<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4Ktgbg594TDFqxjqLHKRnqc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240845</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Campo Pulsado versus Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o e Pot&#234;ncia Muito Alta na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2462-1299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Iqbal</surname>
            <given-names>Asad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-3186-2589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amador</surname>
            <given-names>Wellgner Fernandes Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cevallos-Cueva</surname>
            <given-names>Martin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-2962-8478</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ahmad</surname>
            <given-names>Maaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alarc&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Alejandro Pinilla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Radam&#233;s Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bacha Khan Medical College</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mardan</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PK">Paquist&#227;o</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan &#8211; Paquist&#227;o</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Cajazeiras</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cajazeiras, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Central del Ecuador</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Quito</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="EC">Equador</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito &#8211; Equador</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CES University, School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Medell&#237;n</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CES University, School of Medicine, Medell&#237;n &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Wellgner Fernandes Oliveira Amador &#8226; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Centro de Forma&#231;&#227;o de Professores - Rua S&#233;rgio Moreira de Figueiredo, s/n. CEP 58900-000, Populares, Cajazeiras, PB &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>wellgnerfernandes@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240845</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O isolamento das veias pulmonares (IVP) &#233; um tratamento fundamental para a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA). A abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado (PFA) e a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e pot&#234;ncia muito alta (vHPSD) s&#227;o tecnologias emergentes, mas sua efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a comparativas ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o claras.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da PFA em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF vHPSD para FA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Uma busca sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Web of Science e Cochrane identificou estudos comparando a abla&#231;&#227;o por PFA e vHPSD. Os desfechos inclu&#237;ram sucesso da IVP, tempo de procedimento pele a pele, tempo de fluoroscopia, aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais e complica&#231;&#245;es como tamponamento card&#237;aco, acidente vascular cerebral e eventos de acesso vascular. Os desfechos cont&#237;nuos foram analisados por meio de diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (DM), enquanto os desfechos bin&#225;rios foram avaliados por raz&#245;es de risco (RR) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Um limiar de signific&#226;ncia de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado para an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas. Este estudo est&#225; registrado no PROSPERO (CRD42024619301).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Quatro estudos observacionais com 605 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, dos quais 315 (52%) foram submetidos a PFA. PFA e vHPSD alcan&#231;aram sucesso de IVP semelhante (RR 1,00; IC 95% 0,99&#8211;1,01; p = 1). PFA reduziu o tempo do procedimento (MD -30,07 min; IC 95% -31,41 a -28,74; p &lt; 0,01), mas aumentou o tempo de fluoroscopia (MD 6,87 min; IC 95% 3,66&#8211;10,08; p &lt; 0,01). A aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais foi compar&#225;vel (RR 1,03; IC 95% 0,94&#8211;1,14; p = 0,5). As taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo tamponamento card&#237;aco, acidente vascular cerebral e problemas de acesso vascular, n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A PFA reduz significativamente o tempo do procedimento, mas requer fluoroscopia mais longa em compara&#231;&#227;o com a vHPSD. Ambas as t&#233;cnicas apresentam efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel para IVP e aus&#234;ncia de arritmias, com perfis de seguran&#231;a semelhantes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Campo Pulsado versus Abla&#231;&#227;o por Radiofrequ&#234;ncia de Curta Dura&#231;&#227;o e Pot&#234;ncia Muito Alta na Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Ktgbg594TDFqxjqLHKRnqc/027f0dde735dc770a6c9a5e9149667f32b041469.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Ktgbg594TDFqxjqLHKRnqc/8f4582ab74c378f2fad18960188a7d4ce6ee176f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4Ktgbg594TDFqxjqLHKRnqc/3dabf06474e6ee5342de96f0ba8b6d06e57b6f1e.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Efic&#225;cia</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="37"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), a arritmia card&#237;aca sustentada mais comum, impacta significativamente os cuidados de sa&#250;de globais devido &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento da morbidade, mortalidade e utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter surgiu como um tratamento fundamental para a FA, oferecendo controle do ritmo e al&#237;vio sintom&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entre as estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o contempor&#226;neas, a abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) de curta dura&#231;&#227;o e pot&#234;ncia muito alta (vHPSD) &#233; valorizada por sua efici&#234;ncia e precis&#227;o, enquanto a abla&#231;&#227;o por campo pulsado (PFA), uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o t&#233;rmica que utiliza eletropora&#231;&#227;o, ganhou aten&#231;&#227;o por seu potencial para minimizar danos colaterais aos tecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Desde a sua introdu&#231;&#227;o na Europa em 2021, a PFA tem sido cada vez mais adotada devido ao seu promissor perfil de seguran&#231;a, particularmente na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es como estenose da veia pulmonar e danos &#224;s estruturas adjacentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar desses avan&#231;os, ainda h&#225; uma escassez de compara&#231;&#245;es diretas entre a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF de PFA e vHPSD, uma vez que os estudos existentes s&#227;o em grande parte observacionais e retrospectivos por natureza.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essa falta de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados limita a capacidade de estabelecer perfis comparativos definitivos de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Para abordar essa lacuna, esta metan&#225;lise sintetiza sistematicamente as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis para avaliar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos e processuais associados &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF com PFA e vHPSD. Ao fornecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente dessas t&#233;cnicas, incluindo a an&#225;lise sequencial de ensaios cl&#237;nicos (TSA), este estudo busca subsidiar a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e apoiar a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o para o manejo da FA em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes. Escolhemos a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF vHPSD como comparador porque &#233; a evolu&#231;&#227;o mais recente da abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica, diferindo da HPSD por utilizar aplica&#231;&#245;es ultracurtas e de alta energia com controle ativo de temperatura.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e as diretrizes de Itens de Relat&#243;rio Preferenciais para Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas e Meta-An&#225;lises (PRISMA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> incluindo o delineamento, a implementa&#231;&#227;o das etapas, a an&#225;lise e a descri&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. O protocolo do estudo foi registrado no Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas (PROSPERO) sob o n&#250;mero CRD42024619301.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>Uma busca sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Cochrane Central e Clinical Trial foi realizada em 25 de novembro de 2024. Os seguintes termos de cabe&#231;alhos de assuntos m&#233;dicos foram inclu&#237;dos: &#8216;atrial fibrillation&#8217;, &#8216;af&#8217;, &#8216;afib&#8217;, &#8216;atrial fibrillation&#8217;, &#8216;a-fib&#8217;, &#8216;atrial flutter&#8217;, &#8216;cardiac arrhythmias&#8217;, &#8216;catheter ablation&#8217;, &#8216;ablation&#8217;, &#8216;pulsed field&#8217;, &#8216;pfa&#8217;, &#8216;hpsd&#8217;, &#8216;high power short duration&#8217;. A estrat&#233;gia de busca &#233; detalhada na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Tabela Suplementar S1</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o das duplicatas, dois autores (A.I. e W.A.) selecionaram os t&#237;tulos e resumos, avaliando independentemente os artigos completos para inclus&#227;o com base em crit&#233;rios pr&#233;-especificados. Discrep&#226;ncias foram discutidas e resolvidas por um terceiro revisor (M.A.). A extra&#231;&#227;o de dados foi conduzida independentemente por A.I. e W.A., priorizando as informa&#231;&#245;es relevantes para o objetivo do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</title>
        <p>Estudos eleg&#237;veis para esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica atenderam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (I) estudos avaliando efic&#225;cia ou seguran&#231;a sem restri&#231;&#245;es de tempo; (II) inclus&#227;o de pacientes com FA; (III) interven&#231;&#245;es envolvendo PFA; (IV) abla&#231;&#227;o de vHPSD como controle; e (V) relatar pelo menos um desfecho de interesse. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: (I) popula&#231;&#245;es sobrepostas, definidas por institui&#231;&#245;es compartilhadas e per&#237;odos de recrutamento; (II) popula&#231;&#245;es fora do escopo de interesse; (III) literatura republicada; (IV) protocolos sem resultados relatados; (V) revis&#245;es, relatos de caso, s&#233;ries de casos, artigos de refer&#234;ncia, opini&#245;es de especialistas ou estudos in vivo/in vitro; (VI) dados duplicados do mesmo ensaio cl&#237;nico; ou (VII) aus&#234;ncia de um grupo comparador.</p>
        <p>No presente estudo, a t&#233;cnica de abla&#231;&#227;o por RF vHPSD foi definida com base em par&#226;metros estabelecidos na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Consideramos vHPSD os procedimentos que utilizam pot&#234;ncia &#8805; 90W com dura&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 4 segundos por aplica&#231;&#227;o, realizados atrav&#233;s de cateteres irrigados com controle de temperatura.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas de resultados e an&#225;lise de subgrupos</title>
        <p>Os resultados de efic&#225;cia foram: (1) sucesso na obten&#231;&#227;o do isolamento da veia pulmonar, (2) tempo de procedimento pele a pele, (3) tempo de fluoroscopia, (4) aus&#234;ncia de qualquer arritmia atrial (recorr&#234;ncias de flutter atrial, FA e taquicardia atrial com dura&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 30 segundos durante o acompanhamento ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de bloqueio de 1 m&#234;s), e (5) tempo de perman&#234;ncia no &#225;trio esquerdo. Os desfechos de seguran&#231;a inclu&#237;ram (6) incid&#234;ncia geral de complica&#231;&#245;es, (7) tamponamento card&#237;aco, (8) rea&#231;&#245;es no local de acesso vascular e (9) acidente vascular cerebral ou AIT.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade</title>
