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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">s6y6nnqrsMjP63nGyLQx66N</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250002</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Angioplastia do Tronco da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Esquerda no Tratamento de Compress&#227;o Extr&#237;nseca em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9661-6963</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bichuette</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Dornfeld</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0561-8999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calderaro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tatagiba</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Sarmento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Tulio Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2170-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Yally Priscila Pessoa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9373-3937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Taysa Ant&#244;nia F&#233;lix</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parente</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri de Deus Montalverne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4912-021X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados;</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0701-6593</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardozo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Akira Malta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marins</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2789-9143</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vianna Poyares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Luciana Dornfeld Bichuette &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lucianadornfeldb@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn id="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>01</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250002</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais comum da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) inclui dispneia aos esfor&#231;os, sintomas de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica e s&#237;ncope. A angina pectoris tamb&#233;m pode ser uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o relevante, especialmente em casos nos quais ocorre compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) pela art&#233;ria pulmonar dilatada. Contudo, persistem lacunas significativas quanto &#224;s estrat&#233;gias diagn&#243;sticas e terap&#234;uticas mais adequadas para a obstru&#231;&#227;o coronariana nesse contexto cl&#237;nico.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a viabilidade e o impacto da angioplastia coronariana com stent no al&#237;vio dos sintomas em pacientes com HP associada &#224; compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de um estudo descritivo que incluiu 12 pacientes com HP acompanhados no Ambulat&#243;rio de Circula&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Todos foram submetidos a angioplastia coronariana com implante de stent visando ao tratamento da compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram analisados 12 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 47,9 anos, predominantemente com HP do grupo 1 e em uso de terapia espec&#237;fica. Todos apresentaram excelente resultado imediato da angioplastia, com al&#237;vio da angina ap&#243;s 30 dias. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 33 meses, n&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao procedimento, mantendo-se o controle dos sintomas anginosos. Quatro pacientes evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito em decorr&#234;ncia da progress&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os resultados observados refor&#231;am a viabilidade da angioplastia coronariana como estrat&#233;gia para o al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico da angina em pacientes com compress&#227;o do TCE e HP. Estudos adicionais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar o impacto dessa interven&#231;&#227;o em desfechos cl&#237;nicos robustos, bem como a relev&#226;ncia do rastreamento em pacientes assintom&#225;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Angioplastia do Tronco da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Esquerda no Tratamento de Compress&#227;o Extr&#237;nseca em Pacientes com Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Ilustra&#231;&#227;o de caso cl&#237;nico (paciente n&#250;mero 12). Imagens da angiotomografia evidenciando, em (A), reconstru&#231;&#227;o curva; em (B), eixo longo sagital do vaso; e em (C), eixo curto do vaso, demonstrando sinais de compress&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o luminal significativa do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE). Em (D), reformata&#231;&#227;o tridimensional ilustrando a compress&#227;o do TCE pelo tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Em (E), angiografia do TCE antes do procedimento. Em (F), angiografia do mesmo segmento ap&#243;s angioplastia com implante de stent.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/s6y6nnqrsMjP63nGyLQx66N/a0ebffd5e3e32222c135341e9409c3611d1cf60e.tif"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o pulmonar (HP) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de elevada gravidade e impacto progn&#243;stico, caracterizada por press&#227;o arterial pulmonar m&#233;dia superior a 20 mmHg em repouso, mensurada por meio de cateterismo card&#237;aco direito. Essa condi&#231;&#227;o pode ser classificada em cinco grupos, conforme o mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico predominante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em escala global, as cardiopatias esquerdas constituem a principal causa de HP, seguidas pelas doen&#231;as pulmonares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Contudo, independentemente do mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico envolvido, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o no leito vascular pulmonar associa-se invariavelmente a piora do progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A mortalidade em pacientes com HP &#233;, predominantemente, consequ&#234;ncia da fal&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) progressiva. No entanto, at&#233; 25% dos &#243;bitos ocorrem em decorr&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, a dispneia aos esfor&#231;os configura-se como o sintoma mais prevalente, embora sinais de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica e epis&#243;dios de s&#237;ncope tamb&#233;m sejam frequentemente observados.</p>
      <p>No contexto da HP, a angina &#233; relatada por aproximadamente 16% a 29% dos pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> podendo resultar do desequil&#237;brio entre a oferta e o consumo de oxig&#234;nio pelo mioc&#225;rdio, mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es no fluxo das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias epic&#225;rdicas. O aumento da tens&#227;o da parede do ventr&#237;culo direito leva &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da reserva de fluxo coronariano, agravada pelo aumento do consumo de oxig&#234;nio decorrente da sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica e hipertrofia ventricular, mecanismos suficientes para justificar a ocorr&#234;ncia de isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar, observada em at&#233; 76,6% dos pacientes com HP grave,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> pode provocar compress&#227;o do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE), contribuindo para a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de angina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O aumento do di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar associa-se a maior risco de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com HP, sendo a obstru&#231;&#227;o do TCE considerada um dos poss&#237;veis mecanismos envolvidos nesse desfecho.