inclu&#237;dos, e entre eles, 472 participantes apresentavam alto risco de DCVA. O processo de triagem dos participantes &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Processo de triagem dos participantes deste estudo. DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes nos diferentes grupos de logaritmo (EASIX) s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Diferen&#231;as significativas foram observadas em diversas vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, incluindo idade, sexo, ra&#231;a, atividade f&#237;sica, tabagismo, consumo de bebidas alco&#243;licas e comorbidades como diabetes, hipertens&#227;o e dislipidemia. Al&#233;m disso, diferen&#231;as em par&#226;metros laboratoriais, como LDH, contagem de plaquetas e n&#237;veis de creatinina, foram observadas entre os grupos. As taxas de mortalidade e a propor&#231;&#227;o de participantes com um alto risco de DCVA tamb&#233;m variou significativamente entre os grupos de log (EASIX).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes com diferentes n&#237;veis EASIX</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Total (n=2028)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Log (EASIX)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> &lt; -1,29 (n=676) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> -1,29- -0,78 (n=663) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> &#8805;-0,78 (n=689) </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos), M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60,88 (0,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">59,06 (0,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,91 (0,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,65 (0,52)***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>G&#234;nero, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1337 (65,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">576 (87,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">452 (64,51)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (44,83)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">691 (34,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (12,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">211 (35,49)</td>
                  <td align="center">380 (55,17)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branco</td>
                  <td align="center">1157 (82,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">370 (81,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">382 (82,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">405 (84,61)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preto</td>
                  <td align="center">347 (6,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (5,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (6,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (7,37)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros</td>
                  <td align="center">524 (10,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (12,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (11,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (8,02)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Educa&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,244</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">350 (10,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (11,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (9,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (9,49)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio e acima</td>
                  <td align="center">1678 (89,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">545 (88,31)</td>
                  <td align="center">557 (90,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">576 (90,51)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PIR, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,355</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">483 (14,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">166 (14.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (15,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (12,90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;1,3</td>
                  <td align="center">1545 (85,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">510 (85,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">493 (84,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">542 (87,10)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica (MET &#215; min/semana), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;750</td>
                  <td align="center">1060 (46,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">373 (51,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">361 (47,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">326 (40,90)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;750</td>
                  <td align="center">968 (53,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (48,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">302 (52,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">363 (59,10)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tabagismo, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1697 (85,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">535 (81,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">552 (84,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">610 (89,37)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">331 (14,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (18,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (15.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (10,63)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">456 (17.17)</td>
                  <td align="center">190 (22,41)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (15,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (13,42)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1176 (61,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">391 (62,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">388 (63,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">397 (59,64)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desconhecido</td>
                  <td align="center">396 (20,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (14,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (21.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">174 (26,94)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,166</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1528 (80,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">498 (78,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">514 (83,24)</td>
                  <td align="center">516 (79,73)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (19,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (21,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (16,76)</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (20,27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">458 (26,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (25,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">154 (27,28)</td>
                  <td align="center">128 (25,70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1570 (73,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (74,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">509 (72,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">561 (74,30)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dislipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,044</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">355 (17,67)</td>
                  <td align="center">110 (16,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">136 (21,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (15.20)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">1673 (82,33)</td>
                  <td align="center">566 (83,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">527 (78,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">580 (84,80)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Depress&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,435</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1800 (90,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">586 (90,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">589 (90,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">625 (92,33)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">228 (9,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">90 (9,99)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (9,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (7,67)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>C&#226;ncer, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1665 (79,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">569 (83,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">552 (79,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">544 (75,58)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">363 (20,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (16,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (20.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (24,42)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1352 (67,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">484 (74,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">447 (66,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">421 (62,90)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">676 (32,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (25,97)</td>
                  <td align="center">216 (33,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">268 (37,10)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Esteroides corticais supra-renais, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,739</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1973 (98,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">659 (98,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">648 (97,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">666 (98,05)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (1,94)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (1,60)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (1,95)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Analg&#233;sicos, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,630</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1412 (70,43)</td>