        <p>Avaliamos o risco de vi&#233;s usando o Cochrane ROBINS-I (Risco de vi&#233;s em estudos n&#227;o randomizados de interven&#231;&#245;es) ferramenta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que avalia estudos n&#227;o randomizados de interven&#231;&#245;es em sete dom&#237;nios: fatores de confus&#227;o, sele&#231;&#227;o de participantes, classifica&#231;&#227;o das interven&#231;&#245;es, desvios das interven&#231;&#245;es pretendidas, dados ausentes, mensura&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos e sele&#231;&#227;o dos resultados relatados. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada de forma independente por dois revisores (A.I. e A.P.), com as discord&#226;ncias resolvidas por discuss&#227;o ou consulta com um terceiro revisor. Cada dom&#237;nio foi classificado como tendo risco de vi&#233;s baixo, moderado, grave ou cr&#237;tico, garantindo uma avalia&#231;&#227;o abrangente. O layout foi produzido por RobVis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Certeza da evid&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, a ferramenta de Classifica&#231;&#227;o de Recomenda&#231;&#245;es, Avalia&#231;&#227;o, Desenvolvimento e Avalia&#231;&#227;o (GRADE) foi empregada por dois autores independentes (W.A. e M.A.) usando a ferramenta de desenvolvimento de diretrizes GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> paraavaliar o n&#237;vel de certeza das evid&#234;ncias nesta metan&#225;lise, com categoriza&#231;&#245;es que variam de alto a muito baixo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Quaisquer diverg&#234;ncias foram discutidas e resolvidas por consenso.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>A estabilidade das estimativas combinadas foi avaliada por meio de uma an&#225;lise &#8220;leave-one-out&#8221;, na qual os dados de cada estudo foram removidos sequencialmente e o conjunto de dados restante foi reanalisado. Isso ajudou a garantir que nenhum estudo individual influenciasse indevidamente os tamanhos de efeito agregados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o software R e RStudio (vers&#227;o 2024.04.1+748; R Core Team, Viena, &#193;ustria), empregando o modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios de DerSimonian e Laird para calcular an&#225;lises agrupadas com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os resultados foram apresentados como uma an&#225;lise conjunta em gr&#225;ficos florestais. Os desfechos bin&#225;rios foram avaliados com raz&#245;es de risco (RRs), os desfechos cont&#237;nuos com diferen&#231;as m&#233;dias (DMs), e os resultados foram apresentados em gr&#225;ficos de floresta. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pelo teste qui-quadrado de Cochrane Q e pela estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup>, com valores de P &lt; 0,10 e I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 30% indicando heterogeneidade significativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado com gr&#225;ficos de funil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de metarregress&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA persistente nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e do procedimento, foram realizadas an&#225;lises de metarregress&#227;o. A porcentagem de pacientes com FA persistente foi inclu&#237;da como covari&#225;vel no modelo para avaliar seu potencial impacto no tempo total de fluoroscopia e na aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais, que foram utilizadas como vari&#225;veis dependentes. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o software R (vers&#227;o 4.4), com os resultados relatados como estimativas e intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi determinada com um limiar de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise sequencial de testes</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise sequencial do ensaio (TSA) foi realizada usando o software TSA (vers&#227;o 0.9.5.10 beta)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> para avaliar a adequa&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra e determinar a necessidade de pesquisas adicionais. O tamanho da informa&#231;&#227;o ajustado pela diversidade foi calculado, considerando a variabilidade entre os ensaios e o erro amostral, com um risco de erro tipo I de 5% (&#945; = 5%) e um risco de erro tipo II de 20% (&#914; = 20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Cruzar o limite de monitoramento sequencial do teste antes de atingir o tamanho de informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;rio indica evid&#234;ncia conclusiva, enquanto n&#227;o ultrapass&#225;-lo sugere a necessidade de testes adicionais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos</title>
        <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca inicial gerou 1.094 resultados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de 607 duplicatas, 487 artigos foram selecionados com base no t&#237;tulo e no resumo, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o estabelecidos. Desse conjunto, 11 registros foram selecionados para leitura completa. Por fim, esta metan&#225;lise incluiu quatro estudos observacionais retrospectivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de fluxo de triagem e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos de itens de relat&#243;rios preferenciais para revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e metan&#225;lises (PRISMA).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240845-40845-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>Os estudos inclu&#237;ram um total de 605 pacientes, dos quais 315 (52%) foram submetidos &#224; PFA. O per&#237;odo de acompanhamento se estendeu por at&#233; 6 meses. A idade m&#233;dia variou de 61,6 a 67 anos, com 250 (41%) sendo do sexo feminino. Al&#233;m disso, 234 (37%) dos participantes apresentavam FA persistente. O IMC variou de 25,23 a 28 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. As comorbidades mais comuns foram hipertens&#227;o (380, 62,8%), doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (93, 17,3%) e diabetes mellitus (33, 12,5%). As caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Estudos</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Acompanhamento (meses)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Tamanho da amostra</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Feminino, n (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Idade, anos (DP)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">FA persistente, n (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">FA parox&#237;stica, n (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (DP)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">FEVE, % (DP)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">DM, n (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ESCORE CHA2DS2-VASc (DP)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC congestiva, n (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">DAC, n (%)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">HTA, n (%)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                  <th>PFA</th>
                  <th>vHPSD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dello Russo 2024</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">171</td>
                  <td align="center">171</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (37)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (35)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,3 (7,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,3 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (68)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,23 (1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,23 (1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,4 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,2 (3,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">N / D</td>
                  <td align="center">N / D</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (61)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (62)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>South 2024</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (57)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (38)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (43)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (83)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (83)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wormann 2023</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">57</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (67)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (70)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (N/D)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (N/D)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/D</td>
                  <td align="center">N/D</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (60)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Popa 2023</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (37,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">61,6 (11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,2 (12,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,7 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,5 (2,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">57,9 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (9,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,7 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.0 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/D</td>
                  <td align="center">N/D</td>
                  <td align="center">N/D</td>
                  <td align="center">N/D</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (50)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como m&#233;dia basal (Desvio Padr&#227;o, DP). N/D: n&#227;o dispon&#237;vel; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DM: diabetes mellitus; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; HAS: hipertens&#227;o. Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos adotaram um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de &#945; = 0,05. Fonte: Autores.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise conjunta de todos os estudos</title>
        <p>Uma an&#225;lise conjunta de quatro estudos demonstrou que ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es alcan&#231;aram o isolamento da veia pulmonar com efic&#225;cia igual (RR 1,00; IC 95% 0,99&#8211;1,01 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>]). No entanto, o tempo do procedimento pele a pele foi maior no grupo de abla&#231;&#227;o com vHPSD (DM -31,41 min; IC 95% -31,41 a -28,74 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>]), enquanto o tempo total de fluoroscopia foi maior no grupo PFA (DM 6,87 min; IC 95% 3,66&#8211;10,08 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C</xref>]). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada na aus&#234;ncia de quaisquer arritmias atriais (RR 1,03; IC 95% 0,94&#8211;1,14 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2D</xref>]). Notavelmente, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia no &#225;trio esquerdo favoreceu a interven&#231;&#227;o com PFA (DM -22,15 min; IC 95% -31,15 a -14,3 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2E</xref>]).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de floresta para (A) isolamento da veia pulmonar; (B) tempo de procedimento pele a pele; (C) tempo total de fluoroscopia; (D) aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais; e (E) tempo de perman&#234;ncia no &#225;trio esquerdo. Fonte: Autores.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240845-40845-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Os perfis de seguran&#231;a das duas interven&#231;&#245;es foram compar&#225;veis. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es gerais (RR 1,05; IC 95% 0,51-2,16 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>]), tamponamento card&#237;aco (RR 5,00; IC 95% 0,25-101,87 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>]), rea&#231;&#245;es no local de acesso vascular (RR 1,29; IC 95% 0,41-4,06 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3C</xref>]) ou acidente vascular cerebral (RR 0,73; IC 95% 0,05-9,83 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3D</xref>]).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de floresta para (A) quaisquer complica&#231;&#245;es; (B) tamponamento card&#237;aco; (C) complica&#231;&#245;es no local de acesso<italic><bold>.</bold></italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240845-40845-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos</title>
        <p>Conforme detalhado na Figura Suplementar S1, tr&#234;s estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> foram avaliados como tendo um risco moderado de vi&#233;s. Isso foi atribu&#237;do predominantemente a problemas de confus&#227;o, sele&#231;&#227;o de participantes, classifica&#231;&#227;o da interven&#231;&#227;o e mensura&#231;&#227;o de resultados. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> foi categorizado como tendo alto risco de vi&#233;s, principalmente devido &#224; confus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Certeza da evid&#234;ncia e vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>De acordo com os crit&#233;rios GRADE (Tabela Suplementar S2), a certeza da evid&#234;ncia foi muito baixa para todos os desfechos avaliados. Isso foi atribu&#237;do principalmente ao desenho n&#227;o randomizado dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e ao seu risco de vi&#233;s moderado a alto. A an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de funil (Figuras Suplementares S2-S4) n&#227;o mostrou ind&#237;cios de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o, com gr&#225;ficos sim&#233;tricos observados para os desfechos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
        <p>Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade &#8220;leave-one-out&#8221; para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de estudos individuais nos resultados agrupados. A remo&#231;&#227;o de qualquer estudo individual teve impacto m&#237;nimo nos desfechos de efic&#225;cia. As an&#225;lises de sensibilidade &#8220;leave-one-out&#8221; est&#227;o detalhadas nas Figuras Suplementares S25-S28.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de metarregress&#227;o</title>
        <p>Para o tempo de fluoroscopia, a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA persistente moderou significativamente os resultados (estimativa = -0,1295; IC 95% -0,1644 a -0,0945; p &lt; 0,001), explicando toda a heterogeneidade observada (R<sup>2</sup> = 100%) e indicando tempos de fluoroscopia mais curtos em estudos com maiores propor&#231;&#245;es de pacientes com FA persistente. Em contraste, para aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais, nenhum efeito moderador significativo foi observado (estimativa = -0,0006; IC 95% -0,0059 a 0,0048, p = 0,84), com heterogeneidade residual moderada remanescente (I<sup>2</sup> = 46,96%). As an&#225;lises de metarregress&#227;o s&#227;o detalhadas na Figura Suplementar S8.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise sequencial de testes</title>
        <p>O tamanho da informa&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria (RIS) foi calculado com um risco de 5% de erro tipo I e um risco de 20% de erro tipo II. Para o tempo total de fluoroscopia (Figura S9 Suplementar), a curva Z cumulativa cruzou tanto o RIS de 279 participantes quanto os limites do monitoramento convencional, indicando evid&#234;ncia suficiente para este desfecho. O tempo do procedimento pele a pele excedeu 100% do RIS e cruzou os limites convencionais, indicando dados suficientes (Figura S10 Suplementar). Da mesma forma, para aus&#234;ncia de qualquer arritmia atrial, a curva Z cumulativa ultrapassou 100% do RIS, mas n&#227;o cruzou os limites do monitoramento convencional, sugerindo que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos (Figura S11 Suplementar).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de quatro estudos observacionais retrospectivos incluindo 605 pacientes, avaliamos a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da PFA em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF com vHPSD em pacientes com FA. Nossos principais achados sugerem que tanto a PFA quanto a vHPSD foram igualmente eficazes na obten&#231;&#227;o de isolamento das veias pulmonares, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre as duas t&#233;cnicas. O tempo do procedimento, no entanto, foi notavelmente maior com a vHPSD, enquanto a PFA foi associada a um tempo total de fluoroscopia mais longo. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto &#224; aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais. Apesar dessas diferen&#231;as nas caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento, ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es apresentaram perfis de seguran&#231;a compar&#225;veis, sem diferen&#231;as significativas em complica&#231;&#245;es gerais, tamponamento card&#237;aco, rea&#231;&#245;es no local de acesso vascular ou eventos de acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