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A abordagem ideal diante do diagn&#243;stico de compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE permanece indefinida. No entanto, s&#233;ries de casos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado resultados promissores com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de angioplastia coronariana percut&#226;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Com o intuito de aprimorar a assist&#234;ncia em nosso centro de refer&#234;ncia para HP, implementamos um fluxograma assistencial para investiga&#231;&#227;o de angina e sele&#231;&#227;o de casos candidatos &#224; angioplastia coron&#225;ria, mediante discuss&#227;o multidisciplinar. O presente estudo descreve nossa experi&#234;ncia inicial com 12 pacientes submetidos a esse protocolo terap&#234;utico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma s&#233;rie de casos retrospectiva, incluindo 12 pacientes consecutivos com HP atendidos no Ambulat&#243;rio de Circula&#231;&#227;o Pulmonar do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), submetidos a angioplastia coron&#225;ria com implante de <italic>stent</italic> para tratamento de compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE. Atualmente, aproximadamente mil pacientes com HP realizam seguimento ambulatorial no InCor, sendo avaliados de forma integrada por pneumologistas, cardiologistas e reumatologistas. Mediante consenso multidisciplinar, pacientes com hist&#243;ria de angina e/ou evid&#234;ncias de acometimento de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas esquerdas s&#227;o encaminhados para investiga&#231;&#227;o de compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE.</p>
        <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica &#233; realizada por meio de estudo anat&#244;mico, preferencialmente utilizando angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (ATC). Este relato baseia-se em registro retrospectivo da pr&#225;tica assistencial do servi&#231;o, descrevendo os primeiros casos tratados. Por isso, n&#227;o foi aplicado Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Em todas as etapas do estudo, a preserva&#231;&#227;o da confidencialidade e anonimiza&#231;&#227;o dos dados dos pacientes foram garantidas. O protocolo de avalia&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes com HP encaminhados para cateterismo card&#237;aco foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do HCFMUSP sob o CAAE n&#186; 11032919.8.0000.0068.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>ATC</title>
        <p>As ATCs foram realizadas em tom&#243;grafo de 320 detectores (Aquilion ONE, Canon Medical Systems, Jap&#227;o), seguindo protocolo de aquisi&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o, sem o uso de medica&#231;&#245;es para controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. Embora tais medica&#231;&#245;es sejam rotineiramente empregadas em protocolos de avalia&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva, na popula&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo, composta majoritariamente por pacientes em uso de sildenafila, os nitratos s&#227;o formalmente contraindicados e os betabloqueadores apresentam baixa tolerabilidade.</p>
        <p>O processamento e a an&#225;lise das imagens de ATC foram realizados por um &#250;nico especialista em imagem cardiovascular n&#227;o invasiva. A presen&#231;a de compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE pelo tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi avaliada e classificada segundo os crit&#233;rios propostos por Galie et al. (Esta cita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o consta na lista de refer&#234;ncias. Favor informar) conforme descrito a seguir: (1) aus&#234;ncia de compress&#227;o ou deslocamento do TCE; (2) contiguidade, definida como dist&#226;ncia igual ou inferior a 1 mm entre o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o TCE, sem evid&#234;ncia de deslocamento ou estenose significativa; (3) deslocamento, caracterizado por desvio do trajeto do TCE provocado pela art&#233;ria pulmonar, com &#226;ngulo de origem inferior a 60&#186;, mas sem redu&#231;&#227;o luminal significativa (&#8805;50%); e (4) estenose significativa, definida pela presen&#231;a de compress&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o luminal &#8805;50% do TCE. A classifica&#231;&#227;o adaptada utilizada neste estudo est&#225; ilustrada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Adicionalmente, foi mensurado o di&#226;metro transverso do tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o tomogr&#225;fica adaptada de Galie et al. Representa&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica entre o tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda e o tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar: aus&#234;ncia de compress&#227;o; contiguidade; deslocamento; compress&#227;o com estenose significativa.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia e interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea (ICP)</title>
        <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada por acesso radial ou femoral, conforme crit&#233;rio do intervencionista respons&#225;vel. As proje&#231;&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas foram selecionadas de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es previamente descritas por estudos da literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> incluindo inje&#231;&#245;es com ou sem cateteriza&#231;&#227;o seletiva do TCE.</p>
        <p>A ICP p&#244;de ser realizada de forma ad hoc ou em tempo estadiado. O procedimento foi conduzido sob anticoagula&#231;&#227;o plena com heparina n&#227;o fracionada, titulada para manter o tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado superior a 250 segundos. A escolha do tipo e das dimens&#245;es do <italic>stent</italic> intracoron&#225;rio, bem como da estrat&#233;gia intervencionista, ficou a crit&#233;rio do operador, considerando a angiografia basal, com apoio de quantifica&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica online, e a eventual utiliza&#231;&#227;o de imagem intravascular, quando dispon&#237;vel, n&#227;o sendo esta obrigat&#243;ria.</p>
        <p>De maneira geral, a t&#233;cnica adotada baseou-se no implante direto do <italic>stent</italic> intracoron&#225;rio, sem necessidade de pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o, com posicionamento desde o &#243;stio do TCE, evitando-se a ultrapassagem da bifurca&#231;&#227;o. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o foi considerada opcional, a depender da avalia&#231;&#227;o do operador.</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, todos os pacientes permaneceram em uso de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria conforme protocolo assistencial vigente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o e, subsequentemente, em intervalos de 4 a 6 meses. Durante o seguimento, foram monitorados a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica da HP, a classe funcional de IC, a persist&#234;ncia ou recorr&#234;ncia de angina e a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos. Adicionalmente, foi registrada a dura&#231;&#227;o da terapia antitromb&#243;tica prescrita, incluindo dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria ou combina&#231;&#227;o de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com clopidogrel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, no qual as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, enquanto as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Em virtude do delineamento observacional e do tamanho amostral reduzido (n=12), n&#227;o foram realizadas an&#225;lises inferenciais, como testes de hip&#243;teses ou compara&#231;&#245;es entre grupos. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas por meio do software Microsoft Excel; os resultados foram interpretados a partir de descri&#231;&#245;es num&#233;ricas simples.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 12 pacientes, sendo sete do sexo feminino e cinco do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 47,9 &#177; 15,0 anos. Desses, 11 apresentavam diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP) e um paciente apresentava HP secund&#225;ria a IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo preservada.</p>