                  <td align="center">458 (68,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">454 (70,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">500 (71,73)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">616 (29,57)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (31.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">209 (29,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (28,27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Relaxantes musculares, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,528</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1886 (93,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">624 (92,29)</td>
                  <td align="center">615 (93,23)</td>
                  <td align="center">647 (94,25)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">142 (6,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (7,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (6,77)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (5,75)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC (kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;25</td>
                  <td align="center">389 (20.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (23,63)</td>
                  <td align="center">130 (21.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (15,51)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;25</td>
                  <td align="center">1639 (79,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">532 (76,37)</td>
                  <td align="center">533 (78,93)</td>
                  <td align="center">574 (84,49)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Vitamina D (nmol/L), n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,293</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;75</td>
                  <td align="center">909 (35,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">303 (36,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">315 (37,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">291 (32,34)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;75</td>
                  <td align="center">1119 (64,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">373 (63,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">348 (62,10)</td>
                  <td align="center">398 (67,66)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RNL, M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2,29 (0,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24 (0,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,25 (0,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,38 (0,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,280</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HEI 2015, M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53,28 (0,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,01 (0,75)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,71 (0,80)</td>
                  <td align="center">53,10 (0,71)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,772</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lactato desidrogenase LDH (U/L), M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">140,04 (0,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">125,40 (1,40)</td>
                  <td align="center">139,42 (1,42)</td>
                  <td align="center">155,27 (1,64)***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Contagem de plaquetas (1000 c&#233;lulas/uL), M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">242,65 (2,30)</td>
                  <td align="center">289,09 (3,27)</td>
                  <td align="center">237,73 (2,54)</td>
                  <td align="center">201,41 (2,08)***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL), M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 (0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05 (0,02)***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>EASIX, M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0,54 (0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32 (0,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50 (0,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,02)***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Log (EASIX), M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">-1,02 (0,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,69 (0,02)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,02 (0,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,35 (0,02)***</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mortalidade por todas as causas, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vivo</td>
                  <td align="center">1782 (90,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">608 (91,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">599 (92,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">575 (86,65)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morto</td>
                  <td align="center">246 (9,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 (8,56)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (7,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (13,35)**</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tempo de acompanhamento (meses), M&#233;dia (DP)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79,02 (2,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">86,68 (3,19)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,45 (2,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">71,97 (3,69)**</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DCVA de alto risco, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1556 (83,35)</td>
                  <td align="center">567 (88,69)</td>
                  <td align="center">518 (85,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">471 (76,28)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">472 (16,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">109 (11.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (14,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (23,72)***</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>EASIX: &#237;ndice de ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial e estresse; PIR: raz&#227;o pobreza-renda; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; RNL: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito; HEI-2015: &#205;ndice de Alimenta&#231;&#227;o Saud&#225;vel 2015; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica. ***p &lt; 0,001, **p &lt; 0,01, *p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre o EASIX e alto risco de DCVA e mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com osteoartrite</title>
        <p>O modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada identificou v&#225;rias vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o associadas a um risco elevado de DCVA, incluindo n&#237;vel de educa&#231;&#227;o, atividade f&#237;sica, h&#225;bitos de consumo de &#225;lcool, estado de c&#226;ncer, propor&#231;&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) e uso de medicamentos anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_3.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 3</ext-link>). No modelo bruto, um logaritmo maior (EASIX) foi associado a um risco aumentado de DCVA. Ap&#243;s o ajuste para potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o, a associa&#231;&#227;o permaneceu significativa, com valores de logaritmo maior (EASIX) correlacionando-se com um risco maior de DCVA. Especificamente, pacientes com valores de logaritmo maior (EASIX)&gt;-0,78 apresentaram risco significativamente maior de DCVA em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com valores de log (EASIX) &lt; -1,29(<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). O RCS revelou que o aumento do EASIX estava relacionado a ORs elevados de alto risco de DCVA em pacientes com OA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o entre EASIX e alto risco de DCVA e mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com osteoartrite</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Modelo 1</th>
                  <th>Modelo 2</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Alto risco de DCVA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,97 (1,57-2,48)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,94 (1,57-2,41)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; -1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-1,29 - -0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38 (0,97-1,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 (0,93-1,89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;-0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44 (1,77-3,35)***</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31 (1,68-3,18)***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mortalidade por todas as causas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,84 (1,34-2,54)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,59 (1,14-2,23)**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; -1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-1,29 - -0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38 (0,97-1,96)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 (0,93-1,89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;-0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,44 (1,77-3,35)**</td>
                  <td align="center">2,31 (1,68-3,18)*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>EASIX: &#237;ndice de ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial e estresse; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; HR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; Ref: refer&#234;ncia. Modelo 1: Modelo bruto. Modelo 2: Ajustado para n&#237;vel educacional, atividade f&#237;sica, estado de consumo de &#225;lcool, c&#226;ncer, RNL e agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos (para DCVA) ou relaxantes musculares e DCVA de alto risco (para mortalidade). ***p &lt; 0,001, **p &lt; 0,01, *p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A-B) RCS mostrando a associa&#231;&#227;o entre EASIX e ORs de alto risco de DCVA em pacientes com osteoartrite.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Da mesma forma, o modelo de regress&#227;o univariada de Cox identificou n&#237;vel de escolaridade, atividade f&#237;sica, estado de consumo de &#225;lcool, c&#226;ncer, relaxantes musculares, RNL e DCVA de alto risco como fatores de confus&#227;o relacionados &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com OA (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_4.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 4</ext-link>). Um logaritmo aumentado (EASIX) foi associado a um maior risco de mortalidade por todas as causas. Pacientes com logaritmo (EASIX) &gt;-0,78 apresentou um risco significativamente aumentado de mortalidade por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com log (EASIX) &lt; -1,29 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A an&#225;lise RCS apoiou ainda mais uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva entre o aumento do EASIX e ORs elevados para mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com OA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, a probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia diminuiu significativamente em pacientes com log (EASIX)&gt;-0,78 em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com log (EASIX) &lt;-1,29 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Probabilidade de sobreviv&#234;ncia de participantes em diferentes grupos de logaritmo (EASIX): an&#225;lise da curva de Kaplan-Meier.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupos de associa&#231;&#245;es do EASIX entre aqueles com risco elevado de DCVA e mortalidade geral em pacientes com osteoartrite</title>