      <p>O ensaio ADVENT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> o primeiro ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado comparando PFA com abla&#231;&#227;o por RF, fornece um contexto valioso para nossos achados, apesar de n&#227;o abordar especificamente as t&#233;cnicas de vHPSD. O ADVENT demonstrou que a PFA n&#227;o foi inferior &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por RF convencional em termos de efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, corroborando a crescente base de evid&#234;ncias de que a PFA &#233; uma alternativa vi&#225;vel aos m&#233;todos tradicionais de abla&#231;&#227;o t&#233;rmica. Embora nossa metan&#225;lise tenha se concentrado na compara&#231;&#227;o da PFA com a abordagem mais recente de vHPSD, o estudo ADVENT refor&#231;a a aplicabilidade mais ampla da PFA no tratamento da FA.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, um estudo publicado recentemente por Santos et al. oferece uma perspectiva relevante sobre a compara&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas emergentes de abla&#231;&#227;o para FA, avaliando a PFA versus abla&#231;&#227;o por RF vHPSD em um ambiente cl&#237;nico do mundo real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Os autores destacam as vantagens distintas de cada modalidade, apoiando nossas descobertas de que ambas as t&#233;cnicas demonstram efic&#225;cia compar&#225;vel na obten&#231;&#227;o do isolamento da veia pulmonar e exibem perfis de seguran&#231;a semelhantes.</p>
      <p>A abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia PFA e vHPSD representam estrat&#233;gias avan&#231;adas na abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A PFA emprega eletropora&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o t&#233;rmica para atingir seletivamente o tecido card&#237;aco, minimizando danos colaterais &#224;s estruturas adjacentes, como o es&#244;fago e as veias pulmonares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Seu promissor perfil de seguran&#231;a impulsionou a r&#225;pida ado&#231;&#227;o, particularmente na redu&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es como estenose da veia pulmonar e les&#227;o do nervo fr&#234;nico. Em contraste, a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF de vHPSD utiliza energia de alta intensidade em um curto per&#237;odo, alcan&#231;ando a forma&#231;&#227;o precisa da les&#227;o com maior efici&#234;ncia e tempos de procedimento reduzidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esta metan&#225;lise se concentra na s&#237;ntese de evid&#234;ncias para avaliar a efic&#225;cia do procedimento, a seguran&#231;a e os resultados cl&#237;nicos dessas t&#233;cnicas, fornecendo insights para orientar a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de abla&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Os tempos de procedimento mais curtos associados &#224; PFA provavelmente se devem ao seu design de disparo &#250;nico e &#224; sua f&#225;cil manobrabilidade, otimizando o fluxo de trabalho no laborat&#243;rio de eletrofisiologia e aprimorando a experi&#234;ncia do paciente, conforme observado em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos tempos de procedimento mais curtos, o tempo de perman&#234;ncia no &#225;trio esquerdo favoreceu significativamente a PFA. Este achado est&#225; alinhado com evid&#234;ncias emergentes na literatura que destacam a efici&#234;ncia do procedimento com a PFA. Estudos t&#234;m demonstrado consistentemente que o design de disparo &#250;nico e a abordagem de eletropora&#231;&#227;o direcionada da PFA otimizam o fluxo de trabalho e reduzem o tempo necess&#225;rio para a manipula&#231;&#227;o do cateter dentro do &#225;trio esquerdo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o convencionais ou vHPSD, reduzindo o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; cateteriza&#231;&#227;o prolongada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em contraste, as t&#233;cnicas vHPSD dependem do uso eficiente de energia de alta pot&#234;ncia para criar les&#245;es grandes e uniformes, o que tamb&#233;m apoia a efici&#234;ncia do procedimento, mas n&#227;o ultrapassa a velocidade proporcionada pelo PFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, embora a PFA ofere&#231;a a vantagem de uma dura&#231;&#227;o de procedimento mais curta, esse benef&#237;cio &#233; contrabalan&#231;ado por sua associa&#231;&#227;o com tempos de fluoroscopia mais longos, uma desvantagem significativa, dados os riscos da radia&#231;&#227;o ionizante tanto para pacientes quanto para profissionais de sa&#250;de com exposi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o pode ser decorrente da navega&#231;&#227;o por cateter mais complexa necess&#225;ria durante a PFA, em compara&#231;&#227;o com as t&#233;cnicas vHPSD, que frequentemente utilizam sistemas de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico para minimizar a depend&#234;ncia da fluoroscopia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A escolha entre abla&#231;&#227;o por PFA e vHPSD deve, portanto, ser individualizada, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o fatores espec&#237;ficos do paciente e a experi&#234;ncia do operador. Por exemplo, pacientes com maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; seda&#231;&#227;o podem se beneficiar dos tempos de procedimento mais curtos associados &#224; PFA, enquanto aqueles que necessitam de abla&#231;&#245;es lineares concomitantes podem se beneficiar mais dos tempos de fluoroscopia reduzidos oferecidos pela vHPSD.</p>
      <p>Tecnologias emergentes podem enfrentar esse desafio. O estudo SPHERE Per-AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> avaliou um novo sistema que combina mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico de alta densidade com abla&#231;&#227;o de dupla energia (RF ou campo pulsado) usando um &#250;nico cateter de ponta treli&#231;ada. O estudo demonstrou que essa abordagem combinada reduziu o tempo do procedimento e aumentou a efici&#234;ncia da fluoroscopia. Esses resultados sugerem que a integra&#231;&#227;o do mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico em futuros sistemas de PFA pode reduzir ainda mais o tempo de fluoroscopia e melhorar a seguran&#231;a do procedimento. Tais inova&#231;&#245;es podem consolidar a posi&#231;&#227;o do PFA como o m&#233;todo preferencial para abla&#231;&#227;o de FA, especialmente em ambientes focados em fluxos de trabalho r&#225;pidos e eficientes.</p>
      <p>Apesar dessas diferen&#231;as t&#233;cnicas, a aus&#234;ncia de varia&#231;&#227;o significativa na aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais entre os dois grupos sugere que ambas as abordagens s&#227;o igualmente eficazes no controle da FA a curto e m&#233;dio prazo. Essa descoberta est&#225; alinhada com pesquisas anteriores que indicam que, embora o PFA possa oferecer vantagens na consist&#234;ncia da les&#227;o e na seletividade do tecido mioc&#225;rdico, ele n&#227;o supera consistentemente o vHPSD em termos de sobrevida livre de arritmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados de seguran&#231;a n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as significativas entre os dois m&#233;todos. Especificamente, n&#227;o houve varia&#231;&#245;es substanciais nas taxas gerais de complica&#231;&#245;es, tamponamento card&#237;aco, rea&#231;&#245;es no local de acesso vascular ou incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral ou ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio (AIT). Esses achados sugerem que as t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o por PFA e vHPSD apresentam perfis de seguran&#231;a compar&#225;veis, oferecendo seguran&#231;a quanto &#224; seguran&#231;a geral de ambas as interven&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, &#233; importante notar que a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;as significativas nesses resultados n&#227;o descarta o potencial de eventos adversos raros ou n&#227;o relatados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Considerando que ambos os procedimentos est&#227;o associados a baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es, nossos resultados corroboram sua seguran&#231;a. No entanto, mais ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e controlados em larga escala s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para compreender completamente o espectro de poss&#237;veis riscos e complica&#231;&#245;es, particularmente para eventos mais incomuns, por&#233;m graves, como les&#227;o esof&#225;gica ou isquemia cerebral silenciosa.</p>
      <p>Eventos adversos menores, como paralisia do nervo fr&#234;nico, estenose da veia pulmonar, ulcera&#231;&#227;o esof&#225;gica, vasoespasmo coron&#225;rio e f&#237;stula &#225;trio-esof&#225;gica, foram relatados esporadicamente nos estudos inclu&#237;dos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, os dados dispon&#237;veis foram insuficientes para realizar uma an&#225;lise robusta desses desfechos. Esses eventos, embora raros, podem ter implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas significativas e justificam considera&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa, principalmente porque nem sempre podem ser capturados em estudos retrospectivos menores. A escassez de relatos refor&#231;a a necessidade de estudos prospectivos maiores, com monitoramento padronizado de eventos adversos, para melhor avaliar a incid&#234;ncia e o impacto cl&#237;nico dessas complica&#231;&#245;es. A compreens&#227;o desses eventos raros &#233; fundamental para embasar a escolha da estrat&#233;gia de abla&#231;&#227;o e garantir a seguran&#231;a do paciente, principalmente porque as t&#233;cnicas de PFA e vHPSD continuam a evoluir e a ganhar ampla ado&#231;&#227;o na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de metarregress&#227;o indicou que a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com FA persistente influenciou significativamente o tempo de fluoroscopia, com propor&#231;&#245;es maiores de FA persistente associadas a dura&#231;&#245;es mais curtas da fluoroscopia. Esse achado sugere que caracter&#237;sticas do paciente, como o tipo de FA, podem desempenhar um papel na efici&#234;ncia do procedimento dessas interven&#231;&#245;es, conforme observado na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Uma explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel &#233; que os pacientes com FA persistente frequentemente t&#234;m necessidades mais extensas de modifica&#231;&#227;o do substrato, levando os operadores a confiarem fortemente em sistemas avan&#231;ados de mapeamento eletroanat&#244;mico em vez de fluoroscopia para orientar a abla&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Isso reduz a necessidade de exposi&#231;&#227;o prolongada &#224; fluoroscopia durante o procedimento.</p>
      <p>Apesar dessas diferen&#231;as nos procedimentos, n&#227;o foi observado efeito significativo na aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais, indicando que o tipo de FA n&#227;o afeta substancialmente a efic&#225;cia a longo prazo dos procedimentos de abla&#231;&#227;o. Isso destaca o desempenho robusto das t&#233;cnicas de abla&#231;&#227;o por PFA e vHPSD na obten&#231;&#227;o de controle duradouro do ritmo, independentemente do tipo de FA. &#201; importante ressaltar que a aus&#234;ncia de impacto nas taxas de recorr&#234;ncia ressalta a import&#226;ncia de adaptar as abordagens dos procedimentos para otimizar a seguran&#231;a e a efici&#234;ncia, mantendo a efic&#225;cia.</p>