      <p>Antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia coronariana, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco, conforme a estrat&#233;gia derivada do <italic>Comparative, Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension</italic> (COMPERA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> identificou dois pacientes em alto risco, cinco em risco intermedi&#225;rio e cinco em baixo risco.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em uso de terapia espec&#237;fica combinando sildenafila e ambrisentana, conforme a disponibilidade de acesso &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o no per&#237;odo das indica&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas detalhadas da amostra est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e hemodin&#226;micas pr&#233;-angioplastia coron&#225;ria dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="8%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>ID do estudo</th>
                <th>Sexo</th>
                <th>Idade (anos)</th>
                <th>Etiologia</th>
                <th>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco</th>
                <th>PMAP (mmHg)</th>
                <th>RVP (UW)</th>
                <th>DC (l/min)</th>
                <th>AP (mm)</th>
                <th>BNP (pg/ml)</th>
                <th>CF</th>
                <th>Motivo da investiga&#231;&#227;o coronariana</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">Esquistossomose</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">9,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">209</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">HAP</td>
                <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">187</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Disfun&#231;&#227;o de VE</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">HAP</td>
                <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">7,6</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">HAP</td>
                <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">4,8</td>
                <td align="center">62</td>
                <td align="center">104</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">152</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">HAP</td>
                <td align="center">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">66</td>
                <td align="center">14,5</td>
                <td align="center">3,5</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">185</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,3</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">291</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">52</td>
                <td align="center">Esquistossomose</td>
                <td align="center">Alto</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">18,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">108</td>
                <td align="center">1026</td>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">Choque cardiog&#234;nico</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">63</td>
                <td align="center">HP grupo 2</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">98</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">ICFEP</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">F</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">HAP</td>
                <td align="center">Intermedi&#225;rio</td>
                <td align="center">67</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">M</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">CC</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">11,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">Angina</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; di&#226;metro medido em mil&#237;metros (mm); BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial, em pg/ml; CC: cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; CF: classe funcional da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, conforme classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association; DC: d&#233;bito card&#237;aco, em litros por minuto (l/min); HAP: hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; PCP: press&#227;o capilar pulmonar, em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio (mmHg); PMAP: press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, em mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio (mmHg); RVP: resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, em unidades Wood (UW); VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A principal indica&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o coronariana foi a presen&#231;a de angina. A ATC foi utilizada como exame de triagem preferencial em 10 dos 12 casos, enquanto a coronariografia confirmou, em todos os pacientes, a presen&#231;a de compress&#227;o com estenose significativa do TCE. Apenas um paciente apresentava aterosclerose coronariana concomitante, localizada em outro segmento da &#225;rvore coronariana, sem obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa.</p>
      <p>Foram implantados <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos em oito pacientes e <italic>stents</italic> convencionais em quatro, com di&#226;metros variando entre 3,5 mm, 4,0 mm e 5,0 mm, e comprimentos entre 12 mm e 20 mm, ajustados &#224; extens&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o e &#224; disponibilidade de materiais no servi&#231;o. Obteve-se, em todos os casos, bom resultado prim&#225;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Ilustra&#231;&#227;o do caso cl&#237;nico (paciente n&#250;mero 8). Imagens da angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias demonstrando, em (A), reconstru&#231;&#227;o curva; em (B), eixo longo sagital do vaso; e em (C), eixo curto do vaso, evidenciando sinais de compress&#227;o com redu&#231;&#227;o luminal significativa do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) (setas vermelhas). Em (D), reformata&#231;&#227;o tridimensional mostrando a compress&#227;o do TCE pela art&#233;ria pulmonar. Em (E), angiografia do TCE antes do procedimento. Em (F), angiografia ap&#243;s angioplastia com implante de stent.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em nove pacientes, a implanta&#231;&#227;o de um &#250;nico <italic>stent</italic> foi suficiente para a resolu&#231;&#227;o da obstru&#231;&#227;o; entretanto, em tr&#234;s casos, o resultado ap&#243;s o primeiro <italic>stent</italic> foi considerado sub&#243;timo, sendo necess&#225;ria a coloca&#231;&#227;o de uma segunda malha para refor&#231;o da for&#231;a radial e sustenta&#231;&#227;o contra a compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca. A realiza&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o foi opcional, por&#233;m realizada na maioria dos casos, especialmente quando n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel restringir o <italic>stent</italic> exclusivamente ao TCE.</p>
      <p>Nos casos em que a libera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> avan&#231;ou do TCE em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; art&#233;ria descendente anterior, foi adotada a t&#233;cnica provisional, com otimiza&#231;&#227;o exclusiva da dilata&#231;&#227;o do segmento proximal do <italic>stent</italic>, preservando a bifurca&#231;&#227;o. Detalhes adicionais relacionados &#224;s interven&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. O ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio foi utilizado em dois casos para guiar a angioplastia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Detalhes das interven&#231;&#245;es de angioplastia coron&#225;ria dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>ID do estudo</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de stents</th>
                <th>Tipo de stent</th>
                <th>Espessura da haste do stent</th>
                <th>Tamanho do stent</th>
                <th>T&#233;cnica empregada</th>