        <p>An&#225;lises de subgrupos foram conduzidas para explorar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre o EASIX e os riscos de DCVA e mortalidade por todas as causas em diferentes subgrupos demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Entre os pacientes com idade &#8805; 65 anos, n&#237;veis mais elevados de log (EASIX) foram associados a um risco aumentado de DCVA e mortalidade por todas as causas. Pacientes do sexo feminino com n&#237;veis mais elevados de log (EASIX) tamb&#233;m apresentaram risco aumentado de mortalidade geral. Al&#233;m disso, indiv&#237;duos negros com log (EASIX)&gt;-0,78 apresentaram um risco significativamente elevado de mortalidade por todas as causas. As associa&#231;&#245;es entre o EASIX e os riscos de DCVA e mortalidade foram consistentes em v&#225;rios subgrupos, incluindo aqueles estratificados por IMC e uso de agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de subgrupos das associa&#231;&#245;es de EASIX com alto risco de DCVA e mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com osteoartrite</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">DCVA de alto risco</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mortalidade por todas as causas</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Idade: &lt;65 OR (IC 95%) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Idade: &#8805;65 OR (IC 95%) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Idade: &lt;65 HR (IC 95%) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Idade: &#8805;65 HR (IC 95%) </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (0,58-1,86)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,83 (1,42-2,35)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,43 (0,78-2,61)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 (1,16-2,34)<sup>**</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; -1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-1,29- -0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72 (0,30-1,74)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (0,89-2,03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,45-2,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73 (0,39-1,36)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;-0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11 (0,52-2,38)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01 (1,33-3,02)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55 (0,81-2,98)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45 (0,88-2,40)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sexo: Feminino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sexo: Masculino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sexo: Feminino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Sexo: Masculino</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,68 (1,24-2,28) ***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 (1,09-2,68)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,50 (1,01-2,22)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,35 (0,76-2,41)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; -1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-1,29 - -0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,64-1,64)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48 (0,76-2,85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70 (0,37-1,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,40-2,64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;-0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,69 (1,05-2,72)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2.16 (1.11-4.20)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,50 (0,92-2,47)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27 (0,56-2,92)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a: Branca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a: Negra</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a: Branca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a: Negra</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00 (1,53-2,62)***</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26 (1,49-3,44)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 (1,13-2,41)**</td>
                  <td align="center">1,82 (1,35-2,45)<sup>***</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; -1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-1,29 - -0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36 (0,87-2,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,46-1,88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,47-1,50)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,06 (0,70-6,10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;-0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,34 (1,62-3,37)***</td>
                  <td align="center">3,09 (1,52-6,28)**</td>
                  <td align="center">1,51 (0,97-2,34)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,06 (1,40-11,78)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IMC: &lt;25</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IMC: &#8805;25</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IMC: &lt;25</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>IMC: &#8805;25</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,71 (1,15-2,52)*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,07 (1,58-2,70)***</td>
                  <td align="center">2,36 (1,63-3,42)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,46 (0,98-2,16)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; -1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-1,29 - -0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,24 (1,18-4,22)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,14 (0,71-1,82)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,20 (0,53-2,68)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 (0,42-1,42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;-0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21 (1,29-3,79)**</td>
                  <td align="center">2,37 (1,61-3,49)***</td>
                  <td align="center">3,44 (1,85-6,40)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,36 (0,84-2,18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <bold>Vari&#225;veis</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos: N&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos: Sim</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos: N&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>Agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos: Sim</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>OR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>HR (IC 95%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00 (1,51-2,66)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89 (1,30-2,75)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,82 (1,30-2,56)***</td>
                  <td align="center">1,24 (0,68-2,25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; -1,29</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  <td align="center">Ref</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>-1,29 - -0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">1,34 (0,87-2,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,32 (0,72-2,44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96 (0,53-1,73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 (0,24-1,89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;-0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">2,50 (1,51-4,14)***</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12 (1,26-3,59)*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,01 (1,22-3,31)**</td>
                  <td align="center">1,02 (0,46-2,27)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>EASIX: &#237;ndice de ativa&#231;&#227;o endotelial e estresse, DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica, Ref: refer&#234;ncia, OR: raz&#227;o de chances, HR: raz&#227;o de risco, IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a, IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Quanto &#224; DCVA de alto risco, se n&#227;o estratificada, ajustada para n&#237;vel de escolaridade, atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool, c&#226;ncer, RNL e agentes anti-hiperlipid&#234;micos. Quanto &#224; mortalidade por todas as causas, se n&#227;o estratificada, ajustada para n&#237;vel de escolaridade, atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool, c&#226;ncer, relaxantes musculares, RNL e DCVA de alto risco.***p &lt; 0,001, **p &lt; 0,01, *p &lt; 0,05.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>EASIX: Um novo biomarcador para risco cardiovascular na osteoartrite</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo estabelece que o EASIX prediz de forma independente a DCVA e a mortalidade por todas as causas em pacientes com OA. Essa associa&#231;&#227;o provavelmente decorre da capacidade do EASIX de quantificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial sist&#234;mica, um processo impulsionado pela inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica e pela desregula&#231;&#227;o metab&#243;lica inerentes &#224; OA. Os componentes do EASIX&#8212;lactato desidrogenase (LDH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> creatinina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>e contagem de plaquetas&#8212;refletem coletivamente os principais mecanismos patol&#243;gicos:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A eleva&#231;&#227;o da LDH reflete a sobrecarga glicol&#237;tica nas articula&#231;&#245;es inflamadas, os n&#237;veis de creatinina sinalizam a perda muscular associada &#224; imobilidade articular e a deple&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas pode indicar les&#227;o microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Ao integrar esses marcadores, o EASIX fornece uma vis&#227;o hol&#237;stica do estresse vascular que complementa as ferramentas tradicionais de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tradu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em uma sociedade em envelhecimento</title>
