<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Nv9nQcBgRZTdV6dJyYxt7mj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00305</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240885</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Orientina Alivia o Estresse Oxidativo e a Apoptose na Cardiomiopatia Diab&#233;tica por Meio do Eixo Lncrna H19/Mir-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Xun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xiong</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Shanshan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0796-357X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Jun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Wuhan Third Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Wuhan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CN">China</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan - China</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jun Li &#8226; Wuhan Third Hospital, No.241 Pengliuyang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province - China E-mail: <email>lijundr77@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240885</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica (CMD) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular irrevers&#237;vel do diabetes mellitus, caracterizada por remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca prejudicial. A orientina, um flavonoide hidrossol&#250;vel presente em muitas plantas medicinais, exerce diversos efeitos farmacol&#243;gicos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar os efeitos cardioprotetores da orientina em condi&#231;&#245;es diab&#233;ticas e elucidar os mecanismos associados aos RNAs n&#227;o codificantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O modelo CMD induzido por estreptozotocina foi estabelecido pelo uso combinado de estreptozotocina e uma dieta rica em gordura. A estrutura e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em camundongos com diabetes mellitus foram avaliadas por meio de an&#225;lises histol&#243;gicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Masson, TUNEL, western blot e ELISA em cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos foram realizados para analisar fibrose card&#237;aca, apoptose e estresse oxidativo. Os n&#237;veis de express&#227;o de lncRNA H19, miR-103-3p, ALDH2 e prote&#237;nas relacionadas a PI3K/AKT em c&#233;lulas card&#237;acas de camundongos e HL-1 foram avaliados por qPCR em tempo real ou western blot. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi estabelecido em p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A orientina melhorou a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e amenizou a les&#227;o card&#237;aca em camundongos diab&#233;ticos. A orientina inibiu a fibrose card&#237;aca, reduziu a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos e aumentou a atividade de enzimas antioxidantes. Em condi&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas, os n&#237;veis de H19 e ALDH2 foram reduzidos, enquanto os n&#237;veis de miR-103-3p aumentaram, o que foi revertido pela orientina. A H19 aumentou a express&#227;o de ALDH2 ligando-se a miR-103-3p e ativou a via PI3K/AKT em c&#233;lulas HL-1 tratadas com altos n&#237;veis de glicose. A deple&#231;&#227;o de H19 ou o inibidor de PI3K reverteram os efeitos da orientina na apoptose e no estresse oxidativo em c&#233;lulas HL-1 sob condi&#231;&#245;es de altos n&#237;veis de glicose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Esses achados revelam um mecanismo protetor da orientina na CMD, que envolve a regula&#231;&#227;o do eixo de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT, fornecendo uma estrat&#233;gia potencial para o tratamento da CMD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A Orientina Alivia o Estresse Oxidativo e a Apoptose na Cardiomiopatia Diab&#233;tica por Meio do Eixo Lncrna H19/Mir-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Nv9nQcBgRZTdV6dJyYxt7mj/8335c87ad59dcf3598ea813f704483f4bb648989.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Nv9nQcBgRZTdV6dJyYxt7mj/cc202335947ae99025582e686ab96a1ff8bf9c4a.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Nv9nQcBgRZTdV6dJyYxt7mj/3de79f99487b941ae4b60d007360f4731f4b888f.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatias</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptose</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Wuhan Municipal Health Commision</funding-source>
          <award-id>WZ241346</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado por Wuhan Municipal Health Commision (WZ241346).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A diabetes mellitus (DM) &#233; uma doen&#231;a metab&#243;lica cuja preval&#234;ncia continua a aumentar e &#233; caracterizada por hiperglicemia resultante da secre&#231;&#227;o inadequada de insulina, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina ou defici&#234;ncia de glucagon. Hipersecre&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A cardiomiopatia diab&#233;tica (CMD) &#233; uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do DM caracterizada por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e hipertrofia nos est&#225;gios iniciais,mais tarde por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica diminu&#237;da.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Est&#225; bem estabelecido que as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais card&#237;acas em condi&#231;&#245;es de CMD est&#227;o intimamente associadas ao estresse oxidativo persistente induzido por hiperglicemia, resultando emcardiomi&#243;citomorte e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, quando o cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; gravemente danificado, o excesso de col&#225;geno leva &#224; fibrose e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> At&#233; o momento, os mecanismos espec&#237;ficos associados &#224; CMD s&#227;o amplamente desconhecidos e n&#227;o h&#225; tratamento eficaz para a doen&#231;a. Portanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio identificar novos agentes ou alvos terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      <p>Os lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) desempenham fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias importantes em diversos processos e doen&#231;as celulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os microRNAs (miRNAs) participam das fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias de diversas atividades fisiol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Estudos sugerem que express&#245;es anormais de ncRNAs est&#227;o envolvidas na progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as humanas, incluindo a CMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m indicam que o tratamento com medicamentos (como a metformina) para DM pode alterar a express&#227;o de ncRNA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> sugerindo que a modula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de ncRNA pode ser um mecanismo importante no tratamento do DM. O LncRNA H19 participa dos processos regulat&#243;rios do metabolismo da glicose, met&#225;stase tumoral, diferencia&#231;&#227;o muscular, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O H19 foi identificado como uma mol&#233;cula crucial em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas, pois pode regular a CMD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> a hipertrofia card&#237;aca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e a fibrose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A alde&#237;do desidrogenase 2 (ALDH2) desempenha um papel fundamental na fun&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria mitocondrial e na remodela&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o ALDH2 alivia a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica na CMD por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o da via PI3K/AKT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nossos experimentos preliminares mostraram que o H19 pode aumentar a express&#227;o de ALDH2 em cardiomi&#243;citos de camundongos. Utilizando ferramentas online, identificamos o miR-103-3p como uma mol&#233;cula-alvo do H19 e do ALDH2. No entanto, as fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias do eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT na CMD ainda n&#227;o foram investigadas.</p>
      <p>A orientina &#233; um componente flavonoide presente em plantas naturais, incluindo folhas de bambu, samambaia ocotillo, hidraste e benta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A orientina exerce diversos efeitos farmacol&#243;gicos, como cardioprote&#231;&#227;o, neuroprote&#231;&#227;o, antiviral, antioxidante, antienvelhecimento, anticancer&#237;geno e anti-inflamat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Fu et al. relataram que a orientina &#233; protetora contra o mioc&#225;rdio tratado com isquemia/reperfus&#227;o e atenua a apoptose ao suprimir a ativa&#231;&#227;o da via de apoptose mitocondrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Li et al. relataram que a orientina atenua a remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e reduz o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio em camundongos atrav&#233;s da via eNOS/NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A orientina pode proteger pod&#243;citos e c&#233;lulas endoteliais contra altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas mitocondriais induzidas por altos n&#237;veis de glicose, apoptose, inflama&#231;&#227;o e estresse oxidativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a orientina pode resistir ao estresse oxidativo para exercer benef&#237;cios neuroprotetores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e conferir cardioprote&#231;&#227;o contra reperfus&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> ativando a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o PI3K/AKT. No entanto, os efeitos da orientina na CMD s&#227;o amplamente desconhecidos.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, desenvolvemos modelos de CMD in vivo e in vitro para elucidar o papel do eixo de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT nas fun&#231;&#245;es regulat&#243;rias da orientina na CMD. Este estudo pode fornecer insights sobre o modo molecular de a&#231;&#227;o da orientina na doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais e tratamentos</title>
        <p>Camundongos machos C57BL/6 (18 a 20 g; Beijing Vital River Laboratory) foram alojados em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o (umidade de 60%; temperatura de 25 &#177; 1 &#186;C; ciclo claro/escuro de 12 h). Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de Pesquisa e Uso Animal da Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd (HLK-20240516003-003; 18 de julho de 2024).</p>
        <p>O modelo de CMD foi estabelecido com uma dieta rica em gordura (Research Diet D12492) por 28 dias, seguida de jejum noturno e inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal de estreptozotocina (50 mg/kg &#215; 5 dias; 60256ES60; Shanghai Yeasen Biotechnology) dissolvida em tamp&#227;o citrato de s&#243;dio (pH 4,5). Ap&#243;s 7 dias, os animais com hiperglicemia (glicemia &#8805; 16,7 mmol/L) foram considerados camundongos DM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> e continuaram a ser alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura. Os camundongos controle foram injetados com tamp&#227;o citrato de s&#243;dio (pH 4,5) e alimentados com uma dieta normal. Os camundongos foram divididos em 5 grupos (n=8 por grupo): controle (camundongos controle tratados com solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal); DM (camundongos DM tratados com solu&#231;&#227;o salina normal); DM + Orientina (10 mg/kg) (camundongos DM tratados com 10 mg/kg de Orientina, MBS5750979; MyBiosource, Inc.); DM + Orientina (20 mg/kg) (camundongos DM tratados com 20 mg/kg de Orientina); DM + Orientina (40 mg/kg) (camundongos DM tratados com 40 mg/kg de Orientina). Orientina foi administrado intraperitonealmente uma vez ao dia (dissolvido em DMSO; um volume de 50 &#956;l). Todos os grupos experimentais foram tratados por 12 semanas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Os camundongos foram anestesiados com isoflurano a 0,5% e seus t&#243;rax foram raspados. A ecocardiografia em modo M foi realizada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca dos camundongos utilizando um Sistema de Microimagem de Alta Resolu&#231;&#227;o (VeVo 770; VisualSonics Inc.). Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DVDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e encurtamento fracion&#225;rio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FSVE), foram medidos. Todas as medidas foram calculadas a partir de 5 ciclos card&#237;acos cont&#237;nuos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#205;ndice card&#237;aco</title>
        <p>Os camundongos foram pesados e eutanasiados por inala&#231;&#227;o de CO<sub>2</sub>. A cavidade tor&#225;cica foi aberta e o cora&#231;&#227;o foi perfundido com 0,1 M de KCl. Ap&#243;s o cora&#231;&#227;o parar de bater, o sangue residual foi removido com solu&#231;&#227;o salina. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi excisado e lavado tr&#234;s vezes. O cora&#231;&#227;o foi seco em papel de filtro e pesado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Histologia</title>
        <p>O tecido card&#237;aco de camundongo foi fixado em formalina a 10% (Top0372; Beijing Biotopped Life Sciences), desidratado e inclu&#237;do em parafina. O tecido foi cortado em sec&#231;&#245;es de 5 &#956;m, colocadas em l&#226;minas de vidro e coradas com hematoxilina-eosina (H&amp;E; RS3390; Beijing G-Clone Biotechnology) utilizando o m&#233;todo padr&#227;o. A colora&#231;&#227;o tricr&#244;mica de Masson (RS3960l; Beijing G-Clone Biotechnology) foi utilizada para estimar a deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno e a fibrose no cora&#231;&#227;o. As altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas foram observadas ao microsc&#243;pio Olympus CKX41. Cinco campos por sec&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram analisados utilizando o programa Image-Pro Plus 6.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de lactato desidrogenase (LDH), creatina quinase-MB e troponina (cTnI)</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram obtidas do canto interno dos olhos dos camundongos e centrifugadas a 3.000&#215;g por 15 minutos a 4&#176;C. Indicadores de les&#227;o card&#237;aca, incluindo LDH, CK-MB e cTnI no soro, foram medidos utilizando o Kit ELISA para LDH em Camundongo (ZK-M4619; Shenzhen Ziker Biotechnology), o Kit ELISA para CK-MB (ZK-M4805; Shenzhen Ziker Biotechnology) e o Kit ELISA para cTnI (JYM0409Mo; Wuhan Jiyinmei Biotechnology), respectivamente, seguindo os protocolos do fabricante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Colora&#231;&#227;o TUNEL</title>
        <p>Para detectar a morte celular card&#237;aca, o ensaio TUNEL foi realizado utilizando o Kit de Detec&#231;&#227;o de Apoptose TUNEL FITC (A111-01; Nanjing Vazyme Biotechnology), seguindo as instru&#231;&#245;es do fabricante. Os n&#250;cleos foram marcados com DAPI (40727ES10; Shanghai Yeasen Biotechnology). As imagens foram obtidas utilizando um microsc&#243;pio confocal Leica SP8. Cinco campos por sec&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foram analisados utilizando o Image-Pro Plus 6.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#233;lulas e tratamentos</title>