                <th>P&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Uso de IVUS</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                <td align="center">5,0 &#215; 15 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE isolado</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 12 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE isolado</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 16 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE isolado</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">4</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">97 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#215; 20 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE-DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 20 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE-DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Convencional + Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 8 e 4,0 &#215; 9 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE-DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#215; 23mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE-DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">65 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#215; 16 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE-DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico + Convencional</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 15 e 4,0 &#215; 12 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE isolado</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 12 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE isolado</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico + Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 13 e 4,0 &#215; 15 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE isolado</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">75 &#956;m</td>
                <td align="center">4,0 &#215; 16 mm</td>
                <td align="center">TCE-DA</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>DA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; IVUS: ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio; TCE: tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Cineangiocoronariografia e ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio antes e ap&#243;s o implante do stent no tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (paciente n&#250;mero 5). Na avalia&#231;&#227;o basal (A), observa-se redu&#231;&#227;o luminal acentuada tanto na cineangiografia (esquerda) quanto no ultrassom intracoron&#225;rio (direita), evidenciando luz em fenda, sem presen&#231;a de placa ateroscler&#243;tica. Ap&#243;s o implante do stent (B), verifica-se restaura&#231;&#227;o das dimens&#245;es e da simetria da luz vascular.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes apresentaram melhora do quadro de angina ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia coron&#225;ria, com resolu&#231;&#227;o completa dos sintomas em oito casos e al&#237;vio significativo em um paciente. No per&#237;odo subsequente ao primeiro ano, quatro pacientes foram submetidos &#224; reavalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da pat&#234;ncia do <italic>stent</italic>, por meio de ATC, a qual demonstrou manuten&#231;&#227;o do resultado satisfat&#243;rio em todos os casos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Essa pr&#225;tica foi adotada de forma individualizada, conforme decis&#227;o do m&#233;dico assistente.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Angiotomografia de coron&#225;rias (paciente n&#250;mero 4) antes e ap&#243;s angioplastia do tronco da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda (TCE) com implante de stent. Na linha superior (A e B), imagens pr&#233;-angioplastia demonstram redu&#231;&#227;o luminal importante na origem do TCE, decorrente de compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca pelo tronco da art&#233;ria pulmonar. Na linha inferior (C e D), observam-se as imagens p&#243;s-angioplastia, evidenciando o stent recobrindo o TCE desde o &#243;stio, com luz preservada e sem sinais de estenose residual. As imagens foram obtidas por reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional (A e C) e reformata&#231;&#227;o curva (B e D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla foi mantida por 10&#177;7 meses, sem registro de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos. No seguimento m&#233;dio de 33 meses, observou-se necessidade de escalonamento da terapia espec&#237;fica para HP em 50% dos pacientes, em virtude da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a. Durante o acompanhamento, dois pacientes faleceram por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da HP (ap&#243;s 12 e 18 meses da angioplastia) e dois faleceram em domic&#237;lio por morte s&#250;bita (ap&#243;s 7 e 47 meses da angioplastia), todos com progress&#227;o da HP e j&#225; classificados em risco intermedi&#225;rio ou alto no momento da ICP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo representa a primeira s&#233;rie de casos publicada no Brasil abordando o tratamento da compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE em pacientes com HP. O progn&#243;stico dessa condi&#231;&#227;o permanece pouco elucidado e, possivelmente, n&#227;o &#233; diretamente compar&#225;vel ao da obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica do TCE. Embora seja uma causa reconhecida de angina, seu impacto sobre a mortalidade ainda n&#227;o foi claramente estabelecido. Considerando que aproximadamente 25% dos &#243;bitos em pacientes com HP decorrem de morte s&#250;bita,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> &#233; plaus&#237;vel que parte desses eventos possa estar relacionada &#224; compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE &#8212; uma complica&#231;&#227;o potencialmente trat&#225;vel e provavelmente subdiagnosticada.</p>
      <p>O intervalo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de HP costuma ser superior a 2 anos, per&#237;odo em que a maioria dos pacientes j&#225; apresenta doen&#231;a em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Como consequ&#234;ncia, observa-se frequentemente dilata&#231;&#227;o significativa das art&#233;rias pulmonares, que, devido &#224; sua proximidade anat&#244;mica, podem deslocar o TCE em dire&#231;&#227;o ao seio coron&#225;rio, resultando em redu&#231;&#227;o do calibre do seu &#243;stio. Estudos relatam preval&#234;ncia de at&#233; 40% de obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa do TCE por compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca em pacientes com HP e angina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em uma s&#233;rie anterior do InCor, Mesquita et al. avaliaram 36 pacientes com HP do grupo 1 e cardiopatia cong&#234;nita submetidos a cineangiocoronariografia, identificando compress&#227;o superior a 50% do TCE em sete casos. Os principais preditores de compress&#227;o identificados foram o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar superior a 40 mm e a maior raz&#227;o art&#233;ria pulmonar/aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Achados semelhantes foram descritos por Gali&#232; et al., que relataram sensibilidade de 83% e especificidade de 70% para o crit&#233;rio de di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar superior a 40 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, Akbal et al. demonstraram que a gravidade da HP, avaliada por maiores valores de press&#227;o m&#233;dia da art&#233;ria pulmonar e resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar, tamb&#233;m se associa a maior risco de compress&#227;o do TCE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Na presente s&#233;rie, apenas um paciente apresentava di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria pulmonar inferior a 40 mm, sendo a m&#233;dia do di&#226;metro registrada de 56 mm (variando de 34 mm a 108 mm).</p>
      <p>Em 2001, Kajita et al. descreveram o padr&#227;o angiogr&#225;fico caracter&#237;stico da compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE, evidenciando aspecto de esmagamento do vaso entre a art&#233;ria pulmonar e a raiz da aorta. Nesse estudo, foi reportado um dos par&#226;metros diagn&#243;sticos mais utilizados atualmente: a acentuada angula&#231;&#227;o de sa&#237;da do TCE, geralmente inferior a 39,5 graus. Al&#233;m disso, foi estabelecido que a proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda cranial constitui a melhor incid&#234;ncia para avalia&#231;&#227;o angiogr&#225;fica desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Essa proje&#231;&#227;o foi, inclusive, a que proporcionou melhor defini&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em nossa s&#233;rie, diferindo das proje&#231;&#245;es habitualmente empregadas na avalia&#231;&#227;o de obstru&#231;&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica do TCE.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos relatos existentes, persistem diversas lacunas quanto &#224; abordagem ideal desses pacientes, dado o n&#250;mero ainda limitado de casos publicados. Sabe-se que a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes com HP apresenta elevada mortalidade, sobretudo devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, cen&#225;rio em que a ICP emergiu como alternativa terap&#234;utica eficaz para o tratamento da compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE.</p>