      <p>O TSA em nosso estudo indicou evid&#234;ncias suficientes para o tempo total de fluoroscopia e o tempo do procedimento pele a pele, visto que ambos os desfechos ultrapassaram os limites do RIS e do monitoramento convencional. Isso sugere achados confi&#225;veis para esses desfechos, particularmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; efici&#234;ncia do PFA na redu&#231;&#227;o dos tempos de procedimento. No entanto, para aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais, embora a curva Z cumulativa tenha ultrapassado 100% do RIS, ela n&#227;o ultrapassou os limites convencionais, o que implica que as evid&#234;ncias para esse desfecho permanecem inconclusivas e requerem mais ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Esses achados ressaltam a import&#226;ncia de pesquisas adicionais para confirmar os desfechos de arritmia em longo prazo e a robustez do PFA em compara&#231;&#227;o com a abla&#231;&#227;o por vHPSD.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, a inclus&#227;o de apenas estudos observacionais retrospectivos introduz o potencial de vi&#233;s, particularmente na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes e no relato de desfechos. Embora tenhamos empregado crit&#233;rios rigorosos para inclus&#227;o de estudos e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade, a natureza observacional dos estudos inclu&#237;dos limita a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossos resultados. Segundo, o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento nos estudos inclu&#237;dos foi relativamente curto, limitando nossa capacidade de tirar conclus&#245;es sobre desfechos de longo prazo, como preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC ou a necessidade de procedimentos repetidos. Por fim, os estudos variaram em termos das t&#233;cnicas espec&#237;ficas usadas dentro do grupo vHPSD, o que pode ter influenciado os resultados. Embora tenhamos buscado minimizar essas varia&#231;&#245;es por meio de nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, pesquisas adicionais comparando formas espec&#237;ficas de vHPSD com PFA em um ambiente de ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para esclarecer esses achados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise, incluindo quatro estudos e 605 pacientes, demonstrou que a abla&#231;&#227;o por RF com PFA e vHPSD s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es eficazes e seguras para o tratamento da FA. A PFA foi associada a tempos de procedimento mais curtos, mas exigiu tempos de fluoroscopia mais longos. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na aus&#234;ncia de arritmias atriais e na incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos. Al&#233;m disso, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, bem conduzidos e em larga escala, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia desses procedimentos a longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; The Meta-Analysis Academy por seu apoio metodol&#243;gico.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, Arbelo E, Bax JJ, Blomstr&#246;m-Lundqvist C, et al. 2020 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation Developed in Collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the Special Contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(5):373-498. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hindricks</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Potpara</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dagres</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arbelo</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blomstr&#246;m-Lundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation Developed in Collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the Special Contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>42</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>498</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024;149(1):e1-e156. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Joglar</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chung</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armbruster</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chyou</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cronin</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>149</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>e1</fpage>
          <lpage>e156</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Kirchhof P, Breithardt G, Bax J, Benninger G, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Boriani G, et al. A Roadmap to Improve the Quality of Atrial Fibrillation Management: Proceedings from the Fifth Atrial Fibrillation Network/European Heart Rhythm Association Consensus Conference. Europace. 2016;18(1):37-50. doi: 10.1093/europace/euv304.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kirchhof</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breithardt</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benninger</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blomstrom-Lundqvist</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boriani</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Roadmap to Improve the Quality of Atrial Fibrillation Management: Proceedings from the Fifth Atrial Fibrillation Network/European Heart Rhythm Association Consensus Conference</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>50</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euv304</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Osorio J, Hussein AA, Delaughter MC, Monir G, Natale A, Dukkipati S, et al. Very High-Power Short-Duration, Temperature-Controlled Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: The Prospective Multicenter Q-FFICIENCY Trial. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023;9(4):468-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2022.10.019.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Osorio</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hussein</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delaughter</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monir</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Natale</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dukkipati</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Very High-Power Short-Duration, Temperature-Controlled Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: The Prospective Multicenter Q-FFICIENCY Trial</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>468</fpage>
          <lpage>480</lpage>
          <conf-loc>doi</conf-loc>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2022.10.019</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Dello Russo A, Compagnucci P, Bergonti M, Cipolletta L, Parisi Q, Volpato G, et al. Microelectrode Voltage Mapping for Substrate Assessment in Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia: A Dual-Center Experience. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2023;34(5):1216-27. doi: 10.1111/jce.15908.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dello Russo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Compagnucci</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergonti</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipolletta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parisi</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpato</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Microelectrode Voltage Mapping for Substrate Assessment in Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia: A Dual-Center Experience</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1216</fpage>
          <lpage>1227</lpage>
          <pub-id>doi: 10.1111/jce.15908</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Compagnucci P, Valeri Y, Conti S, Volpato G, Cipolletta L, Parisi Q, et al. Technological Advances in Ventricular Tachycardia Catheter Ablation: The Relentless Quest for Novel Solutions to Old Problems. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024;67(4):855-64. doi: 10.1007/s10840-023-01705-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Compagnucci</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valeri</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conti</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Volpato</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipolletta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parisi</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Technological Advances in Ventricular Tachycardia Catheter Ablation: The Relentless Quest for Novel Solutions to Old Problems</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Card Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>855</fpage>
          <lpage>864</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10840-023-01705-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Reddy VY, Dukkipati SR, Neuzil P, Anic A, Petru J, Funasako M, et al. Pulsed Field Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: 1-Year Outcomes of IMPULSE, PEFCAT, and PEFCAT II. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021;7(5):614-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.02.014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dukkipati</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petru</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Funasako</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulsed Field Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: 1-Year Outcomes of IMPULSE, PEFCAT, and PEFCAT II</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>614</fpage>
          <lpage>627</lpage>
          <conf-loc>doi</conf-loc>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2021.02.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Soubh N, Gronwald J, Haarmann H, Rasenack E, Bengel P, Schl&#246;gl S, et al. Next-Generation Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Clinical Performance of Pulsed-Field Ablation and Very High-Power Short-Duration Radiofrequency. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024;67(9):2067-75. doi: 10.1007/s10840-024-01853-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Soubh</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gronwald</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haarmann</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rasenack</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bengel</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schl&#246;gl</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Next-Generation Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Clinical Performance of Pulsed-Field Ablation and Very High-Power Short-Duration Radiofrequency</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Card Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2067</fpage>
          <lpage>2075</lpage>
          <conf-loc>doi</conf-loc>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10840-024-01853-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Dello Russo A, Compagnucci P, Anselmino M, Schillaci V, Campanelli F, Ascione MR, et al. Pulsed Field vs Very High-Power short-Duration Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: Results of a Multicenter, Real-World Experience. Heart Rhythm. 2024;21(9):1526-36. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.05.042.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dello Russo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Compagnucci</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anselmino</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schillaci</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campanelli</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ascione</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulsed Field vs Very High-Power short-Duration Radiofrequency Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: Results of a Multicenter, Real-World Experience</article-title>
          <source>Heart Rhythm</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1526</fpage>
          <lpage>1536</lpage>
          <comment>doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.05.042</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. W&#246;rmann J, Schipper JH, L&#252;ker J, van den Bruck JH, Filipovic K, Erlh&#246;fer S, et al. Comparison of Pulsed-Field Ablation versus Very High Power Short Duration-Ablation for Pulmonary Vein Isolation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2023;34(12):2417-24. doi: 10.1111/jce.16101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>W&#246;rmann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schipper</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#252;ker</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van den Bruck</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Filipovic</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erlh&#246;fer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Pulsed-Field Ablation versus Very High Power Short Duration-Ablation for Pulmonary Vein Isolation</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2417</fpage>
          <lpage>2424</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">doi: 10.1111/jce.16101</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Popa MA, Bahlke F, Kottmaier M, Foerschner L, Bourier F, Lengauer S, et al. Myocardial Injury and Inflammation Following Pulsed-Field Ablation and Very High-Power Short-Duration Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2024;35(2):317-27. doi: 10.1111/jce.16157.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Popa</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bahlke</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kottmaier</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foerschner</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bourier</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lengauer</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial Injury and Inflammation Following Pulsed-Field Ablation and Very High-Power Short-Duration Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>317</fpage>
          <lpage>327</lpage>
          <conf-loc>doi</conf-loc>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jce.16157</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5 [Internet]. London: Cochrane; 2024 [cited 2024 Nov 16]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://training.cochrane.org/handbook">https://training.cochrane.org/handbook</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="editor">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JPT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thomas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chandler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cumpston</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <role>editors</role>
          </person-group>
          <source>Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Cochrane</publisher-name>
          <year>2024</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2024 Nov 16</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://training.cochrane.org/handbook">https://training.cochrane.org/handbook</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Page</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McKenzie</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossuyt</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boutron</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mulrow</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>372</volume>
          <size units="pages">n71</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.n71</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Sterne JA, Hern&#225;n MA, Reeves BC, Savovic J, Berkman ND, Viswanathan M, et al. ROBINS-I: A Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4919.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sterne</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hern&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reeves</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Savovic</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berkman</surname>
              <given-names>ND</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viswanathan</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ROBINS-I: A Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Non-Randomised Studies of Interventions</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>355</volume>
