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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">SPyjbLxhcc66ngTZqgGSvcv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240763</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tend&#234;ncias Temporais na Epidemiologia da Febre Reum&#225;tica Aguda: Uma An&#225;lise Nacional de 2008 a 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5595-9433</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mutarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9389-3586</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Armelin</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9008-5751</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pantale&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Negr&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5995-6179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Alleh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3146-0793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz P</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Jagdip</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Walderez O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>em nome da Rede PRIMA</role>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Cardiac Ultrasound Lab</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Massachusetts General Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiac Ultrasound Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;,Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Morfologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Maria C. P. Nunes &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Rua Alfredo Balena, 190. CEP 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>mcarmo@waymail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn_ast1">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Os autores contribu&#237;ram igualmente para este trabalho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>15</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>7</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240763</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A febre reum&#225;tica aguda (FRA) ainda representa um grande desafio de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, principalmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda. Afeta desproporcionalmente popula&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o brancas em regi&#245;es menos favorecidas e pode evoluir para cardiopatia reum&#225;tica (CR), associada &#224; alta morbidade e mortalidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Analisar interna&#231;&#245;es e &#243;bitos relacionados &#224; FRA no Brasil entre 2008 e 2022, destacando desigualdades regionais e demogr&#225;ficas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal baseado em dados de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade por FRA, coletados pelo Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares (SIH/SUS). Dados estratificados por caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, regi&#227;o e tipo de visita hospitalar foram analisados utilizando modelos de regress&#227;o linear de m&#233;dia m&#243;vel para avaliar o impacto de idade, sexo e ra&#231;a. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram registradas 11.061 interna&#231;&#245;es e 65 &#243;bitos por FRA; 53% dos hospitalizados eram homens e 16% eram brancos. A faixa et&#225;ria de 10 a 14 anos apresentou as maiores taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o, enquanto a de 15 a 19 anos apresentou mais &#243;bitos. As interna&#231;&#245;es foram mais frequentes entre indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o-brancos, concentrando-se no Nordeste do Brasil. Ao longo do tempo, as interna&#231;&#245;es pela FRA diminu&#237;ram em todas as demografias, com converg&#234;ncia gradual entre as taxas de homens e mulheres at&#233; 2022.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O estudo revela um decl&#237;nio nas interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA em todas as regi&#245;es e demografias, embora ainda persistam disparidades. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos casos entre homens e mulheres. Evid&#234;ncia &#233; uma evid&#234;ncia entre fatores socioecon&#244;micos e a carga de doen&#231;a, afetando mais grupos de baixa renda.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tend&#234;ncias Temporais na Epidemiologia da Febre Reum&#225;tica Aguda: Uma An&#225;lise Nacional de 2008 a 2022</title>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Febre Reum&#225;tica Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Interna&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Preval&#234;ncia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brasil</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Leducq Foundation Network </funding-source>
          <award-id>22ARF02</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Leducq Foundation Network bolsa 22ARF02.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
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        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