        <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos de camundongo HL-1 (ml096513; Shanghai mlbio) foram incubados em meio DMEM contendo 10% de SFB e 100 U/ml de penicilina-estreptomicina sob 5% de CO2/95% de ar a 37&#176;C. Quando as c&#233;lulas atingiram 70%-80% de conflu&#234;ncia, foram expostas a glicose normal (5,5 mmol/L) ou glicose alta (33 mmol/L) e/ou orientina (2,5-20 &#956;M) por 24 h. Para explorar os mecanismos de prote&#231;&#227;o da orientina, as c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com 10 &#956;M de LY294002 (um inibidor de PI3K; BES250679D; Shanghai BIOSEN Biotechnology) 2 h antes do tratamento com orientina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Transfec&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos de camundongo HL-1 foram transfectados com o vetor de superexpress&#227;o de H19 pcDNA3.1/H19 (H19), miR-103-3p ou siRNA direcionado a ALDH2 (si-ALDH2) (todos da Shanghai GenePharm Biotechnology) usando Lipofectamine 2000 (168019; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) seguindo os protocolos do fabricante. Vetor vazio (vetor), NC mimic e si-NC atuaram como controles negativos. Altera&#231;&#245;es nas express&#245;es de RNA e prote&#237;na foram detectadas por qPCR e western blot 48 h ap&#243;s a transfec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio CCK-8</title>
        <p>Cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1 foram semeados em placas de 96 po&#231;os (0,8-1 &#215; 103 c&#233;lulas/po&#231;o) durante a noite e tratados com glicose alta (33 mmol/L) e/ou orientina (2,5-20 &#956;M) por 24 h. Em seguida, 10 &#181;L de CCK-8 (40203ES60; Shanghai Yeasen Biotechnology) na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 5 mg/mL foram adicionados a cada po&#231;o. Ap&#243;s o cultivo das c&#233;lulas por 3-4 h a 37 &#176;C, a absorb&#226;ncia a 450 nm foi medida utilizando um leitor de microplacas inteligente SMR16.1 (Wuhan USCNK IT LIFE SCIENCE INC.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de glutationa (GSH), super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD), 4-hidroxinonenal (4-HNE) e malondialde&#237;do (MDA).</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s homogeneizar 0,1 g de tecido card&#237;aco congelado com 1 mL de &#225;gua destilada, o homogeneizado de tecido foi centrifugado a 12.000 rpm por 15 minutos. As c&#233;lulas HL-1 foram lavadas com PBS (pH 7,2) e homogeneizadas em PBS contendo 0,5 mM de butil-hidroxitolueno. O homogeneizado foi centrifugado a 3.000 x g por 15 minutos a 4 &#176;C. Glutationa (GSH), super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD), 4-hidroxinonenal (4-HNE), malondialde&#237;do (MDA) e ROS no sobrenadante foram detectados utilizando o Kit ELISA para GSH em camundongos (BLL-yx2756; Shanghai Baililai Biotechnology), o Kit ELISA para SOD (BLL-yx3040; Shanghai Baililai Biotechnology), o Kit ELISA para 4-HNE (YS03024B; Shanghai Yaji Biotechnology), o Kit ELISA para MDA (BLL-yx3039; Shanghai Baililai Biotechnology) e o Kit de Ensaio para ROS (DCFH-DA; S0033; Shanghai Beyotime Biotechnology), respectivamente, seguindo os protocolos do fabricante. Os n&#237;veis de ROS foram detectados por citometria de fluxo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>RT-qPCR</title>
        <p>Os RNAs totais foram isolados do tecido card&#237;aco e de c&#233;lulas HL-1 utilizando o Extrator de RNA Total (zk3074; Shenzhen Zike Biotechnology) e transcritos reversamente em cDNA utilizando o Kit de S&#237;ntese de cDNA HiFiScript (AD502A; Shanghai Proteinssci Biotechnology), seguindo os protocolos do fornecedor. A rea&#231;&#227;o de PCR foi realizada com o Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) em um Sistema de PCR R&#225;pido em Tempo Real 7900HT (Applied Biosystems). A express&#227;o g&#234;nica foi calculada utilizando o m&#233;todo do ciclo limiar, que foi normalizado para GAPDH ou U6. As sequ&#234;ncias de primers utilizadas para RT-qPCR s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sequ&#234;ncias de primers usadas para RT-qPCR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Alvo(rato)</th>
                  <th align="left">Sequ&#234;ncias de primers (5&#180;-3&#180;)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>H19</td>
                  <td>F: CATTCTAGGCTGGGGTCAA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>H19</td>
                  <td>R: GCCCTTCTTTTCCATTCTCC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>miR-103-3p</td>
                  <td>F: ACACTCCAGCTGGGAGCAGCATTGTAC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>miR-103-3p</td>
                  <td>R: TGGTGTCGTGGAGTCG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALDH2</td>
                  <td>F: GCTGTTGTACCGATTGGCGGAT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ALDH2</td>
                  <td>R: GCGGAGACATTTCAGGACCATG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GAPDH</td>
                  <td>F: TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAG</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GAPDH</td>
                  <td>R: GGATGCAGGGATGATGTTC</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>U6</td>
                  <td>F: CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>U6</td>
                  <td>R: AACGCTTCACGAATTGCGT</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Western blot</title>
        <p>O isolamento de prote&#237;nas totais e a an&#225;lise de Western blot foram conduzidos conforme descrito por Liu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Os anticorpos prim&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram Bax (ab32503; 1:1500; Abcam), caspase3 clivada (#AF7022; 1:1500; afinidade), Bcl-2 (ab182858; 1:2000; Abcam), ALDH2 (#DF6358; 1:1500; afinidade), p-PI3K (#AF3241; 1:1500; afinidade), PI3K (#AF6241; 1:1500; afinidade), p-AKT (#AF0016; 1:1500; afinidade), AKT (#AF6261; 1:1500; afinidade) e GAPDH (#AF7021; 1:15000; afinidade). As bandas de prote&#237;na foram capturadas por substrato de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia aprimorada (ES-0006; Wuhan FineTest Biotechnology). A an&#225;lise densitom&#233;trica foi realizada utilizando o Image-Pro Plus 6.0.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio do rep&#243;rter de luciferase</title>
        <p>Fragmentos selvagens (Wt) ou mutantes (Mut) de H19 e ALDH2 3&#8217;UTR contendo os s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o previstos para mmu-miR-103-3p foram inseridos no vetor Promega pmirGLO para construir os plasm&#237;deos, incluindo H19-Wt/Mut e ALDH2-Wt/Mut, respectivamente. C&#233;lulas HL-1 foram semeadas em placas de 24 po&#231;os e transfectadas com esses plasm&#237;deos rep&#243;rter de luciferase, juntamente com o mimetizador de miR-103-3p ou o mimetizador de NC, utilizando Lipofectamine 2000. Ap&#243;s 48 h, a atividade da luciferase foi determinada utilizando o Kit de Ensaio do Rep&#243;rter de Luciferase Promega.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi verificada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk (p&gt;0,05 para todos os grupos). Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. ANOVA unidirecional com teste de Tukey foi utilizada para determinar diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos. P &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no software SPSS v.21.0. Cada experimento foi repetido tr&#234;s vezes. Para estudos com animais, o tamanho da amostra foi determinado pela an&#225;lise de poder estat&#237;stico (visando 80% de poder para detectar uma mudan&#231;a de 30% nos desfechos prim&#225;rios em &#945;=0,05).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Orientina melhora a les&#227;o card&#237;aca em camundongos DM</title>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, comparado ao grupo controle, o grupo DM apresentou maiores n&#237;veis de glicose sangu&#237;nea, peso card&#237;aco e peso corporal (p&lt;0,05). Orientina n&#227;o teve impacto nos n&#237;veis de glicose sangu&#237;nea e peso corporal. Comparado ao grupo DM, orientina em doses de 20 e 40 mg/kg reduziu significativamente o peso card&#237;aco em camundongos (p&lt;0,05). Dados de ecocardiografia em modo M na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> indicaram que a FEVE e a FSVE foram reduzidas, e DVDVE e DSVE foram marcadamente aumentadas em camundongos diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos camundongos controle (p&lt;0,05). Orientina em doses de 20 e 40 mg/kg elevou a FEVE e reduziu a DVDVE, e orientina em uma dose de 40 mg/kg elevou a FSVE e reduziu a DSVE (p&lt;0,05). A colora&#231;&#227;o H&amp;E da se&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no grupo controle exibiu morfologia normal de cardiomi&#243;citos e fibras mioc&#225;rdicas regulares. Entretanto, o tecido mioc&#225;rdico no grupo com diabetes mellitus (DM) apresentou arquitetura desordenada evidente dos cardiomi&#243;citos e hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Orientina (20 e 40 mg/kg) melhorou a maioria das altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1A</xref>). As atividades s&#233;ricas de LDH, CK-MB e cTnI, importantes indicadores de les&#227;o card&#237;aca, foram estimadas. Os dados indicaram que as atividades s&#233;ricas desses indicadores foram notavelmente aumentadas em camundongos diab&#233;ticos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos camundongos controle. Orientina nas doses de 20 e 40 mg/kg restaurou significativamente suas atividades em compara&#231;&#227;o aos camundongos diab&#233;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1B</xref>-D). A colora&#231;&#227;o de Masson mostrou deposi&#231;&#227;o significativa de col&#225;geno no cora&#231;&#227;o de camundongos com DM, que foi melhorada pela administra&#231;&#227;o de Orientina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1E</xref>-F).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeitos da orientina sobre a glicemia, peso card&#237;aco, e peso corporal em camundongos diab&#233;ticos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#205;ndices</th>
                  <th>Controle</th>
                  <th>DM</th>
                  <th>DM + Orientina (10 mg/kg)</th>
                  <th>DM + Orientina (20 mg/kg)</th>
                  <th>DM + Orientina (40 mg/kg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia (mM)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,24&#177;1,14</td>
                  <td align="center">22,31&#177;1,78*</td>
                  <td align="center">21,95&#177;1,97</td>
                  <td align="center">20,77&#177;2,54</td>
                  <td align="center">22,45&#177;2,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso do cora&#231;&#227;o (mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">111,25&#177;9,14</td>
                  <td align="center">138,67&#177;11,09*</td>
                  <td align="center">129,98&#177;12,73</td>
                  <td align="center">118,62&#177;9,14#</td>
                  <td align="center">120,08&#177;8,98#</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso corporal (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,54&#177;1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">36,78&#177;2,89*</td>
                  <td align="center">35,22&#177;1,79</td>
                  <td align="center">36,02&#177;3,11</td>
                  <td align="center">37,15&#177;2,52</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e analisados usando ANOVA unidirecional. N=8 por grupo. *p&lt;0,05 vs grupo controle; #p&lt;0,05 vs grupo DM. DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeitos da orientina nas fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares esquerdas em camundongos diab&#233;ticos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">&#205;ndices</th>
                  <th>Controle</th>
                  <th>DM</th>
                  <th>DM + Orientina (10 mg/kg)</th>
                  <th>DM + Orientina (20 mg/kg)</th>
                  <th>DM + Orientina (40 mg/kg)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>%FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">610,91&#177;3,25</td>
                  <td align="center">38,57&#177;2,37*</td>
                  <td align="center">39,45&#177;3,05</td>
                  <td align="center">42,67&#177;2,90#</td>
                  <td align="center">53,74&#177;3,75#</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FSVE%</td>
                  <td align="center">31,57&#177;1,76</td>
                  <td align="center">17,98&#177;1,38*</td>
                  <td align="center">19,64&#177;1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">19,99&#177;1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">25,86&#177;1,47#</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVDVE (mil&#237;metros)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,86&#177;0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">4,77&#177;0,27*</td>
                  <td align="center">40,61&#177;0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">4,06&#177;0,86#</td>
                  <td align="center">3,99&#177;0,25#</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mil&#237;metros)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,61&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">3,68&#177;0,41*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,44&#177;0,66</td>
                  <td align="center">3,38&#177;0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">2,76&#177;0,09#</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Todos os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o e analisados usando ANOVA unidirecional. N=8 por grupo. *p&lt;0,05 vs grupo controle; #p&lt;0,05 vs grupo DM. DM: diabetes mellitus; DVDE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FSVE: encurtamento fracion&#225;rio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Orientina melhora les&#227;o card&#237;aca em camundongos com DM. (A) Altera&#231;&#245;es histol&#243;gicas medidas pela colora&#231;&#227;o H&amp;E. Barra de escala = 50 &#956;m. (B-D) Efeitos da orientina nas atividades s&#233;ricas de LDH, CK-MB e cTnI em camundongos com DM. ANOVA unidirecional. (E-F) Colora&#231;&#227;o de Masson de sec&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e an&#225;lise quantitativa. Barra de escala = 50 &#956;m. ANOVA unidirecional. N = 8 por grupo. ***p &lt; 0,01 vs grupo controle; #p &lt; 0,05, ##p &lt; 0,01, ###p &lt; 0,001 vs grupo com DM. DM: diabetes mellitus.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Orientina alivia a apoptose mioc&#225;rdica e o estresse oxidativo em camundongos com DM.</title>
        <p>Como a orientina, na dose de 40 mg/kg, apresentou os melhores efeitos cardioprotetores, utilizamos essa dose em experimentos subsequentes. O grupo diab&#233;tico apresentou um n&#250;mero maior de cardiomi&#243;citos TUNEL-positivos no cora&#231;&#227;o do que o grupo controle. A administra&#231;&#227;o de orientina reverteu essa tend&#234;ncia e reduziu a apoptose dos cardiomi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>-B). A orientina tamb&#233;m restaurou os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;nas relacionadas &#224; apoptose em camundongos diab&#233;ticos, como demonstrado pela regula&#231;&#227;o positiva de Bcl-2 e regula&#231;&#227;o negativa de Bax e pela cliva&#231;&#227;o de caspase-3 no grupo diab&#233;tico, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo diab&#233;tico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C</xref>-D). Avaliamos os n&#237;veis de par&#226;metros relacionados ao estresse oxidativo. Camundongos diab&#233;ticos apresentaram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nas atividades card&#237;acas de GSH e SOD e aumentos nos n&#237;veis de MDA e 4-HNE em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, que foram notavelmente restaurados pela orientina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2E</xref>-H).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Orientina alivia a apoptose mioc&#225;rdica e o estresse oxidativo em camundongos com DM. (A-B) Colora&#231;&#227;o TUNEL da sec&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e an&#225;lise quantitativa. Barra de escala = 20 &#956;m. ANOVA unidirecional. (C-D) Dados de Western blot mostrando os n&#237;veis de prote&#237;nas relacionadas &#224; apoptose nos cora&#231;&#245;es dos camundongos. ANOVA unidirecional. (E-H) Atividades de GSH e SOD, bem como n&#237;veis de MDA e 4-HNE nos cora&#231;&#245;es dos camundongos. ANOVA unidirecional. N = 8 por grupo. ***p &lt; 0,01 vs grupo controle; ##p &lt; 0,01, ###p &lt; 0,001 vs grupo com DM.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos da orientina no eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT em camundongos DM</title>