        <p>A simplicidade do EASIX, derivada de par&#226;metros laboratoriais de rotina, o posiciona como uma ferramenta pragm&#225;tica para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na gest&#227;o do AO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>&#192; medida que a popula&#231;&#227;o global envelhece, a dupla carga da OA e das DCV exige solu&#231;&#245;es escal&#225;veis. O EASIX oferece vantagens &#250;nicas: &#233; econ&#244;mico e n&#227;o requer testes especializados,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> e identifica pacientes de alto risco (por exemplo, log (EASIX) &gt;-0,78) que podem se beneficiar de interven&#231;&#245;es precoces, como estatinas, terapias antiinflamat&#243;rias ou cuidados multidisciplinares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Para adultos mais velhos (&#8805;65 anos), a triagem obrigat&#243;ria do EASIX pode reduzir a morbidade, permitindo encaminhamentos oportunos para cardiologia ou programas preventivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Essa abordagem est&#225; alinhada &#224;s prioridades globais de sa&#250;de para otimizar a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos em popula&#231;&#245;es idosas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e dire&#231;&#245;es futuras</title>
        <p>Embora nossos resultados destaquem o valor progn&#243;stico do EASIX, suas limita&#231;&#245;es incluem a falta de dados sobre a gravidade da OA no NHANES e potenciais fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o mensurados. Estudos futuros devem validar os limiares do EASIX em diversas coortes, incluindo OA em est&#225;gio inicial e popula&#231;&#245;es sub-representadas, e investigar sua utilidade na orienta&#231;&#227;o de terapias direcionadas (por exemplo, inibidores da glic&#243;lise) ou pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo estabelece o EASIX como um novo biomarcador para identificar pacientes com OA com risco elevado de DCVA e mortalidade por todas as causas. Valores mais altos de EASIX se correlacionam com aumento do estresse vascular e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, refletindo a intera&#231;&#227;o entre a fisiopatologia relacionada &#224; OA e a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A simplicidade do EASIX &#8212; calculado a partir de par&#226;metros laboratoriais de rotina &#8212; o posiciona como uma ferramenta pr&#225;tica para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, particularmente para popula&#231;&#245;es em envelhecimento onde a OA e comorbidades cardiovasculares s&#227;o prevalentes.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica</title>
        <p>A integra&#231;&#227;o do EASIX &#224;s avalia&#231;&#245;es de rotina de pacientes com OA pode aprimorar a identifica&#231;&#227;o precoce de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco, possibilitando interven&#231;&#245;es direcionadas, como a intensifica&#231;&#227;o da preven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular ou o atendimento multidisciplinar. Sua rela&#231;&#227;o custo-efetividade e a depend&#234;ncia de testes amplamente dispon&#237;veis tornam o EASIX particularmente valioso em ambientes com recursos limitados, alinhando-se &#224;s prioridades globais para abordar a dupla carga das doen&#231;as musculoesquel&#233;ticas e cardiovasculares cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dire&#231;&#245;es futuras</title>
        <p>&#201; essencial uma valida&#231;&#227;o mais aprofundada dos limiares EASIX em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es e subtipos de OA. A pesquisa tamb&#233;m deve explorar se as terapias guiadas pelo EASIX (por exemplo, agentes anti-inflamat&#243;rios ou protetores endoteliais) melhoram os resultados e como este biomarcador pode subsidiar estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para sociedades em envelhecimento.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos o apoio da Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2024zd025).</p>
    </ack>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> O conjunto de dados que sustenta as conclus&#245;es deste artigo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no reposit&#243;rio NHANES, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>* Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional da Tabela Suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional da Tabela Suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_2.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional da Tabela Suplementar 3, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_3.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional da Tabela Suplementar 4, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_4.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2024zd025).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250012i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association of Endothelial Activation and Stress Index with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-cause Mortality in Patients with Osteoarthritis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Ruoyan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feng</surname>
            <given-names>Chaoqun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lin</surname>
            <given-names>Kexin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Nan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0007-7218-0046</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fan</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaohong</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine &#8211; Department of Orthopedics, Chengdu, Sichuan &#8211; China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Xiaohong Fan &#8226; Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine - No.39-41, Shijiqiao Road, Jinniu District Chengdu 610075 &#8211; China E-mail: FFan_Xiaohong@outlook.com </corresp>
        <fn id="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Osteoarthritis is a prevalent type of arthritis characterized by chronic degenerative changes in the musculoskeletal system, which can result in joint damage and chronic pain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study was to investigate the associations between the endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) and the increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and all-cause mortality among patients diagnosed with osteoarthritis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The cohort study encompassed 2028 individuals aged 40-79 years with osteoarthritis, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database spanning the years 2007 to 2018. The univariate weighted logistic regression model and weighted Cox model were respectively established to screen possible confounders. A significance level of p &lt; 0.05 was adopted for all statistical analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study revealed an elevated risk of ASCVD in correlation with an increased log (EASIX) (Odds Ratio: 1.94, with 95% Confidence Interval:1.57-2.41). When compared to individuals with log (EASIX)&lt; -1.29, those with a log (EASIX) &gt; -0.78 demonstrated a heightened risk of ASCVD (Odds Ratio: 2.31, with 95% Confidence Interval:1.68-3.18). A higher log (EASIX) value was also linked to an increased risk of mortality from all causes (Hazard Ratio: 1.59, with 95% Confidence Interval:1.14 -2.23). Among individuals diagnosed with osteoarthritis, those exhibiting log (EASIX)&gt; -0.78 faced a greater risk of dying from any cause, as compared to patients with log (EASIX) &lt;-1.29.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The presence of a high EASIX index was linked to an increased risk of ASCVD and all-cause mortality among patients with osteoarthritis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Association of Endothelial Activation and Stress Index with Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and All-cause Mortality in Patients with Osteoarthritis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Osteoarthritis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease associated with chronic pain, functional decline, and reduced quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> While current treatments focus on symptom management, they do not halt disease progression or prevent joint damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Notably, OA is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> which remains a leading cause of global mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Identifying OA patients at elevated CVD risk is critical for improving prognosis and reducing disease burden.</p>
        <p>Endothelial dysfunction, a key mechanism in atherosclerosis and CVD, may underlie the increased CVD risk in OA patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Chronic inflammation in OA leads to the release of inflammatory mediators into the circulation, promoting endothelial damage and atherosclerosis progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) has recently emerged as a novel marker of endothelial injury,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> suggesting its potential utility in assessing CVD risk in OA patients.</p>
        <p>The American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association&#8217;s 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk score is widely used for CVD risk assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association between EASIX and high ASCVD risk, as well as overall mortality, in OA patients using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES). Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the impact of age, gender, ethnicity, body mass index (BMI), and anti-hyperlipidemic medication use (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This cohort study included 2824 patients with OA aged 40-79 years in the NHANES database from 2007 to 2018. The NHANES program is a comprehensive, continuous study being conducted with the objective of mirroring the comprehensive demographic profile of the non-institutionalized civilian population across the United States by employing a sophisticated, multi-stage sampling method with probabilistic clustering in its research design, which provides comprehensive insights into diverse health parameters, encompassing lifestyle choices, physical fitness levels, dietary habits, and mental well-being.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our study, participants diagnosed with OA, aged 40-79 years old, with complete data for EASIX calculation, with assessment of 10-year ASCVD, and with complete survival data in the NHANES 2007-2018 were included. Participants with self-reported CVD were excluded (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Potential covariates and definitions</title>