      <p>Saia et al. publicaram a maior s&#233;rie de casos dispon&#237;vel, descrevendo 53 pacientes com HP e obstru&#231;&#227;o &#8805;50% do TCE por compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca submetidos a angioplastia coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O resultado prim&#225;rio foi satisfat&#243;rio em todos os procedimentos. As angiografias coron&#225;rias foram repetidas protocolarmente ap&#243;s 9 meses, sendo necess&#225;ria reinterven&#231;&#227;o em cinco pacientes: quatro por hiperplasia neointimal e um por recoil do <italic>stent</italic>. Durante o seguimento m&#233;dio de 4,5 anos, a mortalidade foi de 37,3% (n=17), sem registro de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ou trombose do <italic>stent</italic>. Na presente s&#233;rie, a mortalidade observada foi de 33,3%, resultado compar&#225;vel ao da s&#233;rie italiana, e condizente com a expectativa de vida relatada em pacientes com HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do presente estudo incluem seu delineamento observacional, sem a inclus&#227;o de grupo controle, o que limita a compara&#231;&#227;o direta dos resultados com outras modalidades terap&#234;uticas ou estrat&#233;gias de manejo. Ademais, o reduzido tamanho amostral, associado &#224; natureza retrospectiva da an&#225;lise e ao per&#237;odo relativamente curto de seguimento, n&#227;o permite conclus&#245;es definitivas quanto &#224; durabilidade dos resultados obtidos, tampouco sobre a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es em longo prazo, como a reestenose do <italic>stent</italic>. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos achados. Estudos futuros, com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e seguimento prolongado, ser&#227;o fundamentais para esclarecer o impacto progn&#243;stico dessa abordagem terap&#234;utica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A compress&#227;o extr&#237;nseca do TCE pela dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar deve ser considerada como diagn&#243;stico diferencial em pacientes com HP que apresentem angina ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. A ICP demonstrou ser uma estrat&#233;gia vi&#225;vel em centros especializados no manejo de HP, com resultados angiogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos favor&#225;veis. No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais para avaliar o impacto progn&#243;stico dessa interven&#231;&#227;o, assim como para esclarecer os potenciais benef&#237;cios do rastreamento sistem&#225;tico de compress&#227;o coronariana em pacientes sem angina.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Main Coronary Artery Angioplasty for the Treatment of Extrinsic Compression in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension</article-title>
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          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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          <name>
            <surname>Calderaro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Alves</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Kaiser Ururahy Nunes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tatagiba</surname>
            <given-names>Luiza Sarmento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Tulio Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2170-6438</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Yally Priscila Pessoa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9373-3937</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Marcela Araujo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Taysa Ant&#244;nia F&#233;lix</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Parente</surname>
            <given-names>Yuri de Deus Montalverne</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4912-021X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Julio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0701-6593</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardozo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Akira Malta</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nomura</surname>
            <given-names>Cesar Higa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marins</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2789-9143</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jardim</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vianna Poyares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Luciana Dornfeld Bichuette &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lucianadornfeldb@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn id="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The most common clinical presentation of pulmonary hypertension (PH) includes exertional dyspnea, signs of systemic congestion, and syncope. Angina pectoris can also be a relevant manifestation, especially in cases where the left main coronary artery (LMCA) is externally compressed by a dilated pulmonary artery. However, significant gaps remain regarding the most appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for coronary obstruction in this clinical scenario.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the feasibility and impact of coronary angioplasty with stent implantation on symptom relief in patients with PH and extrinsic compression of LMCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This descriptive study included 12 patients with PH who were followed at the Pulmonary Circulation Outpatient Clinic of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. All patients underwent coronary angioplasty with stent implantation to treat extrinsic compression of LMCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 12 patients were analyzed, with a mean age of 47.9 years, predominantly with group 1 PH and under specific therapy. All procedures achieved excellent immediate results, with angina relief observed at 30 days. During a mean follow-up of 33 months, no procedure-related complications were reported, and angina symptoms remained controlled. Four patients died due to progressive heart failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The findings support the feasibility of coronary angioplasty as a strategy for symptomatic relief of angina in patients with LMCA compression associated with PH. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of this intervention on hard clinical outcomes, as well as the role of screening in asymptomatic patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Left Main Coronary Artery Angioplasty for the Treatment of Extrinsic Compression in Patients with Pulmonary Hypertension</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Clinical case illustration (patient 12). Computed tomography angiography images showing: (A) curved reconstruction; (B) sagittal long-axis view of the vessel; and (C) short-axis view of the vessel, demonstrating signs of compression with significant luminal narrowing of the left main coronary artery (LMCA). (D) Three-dimensional reconstruction illustrating LMCA compression by the main pulmonary artery. (E) Angiography of LMCA before the procedure. (F) Angiography of the same segment after stent implantation.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a serious condition with significant prognostic implications, defined by a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 20 mmHg at rest, as measured by right heart catheterization. PH can be classified into five groups according to the predominant pathophysiological mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Globally, left heart diseases are the leading cause of PH, followed by pulmonary diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Regardless of the underlying mechanism, elevated pressure in the pulmonary vascular bed is consistently associated with worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mortality in patients with PH is predominantly due to right ventricular failure, leading to progressive heart failure (HF). However, up to 25% of deaths occur as a result of sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Regarding clinical manifestations, exertional dyspnea is the most common symptom, although signs of systemic congestion and episodes of syncope are also frequently observed.</p>