        <p>Dados de RT-qPCR mostraram que, em camundongos diab&#233;ticos, H19 e ALDH2 no mioc&#225;rdio foram notavelmente regulados negativamente, enquanto miR-103-3p foi regulado positivamente, em compara&#231;&#227;o com camundongos controle. Seus n&#237;veis de express&#227;o foram restaurados ap&#243;s o tratamento com orientina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis proteicos de ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforilados foram marcadamente menores no grupo com diabetes do que no grupo controle, sendo revertidos no grupo tratado com orientina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>-C).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeitos da orientina no eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT em camundongos com DM. (A) Dados de RT-qPCR mostrando as express&#245;es de H19, miR-103-3p e ALDH2 em cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos. ANOVA unidirecional. (B-C) Western blot mostrando os n&#237;veis de ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforilados em cora&#231;&#245;es de camundongos. ANOVA unidirecional. N = 8 por grupo. ***p &lt; 0,01 vs grupo controle; ###p &lt; 0,001 vs grupo com DM.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Orientina reduz o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose desencadeados por altos n&#237;veis de glicose em c&#233;lulas HL-1.</title>
        <p>Os resultados do CCK-8 indicaram que a orientina em doses de 2,5 a 20 &#956;M n&#227;o influenciou a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas HL-1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4A</xref>). A orientina em doses de 5, 10 e 20 &#956;M resgatou a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas HL suprimida por altos n&#237;veis de glicose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4B</xref>), e 10 &#956;M de orientina apresentaram os efeitos mais significativos. Utilizamos 10 &#956;M de orientina em experimentos subsequentes. Conforme apresentado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 4C-F</xref>, altos n&#237;veis de glicose aumentaram os n&#237;veis de ROS e MDA e diminu&#237;ram as atividades de SOD, que foram revertidas pelo pr&#233;-tratamento com orientina. O pr&#233;-tratamento com orientina restaurou os n&#237;veis proteicos de Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 clivada, ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforilados em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1 tratados com altos n&#237;veis de glicose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4G</xref>-H). Al&#233;m disso, as express&#245;es reduzidas de H19 e ALDH2 e o aumento da express&#227;o de miR-103-3p em c&#233;lulas HL-1 tratadas com alto teor de glicose foram revertidas pelo pr&#233;-tratamento com orientina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4I</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Orientina reduz o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose desencadeados por altos n&#237;veis de glicose em c&#233;lulas HL-1. (A-B) Viabilidade de c&#233;lulas HL-1 ap&#243;s tratamento com orientina e/ou altos n&#237;veis de glicose, medida por CCK-8. ANOVA unidirecional. (C-F) Efeitos da orientina sobre os n&#237;veis de ROS e MDA e atividades de SOD em c&#233;lulas HL-1. ANOVA unidirecional. (G-H) Western blot mostrando os n&#237;veis de Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 clivada, ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforilados em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1. ANOVA unidirecional. (I) Dados de RT-qPCR mostrando as express&#245;es de H19, miR-103-3p e ALDH2 em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1. ANOVA unidirecional. N = 3 por grupo. ***p &lt; 0,01 vs grupo controle; ###p &lt; 0,001 vs grupo DM.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2 regula o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose em c&#233;lulas HL-1</title>
        <p>Os s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o onde H19 ou ALDH2 interagem com miR-103-3p s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5A</xref>. A sequ&#234;ncia H19/ALDH2 ou sua vers&#227;o mutante foi cotransfetada em c&#233;lulas HL-1 com o mimetizador miR-103-3p. Os dados indicaram redu&#231;&#245;es significativas nas atividades da luciferase ap&#243;s cotransfec&#231;&#245;es com H19-Wt ou ALDH1-Wt e mimetizador miR-103-3p, enquanto as cotransfec&#231;&#245;es com H19-Mut ou ALDH1-Mut e mimetizador miR-103-3p n&#227;o alteraram as atividades da luciferase (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5B</xref>). Descobrimos que a superexpress&#227;o de H19 restaurou os n&#237;veis proteicos de Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 clivada, ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforilados em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1 tratados com altos n&#237;veis de glicose, que foram revertidos pela superexpress&#227;o de miR-103-3p ou pela deple&#231;&#227;o de ALDH2 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5C</xref>-D). Al&#233;m disso, a superexpress&#227;o de H19 inibiu a produ&#231;&#227;o de ROS desencadeada por altos n&#237;veis de glicose em c&#233;lulas HL-1, mas a superexpress&#227;o de miR-103-3p ou a deple&#231;&#227;o de ALDH2 anularam os efeitos da superexpress&#227;o de H19 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5E</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; O eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2 regula o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose em c&#233;lulas HL-1. (A) Diagrama representando os s&#237;tios de liga&#231;&#227;o entre H19/ALDH2 e miR-103-3p. (B) Ensaio de rep&#243;rter de luciferase mostrando atividades de luciferase ap&#243;s cotransfec&#231;&#245;es com H19-Wt/Mut ou ALDH1-Wt/Mut e mimetizador de miR-103-3p. ANOVA bidirecional. ***p&lt;0,01 vs. grupo mimetizador NC. (C-D) Western blot mostrando n&#237;veis de Bax, Bcl-2, caspase3 clivada, ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforilados em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1. ANOVA unidirecional. (E) N&#237;veis de ROS em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1. ANOVA unidirecional. N=3 por grupo. ***p&lt;0,01 vs. grupo controle; ###p&lt;0,001 vs grupo HG + Vetor + NC mimic + si-NC; &amp;&amp;&amp;p&lt;0,001 vs grupo HG + H19.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A deple&#231;&#227;o de H19 ou inibidor de PI3K reverte os efeitos da orientina em c&#233;lulas HL-1</title>
        <p>Para os experimentos de resgate, cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1 sob condi&#231;&#245;es de alta glicose foram tratados com orientina e/ou com deple&#231;&#227;o de H19 ou inibidor de PI3K (LY294002). Os resultados mostraram que as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 clivada, ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforiladas causadas pelo tratamento com orientina foram notavelmente revertidas pela redu&#231;&#227;o de H19 ou pelo tratamento com LY294002 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6A</xref>-B). Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o de H19 ou o tratamento com LY294002 neutralizaram os efeitos da orientina sobre os n&#237;veis de ROS e MDA e sobre as atividades da SOD em c&#233;lulas HL-1 tratadas com alta glicose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6C</xref>-E).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A deple&#231;&#227;o de H19 ou o inibidor de PI3K revertem os efeitos da orientina em c&#233;lulas HL-1. (A-B) Western blot mostrando os n&#237;veis de Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 clivada, ALDH2 e PI3K e AKT fosforilados em cardiomi&#243;citos HL-1. ANOVA unidirecional. (C-E) N&#237;veis de ROS e MDA e atividades de SOD em c&#233;lulas HL-1. ANOVA unidirecional. N = 3 por grupo. ***p &lt; 0,01 vs grupo controle; ###p &lt; 0,001 vs grupo HG; &amp;&amp;&amp;p &lt; 0,001 vs grupo HG + Orientina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, o tratamento com orientina aliviou a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca em camundongos com CMD e protegeu contra fibrose card&#237;aca, apoptose e estresse oxidativo induzidos por diabetes. Mecanicamente, a orientina restaurou as altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis de H19, miR-103-3p e ALDH2, bem como na via PI3K/AKT, causadas pela hiperglicemia. Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o, pela primeira vez, revela que o eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT desempenha um papel fundamental na a&#231;&#227;o cardioprotetora da orientina na CMD.</p>
      <p>A orientina foi proposta como um composto promissor para o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A orientina pode exercer efeitos antioxidantes e antiapopt&#243;ticos em c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares tratadas com LDL-ox e pode proteger contra a aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> A orientina diminui a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, a fibrose e a apoptose de cardiomi&#243;citos em camundongos ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Al&#233;m disso, a orientina atenua a apoptose e o estresse oxidativo em cardiomi&#243;citos expostos &#224; hip&#243;xia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Complica&#231;&#245;es macrovasculares do diabetes, incluindo CMD, ocorrem por meio de m&#250;ltiplos mecanismos induzidos por hiperglicemia nos quais o estresse oxidativo tem um papel central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> O estresse oxidativo card&#237;aco est&#225; associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o do desempenho e da contratilidade card&#237;acos e ao aumento da fibrose e hipertrofia card&#237;acas, resultando em disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca grave e eventos card&#237;acos fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> O estresse oxidativo mediado por hiperglicemia persistente pode ativar a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o apopt&#243;tica no cora&#231;&#227;o para induzir a morte de cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a orientina n&#227;o influenciou os n&#237;veis de glicose sangu&#237;nea em camundongos DM. Ainda assim, ela melhorou significativamente a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por diabetes em camundongos, independentemente da modula&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de glicose sangu&#237;nea, possivelmente por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo card&#237;aco e da apoptose. A ecocardiografia em modo M confirmou que a orientina melhorou a disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca induzida por hiperglicemia. An&#225;lises morfol&#243;gicas e de colora&#231;&#227;o demonstraram ainda que a orientina melhorou o dano ao tecido card&#237;aco induzido por diabetes. LDH, CK-MB e cTnI s&#227;o marcadores bioqu&#237;micos importantes que refletem o grau de les&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Neste caso, a orientina reduziu acentuadamente os n&#237;veis de LDH, CK-MB e cTnI no soro de camundongos com DM.</p>
      <p>A rede lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA tem sido relatada como envolvida na regula&#231;&#227;o dos processos patol&#243;gicos da CMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> H19, um lncRNA abundante no sistema cardiovascular, atua como um ceRNA para desempenhar um papel em complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, H19 est&#225; emergindo como um regulador potencialmente importante da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Conforme relatado, a superexpress&#227;o de H19 melhora a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda no DM, reduzindo a apoptose e a fibrose dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A decoc&#231;&#227;o de Shengjie Tongyu protege contra les&#227;o card&#237;aca diab&#233;tica por meio da regula&#231;&#227;o positiva de H19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Embora tenha sido relatado que a orientina confere cardioprote&#231;&#227;o no n&#237;vel proteico, n&#227;o foi investigado se a orientina poderia modular a rede de ceRNA. Aqui, confirmamos que a orientina restaurou a express&#227;o de H19 e diminuiu a express&#227;o de miR-103-3p <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>in vitro</italic>. H19 poderia se ligar ao miR-103-3p como uma esponja. O miR-103-3p pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia miR-103/107 e foi relatado como aumentando a necrose programada dos cardiomi&#243;citos em les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, o miR-103-3p promove hipertrofia e produ&#231;&#227;o de ROS no modelo de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Os efeitos do miR-103-3p na cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) s&#227;o desconhecidos. Aqui, demonstramos que o miR-103-3p anulou os efeitos inibit&#243;rios da superexpress&#227;o de H19 na apoptose e no estresse oxidativo em c&#233;lulas HL-1 sob condi&#231;&#245;es de alta glicose. Al&#233;m disso, o H19 pode regular positivamente a ALDH2, um alvo do miR-103-3p, em c&#233;lulas HL-1 tratadas com alta glicose. Yu et al. demonstraram que a ALDH2 &#233; um mediador crucial na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o do p&#243;s-condicionamento isqu&#234;mico remoto por meio da via dependente de PI3K/AKT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> A ALDH2 alivia a les&#227;o isqu&#234;mica na CMD por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o da via PI3K/AKT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Descobrimos que os efeitos da H19 nos n&#237;veis de prote&#237;nas relacionadas &#224; apoptose e &#224; ALDH2/PI3K/AKT em condi&#231;&#245;es de alta glicose foram revertidos pela superexpress&#227;o de miR-103-3p ou pela redu&#231;&#227;o de ALDH2, sugerindo que a H19 pode ativar a via ALDH2/PI3K/AKT ao competir com miR-103-3p. &#201; importante ressaltar que a orientina pode aumentar a express&#227;o de ALDH2 em cardiomi&#243;citos com alta glicose. Os efeitos da orientina na apoptose e no estresse oxidativo dos cardiomi&#243;citos foram revertidos pelo siRNA H19 ou por um inibidor de PI3K, demonstrando o papel fundamental do eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT na a&#231;&#227;o cardioprotetora da orientina. Apesar desses achados, diversas limita&#231;&#245;es merecem considera&#231;&#227;o. Primeiramente, nosso modelo in vivo empregou camundongos diab&#233;ticos induzidos por estreptozotocina alimentados com uma dieta rica em gordura. Embora isso replique caracter&#237;sticas-chave da CMD humana, n&#227;o captura totalmente a complexidade da fisiopatologia do diabetes tipo 2, incluindo a disfun&#231;&#227;o gradual das c&#233;lulas &#946;. Em segundo lugar, o estudo se concentrou no eixo H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT como a principal via mecan&#237;stica; outras cascatas de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o ou RNAs n&#227;o codificantes podem contribuir para os efeitos cardioprotetores da orientina. Em terceiro lugar, a seguran&#231;a e a farmacocin&#233;tica a longo prazo da orientina em modelos diab&#233;ticos permanecem inexploradas. Estudos futuros usando modelos gen&#233;ticos de diabetes, abordagens multi&#244;micas e avalia&#231;&#245;es de toxicidade cr&#244;nica fortaleceriam a tradu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, nosso estudo demonstra que a orientina melhora a CMD atenuando o estresse oxidativo e a apoptose atrav&#233;s do eixo de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT. Este trabalho n&#227;o apenas revela um novo mecanismo molecular para os efeitos cardioprotetores da orientina, como tamb&#233;m identifica H19 e ALDH2 como potenciais alvos terap&#234;uticos para a CMD. Dada a origem natural da orientina, esses achados corroboram sua promessa translacional como estrat&#233;gia complementar contra complica&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas induzidas pelo diabetes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Burnett C, Evans DD, Mueller K. Managing Diabetes Mellitus in the Emergency Department. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2024;46(1):58-70. doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000500.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Burnett</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Evans</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mueller</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Managing Diabetes Mellitus in the Emergency Department</article-title>