          <elocation-id>i4919</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.i4919</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. McGuinness LA, Higgins JPT. Risk-of-Bias VISualization (Robvis): An R Package and SHINY Web App for Visualizing Risk-of-Bias Assessments. Res Synth Methods. 2021;12(1):55-61. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1411.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McGuinness</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JPT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk-of-Bias VISualization (Robvis): An R Package and SHINY Web App for Visualizing Risk-of-Bias Assessments</article-title>
          <source>Res Synth Methods</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>61</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jrsm.1411</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Internet]. Hamilton: McMaster University; 2014 [cited 2024 Nov 16]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gradepro.org/">https://www.gradepro.org/</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="webpage">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool</collab>
          </person-group>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Hamilton</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>McMaster University</publisher-name>
          <year>2014</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2024 Nov 16</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gradepro.org/">https://www.gradepro.org/</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Sch&#252;nemann HJ, Oxman AD, Brozek J, Glasziou P, Jaeschke R, Vist GE, et al. Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations for Diagnostic Tests and Strategies. BMJ. 2008;336(7653):1106-10. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39500.677199.AE.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sch&#252;nemann</surname>
              <given-names>HJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oxman</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brozek</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Glasziou</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jaeschke</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vist</surname>
              <given-names>GE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations for Diagnostic Tests and Strategies</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>336</volume>
          <issue>7653</issue>
          <fpage>1106</fpage>
          <lpage>1110</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.39500.677199.AE</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-Analysis in Clinical Trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7(3):177-88. doi: 10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>DerSimonian</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laird</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Meta-Analysis in Clinical Trials</article-title>
          <source>Control Clin Trials</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>177</fpage>
          <lpage>188</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-Analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557-60. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Higgins</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thompson</surname>
              <given-names>SG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deeks</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Altman</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-Analyses</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>327</volume>
          <issue>7414</issue>
          <fpage>557</fpage>
          <lpage>560</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Kang H. Trial Sequential Analysis: Novel Approach for Meta-Analysis. Anesth Pain Med. 2021;16(2):138-50. doi: 10.17085/apm.21038.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kang</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trial Sequential Analysis: Novel Approach for Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Anesth Pain Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>138</fpage>
          <lpage>150</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17085/apm.21038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Brok J, Thorlund K, Gluud C, Wetterslev J. Trial Sequential Analysis Reveals Insufficient Information Size and Potentially False Positive Results in Many Meta-Analyses. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(8):763-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.10.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Brok</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorlund</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gluud</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wetterslev</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trial Sequential Analysis Reveals Insufficient Information Size and Potentially False Positive Results in Many Meta-Analyses</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>763</fpage>
          <lpage>769</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.10.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Wetterslev J, Thorlund K, Brok J, Gluud C. Trial Sequential Analysis May Establish when Firm Evidence is Reached in Cumulative Meta-Analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(1):64-75. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.03.013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wetterslev</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorlund</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brok</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gluud</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trial Sequential Analysis May Establish when Firm Evidence is Reached in Cumulative Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>61</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>64</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.03.013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Reddy VY, Gerstenfeld EP, Natale A, Whang W, Cuoco FA, Patel C, et al. Pulsed Field or Conventional Thermal Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(18):1660-71. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2307291.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gerstenfeld</surname>
              <given-names>EP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Natale</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Whang</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cuoco</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Pulsed Field or Conventional Thermal Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>N Engl J Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>389</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1660</fpage>
          <lpage>1671</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1056/NEJMoa2307291</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Santos RR, Amador R, Santos PG, Matos D, Rodrigues G, Carmo J, et al. Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Electroporation Against High-Power Short Duration Radiofrequency. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025;122(2):e20240542. doi: 10.36660/abc.20240542.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amador</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation: Electroporation Against High-Power Short Duration Radiofrequency</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240542</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240542</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Turagam MK, Neuzil P, Schmidt B, Reichlin T, Neven K, Metzner A, et al. Safety and Effectiveness of Pulsed Field Ablation to Treat Atrial Fibrillation: One-Year Outcomes from the MANIFEST-PF Registry. Circulation. 2023;148(1):35-46. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064959.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Turagam</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichlin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neven</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metzner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Safety and Effectiveness of Pulsed Field Ablation to Treat Atrial Fibrillation: One-Year Outcomes from the MANIFEST-PF Registry</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>35</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064959</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Dello Russo A, D'Angelo L, Compagnucci P, Cipolletta L, Parisi Q, Valeri Y, et al. High-Power Short-Duration Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Is it Really a New Era? Comparison between New and Old Radiofrequency Contact Force-Sensing Catheters. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2024;67(3):549-57. doi: 10.1007/s10840-023-01612-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dello Russo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Angelo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Compagnucci</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cipolletta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Parisi</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valeri</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High-Power Short-Duration Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Is it Really a New Era? Comparison between New and Old Radiofrequency Contact Force-Sensing Catheters</article-title>
          <source>J Interv Card Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>67</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>549</fpage>
          <lpage>557</lpage>
          <conf-loc>doi</conf-loc>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10840-023-01612-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Kumar S, Khatri M, Kumar S, Partab FNU, Kumar FNUM, Neha FNU, et al. Comparative Efficacy and Safety Profiles of High-Power, Short-Duration and Low-Power, Long-Duration Radiofrequency Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Innov Card Rhythm Manag. 2023;14(7):5514-27. doi: 10.19102/icrm.2023.14072.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khatri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Partab</surname>
              <given-names>FNU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kumar</surname>
              <given-names>FNUM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neha</surname>
              <given-names>FNU</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparative Efficacy and Safety Profiles of High-Power, Short-Duration and Low-Power, Long-Duration Radiofrequency Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>J Innov Card Rhythm Manag</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>5514</fpage>
          <lpage>5527</lpage>
          <conf-loc>doi</conf-loc>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19102/icrm.2023.14072</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Reddy VY, Petru J, Funasako M, Kopriva K, Hala P, Chovanec M, et al. Coronary Arterial Spasm during Pulsed Field Ablation to Treat Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation. 2022;146(24):1808-19. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061497.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petru</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Funasako</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kopriva</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hala</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chovanec</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Coronary Arterial Spasm during Pulsed Field Ablation to Treat Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <issue>24</issue>
          <fpage>1808</fpage>
          <lpage>1819</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.061497</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Anter E, Mansour M, Nair DG, Sharma D, Taigen TL, Neuzil P, et al. Dual-Energy Lattice-Tip Ablation System for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(8):2303-10. doi: 10.1038/s41591-024-03022-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anter</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mansour</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nair</surname>
              <given-names>DG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taigen</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dual-Energy Lattice-Tip Ablation System for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation: A Randomized Trial</article-title>
          <source>Nat Med</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2303</fpage>
          <lpage>2310</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41591-024-03022-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Kawamura I, Neuzil P, Shivamurthy P, Kuroki K, Lam J, Musikantow D, et al. How Does the Level of Pulmonary Venous Isolation Compare between Pulsed Field Ablation and Thermal Energy Ablation (Radiofrequency, Cryo, or Laser)? Europace. 2021;23(11):1757-66. doi: 10.1093/europace/euab150.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kawamura</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shivamurthy</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuroki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lam</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Musikantow</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How Does the Level of Pulmonary Venous Isolation Compare between Pulsed Field Ablation and Thermal Energy Ablation (Radiofrequency, Cryo, or Laser)?</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1757</fpage>
          <lpage>1766</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euab150</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Tabaja C, Younis A, Hussein AA, Taigen TL, Nakagawa H, Saliba WI, et al. Catheter-Based Electroporation: A Novel Technique for Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023;9(9):2008-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2023.03.014.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tabaja</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Younis</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hussein</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taigen</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakagawa</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saliba</surname>
              <given-names>WI</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catheter-Based Electroporation: A Novel Technique for Catheter Ablation of Cardiac Arrhythmias</article-title>