          <p>Education was categorized as either below the level of a high school diploma or possessing at least a high school diploma, poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), physical activity (MET &#215; min/week), BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and vitamin D (nmol/L) were respectively dichotomized as &lt;1.3 or &#8805;1.3, &lt;750 or &#8805;750, &lt;25 or &#8805; 25 and &lt;75 or &#8805;75. Drinking status, depression, cancer, anti-hyperlipidemic agents, adrenal cortical steroids, analgesics, and muscle relaxants were dichotomized as yes or no. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) were utilized as continuous variables.</p>
          <p>The face-to-face interview conducted at the MEC utilized the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> to assess depressive symptoms experienced within the preceding two weeks. Respondents rated the frequency of nine depressive symptoms (e.g., anhedonia, depressed mood, sleep disturbances) on a 0-3 scale during an assessment. Total scores, ranging from 0 to 27, with scores of 10 or higher indicating clinically significant depressive symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Physical activity was converted to energy consumption, and the energy consumption (MET&#215;min) = suggested metabolic equivalent (MET) &#215; corresponding activities of sports time (min). Vitamin D &#8805;75 nmol/L was defined as adequate, &lt; 75 nmol/L as inadequate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The HEI-2015 focuses on nine food groups for balanced consumption (such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy, and proteins from various sources) while also emphasizing a healthy unsaturated-to-saturated fat ratio. Four components (refined grains, sodium, added sugars, and saturated fats) should be consumed in moderation. Each component&#8217;s intake is standardized using the density method with a 4184 kJ reference. Components are assigned a score ranging from 0 to 5 or 0 to 10. By summing up these component scores for each respondent with a maximum possible score of 100 points, an overall score can be calculated. The population ratio method is appropriately utilized for calculating mean scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>Main variable</title>
            <p>EASIX score was the main variable. The formula was used to calculate EASIX: serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level (U/L) &#215; creatinine level (mg/dL)/platelet count (10<sup>9</sup>/L). Since EASIX exhibited a skewed distribution, it underwent a log<sup>2</sup> transformation prior to analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> displays the EASIX data both before and after applying the log<sup>2</sup> transformation.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; The distribution of EASIX data before and after log2 transformed.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Outcome variables</title>
            <p>The high CVD risk was the primary outcome, which was evaluated by the 10-year ASCVD risk score based on factors such as age, gender, and ethnicity. Another example would be cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and medication use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The criteria for assessing the 10-year risk of CVD categorize individuals into four risk levels: low risk (&lt;5%), borderline risk (5% to 7.5%), intermediate risk (7.5% to &lt;20%), and high risk (&#8805;20%). In this study, we aimed to explore the high CVD risk of patients.</p>
            <p>The secondary outcome focused on the all-cause mortality rate among OA patients, evaluated by linking their death certificate records with the National Death Index (NDI). All-cause mortality refers to the total number of deaths that occurred throughout the follow-up period, extending up to December 2019.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>The normality of the data was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and variables that did not meet the assumption of normality were appropriately transformed. For comparisons among multiple groups, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used, followed by Tukey&#8217;s post hoc test to identify specific group differences when ANOVA results were significant. Categorical data were presented as frequencies and percentages [n (%)], and comparisons among groups were performed using the chi-square test or Fisher&#8217;s exact probability method, as appropriate. The status of missing values for the variables is presented in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_1.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>, and multiple imputation was applied. Comparisons of data between before and after multiple imputations were exhibited in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_2.pdf">Supplementary Table 2</ext-link>. Univariate weighted logistic regression model, and weighted Cox model were respectively established to screen possible confounders. Univariate and multivariate weighted logistic regression, weighted model, and weighted Cox model were respectively applied to analyze the associations of EASIX with high-risk ASCVD and all-cause mortality in OA patients. The subgroup analysis was categorized based on age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, and anti-hyperlipidemic agents. The OR and HR with their respective 95% CI were calculated. The statistical analysis was carried out with SAS 9.4, with statistical significance set at a p-value of less than 0.05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of Participants Based on Different EASIX Scores</title>
          <p>In total, 2824 patients with OA aged 40-79 years in the NHANES database from 2007 to 2018 were identified. Individuals who had previously experienced CVD were not included in the study (n=554). Participants without complete data for EASIX calculation (n=180), without complete survival data (n=4), or the assessment of 10-year ASCVD (n=58) were excluded. At last, 2028 participants were included, and among them, 472 participants had a high risk of ASCVD. The screening process of participants is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The screening process of the participants in this study. CVD: cardiovascular disease; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The characteristics of participants across different log (EASIX) groups are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Significant differences were observed in various demographic and clinical variables, including age, gender, race, physical activity, smoking status, drinking status, and comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Additionally, differences in laboratory parameters such as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, platelet counts, and creatinine levels were noted among the groups. The mortality rates and the proportion of participants with a high risk of ASCVD also varied significantly across the log (EASIX) groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The characteristics of participants with different EASIX levels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Total (n=2028)</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Log (EASIX)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> &lt; -1.29 (n=676) </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> -1.29- -0.78 (n=663) </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> &#8805;-0.78 (n=689) </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years), Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">60.88 (0.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">59.06 (0.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.91 (0.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.65 (0.52)***</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Gender, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">1337 (65.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">576 (87.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">452 (64.51)</td>
                    <td align="center">309 (44.83)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">691 (34.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (12.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">211 (35.49)</td>
                    <td align="center">380 (55.17)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Race, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">1157 (82.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">370 (81.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">382 (82.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">405 (84.61)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Black</td>
                    <td align="center">347 (6.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">93 (5.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">115 (6.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">139 (7.37)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Others</td>
                    <td align="center">524 (10.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">213 (12.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">166 (11.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">145 (8.02)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Education, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.244</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Under high school</td>
                    <td align="center">350 (10.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">131 (11.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (9.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">113 (9.49)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High school and above</td>