          <source>Adv Emerg Nurs J</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>46</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>58</fpage>
          <lpage>70</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/TME.0000000000000500</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Paolillo S, Marsico F, Prastaro M, Renga F, Esposito L, Martino F, et al. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Definition, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Implications. Heart Fail Clin. 2019;15(3):341-7. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2019.02.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Paolillo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marsico</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Prastaro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Renga</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Esposito</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martino</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Definition, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Implications</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Clin</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>341</fpage>
          <lpage>347</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hfc.2019.02.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Byrne NJ, Rajasekaran NS, Abel ED, Bugger H. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;169:317-42. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.046.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Byrne</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rajasekaran</surname>
              <given-names>NS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abel</surname>
              <given-names>ED</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bugger</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Therapeutic Potential of Targeting Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>169</volume>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>342</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.046</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Jubaidi FF, Zainalabidin S, Taib IS, Hamid ZA, Budin SB. The Potential Role of Flavonoids in Ameliorating Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Via Alleviation of Cardiac Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(10):5094. doi: 10.3390/ijms22105094.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jubaidi</surname>
              <given-names>FF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zainalabidin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taib</surname>
              <given-names>IS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hamid</surname>
              <given-names>ZA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Budin</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Potential Role of Flavonoids in Ameliorating Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Via Alleviation of Cardiac Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis</article-title>
          <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <size units="pages">5094</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms22105094</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Liu R, Duan T, Yu L, Tang Y, Liu S, Wang C, et al. Acid Sphingomyelinase Promotes Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Via NADPH Oxidase 4 Mediated Apoptosis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s12933-023-01747-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duan</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Acid Sphingomyelinase Promotes Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Via NADPH Oxidase 4 Mediated Apoptosis</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Diabetol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">25</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12933-023-01747-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Jia G, Hill MA, Sowers JR. Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Update of Mechanisms Contributing to This Clinical Entity. Circ Res. 2018;122(4):624-38. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jia</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sowers</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: An Update of Mechanisms Contributing to This Clinical Entity</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>624</fpage>
          <lpage>638</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311586</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. N&#250;&#241;ez-Mart&#237;nez HN, Recillas-Targa F. Emerging Functions of lncRNA Loci Beyond the Transcript Itself. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(11):6258. doi: 10.3390/ijms23116258.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>N&#250;&#241;ez-Mart&#237;nez</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Recillas-Targa</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emerging Functions of lncRNA Loci Beyond the Transcript Itself</article-title>
          <source>Int J Mol Sci</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <size units="pages">6258</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/ijms23116258</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Tafrihi M, Hasheminasab E. MiRNAs: Biology, Biogenesis, their Web-Based Tools, and Databases. Microrna. 2019;8(1):4-27. doi: 10.2174/2211536607666180827111633.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tafrihi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hasheminasab</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MiRNAs: Biology, Biogenesis, their Web-Based Tools, and Databases</article-title>
          <source>Microrna</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>4</fpage>
          <lpage>27</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/2211536607666180827111633</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Li C, Wang D, Jiang Z, Gao Y, Sun L, Li R, et al. Non-Coding RNAs in Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:961802. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.961802.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-Coding RNAs in Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Front Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <size units="pages">961802</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fendo.2022.961802</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Hussein RM. Long Non-Coding RNAs: The Hidden Players in Diabetes Mellitus-Related Complications. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2023;17(10):102872. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102872.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hussein</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long Non-Coding RNAs: The Hidden Players in Diabetes Mellitus-Related Complications</article-title>
          <source>Diabetes Metab Syndr</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <size units="pages">102872</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102872</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Ma X, Mei S, Wuyun Q, Zhou L, Sun D, Yan J. Epigenetics in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Clin Epigenetics. 2024;16(1):52. doi: 10.1186/s13148-024-01667-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ma</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mei</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wuyun</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Epigenetics in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Clin Epigenetics</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">52</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13148-024-01667-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Chang W, Li W, Li P. The Anti-Diabetic Effects of Metformin are Mediated by Regulating Long Non-Coding RNA. Front Pharmacol. 2023;14:1256705. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1256705.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Anti-Diabetic Effects of Metformin are Mediated by Regulating Long Non-Coding RNA</article-title>
          <source>Front Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <size units="pages">1256705</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphar.2023.1256705</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Bi Y, Wang Y, Sun X. Recent Advances of LncRNA H19 in Diabetes LncRNA H19 in Diabetes. Horm Metab Res. 2022;54(4):212-9. doi: 10.1055/a-1769-5032.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bi</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recent Advances of LncRNA H19 in Diabetes LncRNA H19 in Diabetes</article-title>
          <source>Horm Metab Res</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>212</fpage>
          <lpage>219</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/a-1769-5032</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Wang S, Duan J, Liao J, Wang Y, Xiao X, Li L, et al. LncRNA H19 Inhibits ER Stress Induced Apoptosis and Improves Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis. Aging. 2022;14(16):6809-28. doi: 10.18632/aging.204256.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>LncRNA H19 Inhibits ER Stress Induced Apoptosis and Improves Diabetic Cardiomyopathy by Regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR Axis</article-title>
          <source>Aging</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>16</issue>
          <fpage>6809</fpage>
          <lpage>6828</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18632/aging.204256</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Su W, Huo Q, Wu H, Wang L, Ding X, Liang L, et al. The Function of LncRNA-H19 in Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cell Biosci. 2021;11(1):153. doi: 10.1186/s13578-021-00668-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Su</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huo</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Function of LncRNA-H19 in Cardiac Hypertrophy</article-title>
          <source>Cell Biosci</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">153</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s13578-021-00668-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Tao H, Cao W, Yang JJ, Shi KH, Zhou X, Liu LP, et al. Long Noncoding RNA H19 Controls DUSP5/ERK1/2 Axis in Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Fibrosis. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2016;25(5):381-9. doi: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.05.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tao</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cao</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long Noncoding RNA H19 Controls DUSP5/ERK1/2 Axis in Cardiac Fibroblast Proliferation and Fibrosis</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Pathol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>381</fpage>
          <lpage>389</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.carpath.2016.05.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Gomes KM, Campos JC, Bechara LR, Queliconi B, Lima VM, Disatnik MH, et al. Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Activation in Heart Failure Restores Mitochondrial Function and Improves Ventricular Function and Remodelling. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;103(4):498-508. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvu125.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bechara</surname>
              <given-names>LR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Queliconi</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Disatnik</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Activation in Heart Failure Restores Mitochondrial Function and Improves Ventricular Function and Remodelling</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>498</fpage>
          <lpage>508</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvu125</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Mali VR, Deshpande M, Pan G, Thandavarayan RA, Palaniyandi SS. Impaired ALDH2 Activity Decreases the Mitochondrial Respiration in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes. Cell Signal. 2016;28(2):1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mali</surname>
              <given-names>VR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deshpande</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thandavarayan</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palaniyandi</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impaired ALDH2 Activity Decreases the Mitochondrial Respiration in H9C2 Cardiomyocytes</article-title>
          <source>Cell Signal</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Tan X, Chen YF, Zou SY, Wang WJ, Zhang NN, Sun ZY, et al. ALDH2 Attenuates Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Through Regulation of Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission by PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2023;195:219-30. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.097.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tan</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>YF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zou</surname>
              <given-names>SY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>WJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>NN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>ZY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ALDH2 Attenuates Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Through Regulation of Mitochondrial Fusion and Fission by PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>195</volume>
          <fpage>219</fpage>
          <lpage>230</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.097</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Xiao Q, Qu Z, Zhao Y, Yang L, Gao P. Orientin Ameliorates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses Through the Inhibitory of the NF-?B Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:2495496. doi: 10.1155/2017/2495496.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qu</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin Ameliorates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Responses Through the Inhibitory of the NF-?B Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome</article-title>
          <source>Evid Based Complement Alternat Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>2017</volume>