          <source>JACC Clin Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>2008</fpage>
          <lpage>2023</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacep.2023.03.014</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Duytschaever M, De Potter T, Grimaldi M, Anic A, Vijgen J, Neuzil P, et al. Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Using a Novel Variable-Loop Biphasic Pulsed Field Ablation Catheter Integrated With a 3-Dimensional Mapping System: 1-Year Outcomes of the Multicenter inspIRE Study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2023;16(3):e011780. doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.122.011780.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Duytschaever</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Potter</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grimaldi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vijgen</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neuzil</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Using a Novel Variable-Loop Biphasic Pulsed Field Ablation Catheter Integrated With a 3-Dimensional Mapping System: 1-Year Outcomes of the Multicenter inspIRE Study</article-title>
          <source>Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>e011780</elocation-id>
          <comment>doi: 10.1161/CIRCEP.122.011780</comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Ekanem E, Reddy VY, Schmidt B, Reichlin T, Neven K, Metzner A, et al. Multi-National Survey on the Methods, Efficacy, and Safety on the Post-Approval Clinical Use of Pulsed Field Ablation (MANIFEST-PF). Europace. 2022;24(8):1256-66. doi: 10.1093/europace/euac050.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ekanem</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reddy</surname>
              <given-names>VY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichlin</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Neven</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Metzner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multi-National Survey on the Methods, Efficacy, and Safety on the Post-Approval Clinical Use of Pulsed Field Ablation (MANIFEST-PF)</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1256</fpage>
          <lpage>1266</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euac050</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Sau A, Al-Aidarous S, Howard J, Shalhoub J, Sohaib A, Shun-Shin M, et al. Optimum Lesion Set and Predictors of Outcome in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Meta-Regression Analysis. Europace. 2019;21(8):1176-84. doi: 10.1093/europace/euz108.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sau</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al-Aidarous</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Howard</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shalhoub</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sohaib</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shun-Shin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Optimum Lesion Set and Predictors of Outcome in Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Meta-Regression Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Europace</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1176</fpage>
          <lpage>1184</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/europace/euz108</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. O'Neill L, Wielandts JY, Gillis K, Hilfiker G, Waroux JB, Tavernier R, et al. Catheter Ablation in Persistent AF, the Evolution Towards a More Pragmatic Strategy. J Clin Med. 2021;10(18):4060. doi: 10.3390/jcm10184060.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Neill</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wielandts</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gillis</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hilfiker</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waroux</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavernier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catheter Ablation in Persistent AF, the Evolution Towards a More Pragmatic Strategy</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Med</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <size units="pages">4060</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3390/jcm10184060</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Odening KE. Differential Remodeling of Late INa in Paroxysmal and Persistent AF: Another Piece in the Complex Picture of Electrical Remodelling in AF. Can J Cardiol. 2023;39(3):289-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Odening</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Differential Remodeling of Late INa in Paroxysmal and Persistent AF: Another Piece in the Complex Picture of Electrical Remodelling in AF</article-title>
          <source>Can J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>291</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cjca.2022.12.022</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. O'Neill L, De Becker B, Smet MAJ, Francois C, Waroux JB, Tavernier R, et al. Catheter Ablation of Persistent AF-Where are We Now? Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2023;24(12):339. doi: 10.31083/j.rcm2412339.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Neill</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Becker</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smet</surname>
              <given-names>MAJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Francois</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waroux</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavernier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catheter Ablation of Persistent AF-Where are We Now?</article-title>
          <source>Rev Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <size units="pages">339</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.31083/j.rcm2412339</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Durante a prepara&#231;&#227;o deste trabalho, o(s) autor(es) usaram ChatGPT para aprimorar a clareza e a legibilidade do texto. Ap&#243;s o uso desta ferramenta/servi&#231;o, o(s) autor(es) revisaram e editaram o conte&#250;do conforme necess&#225;rio e assumem total responsabilidade pelo conte&#250;do do artigo publicado.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240845i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pulsed Field Ablation Versus Very High-Power Short-Duration Radiofrequency Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-2462-1299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Iqbal</surname>
            <given-names>Asad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-3186-2589</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Amador</surname>
            <given-names>Wellgner Fernandes Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cevallos-Cueva</surname>
            <given-names>Martin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0002-2962-8478</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ahmad</surname>
            <given-names>Maaz</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alarc&#243;n</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Alejandro Pinilla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Diniz</surname>
            <given-names>Radam&#233;s Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PK">Pakistan</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan &#8211; Pakistan</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Cajazeiras, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito &#8211; Ecuador</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">CES University, School of Medicine, Medell&#237;n &#8211; Colombia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Wellgner Fernandes Oliveira Amador &#8226; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande Centro de Forma&#231;&#227;o de Professores - Rua S&#233;rgio Moreira de Figueiredo, s/n. CEP 58900-000, Populares, Cajazeiras, PB &#8211; Brazil E-mail: wellgnerfernandes@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a cornerstone treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulsed-field ablation (PFA) and very high-power short-duration (vHPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation are emerging technologies, but their comparative efficacy and safety remain unclear.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the efficacy and safety of PFA compared to vHPSD RF ablation for AF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases identified studies comparing PFA and vHPSD ablation. Outcomes included PVI success, skin-to-skin procedure time, fluoroscopy time, freedom from atrial arrhythmias, and complications such as cardiac tamponade, stroke, and vascular access events. Continuous outcomes were analyzed using mean differences (MD), while binary outcomes were assessed with risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A significance threshold of p &lt; 0.05 was considered for statistical analyses. This study is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024619301).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Four observational studies with 605 patients were included, of whom 315 (52%) underwent PFA. PFA and vHPSD achieved similar PVI success (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99&#8211;1.01; p = 1). PFA reduced procedure time (MD -30.07 min; 95% CI -31.41 to -28.74; p&lt;0.01) but increased fluoroscopy time (MD 6.87 min; 95% CI 3.66&#8211;10.08; p&lt;0.01). Freedom from atrial arrhythmias was comparable (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.94&#8211;1.14; p=0.5). Complication rates, including cardiac tamponade, stroke, and vascular access issues, showed no significant differences between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> PFA significantly shortens procedure time but requires longer fluoroscopy compared to vHPSD. Both techniques exhibit comparable efficacy for PVI and arrhythmia freedom, with similar safety profiles.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Pulsed Field Ablation Versus Very High-Power Short-Duration Radiofrequency Ablation in Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240845-40845-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Efficacy</kwd>
        <kwd>Safety</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, significantly impacts global healthcare due to its association with increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare utilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Catheter ablation has emerged as a cornerstone treatment for AF, offering rhythm control and symptomatic relief.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Among contemporary ablation strategies, very high-power short-duration (vHPSD) radiofrequency (RF) ablation is valued for its efficiency and precision, while pulsed field ablation (PFA), a non-thermal technique utilizing electroporation, has gained attention for its potential to minimize collateral tissue damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since its introduction in Europe in 2021, PFA has been increasingly adopted for its promising safety profile, particularly in reducing the risk of complications such as pulmonary vein stenosis and damage to adjacent structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, despite these advancements, there remains a paucity of direct comparisons between PFA and vHPSD RF ablation, as existing studies are largely observational and retrospective in nature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This lack of randomized controlled trials limits the ability to establish definitive comparative efficacy and safety profiles.</p>
        <p>To address this gap, this meta-analysis systematically synthesizes the available evidence to evaluate procedural and clinical outcomes associated with PFA and vHPSD RF ablation. By providing a comprehensive assessment of these techniques, including trial sequential analysis (TSA), this study seeks to inform clinical decision-making and support the optimization of ablation strategies for AF management in diverse patient populations. We chose vHPSD RF ablation as the comparator because it is the most recent evolution of thermal ablation, differing from HPSD by utilizing ultra-short, high-energy applications with active temperature control.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review followed the recommendations of the Cochrane Collaboration<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> including the design, implementation of the steps, analysis, and description of the results. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the number CRD42024619301.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>A systematic search on PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, Cochrane Central, and Clinical Trial databases was conducted on November 25, 2024. The following medical subject heading terms have been included: &#8216;atrial fibrillation&#8217;, &#8216;af&#8217;, &#8216;afib&#8217;, &#8216;atrial fibrillation&#8217;, &#8216;a-fib&#8217;, &#8216;atrial flutter&#8217;, &#8216;cardiac arrhythmias&#8217;, &#8216;catheter ablation&#8217;, &#8216;ablation&#8217;, &#8216;pulsed field&#8217;, &#8216;pfa&#8217;, &#8216;hpsd&#8217;, &#8216;high power short duration&#8217;. The search strategy is detailed in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Table S1</ext-link>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data extraction</title>
          <p>After removing duplicates, two authors (A.I. and W.A.) screened the titles and abstracts, independently evaluating the full-text articles for inclusion based on pre-specified criteria. Discrepancies were discussed and resolved by a third reviewer (M.A.). Data extraction was conducted independently by A.I. and W.A., prioritizing information relevant to the study&#8217;s objective.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Eligible studies for this systematic review met the following criteria: (I) studies evaluating efficacy or safety without time restrictions; (II) inclusion of patients with atrial fibrillation; (III) interventions involving PFA; (IV) vHPSD ablation as control; and (V) reporting at least one outcome of interest. Exclusion criteria were: (I) overlapping populations, defined by shared institutions and recruitment periods; (II) populations outside the scope of interest; (III) republished literature; (IV) protocols without reported results; (V) reviews, case reports, case series, background articles, expert opinions, or in vivo/in vitro studies; (VI) duplicate data from the same clinical trial; or (VII) absence of a comparator group.</p>