                    <td align="center">1678 (89.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">545 (88.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">557 (90.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">576 (90.51)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>PIR, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.355</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">483 (14.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">166 (14.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">170 (15.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">147 (12.90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;1.3</td>
                    <td align="center">1545 (85.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">510 (85.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">493 (84.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">542 (87.10)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Physical activity (MET &#215; min/week), n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;750</td>
                    <td align="center">1060 (46.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">373 (51.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">361 (47.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">326 (40.90)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;750</td>
                    <td align="center">968 (53.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">303 (48.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">302 (52.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">363 (59.10)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoking status, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1697 (85.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">535 (81.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">552 (84.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">610 (89.37)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">331 (14.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">141 (18.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">111 (15.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">79 (10.63)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Drinking status, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">456 (17.17)</td>
                    <td align="center">190 (22.41)</td>
                    <td align="center">148 (15.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">118 (13.42)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1176 (61.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">391 (62.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">388 (63.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">397 (59.64)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Unknown</td>
                    <td align="center">396 (20.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">95 (14.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">127 (21.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">174 (26.94)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.166</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1528 (80.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">498 (78.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">514 (83.24)</td>
                    <td align="center">516 (79.73)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">500 (19.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">178 (21.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">149 (16.76)</td>
                    <td align="center">173 (20.27)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.763</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">458 (26.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">176 (25.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">154 (27.28)</td>
                    <td align="center">128 (25.70)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1570 (73.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">500 (74.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">509 (72.72)</td>
                    <td align="center">561 (74.30)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Dyslipidemia, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.044</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">355 (17.67)</td>
                    <td align="center">110 (16.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">136 (21.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (15.20)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">1673 (82.33)</td>
                    <td align="center">566 (83.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">527 (78.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">580 (84.80)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Depression, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.435</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1800 (90.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">586 (90.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">589 (90.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">625 (92.33)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">228 (9.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">90 (9.99)</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (9.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (7.67)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Cancer, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1665 (79.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">569 (83.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">552 (79.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">544 (75.58)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">363 (20.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (16.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">111 (20.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">145 (24.42)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Anti-hyperlipidemic agents</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1352 (67.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">484 (74.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">447 (66.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">421 (62.90)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">676 (32.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">192 (25.97)</td>
                    <td align="center">216 (33.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">268 (37.10)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Adrenal cortical steroids, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.739</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1973 (98.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">659 (98.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">648 (97.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">666 (98.05)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (1.94)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (1.60)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (2.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (1.95)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Analgesics, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.630</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1412 (70.43)</td>
                    <td align="center">458 (68.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">454 (70.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">500 (71.73)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">616 (29.57)</td>
                    <td align="center">218 (31.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">209 (29.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">189 (28.27)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Muscle relaxants, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.528</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1886 (93.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">624 (92.29)</td>
                    <td align="center">615 (93.23)</td>
                    <td align="center">647 (94.25)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">142 (6.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (7.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (6.77)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (5.75)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI (kg/m<sup><bold>2</bold></sup>), n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;25</td>
                    <td align="center">389 (20.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">144 (23.63)</td>
                    <td align="center">130 (21.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">115 (15.51)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;25</td>
                    <td align="center">1639 (79.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">532 (76.37)</td>
                    <td align="center">533 (78.93)</td>
                    <td align="center">574 (84.49)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Vitamin D (nmol/L), n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.293</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt;75</td>
                    <td align="center">909 (35.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">303 (36.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">315 (37.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">291 (32.34)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805;75</td>
                    <td align="center">1119 (64.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">373 (63.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">348 (62.10)</td>
                    <td align="center">398 (67.66)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>NLR, Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">2.29 (0.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.24 (0.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.25 (0.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.38 (0.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.280</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HEI 2015, Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">53.28 (0.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.01 (0.75)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.71 (0.80)</td>
                    <td align="center">53.10 (0.71)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.772</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Lactate dehydrogenase LDH (U/L), Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">140.04 (0.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">125.40 (1.40)</td>
                    <td align="center">139.42 (1.42)</td>
                    <td align="center">155.27 (1.64)***</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Platelet count (1000 cells/uL), Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">242.65 (2.30)</td>