          <size units="pages">2495496</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2017/2495496</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Law BN, Ling AP, Koh RY, Chye SM, Wong YP. Neuroprotective Effects of Orientin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells. Mol Med Rep. 2014;9(3):947-54. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1878.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Law</surname>
              <given-names>BN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ling</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koh</surname>
              <given-names>RY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chye</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wong</surname>
              <given-names>YP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Neuroprotective Effects of Orientin on Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Cells</article-title>
          <source>Mol Med Rep</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>947</fpage>
          <lpage>954</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/mmr.2013.1878</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Dhakal H, Lee S, Choi JK, Kwon TK, Khang D, Kim SH. Inhibitory Effects of Orientin in Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Inflammation. Pharmacol Rep. 2020;72(4):1002-10. doi: 10.1007/s43440-019-00048-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dhakal</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>JK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwon</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kim</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inhibitory Effects of Orientin in Mast Cell-Mediated Allergic Inflammation</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Rep</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1002</fpage>
          <lpage>1010</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s43440-019-00048-3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Wang L, Jing S, Qu H, Wang K, Jin Y, Ding Y, et al. Orientin Mediates Protection Against MRSA-Induced Pneumonia by Inhibiting Sortase A. Virulence. 2021;12(1):2149-61. doi: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1962138.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jing</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin Mediates Protection Against MRSA-Induced Pneumonia by Inhibiting Sortase A</article-title>
          <source>Virulence</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>2149</fpage>
          <lpage>2161</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/21505594.2021.1962138</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Song X, Fan X. Protective Effects of Orientin Against Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Neuroreport. 2024;35(12):753-62. doi: 10.1097/WNR.0000000000002054.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fan</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Protective Effects of Orientin Against Spinal Cord Injury in Rats</article-title>
          <source>Neuroreport</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>753</fpage>
          <lpage>762</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/WNR.0000000000002054</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Fu XC, Wang MW, Li SP, Wang HL. Anti-Apoptotic Effect and the Mechanism of Orientin on Ischaemic/Reperfused Myocardium. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2006;8(3):265-72. doi: 10.1080/10286020500207347.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>XC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Anti-Apoptotic Effect and the Mechanism of Orientin on Ischaemic/Reperfused Myocardium</article-title>
          <source>J Asian Nat Prod Res</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>272</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/10286020500207347</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Li F, Zong J, Zhang H, Zhang P, Xu L, Liang K, et al. Orientin Reduces Myocardial Infarction Size via eNOS/NO Signaling and Thus Mitigates Adverse Cardiac Remodeling. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:926. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00926.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zong</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin Reduces Myocardial Infarction Size via eNOS/NO Signaling and Thus Mitigates Adverse Cardiac Remodeling</article-title>
          <source>Front Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">926</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphar.2017.00926</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Kong ZL, Che K, Hu JX, Chen Y, Wang YY, Wang X, et al. Orientin Protects Podocytes from High Glucose Induced Apoptosis Through Mitophagy. Chem Biodivers. 2020;17(3):e1900647. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201900647.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kong</surname>
              <given-names>ZL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Che</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>JX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>YY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin Protects Podocytes from High Glucose Induced Apoptosis Through Mitophagy</article-title>
          <source>Chem Biodivers</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e1900647</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/cbdv.201900647</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Ku SK, Kwak S, Bae JS. Orientin Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Vascular Inflammation in Vitro and in Vivo. Inflammation. 2014;37(6):2164-73. doi: 10.1007/s10753-014-9950-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ku</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kwak</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bae</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Vascular Inflammation in Vitro and in Vivo</article-title>
          <source>Inflammation</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2164</fpage>
          <lpage>2173</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10753-014-9950-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Sajini DV, Krishnamurthy PT, Chakkittukandiyil A, Mudavath RN. Orientin Modulates Nrf2-ARE, PI3K/Akt, JNK-ERK1/2, and TLR4/NF-kB Pathways to Produce Neuroprotective Benefits in Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res. 2024;49(6):1577-87. doi: 10.1007/s11064-024-04099-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sajini</surname>
              <given-names>DV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Krishnamurthy</surname>
              <given-names>PT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chakkittukandiyil</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mudavath</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin Modulates Nrf2-ARE, PI3K/Akt, JNK-ERK1/2, and TLR4/NF-kB Pathways to Produce Neuroprotective Benefits in Parkinson's Disease</article-title>
          <source>Neurochem Res</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1577</fpage>
          <lpage>1587</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11064-024-04099-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Lu N, Sun Y, Zheng X. Orientin-Induced Cardioprotection Against Reperfusion is Associated with Attenuation of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition. Planta Med. 2011;77(10):984-91. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1250718.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zheng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin-Induced Cardioprotection Against Reperfusion is Associated with Attenuation of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition</article-title>
          <source>Planta Med</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>984</fpage>
          <lpage>991</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-0030-1250718</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Zhong X, Wang T, Xie Y, Wang M, Zhang W, Dai L, et al. Activated Protein C Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via Modulating OTUB1/YB-1/MEF2B Axis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;8:758158. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.758158.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhong</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dai</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Activated Protein C Ameliorates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy via Modulating OTUB1/YB-1/MEF2B Axis</article-title>
          <source>Front Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <size units="pages">758158</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fcvm.2021.758158</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Liu X, Zhao M, Xie Y, Li P, Wang O, Zhou B, et al. Null Mutation of the <italic>Fascin2</italic> Gene by TALEN Leading to Progressive Hearing Loss and Retinal Degeneration in C57BL/6J Mice. G3. 2018;8(10):3221-30. doi: 10.1534/g3.118.200405.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xie</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Null Mutation of the Fascin2 Gene by TALEN Leading to Progressive Hearing Loss and Retinal Degeneration in C57BL/6J Mice</article-title>
          <source>G3</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3221</fpage>
          <lpage>3230</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1534/g3.118.200405</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Gao F, Zhao Y, Zhang B, Xiao C, Sun Z, Gao Y, et al. Orientin Alleviates ox-LDL-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Regulating Sestrin 1 (SESN1)-Mediated Autophagy. J Mol Histol. 2024;55(1):109-20. doi: 10.1007/s10735-023-10176-z.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Orientin Alleviates ox-LDL-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells by Regulating Sestrin 1 (SESN1)-Mediated Autophagy</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Histol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>120</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10735-023-10176-z</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Peng ML, Fu Y, Wu CW, Zhang Y, Ren H, Zhou SS. Signaling Pathways Related to Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:907757. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.907757.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ren</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Signaling Pathways Related to Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Front Endocrinol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <size units="pages">907757</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fendo.2022.907757</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Faria A, Persaud SJ. Cardiac Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;172:50-62. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faria</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Persaud</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac Oxidative Stress in Diabetes: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential</article-title>
          <source>Pharmacol Ther</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>172</volume>
          <fpage>50</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.11.013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Dludla PV, Joubert E, Muller CJF, Louw J, Johnson R. Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Heart Disease-Cardioprotective Effects of Rooibos Flavonoids and Phenylpyruvic Acid-2-O-&#223;-D-Glucoside. Nutr Metab. 2017;14:45. doi: 10.1186/s12986-017-0200-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dludla</surname>
              <given-names>PV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joubert</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muller</surname>
              <given-names>CJF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Louw</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Johnson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hyperglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress and Heart Disease-Cardioprotective Effects of Rooibos Flavonoids and Phenylpyruvic Acid-2-O-&#223;-D-Glucoside</article-title>
          <source>Nutr Metab</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <size units="pages">45</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12986-017-0200-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Althunibat OY, Al Hroob AM, Abukhalil MH, Germoush MO, Bin-Jumah M, Mahmoud AM. Fisetin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Life Sci. 2019;221:83-92. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Althunibat</surname>
              <given-names>OY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Hroob</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abukhalil</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Germoush</surname>
              <given-names>MO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bin-Jumah</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahmoud</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fisetin Ameliorates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>221</volume>
          <fpage>83</fpage>
          <lpage>92</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.lfs.2019.02.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Lin R, Duan J, Mu F, Bian H, Zhao M, Zhou M, et al. Cardioprotective Effects and Underlying Mechanism of Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Lignum Dalbergia Odorifera in a Pig Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Model. Int J Mol Med. 2018;42(5):2628-40. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3844.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bian</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardioprotective Effects and Underlying Mechanism of Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza and Lignum Dalbergia Odorifera in a Pig Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Model</article-title>
          <source>Int J Mol Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>2628</fpage>
          <lpage>2640</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/ijmm.2018.3844</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Che H, Wang Y, Li H, Li Y, Sahil A, Lv J, et al. Melatonin Alleviates Cardiac Fibrosis Via Inhibiting lncRNA MALAT1/miR-141-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome and TGF-&#223;1/Smads Signaling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. FASEB J. 2020;34(4):5282-98. doi: 10.1096/fj.201902692R.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Che</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahil</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lv</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Melatonin Alleviates Cardiac Fibrosis Via Inhibiting lncRNA MALAT1/miR-141-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome and TGF-&#223;1/Smads Signaling in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>FASEB J</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>5282</fpage>
          <lpage>5298</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1096/fj.201902692R</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Sun H, Wang C, Zhou Y, Cheng X. Long Noncoding RNA OIP5-AS1 Overexpression Promotes Viability and Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress of Cardiomyocytes by Targeting MicroRNA-34a/SIRT1 Axis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2021;21(11):2017-27. doi: 10.2174/1871530321666201230090742.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhou</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheng</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long Noncoding RNA OIP5-AS1 Overexpression Promotes Viability and Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress of Cardiomyocytes by Targeting MicroRNA-34a/SIRT1 Axis in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>2017</fpage>