          <p>In the present study, the vHPSD RF ablation technique was defined based on parameters established in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> We considered vHPSD as procedures that used power &#8805; 90W with durations &#8804; 4 seconds per application, delivered through irrigated catheters with temperature control.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome measures and subgroup analysis</title>
          <p>Efficacy outcomes were: (1) success in achieving pulmonary vein isolation, (2) skin-to-skin procedure time, (3) fluoroscopy time, (4) freedom from any atrial arrhythmia (atrial flutter, AF, and atrial tachycardia recurrences lasting at least 30 seconds during follow-up after a 1-month blanking period), and (5) left atrial dwell time. Safety outcomes included the (6) overall incidence of complications, (7) cardiac tamponade, (8) vascular access site reactions, and (9) stroke or TIA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment</title>
          <p>We assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane ROBINS-I (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomised Studies&#8212;of Interventions) tool,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> which evaluates non-randomized studies of interventions across seven domains: confounding, selection of participants, classification of interventions, deviations from intended interventions, missing data, measurement of outcomes, and selection of reported results. The assessment was independently performed by two reviewers (A.I. and A.P.), with disagreements resolved by discussion or consultation with a third reviewer. Each domain was rated as having low, moderate, serious, or critical risk of bias, ensuring a comprehensive evaluation. The layout was produced by RobVis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Certainty of evidence</title>
          <p>Further, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) tool was employed by two independent authors (W.A. and M.A.) using the GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> to evaluate the level of certainty of the evidence in this meta-analysis, with categorizations ranging from high to very low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Any disagreements were discussed and resolved through a consensus.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>The stability of the pooled estimates was assessed through a leave-one-out analysis, where data from each study were sequentially removed, and the remaining dataset re-analyzed. This helped ensure that any single study did not unduly influence the aggregated effect sizes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using R software and RStudio (version 2024.04.1+748; R Core Team, Vienna, Austria), employing DerSimonian and Laird&#8217;s random-effects model to calculate pooled analyses with 95% confidence intervals (CI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The results were presented as a pooled analysis in forest plots. Binary outcomes were assessed with risk ratios (RRs), continuous outcomes with mean differences (MDs), and results were displayed in forest plots. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochrane Q chi-square test and I<sup>2</sup> statistic, with P-values &lt;0.10 and I<sup>2</sup> &gt;30% indicating significant heterogeneity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Publication bias was assessed with funnel plots.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-regression analysis</title>
          <p>To evaluate the influence of the proportion of patients with persistent AF on procedural and clinical outcomes, meta-regression analyses were conducted. The percentage of patients with persistent AF was included as a covariate in the model to assess its potential impact on total fluoroscopy time and freedom from atrial arrhythmias, which were used as dependent variables. The analyses were performed using R software (version 4.4), with results reported as estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was determined at a threshold of p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Trial sequential analysis</title>
          <p>Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed using TSA software (version 0.9.5.10 beta)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> to assess sample size adequacy and determine the need for further research. Diversity-adjusted information size was calculated, accounting for variability between trials and sampling error, with a 5% type I error risk (&#945; = 5%) and 20% type II error risk (&#946; = 20%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Crossing the trial sequential monitoring boundary before reaching the required information size indicates conclusive evidence, whereas failure to cross it suggests the need for additional trials.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>The initial search strategy yielded 1,094 results (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). After removing 607 duplicates, 487 articles were screened based on title and abstract according to the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. From this pool, 11 records were selected for full-text reading. Finally, this meta-analysis included four retrospective observational studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) flow diagram of study screening and selection.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240845-40845-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics of included studies</title>
          <p>The studies comprised a total of 605 patients, of whom 315 (52%) underwent PFA. The follow-up period extended up to 6 months. The mean age ranged from 61.6 to 67 years, with 250 (41%) being female. In addition, 234 (37%) of the participants had persistent atrial fibrillation. BMI ranged from 25.23 to 28 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (380, 62.8%), coronary artery disease (93, 17.3%), and diabetes mellitus (33, 12.5%). Baseline characteristics of the included studies are detailed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Studies</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Follow-up (months)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Sample size</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Female, n (%)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Age, years (SD)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Persistent AF, n (%)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Paroxysmal AF, n (%)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup> (SD)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">LVEF, % (SD)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">DM, n (%)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">CHA2DS2-VASc SCORE (SD)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Congestive HF, n (%)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">CAD, n (%)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">HTN, n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                    <th>PFA</th>
                    <th>vHPSD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dello Russo 2024</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">171</td>
                    <td align="center">171</td>
                    <td align="center">64 (37)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (35)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.3 (7.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.3 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (33)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (32)</td>
                    <td align="center">115 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (68)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.23 (1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.23 (1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.4 (5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.2 (3.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (1.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (27)</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (24)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (61)</td>
                    <td align="center">106 (62)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>South 2024</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">52</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (29)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (53)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">73 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (52)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (57)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (48)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (8)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (38)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (43)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (83)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (83)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wormann 2023</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">57</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (67)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (60)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (12)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (70)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (30)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (4)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (6)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (9)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (NA)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (NA)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (19)</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (65)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (60)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Popa 2023</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (31)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (37.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">61.6 (11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.2 (12.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.7 (4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">25.4 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.5 (2.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">57.9 (7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (9.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.7 (1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0 (1.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (40)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (50)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean at baseline (Standard Deviation, SD). NA: not available; SD: standard deviation; AF: atrial fibrillation; BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; DM: diabetes mellitus; HF: heart failure; CAD: coronary artery disease; HTN: hypertension. All included studies adopted a statistical significance level of &#945; = 0.05. Source: Authors.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pooled analysis of all studies</title>
          <p>A pooled analysis of four studies demonstrated that both interventions achieved pulmonary vein isolation with equal effectiveness (RR 1.00; 95% CI 0.99&#8211;1.01 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>]). However, the skin-to-skin procedure time was longer in the vHPSD ablation group (MD -31.41 min; 95% CI -31.41 to -28.74 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>]), while total fluoroscopy time was greater in the PFA group (MD 6.87 min; 95% CI 3.66&#8211;10.08 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C</xref>]). No significant difference was observed in freedom from any atrial arrhythmias (RR 1.03; 95% CI 0.94&#8211;1.14 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref>]). Notably, left atrial dwell time favored the PFA intervention (MD -22.15 min; 95% CI -31.15 to -14.3 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2E</xref>]).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots for (A) pulmonary vein isolation; (B) skin-to-skin procedure time; (C) total fluoroscopy time; (D) freedom from atrial arrhythmias; and (E) left atrial dwell time. Source: Authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240845-40845-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The safety profiles of the two interventions were comparable. There were no significant differences in the incidence of overall complications (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.51&#8211;2.16 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>]), cardiac tamponade (RR 5.00; 95% CI 0.25&#8211;101.87 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>]), vascular access site reactions (RR 1.29; 95% CI 0.41&#8211;4.06 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3C</xref>]), or stroke (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.05&#8211;9.83 [<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3D</xref>]).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Forest plots for (A) any complications; (B) cardiac tamponade; (C) vascular access site complications; and (D) stroke. Source: Authors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240845-40845-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias within studies</title>
          <p>As detailed in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Fig. S1</ext-link>, three studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> were assessed as having a moderate risk of bias. This was predominantly attributed to issues in confounding, participant selection, intervention classification, and outcome measurement. One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> was categorized as having a high risk of bias, primarily due to confounding.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Certainty of evidence and publication bias</title>
          <p>According to the GRADE criteria (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Table S2</ext-link>), the certainty of evidence was very low for all outcomes assessed. This was primarily attributed to the non-randomized design of the included studies and their moderate to high risk of bias. Funnel plot analysis (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Figs. S2-S4</ext-link>) showed no indications of publication bias, with symmetrical plots observed for outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sensitivity analysis</title>