                    <td align="center">289.09 (3.27)</td>
                    <td align="center">237.73 (2.54)</td>
                    <td align="center">201.41 (2.08)***</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL), Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 (0.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72 (0.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85 (0.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05 (0.02)***</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>EASIX, Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">0.54 (0.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32 (0.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50 (0.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 (0.02)***</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Log (EASIX), Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">-1.02 (0.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.69 (0.02)</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.02 (0.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.35 (0.02)***</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>All-cause mortality, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Alive</td>
                    <td align="center">1782 (90.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">608 (91.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">599 (92.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">575 (86.65)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dead</td>
                    <td align="center">246 (9.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 (8.56)</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (7.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">114 (13.35)**</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Follow-up time (months), Mean (SD)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">79.02 (2.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">86.68 (3.19)</td>
                    <td align="center">78.45 (2.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">71.97 (3.69)**</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>High risk ASCVD, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1556 (83.35)</td>
                    <td align="center">567 (88.69)</td>
                    <td align="center">518 (85.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">471 (76.28)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">472 (16.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">109 (11.31)</td>
                    <td align="center">145 (14.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">218 (23.72)***</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>EASIX: endothelial activation and stress index, PIR: poverty-to-income ratio, BMI: body mass index, NLR: neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, HEI-2015: Healthy Eating Index 2015, ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. ***p &lt; 0.001, **p &lt; 0.01, *p &lt; 0.05.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Association between EASIX and High Risk of ASCVD and All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Osteoarthritis</title>
          <p>The univariate logistic regression model identified several confounding variables associated with an elevated risk of ASCVD, including education level, physical activity, drinking habits, cancer status, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and the use of anti-hyperlipidemic medications (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_3.pdf">Supplementary Table 3</ext-link>). In the crude model, a higher log (EASIX) was associated with an increased risk of ASCVD. After adjusting for potential confounders, the association remained significant, with higher log (EASIX) values correlating with a greater risk of ASCVD. Specifically, patients with log (EASIX) values &gt; -0.78 had a significantly higher risk of ASCVD compared to those with log (EASIX) values &lt; -1.29 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). RCS revealed that increased EASIX was related to elevated ORs of high risk of ASCVD in patients with OA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; A-B RCS showing the association between EASIX and ORs of high risk of ASCVD in patients with osteoarthritis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Similarly, the univariate Cox regression model identified education level, physical activity, drinking status, cancer, muscle relaxants, NLR, and high-risk ASCVD as confounding factors related to all-cause mortality in OA patients (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_4.pdf">Supplementary Table 4</ext-link>). An increased log (EASIX) was associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality. Patients with log (EASIX) &gt;-0.78 exhibited a significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those with log (EASIX) &lt; -1.29 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). RCS analysis further supported a positive relationship between increased EASIX and heightened ORs for all-cause mortality in OA patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>). Additionally, survival probability was significantly decreased in patients with log(EASIX) &gt;-0.78 compared to those with log(EASIX) &lt;-1.29 (Figure 5).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Survival Probability of Participants Across Different Log (EASIX) Groups: Kaplan-Meier Curve Analysis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250012-50012-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Subgroup analysis of associations of EASIX among those with elevated risk of ASCVD and overall mortality in patients with osteoarthritis</title>
          <p>Subgroup analyses were conducted to explore the associations between EASIX and the risks of ASCVD and all-cause mortality across different demographic and clinical subgroups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). Among patients aged &#8805;65 years, higher log (EASIX) levels were associated with an increased risk of both ASCVD and all-cause mortality. Female patients with higher log (EASIX) levels also exhibited an increased risk of overall mortality. Additionally, Black individuals with log (EASIX) &gt; -0.78 had a significantly elevated risk of all-cause mortality. The associations between EASIX and the risks of ASCVD and mortality were consistent across various subgroups, including those stratified by BMI and the use of anti-hyperlipidemic agents.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Subgroup analysis of associations of EASIX with high risk of ASCVD and all-cause mortality in patients with osteoarthritis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">High-risk ASCVD</th>
                    <th colspan="2">All-cause mortality</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Age: &lt;65 OR (95%CI) </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Age: &#8805;65 OR (95%CI) </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Age: &lt;65 HR (95%CI) </th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal"> Age: &#8805;65 HR (95%CI) </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 (0.58-1.86)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.83 (1.42-2.35)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.43 (0.78-2.61)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65 (1.16-2.34)<sup>**</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; -1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-1.29- -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72 (0.30-1.74)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34 (0.89-2.03)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.45-2.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73 (0.39-1.36)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;-0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11 (0.52-2.38)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.01 (1.33-3.02)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55 (0.81-2.98)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45 (0.88-2.40)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Gender: Female</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Gender: Male</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Gender: Female</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Gender: Male</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.68 (1.24-2.28) ***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.71 (1.09-2.68)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.50 (1.01-2.22)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.35 (0.76-2.41)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; -1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-1.29 - -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.64-1.64)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48 (0.76-2.85)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70 (0.37-1.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.40-2.64)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;-0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.69 (1.05-2.72)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2.16 (1.11-4.20)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.50 (0.92-2.47)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27 (0.56-2.92)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Race: White</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Race: Black</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Race: White</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Race: Black</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00 (1.53-2.62)***</td>
                    <td align="center">2.26 (1.49-3.44)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.65 (1.13-2.41)**</td>
                    <td align="center">1.82 (1.35-2.45)<sup>***</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; -1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-1.29 - -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36 (0.87-2.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.46-1.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 (0.47-1.50)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.06 (0.70-6.10)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;-0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.34 (1.62-3.37)***</td>
                    <td align="center">3.09 (1.52-6.28)**</td>
                    <td align="center">1.51 (0.97-2.34)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.06 (1.40-11.78)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>BMI: &lt;25</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>BMI: &#8805;25</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>BMI: &lt;25</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>BMI: &#8805;25</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.71 (1.15-2.52)*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.07 (1.58-2.70)***</td>