        <p>In the context of PH, angina is reported in approximately 16% to 29% of patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and may result from an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, even in the absence of flow-limiting lesions in the epicardial coronary arteries. Increased right ventricular wall tension leads to a reduction in coronary flow reserve, which is further aggravated by elevated oxygen consumption due to hemodynamic overload and ventricular hypertrophy &#8212; mechanisms that are sufficient to explain the occurrence of ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Additionally, pulmonary artery dilation, observed in up to 76.6% of patients with severe PH,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> may cause extrinsic compression of the left main coronary artery (LMCA), contributing to angina symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Pulmonary artery enlargement is also associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with PH, with LMCA obstruction considered one of the potential mechanisms involved in this outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The optimal approach to managing extrinsic compression of the LMCA remains undefined. However, recent case series have shown promising results with percutaneous coronary angioplasty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In an effort to enhance care at our PH referral center, we implemented a care pathway for the evaluation of angina and the selection of candidates for coronary angioplasty through a multidisciplinary discussion process. This study describes our initial experience with 12 patients who underwent this therapeutic protocol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective case series including 12 consecutive patients with PH who were followed at the Pulmonary Circulation Outpatient Clinic of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP). All patients underwent coronary angioplasty with stent implantation to treat extrinsic compression of the LMCA. Currently, approximately 1,000 patients with PH are under outpatient follow-up at InCor, where they are assessed through an integrated approach by pulmonologists, cardiologists, and rheumatologists. Through a multidisciplinary consensus, patients presenting with a history of angina and/or evidence of left heart chamber involvement are referred for investigation of LMCA extrinsic compression.</p>
          <p>Diagnostic assessment was performed through anatomical evaluation, preferably using coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). This report is based on a retrospective review of the center&#8217;s clinical practice, describing the initial cases treated. Therefore, informed consent was not obtained. Patient confidentiality and data anonymization were maintained throughout all stages of the study. The protocol for evaluating PH patients referred for cardiac catheterization was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of HCFMUSP under CAAE no. 11032919.8.0000.0068.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CTA</title>
          <p>CTA examinations were performed using a 320-detector scanner (Aquilion ONE, Canon Medical Systems, Japan), following a standard acquisition protocol without the use of medications for heart rate control or vasodilation. Although such medications are routinely used in protocols for evaluating obstructive coronary artery disease, in the present study population &#8212; composed predominantly of patients receiving sildenafil &#8212; nitrates are formally contraindicated, and beta-blockers are poorly tolerated.</p>
          <p>Image processing and analysis were conducted by a single specialist in non-invasive cardiovascular imaging. Extrinsic compression of the LMCA by the main pulmonary artery was assessed and classified according to the criteria proposed by Galie et al. as follows: (1) no compression or displacement of the LMCA; (2) contiguity, defined as a distance of 1 mm or less between the main pulmonary artery and the LMCA, without evidence of displacement or significant stenosis; (3) displacement, characterized by deviation of the LMCA course caused by the pulmonary artery, with an angle of origin less than 60&#176;, but without significant luminal reduction (&#8805;50%); and (4) significant stenosis, defined as compression with a luminal reduction of &#8805;50% of the LMCA. The adapted classification used in this study is illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. Additionally, the transverse diameter of the main pulmonary artery was measured.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; CT-based classification adapted from Galie et al. Illustration of the anatomical relationship between the left main coronary artery and the main pulmonary artery: no compression; contiguity; displacement; compression with significant stenosis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography was performed via radial or femoral access, at the discretion of the attending interventional cardiologist. Angiographic projections were selected based on recommendations previously described in the literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> including injections with or without selective catheterization of LMCA.</p>
          <p>PCI could be performed either ad hoc or in a staged approach. The procedure was conducted under full anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin, titrated to maintain an activated clotting time (ACT) above 250 seconds. The choice of intracoronary stent type and size, as well as the interventional strategy, was left to the operator&#8217;s discretion, based on baseline angiography, supported by online quantitative coronary analysis and the optional use of intravascular imaging when available, though not mandatory.</p>
          <p>Overall, the technique involved direct stent implantation without prior balloon predilatation, positioning the stent from the LMCA ostium while avoiding extension beyond the bifurcation. Postdilation was considered optional, depending on the operator&#8217;s assessment.</p>
          <p>Following the procedure, all patients remained on antiplatelet therapy according to the institution&#8217;s standard protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient follow-up</title>
          <p>Patients were evaluated 1 month after the intervention and subsequently at intervals of 4 to 6 months. During follow-up, clinical progression of PH, HF functional class, persistence or recurrence of angina, and mortality were monitored. Additionally, the duration of prescribed antithrombotic therapy was recorded, including dual antiplatelet therapy or the combination of oral anticoagulation with clopidogrel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>This was a descriptive study in which continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, while categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Due to the observational design and small sample size (n=12), no inferential analyses, such as hypothesis testing or between-group comparisons, were performed. Statistical analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel software, and results were interpreted through simple numerical descriptions.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 12 patients were included, seven women and five men, with a mean age of 47.9 &#177; 15.0 years. Of these, 11 had a diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), while one patient had PH secondary to HF with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
        <p>Prior to coronary angioplasty, risk stratification based on the strategy derived from the Comparative, Prospective Registry of Newly Initiated Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension (COMPERA)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> identified two patients at high risk, five at intermediate risk, and five at low risk.</p>