          <p>We performed leave-one-out sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of individual studies on the pooled results. The removal of any single study had minimal impact on the outcomes for efficacy endpoints. Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses are detailed in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Figures S25-S28</ext-link>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Meta-regression analysis</title>
          <p>For fluoroscopy time, the proportion of persistent AF patients significantly moderated the results (estimate = -0.1295; 95% CI -0.1644 to -0.0945; p &lt; 0.001), explaining all observed heterogeneity (R<sup>2</sup> = 100%) and indicating shorter fluoroscopy times in studies with higher proportions of persistent AF patients. In contrast, for freedom from atrial arrhythmias, no significant moderating effect was observed (estimate = -0.0006; 95% CI -0.0059 to 0.0048, p = 0.84), with moderate residual heterogeneity remaining (I<sup>2</sup> = 46.96%). Meta-regression analyses are detailed in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Figure S8</ext-link>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Trial sequential analysis</title>
          <p>The required information size (RIS) was calculated with a 5% risk of type I error and a 20% risk of type II error. For total fluoroscopy time (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Figure S9</ext-link>), the cumulative Z-curve crossed both the RIS of 279 participants and the conventional monitoring boundaries, indicating sufficient evidence for this endpoint. Skin-to-skin procedure time exceeded 100% of the RIS and crossed conventional boundaries, indicating sufficient data (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Figure S10</ext-link>). Similarly, for freedom from any atrial arrhythmia, the cumulative Z-curve surpassed 100% of the RIS but did not cross the conventional monitoring boundaries, suggesting no significant difference between groups (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">Supplementary Figure S11</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this systematic review and meta-analysis of four retrospective observational studies including 605 patients, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of PFA compared to vHPSD RF ablation in patients with AF. Our main findings suggest that both PFA and vHPSD were similarly effective in achieving PVI, with no significant differences between the two techniques. The procedure time, however, was notably higher with vHPSD, while PFA was associated with a longer total fluoroscopy time. There was no difference regarding the freedom from atrial arrhythmias. Despite these differences in procedural characteristics, both interventions had comparable safety profiles, with no significant differences in overall complications, cardiac tamponade, vascular access site reactions, or stroke events.</p>
        <p>The ADVENT trial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> the first randomized clinical trial comparing PFA with radiofrequency ablation, provides valuable context for our findings, despite not specifically addressing vHPSD techniques. ADVENT demonstrated that PFA was non-inferior to conventional RF ablation in terms of efficacy and safety, supporting the growing evidence base for PFA as a viable alternative to traditional thermal ablation methods. While our meta-analysis focused on comparing PFA with the more recent vHPSD approach, the ADVENT trial reinforces the broader applicability of PFA in AF management.</p>
        <p>Additionally, a recently published study by Santos et al. offers a relevant perspective on the comparison of emerging ablation techniques for atrial fibrillation, evaluating pulsed field ablation versus HPSD RF ablation in a real-world clinical setting.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The authors highlight the distinct advantages of each modality, supporting our findings that both techniques demonstrate comparable efficacy in achieving pulmonary vein isolation and exhibit similar safety profiles.</p>
        <p>PFA and vHPSD radiofrequency ablation represent advanced strategies in catheter ablation for AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> PFA employs non-thermal electroporation to selectively target cardiac tissue, minimizing collateral damage to adjacent structures such as the esophagus and pulmonary veins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Its promising safety profile has driven rapid adoption, particularly for reducing complications like pulmonary vein stenosis and phrenic nerve injury. In contrast, vHPSD RF ablation uses high-intensity energy over a short duration, achieving precise lesion formation with enhanced efficiency and reduced procedure times.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This meta-analysis focuses on synthesizing evidence to evaluate the procedural efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes of these techniques, providing insights to guide the optimization of ablation strategies.</p>
        <p>The shorter procedure times associated with PFA are likely due to its single-shot design and easy maneuverability, optimizing workflow in the electrophysiology lab and enhancing the patient experience, as observed in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In addition to shorter procedure times, left atrial dwell time significantly favored PFA. This finding aligns with emerging evidence in the literature highlighting the procedural efficiency of PFA. Studies have consistently demonstrated that the single-shot design and targeted electroporation approach of PFA streamline workflow and reduce the time required for catheter manipulation within the left atrium, as compared to conventional or vHPSD ablation techniques, lowering the risk of complications associated with prolonged catheterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In contrast, vHPSD techniques rely on the efficient use of high-power energy to create large, uniform lesions, which also supports procedural efficiency but does not surpass the speed afforded by PFA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, while PFA offers the advantage of shorter procedural duration, this benefit is counterbalanced by its association with longer fluoroscopy times, a significant drawback given the risks of ionizing radiation for both patients and healthcare professionals with chronic exposure. This limitation may stem from the more complex catheter navigation required during PFA, compared to vHPSD techniques, which frequently utilize electroanatomic mapping systems to minimize fluoroscopy dependency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The choice between PFA and vHPSD ablation should therefore be individualized, taking into account patient-specific factors and operator expertise. For example, patients at higher risk for sedation-related complications may favor the shorter procedure times associated with PFA, whereas those needing concomitant linear ablations might benefit more from the reduced fluoroscopy times offered by vHPSD.</p>
        <p>Emerging technologies may address this challenge. The SPHERE Per-AF study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> evaluated a novel system combining high-density electroanatomic mapping with dual-energy ablation (RF or pulsed field) using a single lattice-tip catheter. The study showed that this combined approach reduced procedure times and enhanced fluoroscopy efficiency. These results suggest that integrating electroanatomic mapping into future PFA systems could lower fluoroscopy time further and improve procedural safety. Such innovations may solidify PFA&#8217;s position as the preferred method for AF ablation, especially in environments focused on efficient, rapid workflows.</p>
        <p>Despite these technical differences, the lack of significant variation in freedom from atrial arrhythmias between the two groups suggests that both approaches are similarly effective in controlling AF over the short to medium term. This finding aligns with previous research indicating that while PFA may offer advantages in lesion consistency and myocardial tissue selectivity, it does not consistently outperform vHPSD in terms of arrhythmia-free survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The safety outcomes showed no significant differences between the two methods. Specifically, there were no substantial variations in overall complication rates, cardiac tamponade, vascular access site reactions, or the incidence of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). These findings suggest that both PFA and vHPSD ablation techniques exhibit comparable safety profiles, offering reassurance regarding the overall safety of both interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, it is important to note that the absence of significant differences in these outcomes does not rule out the potential for rare or unreported adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Given that both procedures are associated with low complication rates, our results support their safety. However, further large-scale, randomized controlled trials are necessary to fully understand the spectrum of possible risks and complications, particularly for more uncommon but serious events such as esophageal injury or silent cerebral ischemia.</p>
        <p>Minor adverse events, such as phrenic nerve palsy, pulmonary vein stenosis, esophageal ulceration, coronary vasospasm, and atrial-esophageal fistula, were reported sporadically in the included studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, the data available were insufficient to perform a robust analysis of these outcomes. These events, though rare, can have significant clinical implications and warrant careful consideration, particularly as they may not always be captured in smaller, retrospective studies. The limited reporting underscores the need for larger, prospective trials with standardized adverse event monitoring better to evaluate the incidence and clinical impact of these complications. Understanding these rare events is critical to informing the choice of ablation strategy and ensuring patient safety, particularly as both PFA and vHPSD techniques continue to evolve and gain wider adoption in clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Meta-regression analysis indicated that the proportion of patients with persistent AF significantly influenced fluoroscopy time, with higher proportions of persistent AF associated with shorter fluoroscopy durations. This finding suggests that patient characteristics, such as the type of AF, may play a role in the procedural efficiency of these interventions, as observed in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> One plausible explanation is that patients with persistent AF often have more extensive substrate modification requirements, leading operators to rely heavily on advanced electroanatomic mapping systems rather than fluoroscopy to guide ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This reduces the need for prolonged fluoroscopy exposure during the procedure.</p>
        <p>Despite these procedural differences, no significant effect was observed on freedom from atrial arrhythmias, indicating that the type of AF does not substantially affect the long-term efficacy of the ablation procedures. This highlights the robust performance of both PFA and vHPSD ablation techniques in achieving durable rhythm control, regardless of AF type. Importantly, the lack of impact on recurrence rates underscores the importance of tailoring procedural approaches to optimize safety and efficiency while maintaining efficacy.</p>
        <p>TSA in our study indicated sufficient evidence for total fluoroscopy time and skin-to-skin procedure time, as both outcomes crossed the RIS and conventional monitoring boundaries. This suggests reliable findings for these endpoints, particularly regarding the efficiency of PFA in reducing procedure times. However, for freedom from atrial arrhythmias, while the cumulative Z-curve surpassed 100% of the RIS, it did not cross conventional boundaries, implying that the evidence for this outcome remains inconclusive and requires further trials. These findings underscore the importance of additional research to confirm long-term arrhythmia outcomes and the robustness of PFA compared to vHPSD ablation.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations. First, the inclusion of only retrospective observational studies introduces the potential for bias, particularly in patient selection and reporting of outcomes. Although we employed rigorous criteria for study inclusion and quality assessment, the observational nature of the included studies limits the generalizability of our results. Second, the follow-up period in the included studies was relatively short, limiting our ability to draw conclusions about long-term outcomes such as stroke prevention or the need for repeat procedures. Lastly, the studies varied in terms of the specific techniques used within the vHPSD group, which may have influenced the results. While we aimed to minimize these variations through our inclusion criteria, further research comparing specific forms of vHPSD with PFA in a randomized controlled trial setting is needed to clarify these findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis, including four studies and 605 patients, showed PFA and vHPSD RF ablation to be both effective and safe options for treating AF. PFA was associated with shorter procedure times but required longer fluoroscopy times. There was no difference in freedom from atrial arrhythmias and incidence of complications between the groups. Further, larger-scale, well-conducted randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of these procedures.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thankfully acknowledge The Meta-Analysis Academy for its methodological support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>During the preparation of this work, the author(s) used ChatGPT for enhance the clarity and readability of the text. After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12208/2024-0845_AO_Supplementary_Material_PFA_2.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