          <lpage>2027</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1871530321666201230090742</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Luo Y, Jiang Y, Zhong T, Li Z, He J, Li X, et al. LncRNA HCG18 affects Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and its Association with miR-9-5p/IGF2R Axis. Heliyon. 2024;10(3):e24604. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24604.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhong</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>LncRNA HCG18 affects Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and its Association with miR-9-5p/IGF2R Axis</article-title>
          <source>Heliyon</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e24604</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24604</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42. Shi S, Song L, Yu H, Feng S, He J, Liu Y, et al. Knockdown of LncRNA-H19 Ameliorates Kidney Fibrosis in Diabetic Mice by Suppressing miR-29a-Mediated EndMT. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:586895. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586895.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Song</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feng</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>He</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Knockdown of LncRNA-H19 Ameliorates Kidney Fibrosis in Diabetic Mice by Suppressing miR-29a-Mediated EndMT</article-title>
          <source>Front Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <size units="pages">586895</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphar.2020.586895</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43. Zhu L, Li Y, Xia F, Xue M, Wang Y, Jia D, et al. H19: A Vital Long Noncoding RNA in the Treatment of Diabetes and Diabetic Complications. Curr Pharm Des. 2022;28(12):1011-8. doi: 10.2174/1381612827666211210123959.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xia</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xue</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jia</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>H19: A Vital Long Noncoding RNA in the Treatment of Diabetes and Diabetic Complications</article-title>
          <source>Curr Pharm Des</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1011</fpage>
          <lpage>1018</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/1381612827666211210123959</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation>44. Li X, Zhang Y, Ding Z, Chen Y, Wang W. LncRNA H19: A Novel Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2024;40(2):172-81. doi: 10.6515/ACS.202403_40(2).20230925A.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>LncRNA H19: A Novel Biomarker in Cardiovascular Disease</article-title>
          <source>Acta Cardiol Sin</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>172</fpage>
          <lpage>181</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6515/ACS.202403_40(2).20230925A</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation>45. Wang S, Duan J, Liao J, Wang Y, Xiao X, Li L, et al. Shengjie Tongyu Decoction Regulates Cardiomyocyte Autophagy Through Modulating ROS-PI3K/Akt/mTOR Axis by LncRNA H19 in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Altern Ther Health Med. 2023;29(6):280-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liao</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Shengjie Tongyu Decoction Regulates Cardiomyocyte Autophagy Through Modulating ROS-PI3K/Akt/mTOR Axis by LncRNA H19 in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
          <source>Altern Ther Health Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>280</fpage>
          <lpage>287</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation>46. Wang JX, Zhang XJ, Li Q, Wang K, Wang Y, Jiao JQ, et al. MicroRNA-103/107 Regulate Programmed Necrosis and Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Targeting FADD. Circ Res. 2015;117(4):352-63. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305781.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>JX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>XJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiao</surname>
              <given-names>JQ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>MicroRNA-103/107 Regulate Programmed Necrosis and Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through Targeting FADD</article-title>
          <source>Circ Res</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>117</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>352</fpage>
          <lpage>363</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.305781</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B47">
        <label>47</label>
        <mixed-citation>47. Zhang X, Yuan S, Liu J, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhan J, et al. Overexpression of Cytosolic Long Noncoding RNA Cytb Protects Against Pressure-Overload-Induced Heart Failure Via Sponging microRNA-103-3p. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 2022;27:1127-45. doi: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Overexpression of Cytosolic Long Noncoding RNA Cytb Protects Against Pressure-Overload-Induced Heart Failure Via Sponging microRNA-103-3p</article-title>
          <source>Mol Ther Nucleic Acids</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <fpage>1127</fpage>
          <lpage>1145</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.omtn.2022.02.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B48">
        <label>48</label>
        <mixed-citation>48. Yu Y, Jia XJ, Zong QF, Zhang GJ, Ye HW, Hu J, et al. Remote Ischemic Postconditioning Protects the Heart by Upregulating ALDH2 Expression Levels Through the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2014;10(1):536-42. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2156.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jia</surname>
              <given-names>XJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zong</surname>
              <given-names>QF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ye</surname>
              <given-names>HW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Remote Ischemic Postconditioning Protects the Heart by Upregulating ALDH2 Expression Levels Through the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway</article-title>
          <source>Mol Med Rep</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>536</fpage>
          <lpage>542</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3892/mmr.2014.2156</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo HLK-20240516003-003. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente Jun Li.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0885_suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>. </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por Wuhan Municipal Health Commision (WZ241346).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240885i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Orientin Alleviates Oxidative Stress And Apoptosis In Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Via The Lncrna H19/Mir-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT Axis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Xun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data e Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xiong</surname>
            <given-names>Xiaofang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data e Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data e Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xu</surname>
            <given-names>Shanshan</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data e Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-0796-357X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Li</surname>
            <given-names>Jun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CN">China </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Wuhan Third Hospital, Wuhan - China </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jun Li &#8226; Wuhan Third Hospital, No.241 Pengliuyang Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province - China E-mail: lijundr77@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marina Okoshi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an irreversible cardiovascular complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by detrimental cardiac remodeling. Orientin, a water-soluble flavonoid present in many medicinal plants, exerts various pharmacological effects.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To investigate the cardioprotective effects of orientin in diabetic conditions and elucidate the mechanisms associated with non-coding RNAs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The streptozotocin-induced DCM model was established by a combined use of streptozotocin and a high-fat diet. Cardiac structure and function in diabetes mellitus mice were evaluated using histological and echocardiographic analyses. Masson, TUNEL, western blot, and ELISA in mouse hearts were performed to analyze cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Expression levels of lncRNA H19, miR-103-3p, ALDH2, and PI3K/AKT-related proteins in mouse heart and HL-1 cells were evaluated using real-time qPCR or western blot. The significance level was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Orientin improved cardiac function and ameliorated cardiac injury in diabetic mice. Orientin inhibited cardiac fibrosis, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. In pathological conditions, H19 and ALDH2 levels were reduced while miR-103-3p levels increased, which were reversed by orientin. H19 upregulated ALDH2 expression by binding to miR-103-3p and activated the PI3K/AKT pathway in high glucose-treated HL-1 cells. H19 depletion or PI3K inhibitor reversed the effects of orientin on apoptosis and oxidative stress in HL-1 cells under high glucose conditions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> These findings reveal a protective mechanism of orientin in DCM, which involves the regulation of the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT signaling axis, providing a potential strategy for treating DCM.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Orientin Alleviates Oxidative Stress And Apoptosis In Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Via The Lncrna H19/Mir-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT Axis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiomyopathies</kwd>
        <kwd>Apoptosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic illness that continues to rise in prevalence and is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or glucagon hypersecretion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiac manifestation of DM characterized by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and hypertrophy in the early stages, later by heart failure with decreased systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is well established that cardiac structural and functional changes under DCM conditions are closely associated with hyperglycemia-induced persistent oxidative stress, resulting in cardiomyocyte death and cardiac dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Additionally, when the heart is severely damaged, excessive collagen leads to cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> To date, the specific mechanisms associated with DCM are largely unknown, and there is no effective treatment for DCM. Therefore, it is needed to identify new therapeutic agents or targets.</p>
        <p>Long non-coding (lncRNAs) have important regulatory functions in numerous cellular processes and diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the regulatory functions of a variety of physiological activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Studies suggest that abnormal expressions of ncRNAs are involved in human disease progression, including DCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Evidence also indicates that treatment with drugs (such as metformin) for DM can alter ncRNA expression,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> implying that the modulation of ncRNA expression might be an important mechanism in DM treatment. LncRNA H19 participates in the regulatory processes of glucose metabolism, tumor metastasis, muscle differentiation, etc.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> H19 has been identified as a crucial molecule in cardiac disease, as it can regulate DCM,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> cardiac hypertrophy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) plays a key role in mitochondrial respiration function and ventricular function remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Moreover, ALDH2 alleviates ischemic injury in DCM through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Our preliminary experiments showed that H19 could upregulate ALDH2 expression in mouse cardiomyocytes. By using online tools, we identified miR-103-3p as a target molecule of H19 and ALDH2. However, the regulatory functions of the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis in DCM have not been investigated.</p>
        <p>Orientin is a flavonoid component present in natural plants, including bamboo leaves, ocotillo fern, goldenseal, and holy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Orientin exerts various pharmacological effects, such as cardioprotective, neuroprotective antiviral, antioxidant, antiaging, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Fu et al. reported that orientin is protective against ischemia/reperfusion-treated myocardium and attenuates apoptosis by suppressing the activation of the mitochondria apoptosis pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Li et al. reported that orientin mitigates cardiac remodeling and reduces myocardial infarction in mice through the eNOS/NO pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Orientin can protect podocytes and endothelial cells against high glucose-induced mitochondrial morphological changes, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Additionally, orientin can resist oxidative stress to exert neuroprotective benefits<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> and confer cardioprotection against reperfusion<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> by activating PI3K/AKT signaling. However, the effects of orientin on DCM are largely unknown.</p>
        <p>In this study, we developed DCM models <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> to elucidate the role of the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT signaling axis in the regulatory functions of orientin in DCM. This study might provide insights into the molecular mode of orientin&#8217;s action in heart disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals and treatments</title>
          <p>Male C57BL/6 mice (18 to 20 g; Beijing Vital River Laboratory) were housed under standard conditions (humidity of 60%; temperature at 25&#177;1&#176;C; 12-h light/dark cycle). All experimental procedures were approved by the Animal Research and Use Committee of Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd (HLK-20240516003-003; July 18, 2024).</p>