        <p>Most patients were receiving combination therapy with sildenafil and ambrisentan, according to medication availability during the therapeutic indication period. Detailed clinical characteristics of the sample are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and hemodynamic characteristics of patients before coronary angioplasty</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="8%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Study ID</th>
                  <th>Sex</th>
                  <th>Age (years)</th>
                  <th>Etiology</th>
                  <th>Risk stratification</th>
                  <th>mPAP (mmHg)</th>
                  <th>PVR (WU)</th>
                  <th>CO (L/min)</th>
                  <th>PA (mm)</th>
                  <th>BNP (pg/mL)</th>
                  <th>HF class</th>
                  <th>Reason for coronary evaluation</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">Schistosomiasis</td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">9.6</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">209</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">PAH</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">187</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">LV dysfunction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">PAH</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">CHD</td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">PAH</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">4.8</td>
                  <td align="center">62</td>
                  <td align="center">104</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">CHD</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">15.3</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">152</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">PAH</td>
                  <td align="center">High</td>
                  <td align="center">66</td>
                  <td align="center">14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">185</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">CHD</td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">291</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">Schistosomiasis</td>
                  <td align="center">High</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">18.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">108</td>
                  <td align="center">1026</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">Cardiogenic shock</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">Group 2 PH</td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">98</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">HFpEF</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">PAH</td>
                  <td align="center">Intermediate</td>
                  <td align="center">67</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">CHD</td>
                  <td align="center">Low</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">Angina</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>BNP: brain natriuretic peptide, in pg/mL; CHD: congenital heart disease; CO: cardiac output, in liters per minute (L/min); HF class: heart failure functional class, according to the New York Heart Association classification; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; LV: left ventricle; mPAP: mean pulmonary artery pressure, in millimeters of mercury (mmHg); PA: pulmonary artery; diameter measured in millimeters (mm); PAH: pulmonary arterial hypertension; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance, in Wood units (WU).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The main indication for coronary evaluation was the presence of angina. CTA was used as the preferred screening test in 10 of the 12 cases, while coronary angiography confirmed significant LMCA stenosis due to extrinsic compression in all patients. Only one patient had concomitant coronary atherosclerosis, located in another segment of the coronary tree, without significant obstruction.</p>
        <p>Drug-eluting stents were implanted in eight patients and bare-metal stents in four, with diameters ranging from 3.5 mm, 4.0 mm, and 5.0 mm, and lengths between 12 mm and 20 mm, adjusted according to the extent of the obstruction and material availability at the institution. In all cases, a good primary result was achieved (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical case illustration (patient 8). Coronary computed tomography angiography images showing: (A) curved reconstruction; (B) sagittal long-axis view of the vessel; and (C) short-axis view of the vessel, highlighting signs of compression with significant luminal narrowing of left main coronary artery (LMCA) (red arrows). (D) Three-dimensional reconstruction showing LMCA compression by the pulmonary artery. (E) Angiography of LMCA before the procedure. (F) Angiography after stent implantation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In nine patients, the implantation of a single stent was sufficient to resolve the obstruction; however, in three cases, the result after the first stent was considered suboptimal, requiring placement of a second stent to reinforce radial strength and support against extrinsic compression. Postdilation was optional but performed in most cases, particularly when it was not possible to limit the stent exclusively to the LMCA.</p>
        <p>In cases where stent deployment extended from the LMCA toward the left anterior descending artery, the provisional technique was applied, with exclusive optimization of proximal stent dilation while preserving the bifurcation. Additional procedural details are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. Intravascular ultrasound was used in two cases to guide angioplasty (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Details of coronary angioplasty interventions in the study patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th>Study ID</th>
                  <th>Number of stents</th>
                  <th>Type of stent</th>
                  <th>Stent strut thickness</th>
                  <th>Stent size</th>
                  <th>Technique used</th>
                  <th>Postdilation</th>
                  <th>Use of IVUS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Bare-metal</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0 &#215; 15 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Isolated LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 12 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Isolated LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Bare-metal</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 16 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Isolated LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Bare-metal</td>
                  <td align="center">97 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#215; 20 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">LMCA-LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 20 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">LMCA-LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Bare-metal+ Bare-metal</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 8 and 4.0 &#215; 9 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">LMCA-LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#215; 23 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">LMCA-LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td align="center">65 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#215; 16 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">LMCA-LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting+ Bare-metal</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 15 and 4.0 &#215; 12 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Isolated LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td align="center">81 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 12 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Isolated LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting+ Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 13 and 4.0 &#215; 15 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">Isolated LMCA</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td align="center">75 &#956;m</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0 &#215; 16 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">LMCA-LAD</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>IVUS: intravascular ultrasound; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LMCA: left main coronary artery.