                    <td align="center">2.36 (1.63-3.42)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.46 (0.98-2.16)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; -1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-1.29 - -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.24 (1.18-4.22)*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.14 (0.71-1.82)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.20 (0.53-2.68)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77 (0.42-1.42)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;-0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.21 (1.29-3.79)**</td>
                    <td align="center">2.37 (1.61-3.49)***</td>
                    <td align="center">3.44 (1.85-6.40)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.36 (0.84-2.18)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <bold>Variables</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Anti-hyperlipidemic agents: No</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Anti-hyperlipidemic agents: Yes</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Anti-hyperlipidemic agents: No</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>Anti-hyperlipidemic agents: Yes</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00 (1.51-2.66)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89 (1.30-2.75)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.82 (1.30-2.56)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.24 (0.68-2.25)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; -1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-1.29 - -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.34 (0.87-2.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32 (0.72-2.44)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96 (0.53-1.73)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68 (0.24-1.89)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;-0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.50 (1.51-4.14)***</td>
                    <td align="center">2.12 (1.26-3.59)*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.01 (1.22-3.31)**</td>
                    <td align="center">1.02 (0.46-2.27)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>EASIX: endothelial activation and stress index, ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, Ref: reference, OR: odds ratio, HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval, BMI: body mass index. As for high-risk ASCVD, if not stratified, adjusted for education level, physical activity, drinking status, cancer, NLR, and anti-hyperlipidemic agents. As for all-cause mortality, if not stratified, adjusted for education level, physical activity, drinking status, cancer, muscle relaxants, NLR, and high-risk ASCVD. ***p &lt; 0.001, **p &lt; 0.01, *p &lt; 0.05.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <sec>
          <title>EASIX: A Novel Biomarker for Cardiovascular Risk in Osteoarthritis</title>
          <p>Our study establishes that elevated EASIX independently predicts ASCVD and all-cause mortality in patients with OA. This association likely stems from EASIX&#8217;s ability to quantify systemic endothelial dysfunction, a process driven by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation inherent to OA. The components of EASIX&#8212;lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> creatinine<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and platelet count&#8212;collectively reflect key pathological mechanisms:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> LDH elevation mirrors glycolytic overload in inflamed joints, creatinine levels signal muscle wasting linked to joint immobility, and platelet depletion may indicate microvascular injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> By integrating these markers, EASIX provides a holistic view of vascular stress that complements traditional cardiovascular risk assessment tools.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Clinical translation in an aging society</title>
            <p>The simplicity of EASIX, derived from routine laboratory parameters, positions it as a pragmatic tool for risk stratification in OA management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As global populations age, the dual burden of OA and CVD demands scalable solutions. EASIX offers unique advantages: it is cost-effective, requires no specialized testing,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> and identifies high-risk patients (e.g., log(EASIX) &gt;-0.78) who may benefit from early interventions such as statins, anti-inflammatory therapies, or multidisciplinary care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> For older adults (&#8805;65 years), mandatory EASIX screening could reduce morbidity by enabling timely referrals to cardiology or preventive programs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> This approach aligns with global health priorities to optimize resource allocation in aging populations.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limitations and future directions</title>
        <p>While our findings highlight EASIX&#8217;s prognostic value, limitations include the lack of OA severity data in NHANES and potential unmeasured confounders. Future studies should validate EASIX thresholds in diverse cohorts, including early-stage OA and underrepresented populations, and investigate its utility in guiding targeted therapies (e.g., glycolysis inhibitors) or public health policies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study establishes the EASIX as a novel biomarker for identifying OA patients at elevated risk of ASCVD and all-cause mortality. Higher EASIX values correlate with increased vascular stress and systemic inflammation, reflecting the interplay between OA-related pathophysiology and endothelial dysfunction. The simplicity of EASIX&#8212;calculated from routine laboratory parameters&#8212;positions it as a practical tool for risk stratification in clinical practice, particularly for aging populations where OA and cardiovascular comorbidities are prevalent.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and public health implications</title>
          <p>Integrating EASIX into routine assessments of OA patients could enhance the early identification of high-risk individuals, enabling targeted interventions such as intensified cardiovascular prevention or multidisciplinary care. Its cost-effectiveness and reliance on widely available tests make EASIX particularly valuable in resource-limited settings, aligning with global priorities to address the dual burden of chronic musculoskeletal and CVDs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Future directions</title>
          <p>Further validation of EASIX thresholds across diverse populations and OA subtypes is essential. Research should also explore whether EASIX-guided therapies (e.g., anti-inflammatory agents or endothelial protectants) improve outcomes and how this biomarker can inform public health strategies for aging societies.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association between EASIX and High Risk of ASCVD and All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Osteoarthritis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>Model 1</th>
                    <th>Model 2</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>High Risk of ASCVD</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>OR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.97 (1.57-2.48)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.94 (1.57-2.41)***</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; -1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-1.29 - -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38 (0.97-1.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32 (0.93-1.89)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;-0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.44 (1.77-3.35)***</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31 (1.68-3.18)***</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>All-Cause Mortality</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>HR (95%CI)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.84 (1.34-2.54)***</td>
                    <td align="center">1.59 (1.14-2.23)**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Log (EASIX)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; -1.29</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                    <td align="center">Ref</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-1.29 - -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38 (0.97-1.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.32 (0.93-1.89)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; -0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">2.44 (1.77-3.35)**</td>
                    <td align="center">2.31 (1.68-3.18)*</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>EASIX: endothelial activation and stress index; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; OR: odds ratio; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; Ref: reference. Model 1: Crude model. Model 2: Adjusted for education level, physical activity, drinking status, cancer, NLR, and anti-hyperlipidemic agents (for ASCVD) or muscle relaxants and high-risk ASCVD (for mortality). ***p &lt; 0.001, **p &lt; 0.01, *p &lt; 0.05.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>Thanks for the support from the Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2024zd025).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The dataset supporting the conclusions of this article is available in the NHANES repositor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>* Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Table 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_1.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Table 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_2.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Table 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_3.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>For additional information Supplemental Table 4, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2025-0012_AO_Supplementary_Table_4.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2024zd025).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