          <p>The DCM model was established with a high-fat diet (Research Diet D12492) for 28 days, followed by fasting overnight and intraperitoneal injection with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg &#215; 5 days; 60256ES60; Shanghai Yeasen Biotechnology) dissolved in sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5). After 7 days, animals with hyperglycemia (blood glucose&#8805;16.7 mmol/L) were considered DM mice<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> and continued to be fed a high-fat diet. Control mice were injected with sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5) and fed a normal diet. Mice were divided into 5 groups (n=8 per group): control (control mice treated with normal saline); DM (DM mice treated with normal saline); DM + Orientin (10 mg/kg) (DM mice treated with 10 mg/kg orientin, MBS5750979; MyBiosource, Inc.); DM + Orientin (20 mg/kg) (DM mice treated with 20 mg/kg orientin); DM + Orientin (40 mg/kg) (DM mice treated with 40 mg/kg orientin). Orientin was intraperitoneally administered once daily (dissolved in DMSO; a volume of 50 &#956;l). All experimental groups were treated for 12 weeks.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Mice were anesthetized with 0.5% isoflurane, and their chests were shaved. M-mode echocardiography was performed to evaluate mouse cardiac function using a High-Resolution Micro-Imaging System (VeVo 770; VisualSonics Inc.). Echocardiography parameters, including left ventricular diastolic diameter (LVEDD), systolic diameter (LVEDS), ejection fraction (LVEF), and fractional shortening (LVFS) were measured. All measurements were averaged from 5 continuous cardiac cycles.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Heart index</title>
          <p>Mice were weighed and euthanized via CO<sub>2</sub> inhalation. The chest cavity was opened, and the heart was perfused with 0.1 M KCl. After the heart stopped beating, the residual blood inside was removed with saline. Then, the heart was excised and washed three times. The heart was dried on filter paper and weighed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Histology</title>
          <p>Mouse heart tissue was fixed in 10% formalin (Top0372; Beijing Biotopped Life Sciences), dehydrated, and embedded in paraffin. The tissue was cut into 5 &#956;m sections, placed on glass slides, and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&amp;E; RS3390; Beijing G-Clone Biotechnology) using the standard method. Masson&#8217;s trichrome staining (RS3960l; Beijing G-Clone Biotechnology) was used to estimate collagen deposition and fibrosis in the heart. Pathological changes were observed under an Olympus CKX41 microscope. Five fields per heart section were analyzed using Image-Pro Plus 6.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detection of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase-MB, and troponin (cTnI)</title>
          <p>Blood samples were obtained from the inner canthus of the mouse eyes and centrifuged at 3,000&#215;g for 15 min at 4&#176;C. Cardiac injury indicators, including LDH, CK-MB, and cTnI in serum, were measured using Mouse LDH ELISA Kit (ZK-M4619; Shenzhen Ziker Biotechnology), CK-MB ELISA Kit (ZK-M4805; Shenzhen Ziker Biotechnology), and cTnI ELISA Kit (JYM0409Mo; Wuhan Jiyinmei Biotechnology), respectively, following the manufacturer&#8217;s protocols.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>TUNEL staining</title>
          <p>To detect cardiac cell death, the TUNEL assay was performed using the TUNEL FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit (A111-01; Nanjing Vazyme Biotechnology) following the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Nuclei were labeled with DAPI (40727ES10; Shanghai Yeasen Biotechnology). Images were obtained using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope. Five fields per heart section were analyzed using Image-Pro Plus 6.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cells and treatments</title>
          <p>HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes (ml096513; Shanghai mlbio) were incubated in DMEM containing 10% FBS and 100 U/ml penicillin-streptomycin under 5% CO<sub>2</sub>/95% air at 37&#176;C. When cells reached 70%-80% confluence, they were exposed to normal glucose (5.5 mmol/L) or high glucose (33 mmol/L) or/and orientin (2.5-20 &#956;M) for 24 h. To explore the protective mechanisms of orientin, cells were treated with 10 &#956;M LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K; BES250679D; Shanghai BIOSEN Biotechnology) 2 h before orientin treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Transfection</title>
          <p>HL-1 mouse cardiomyocytes were transfected with the H19 overexpression vector pcDNA3.1/H19 (H19), miR-103-3p, or siRNA targeting ALDH2 (si-ALDH2) (all from Shanghai GenePharm Biotechnology) using Lipofectamine 2000 (168019; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) following the manufacturer&#8217;s protocols. Empty vector (vector), NC mimic, and si-NC acted as negative controls. Changes in RNA and protein expressions were detected using qPCR and western blot 48 h after transfection.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>CCK-8 assay</title>
          <p>HL-1 cardiomyocytes were seeded in 96-well plates (0.8-1&#215;10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> cells/well) overnight and treated with high glucose (33 mmol/L) or/and orientin (2.5-20 &#956;M) for 24 h. Then, 10 &#181;L CCK-8 (40203ES60; Shanghai Yeasen Biotechnology) at a concentration of 5 mg/mL was added to each well. After cells were cultured for 3-4 h at 37&#176;C, absorbance at 450 nm was measured using an SMR16.1 Smart Microplate Reader (Wuhan USCNK IT LIFE SCIENCE INC.).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Detection of glutathione (GSH), superoxide Dismutase (SOD), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde (MDA)</title>
          <p>After 0.1g frozen heart tissue was homogenized with 1 mL distilled water, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min. HL-1 cells were washed with PBS (pH 7.2) and homogenized in PBS containing 0.5 mM butylated hydroxytoluene. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3,000&#215;g for 15 min at 4&#176;C. Glutathione (GSH), superoxide Dismutase (SOD), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), malondialdehyde (MDA), and ROS in the supernatant were detected using Mouse GSH ELISA Kit (BLL-yx2756; Shanghai Baililai Biotechnology), SOD ELISA Kit (BLL-yx3040; Shanghai Baililai Biotechnology), 4-HNE ELISA Kit (YS03024B; Shanghai Yaji Biotechnology), MDA ELISA Kit (BLL-yx3039; Shanghai Baililai Biotechnology), and ROS Assay Kit (DCFH-DA; S0033; Shanghai Beyotime Biotechnology), respectively, following the manufacturer&#8217;s protocols. The ROS levels were detected by flow cytometry.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>RT-qPCR</title>
          <p>Total RNAs were isolated from heart tissue and HL-1 cells using Total RNA Extractor (zk3074; Shenzhen Zike Biotechnology) and reversely transcribed into cDNA using HiFiScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (AD502A; Shanghai Proteinssci Biotechnology) following the supplier&#8217;s protocols. The PCR reaction was performed with Power SYBR Green PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) on a 7900HT Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). Gene expression was calculated using the threshold cycle method, which was normalized to GAPDH or U6. Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Primer sequences used for RT-qPCR</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="50%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Target (mouse)</th>
                    <th align="left">Primer sequences (5&#180;-3&#180;)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>H19</td>
                    <td>F: CATTCTAGGCTGGGGTCAAA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>H19</td>
                    <td>R: GCCCTTCTTTTCCATTCTCC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>miR-103-3p</td>
                    <td>F: ACACTCCAGCTGGGAGCAGCATTGTAC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>miR-103-3p</td>
                    <td>R: TGGTGTCGTGGAGTCG</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALDH2</td>
                    <td>F: GCTGTTGTACCGATTGGCGGAT</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ALDH2</td>
                    <td>R: GCGGAGACATTTCAGGACCATG</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GAPDH</td>
                    <td>F: TGCACCACCAACTGCTTAG</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GAPDH</td>
                    <td>R: GGATGCAGGGATGATGTTC</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>U6</td>
                    <td>F: CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>U6</td>
                    <td>R: AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blot</title>
          <p>Isolation of total proteins and western blot analysis were conducted as described by Liu et al. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>. Primary antibodies included Bax (ab32503; 1:1500; Abcam), cleaved caspase3 (#AF7022; 1:1500; affinity), Bcl-2 (ab182858; 1:2000; Abcam), ALDH2 (#DF6358; 1:1500; affinity), p-PI3K (#AF3241; 1:1500; affinity), PI3K (#AF6241; 1:1500; affinity), p-AKT (#AF0016; 1:1500; affinity), AKT (#AF6261; 1:1500; affinity), and GAPDH (#AF7021; 1:15000; affinity). Protein bands were captured by enhanced chemiluminescence substrate (ES-0006; Wuhan FineTest Biotechnology). Densitometry analysis was performed using Image-Pro Plus 6.0.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Luciferase reporter assay</title>
          <p>Wild type (Wt) or mutant (Mut) fragment of H19 and ALDH2 3&#8217;UTR containing the predicted binding sites of mmu-miR-103-3p was inserted into the Promega pmirGLO vector to construct the plasmids including H19-Wt/Mut and ALDH2-Wt/Mut, respectively. HL-1 cells were seeded into 24-well plates and transfected with these luciferase reporter plasmids together with miR-103-3p mimic or NC mimic using Lipofectamine 2000. At 48 h, luciferase activity was determined using the Promega Luciferase Reporter Assay Kit.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The normality of data distribution was verified using the Shapiro-Wilk test (p&gt;0.05 for all groups). All values are shown as means &#177; standard deviation. One/two-way ANOVA with a Tukey&#8217;s test was used to determine significant differences between groups. P&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed in SPSS v.21.0 software. Each experiment was repeated three times. For animal studies, the sample size was determined by statistical power analysis (targeting 80% power to detect a 30% change in primary endpoints at &#945;=0.05).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Orientin ameliorates heart injury in DM mice</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, compared to the control group, the DM group exhibited higher blood glucose levels, heart weight, and body weight (p&lt;0.05). Orientin had no impact on blood glucose levels and body weight. Compared to the DM group, orientin at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg significantly reduced heart weight in mice (p&lt;0.05). M-mode echocardiography data in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> indicated that LVEF and LVFS were reduced, and LVEDD and LVEDS were markedly increased in diabetic mice compared to control mice (p&lt;0.05). Orientin at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg elevated LVEF and reduced LVEDD, and orientin at a dose of 40 mg/kg elevated LVFS and reduced LVEDS (p&lt;0.05). H&amp;E staining of the cardiac section in the control group exhibited normal morphology of cardiomyocytes and regular myocardial fibers. However, myocardial tissue in the DM group showed obvious disordered architecture of cardiomyocytes and myocardial hypertrophy compared to the control group. Orientin (20 and 40 mg/kg) ameliorated a majority of pathological changes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1A</xref>). Serum activities of LDH, CK-MB, and cTnI, important indicators of heart injury, were estimated. Data indicated that serum activities of these indicators were notably enhanced in diabetic mice compared to control mice. Orientin at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg significantly restored their activities compared to diabetic mice (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1B</xref>-D). Masson staining showed significant collagen deposition in the heart of DM mice, which was ameliorated by orientin administration (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1E</xref>-F).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effects of orientin on blood glucose, heart weight, and body weight in diabetic mice</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Indexes</th>
                    <th>Control</th>
                    <th>DM</th>
                    <th>DM + Orientin (10 mg/kg)</th>
                    <th>DM + Orientin (20 mg/kg)</th>
                    <th>DM + Orientin (40 mg/kg)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Blood glucose (mM)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.24&#177;1.14</td>
                    <td align="center">22.31&#177;1.78*</td>
                    <td align="center">21.95&#177;1.97</td>
                    <td align="center">20.77&#177;2.54</td>
                    <td align="center">22.45&#177;2.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart weight (mg)</td>
                    <td align="center">111.25&#177;9.14</td>
                    <td align="center">138.67&#177;11.09*</td>
                    <td align="center">129.98&#177;12.73</td>
                    <td align="center">118.62&#177;9.14#</td>
                    <td align="center">120.08&#177;8.98#</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body weight (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.54&#177;1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">36.78&#177;2.89*</td>
                    <td align="center">35.22&#177;1.79</td>
                    <td align="center">36.02&#177;3.11</td>
                    <td align="center">37.15&#177;2.52</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>All values are shown as means &#177; standard deviation and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. N=8 per group. *p&lt;0.05 vs control group; #p&lt;0.05 vs DM group. DM: diabetes mellitus</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effects of orientin on left ventricular functions in diabetic mice</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="17%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Indexes</th>
                    <th>Control</th>
                    <th>DM</th>
                    <th>DM + Orientin (10 mg/kg)</th>
                    <th>DM + Orientin (20 mg/kg)</th>
                    <th>DM + Orientin (40 mg/kg)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF%</td>
                    <td align="center">61.91&#177;3.25</td>
                    <td align="center">38.57&#177;2.37*</td>
                    <td align="center">39.45&#177;3.05</td>
                    <td align="center">42.67&#177;2.90#</td>
                    <td align="center">53.74&#177;3.75#</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVFS%</td>
                    <td align="center">31.57&#177;1.76</td>
                    <td align="center">17.98&#177;1.38*</td>
                    <td align="center">19.64&#177;1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">19.99&#177;1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">25.86&#177;1.47#</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.86&#177;0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">4.77&#177;0.27*</td>
                    <td align="center">4.61&#177;0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">4.06&#177;0.86#</td>
                    <td align="center">3.99&#177;0.25#</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDS (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.61&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">3.68&#177;0.41*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.44&#177;0.66</td>