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound before and after stent implantation in the left main coronary artery (patient 5). In the baseline assessment (A), marked luminal narrowing is observed both on coronary angiography (left) and intravascular ultrasound (right), showing a slit-like lumen without evidence of atherosclerotic plaque. After stent implantation (B), restoration of vessel lumen dimensions and symmetry is noted.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>All patients experienced improvement in angina symptoms after coronary angioplasty, with complete symptom resolution in eight cases and significant relief in one patient. Beyond the first year, four patients underwent noninvasive reassessment of stent patency by CTA, which confirmed the maintenance of satisfactory results in all cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). This practice was applied on an individualized basis, according to the attending physician&#8217;s discretion.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Coronary computed tomography angiography (patient 4) before and after angioplasty of left main coronary artery (LMCA) with stent implantation. In the upper row (A and B), pre-angioplasty images show significant luminal narrowing at LMCA origin due to extrinsic compression by the main pulmonary artery. In the lower row (C and D), post-angioplasty images demonstrate the stent covering the LMCA from the ostium, with preserved lumen and no signs of residual stenosis. Images were obtained using three-dimensional reconstruction (A and C) and curved reconstruction (B and D).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20250002-50002-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dual antiplatelet therapy was maintained for 10&#177;7 months, with no reported bleeding events. Over a mean follow-up of 33 months, escalation of specific PH therapy was required in 50% of patients due to disease progression. During follow-up, two patients died from PH decompensation (12 and 18 months after angioplasty), and two patients died at home from sudden cardiac death (7 and 47 months after angioplasty), all with PH progression and classified as intermediate or high risk at the time of PCI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study represents the first published case series in Brazil addressing the treatment of extrinsic LMCA compression in patients with PH. The prognosis of this condition remains poorly understood and is likely not directly comparable to that of atherosclerotic LMCA obstruction. Although it is a recognized cause of angina, its impact on mortality has not yet been clearly established. Considering that approximately 25% of deaths in patients with PH result from sudden cardiac death,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> some of these events may be related to extrinsic LMCA compression &#8212; a potentially treatable, likely underdiagnosed complication.</p>
        <p>The interval between symptom onset and the diagnosis of PH is usually more than 2 years, during which time most patients already present with advanced disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> As a consequence, significant dilation of the pulmonary arteries is often observed. Due to their anatomical proximity, these arteries can displace the LMCA toward the coronary sinus, resulting in narrowing of its ostium. Studies have reported a prevalence of up to 40% of significant obstruction of LMCA due to extrinsic compression in patients with PH and angina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In a previous series from InCor, Mesquita et al. evaluated 36 patients with group 1 PH and congenital heart disease who underwent coronary angiography, identifying LMCA compression greater than 50% in seven cases. The main predictors of compression identified were a pulmonary artery diameter greater than 40 mm and a higher pulmonary artery-to-aorta ratio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Similar findings were reported by Galie et al., who described a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 70% for the criterion of pulmonary artery diameter exceeding 40 mm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, Akbal et al. demonstrated that the severity of PH, assessed by higher mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, is also associated with an increased risk of LMCA compression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In the present series, only one patient had a pulmonary artery diameter below 40 mm, with the mean recorded diameter being 56 mm (ranging from 34 mm to 108 mm).</p>
        <p>In 2001, Kajita et al. described the characteristic angiographic pattern of extrinsic LMCA compression, demonstrating a crushed appearance of the vessel between the pulmonary artery and the aortic root. In that study, one of the most widely used current diagnostic parameters was reported: the marked angulation of the LMCA origin, generally less than 39.5 degrees. Additionally, the left anterior oblique cranial projection was identified as the optimal view for angiographic assessment in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> This projection also provided the best diagnostic definition in our series, differing from the views typically used to evaluate atherosclerotic obstruction of LMCA.</p>
        <p>Despite the existing reports, several gaps remain regarding the optimal management of these patients, given the still limited number of published cases. It is known that coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with PH carries a high mortality rate, mainly due to right ventricular dysfunction in the postoperative period. In this context, PCI has emerged as an effective therapeutic alternative for the treatment of extrinsic compression of LMCA.</p>
        <p>Saia et al. published the largest available case series, describing 53 patients with PH and &#8805;50% obstruction of LMCA due to extrinsic compression who underwent coronary angioplasty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A satisfactory primary result was achieved in all procedures. Coronary angiography was routinely repeated after 9 months, with reintervention required in five patients: four due to neointimal hyperplasia and one due to stent recoil. During a mean follow-up of 4.5 years, the mortality rate was 37.3% (n=17), with no cases of acute myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis reported. In the present series, the observed mortality rate was 33.3%, which is comparable to that of the Italian series and consistent with the reported life expectancy in patients with PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The limitations of the present study include its observational design, without the inclusion of a control group, which limits the direct comparison of results with other therapeutic modalities or management strategies. Additionally, the small sample size, combined with the retrospective nature of the analysis and the relatively short follow-up period, does not allow for definitive conclusions regarding the durability of the results obtained or the incidence of long-term complications, such as stent restenosis. These limitations should be carefully considered when interpreting the findings. Future studies with larger patient populations and longer follow-up will be essential to clarify the prognostic impact of this therapeutic approach.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Extrinsic compression of LMCA by pulmonary artery dilation should be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients with PH presenting with angina or left ventricular dysfunction. PCI has proven to be a feasible strategy in specialized PH centers, with favorable angiographic and clinical outcomes. However, additional studies are needed to assess the prognostic impact of this intervention and to clarify the potential benefits of systematic screening for coronary compression in asymptomatic patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the HCFMUSP under the protocol number 11032919800000068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