                    <td align="center">3.38&#177;0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">2.76&#177;0.09#</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>All values are shown as means &#177; standard deviation and analyzed using one-way ANOVA. N=8 per group. *p&lt;0.05 vs control group; #p&lt;0.05 vs DM group. DM: diabetes mellitus; LVEDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVSF: left ventricular fractional shortening.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Orientin ameliorates heart injury in DM mice. (A) Histological changes measured by H&amp;E staining. Scale bar=50 &#956;m. (B-D) Effects of orientin on serum activities of LDH, CK-MB, and cTnI in DM mice. One-way ANOVA. (E-F) Masson staining of heart section and quantitative analysis. Scale bar=50 &#956;m. One-way ANOVA. N=8 per group. ***p&lt;0.01 vs control group; #p&lt;0.05, ##p&lt;0.01, ###p&lt;0.001 vs DM group<italic>.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Orientin alleviates myocardial apoptosis and oxidative stress in DM mice</title>
          <p>Since 40 mg/kg, orientin showed the best cardioprotective effects, we used this dose in subsequent experiments. The DM group exhibited a higher number of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes in the heart than the control group. Orientin administration reversed this trend and reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>-B). Orientin also restored the levels of apoptosis-related proteins in diabetic mice, as demonstrated by upregulated Bcl-2 and downregulated Bax and cleaved caspase3 in the orientin group compared to the DM group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C</xref>-D). We evaluated the levels of oxidative stress-related parameters. Diabetic mice exhibited significant reductions in heart GSH and SOD activities and increases in MDA and 4-HNE levels compared to the control group, which were notably restored by orientin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2E</xref>-H).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Orientin alleviates myocardial apoptosis and oxidative stress in DM mice. (A-B) TUNEL staining of the heart section and quantitative analysis. Scale bar = 20 &#956;m. One-way ANOVA. (C-D) Western blot data showing levels of apoptosis-related proteins in the mouse hearts. One-way ANOVA. (E-H) GSH and SOD activities, as well as MDA and 4-HNE levels in mouse hearts. One-way ANOVA. N=8 per group. ***p&lt;0.01 vs control group; ##p&lt;0.01, ###p&lt;0.001 vs DM group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of orientin on the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis in DM mice</title>
          <p>RT-qPCR data showed that, in diabetic mice, H19 and ALDH2 in the myocardium were notably downregulated, whereas miR-103-3p was upregulated, compared to control mice. Their expression levels were restored after orientin treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). Additionally, protein levels of ALDH2 and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT were markedly lower in the DM group than in the control group, which were reversed in the orientin-treated group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>-C).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effects of orientin on the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis in DM mice. (A) RT-qPCR data showing H19, miR-103-3p, and ALDH2 expressions in mouse hearts. One-way ANOVA. (B-C) Western blot showing levels of ALDH2 and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT in mouse hearts. One-way ANOVA. N=8 per group. ***p&lt;0.01 vs control group; ###p&lt;0.001 vs DM group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Orientin reduces high glucose-triggered oxidative stress and apoptosis in HL-1 cells</title>
          <p>CCK-8 results indicated that orientin at doses of 2.5- 20 &#956;M did not influence HL-1 cell viability (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4A</xref>). Orientin at doses of 5, 10, and 20 &#956;M rescued HL cell viability suppressed by high glucose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4B</xref>), and 10 &#956;M orientin showed the most significant effects. We used 10 &#956;M orientin in subsequent experiments. As presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4C</xref>-F, high glucose enhanced ROS and MDA levels and decreased SOD activities, which were reversed by orientin pretreatment. Orientin pretreatment restored protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase3, ALDH2, and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT in high glucose-treated HL-1 cardiomyocytes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4G</xref>-H). Additionally, reduced expressions of H19 and ALDH2 and increased expression of miR-103-3p in high glucose-treated HL-1 cells were reversed by orientin pretreatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4I</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Orientin reduces high glucose-triggered oxidative stress and apoptosis in HL-1 cells. (A-B) HL-1 cell viability after orientin or/and high glucose treatment measured by CCK-8. One-way ANOVA. (C-F) Effects of orientin on ROS and MDA levels and SOD activities in HL-1 cells. One-way ANOVA. (G-H) Western blot showing levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase3, ALDH2, and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. One-way ANOVA. (I) RT-qPCR data showing H19, miR-103-3p, and ALDH2 expressions in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. One-way ANOVA. N=3 per group. ***p&lt;0.01 vs control group; ###p&lt;0.001 vs DM group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2 axis regulates oxidative stress and apoptosis in HL-1 cells</title>
          <p>The binding sites where H19 or ALDH2 interacts with miR-103-3p are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5A</xref>. The H19/ALDH2 sequence or its mutant version was co-transfected into HL-1 cells with miR-103-3p mimic. Data indicated significant decreases in luciferase activities following co-transfections with H19-Wt or ALDH1-Wt and miR-103-3p mimic, whereas co-transfections with H19-Mut or ALDH1-Mut and miR-103-3p mimic did not alter luciferase activities (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5B</xref>). We found that overexpressing H19 restored protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase3, ALDH2, and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT in high glucose-treated HL-1 cardiomyocytes, which were reversed by miR-103-3p overexpression or ALDH2 depletion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5C</xref>-D). Additionally, H19 overexpression inhibited high glucose-triggered ROS production in HL-1 cells, but miR-103-3p overexpression or ALDH2 depletion negated the effects of H19 overexpression (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5E</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; The H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2 axis regulates oxidative stress and apoptosis in HL-1 cells. (A) Diagram depicting the binding sites between H19/ALDH2 and miR-103-3p. (B) Luciferase reporter assay showing luciferase activities following co-transfections with H19-Wt/Mut or ALDH1-Wt/Mut and miR-103-3p mimic. Two-way ANOVA. ***p&lt;0.01 vs. NC mimic group. (C-D) Western blot showing levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase3, ALDH2, and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. One-way ANOVA. (E) ROS levels in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. One-way ANOVA. N=3 per group. ***p&lt;0.01 vs control group; ###p&lt;0.001 vs HG + Vector + NC mimic + si-NC group; &amp;&amp;&amp;p&lt;0.001 vs HG + H19 group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>H19 depletion or PI3K inhibitor reverses the effects of orientin in HL-1 cells</title>
          <p>For the rescue experiments, HL-1 cardiomyocytes under high glucose conditions were treated with orientin or/and with H19 depletion or PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Results showed that the changes in the levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase3, ALDH2, and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT caused by orientin treatment were notably reversed by H19 knockdown or LY294002 treatment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6A</xref>-B). Furthermore, the H19 knockdown or LY294002 treatment counteracted the effects of orientin on ROS and MDA levels and SOD activities in high glucose-treated HL-1 cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6C</xref>-E).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; H19 depletion or PI3K inhibitor reverses the effects of orientin in HL-1 cells. (A-B) Western blot showing levels of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase3, ALDH2, and phosphorylated PI3K and AKT in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. One-way ANOVA. (C-E) ROS and MDA levels and SOD activities in HL-1 cells. One-way ANOVA. N=3 per group. ***p&lt;0.01 vs control group; ###p&lt;0.001 vs HG group; &amp;&amp;&amp;p&lt;0.001 vs HG + Orientin group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240885-40885-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, orientin treatment alleviated deteriorated cardiac function in mice with DCM and protected against diabetes-induced cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Mechanistically, orientin restored the changes in the levels of H19, miR-103-3p, and ALDH2, as well as the PI3K/AKT pathway caused by hyperglycemia. This investigation, for the first time, reveals that the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis has a key role in the cardioprotective action of orientin in DCM.</p>
        <p>Orientin has been proposed as a promising compound for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Orientin can exert antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects in ox-LDL-treated vascular endothelial cells and might protect against atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Orientin decreases inflammatory response, fibrosis, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in mice following myocardial infarction. Additionally, orientin mitigates apoptosis and oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes exposed to hypoxia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Macrovascular complications of diabetes, including DCM, occur through multiple hyperglycemia-induced mechanisms in which oxidative stress has a central role.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Cardiac oxidative stress is associated with reduced cardiac performance and contractility and increased cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy, resulting in severe cardiac dysfunction and deadly cardiac events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Persistent hyperglycemia-mediated oxidative stress can activate apoptotic signaling in the heart to induce cardiomyocyte death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> In this study, orientin did not influence blood glucose levels in DM mice. Still, it significantly ameliorated diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice independent of the modulation of blood glucose levels, possibly through inhibiting cardiac oxidative stress and apoptosis. M-mode echocardiography confirmed that orientin improved the hyperglycemia-induced cardiac dysfunction. Morphological and staining analyses further demonstrated that orientin ameliorated diabetes-induced cardiac tissue damage. LDH, CK-MB, and cTnI are key biochemical markers that reflect the degree of cardiac injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Here, orientin markedly decreased LDH, CK-MB, and cTnI levels in the serum of DM mice.</p>
        <p>The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network has been reportedly involved in the regulation of the pathological processes of DCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> H19, a lncRNA abundant in the cardiovascular system, acts as a ceRNA to play a role in diabetes-related complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Additionally, H19 is emerging as a potentially important regulator of cardiac disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> As reported, H19 overexpression improves left ventricular dysfunction in DM by reducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Shengjie Tongyu decoction protects against diabetic cardiac injury through upregulation of H19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Although it has been reported that orientin confers cardioprotection at the protein level, whether orientin could modulate the ceRNA network has not been investigated. Here, we confirmed that orientin restored H19 expression and decreased miR-103-3p expression <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic>. H19 could bind to miR-103-3p as a sponge. miR-103-3p belongs to the miR-103/107 family and has been reported to increase cardiomyocyte programmed necrosis in myocardial ischemic injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Additionally, miR-103-3p promotes hypertrophy and ROS production in the heart failure model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> The effects of miR-103-3p in DCM are unknown. Here, we demonstrated that miR-103-3p negated the inhibitory effects of H19 overexpression on apoptosis and oxidative stress in HL-1 cells under high glucose conditions. Additionally, H19 could upregulate ALDH2, a target of miR-103-3p, in high glucose-treated HL-1 cells. Yu et al. demonstrated that ALDH2 is a crucial mediator in the cardioprotection of remote ischemic postconditioning through the PI3K/AKT-dependent pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> ALDH2 alleviates ischemic injury in DCM through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> We found that the effects of H19 on the levels of apoptosis- and ALDH2/PI3K/AKT-related protein under high glucose conditions were reversed by miR-103-3p overexpression or ALDH2 knockdown, suggesting that H19 may activate the ALDH2/PI3K/AKT pathway by competing with miR-103-3p. It is noteworthy that orientin could upregulate ALDH2 expression in cardiomyocytes with high glucose. The effects of orientin on cardiomyocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress were reversed by H19 siRNA or an inhibitor of PI3K, demonstrating the key role of the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis in the cardioprotective action of orientin.</p>
        <p>Despite these findings, several limitations warrant consideration. Firstly, our in vivo model employed streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet. While this replicates key features of human DCM, it does not fully capture the complexity of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology, including gradual &#946;-cell dysfunction. Secondly, the study focused on the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT axis as the primary mechanistic pathway; other signaling cascades or noncoding RNAs may contribute to orientin&#8217;s cardioprotective effects. Thirdly, long-term safety and pharmacokinetics of orientin in diabetic models remain unexplored. Future studies using genetic diabetes models, multi-omics approaches, and chronic toxicity assessments would strengthen clinical translation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our study demonstrates that orientin ameliorates DCM by attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis through the H19/miR-103-3p/ALDH2/PI3K/AKT signaling axis. This work not only reveals a novel molecular mechanism for orientin&#8217;s cardioprotective effects but also identifies H19 and ALDH2 as potential therapeutic targets for DCM. Given orientin&#8217;s natural origin, these findings support its translational promise as a complementary strategy against diabetes-induced cardiac complications.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Wuhan Myhalic Biotechnology Co., Ltd under the protocol number HLK-20240516003-003. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author Jun Li.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0885_suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link>. </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by Wuhan Municipal Health Commision (WZ241346).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