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    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A febre reum&#225;tica aguda (FRA) &#233; uma rea&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria anormal a uma infec&#231;&#227;o por estreptococos do grupo A durante a inf&#226;ncia ou adolesc&#234;ncia e tem como consequ&#234;ncia mais grave a doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica card&#237;aca (DCR), uma doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de Jones descrevem a apresenta&#231;&#227;o mais comum: envolvimento articular, dist&#250;rbio valvar card&#237;aco, n&#243;dulos subcut&#226;neos, erup&#231;&#227;o cut&#226;nea e coreia de Sydenham.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, o envolvimento card&#237;aco e valvar &#233; a principal causa da carga da doen&#231;a, que pode levar &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, morte e DCR cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>DCR afeta mais de 40 milh&#245;es de indiv&#237;duos e resulta em mais de 300 mil mortes anualmente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de FRA, a les&#227;o valvar progride ap&#243;s epis&#243;dios cl&#237;nicos recorrentes claramente evidentes ou infec&#231;&#245;es estreptoc&#243;cicas subcl&#237;nicas e pode ser diagnosticada por meio de triagem sistem&#225;tica ecocardiogr&#225;fica ou ap&#243;s o surgimento dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A terapia antibi&#243;tica adequada para infec&#231;&#245;es de garganta pode prevenir a FRA, e a profilaxia secund&#225;ria ap&#243;s um epis&#243;dio de FRA pode ajudar a prevenir o desenvolvimento de DCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a profilaxia secund&#225;ria com penicilina para DCR subcl&#237;nica (detectada por ecocardiograma) reduz o risco de progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A preval&#234;ncia de DCR aumentou em mais de 70% nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos e apresenta uma preval&#234;ncia tr&#234;s vezes maior em mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As raz&#245;es para essa diferen&#231;a entre os sexos ainda s&#227;o pouco compreendidas. Um estudo sugere que a protimosina-alfa, uma prote&#237;na altamente expressa na DCR e associada aos receptores de estrog&#234;nio, modula as respostas imunol&#243;gicas. Essa intera&#231;&#227;o pode aumentar o reconhecimento de ep&#237;topos mimetizadores de col&#225;geno tipo 1 por c&#233;lulas T CD8+ na DCR, contribuindo potencialmente para a ativa&#231;&#227;o autoimune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A FRA continua sendo um desafio significativo para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, especialmente em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, onde suas consequ&#234;ncias de longo prazo, a DCR, levam a morbidade e mortalidade substanciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Apesar dos esfor&#231;os para controlar e prevenir a FRA por meio de melhor acesso &#224; assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica e profilaxia com antibi&#243;ticos, as disparidades persistem tanto na preval&#234;ncia quanto nos resultados da doen&#231;a entre diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entender as tend&#234;ncias epidemiol&#243;gicas e as disparidades demogr&#225;ficas &#233; essencial para refinar estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o e otimizar a aloca&#231;&#227;o de recursos de sa&#250;de. No entanto, ainda h&#225; uma falta de dados contempor&#226;neos sobre a carga da FRA na era atual de profilaxia prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria.Para abordar a lacuna da literatura sobre gravidade e mortalidade por FRA, conduzimos um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico utilizando o Sistema de Informa&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares (SIH) do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O SIH coleta seus dados por meio da Autoriza&#231;&#227;o de Interna&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (AIH), utilizada por hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados conveniados ao SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As AIHs s&#227;o documentos preenchidos para cada paciente, permitindo a coleta de mais de 50 vari&#225;veis, incluindo o motivo da interna&#231;&#227;o, com diagn&#243;sticos codificados de acordo com a CID-10. As unidades hospitalares enviam esses documentos aos gestores municipais ou estaduais, que consolidam as informa&#231;&#245;es e as encaminham a um departamento do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. Este departamento ent&#227;o processa os dados no DATASUS e gera cr&#233;ditos para os procedimentos registrados nas AIHs. Nosso objetivo foi analisar as tend&#234;ncias anuais da preval&#234;ncia de FRA no Brasil, fornecendo insights sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o da carga da doen&#231;a e o impacto dos esfor&#231;os de preven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo ecol&#243;gico transversal utilizando dados de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade por FRA registrados no SIH do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de. O SIH &#233; um banco de dados secund&#225;rio dispon&#237;vel no Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os dados s&#227;o apresentados pelo TABNET, uma ferramenta de tabula&#231;&#227;o desenvolvida pelo DATASUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esta ferramenta estratifica dados de interna&#231;&#227;o por caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, geogr&#225;ficas, de custo e outros fatores relevantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Dados de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar abrangendo os anos de 2008 a 2022 foram coletados para comparar as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade entre homens e mulheres com FRA. Como parte das an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias, avaliamos o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade por regi&#227;o geogr&#225;fica (Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul), faixa et&#225;ria (5 a 9, 10 a 14 e 15 a 19 anos), ra&#231;a/etnia autodeclarada (branca, n&#227;o branca e desconhecida) e tipo de consulta m&#233;dica (eletiva ou urgente). Vale ressaltar que o DATASUS est&#225; dispon&#237;vel publicamente para pacientes anonimizados e n&#227;o requer aprova&#231;&#227;o de comit&#234;s de &#233;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Dois autores independentes (AM e LA) coletaram os dados; n&#227;o foram encontradas discrep&#226;ncias entre seus conjuntos de dados. Os dados foram coletados do DATASUS, a plataforma de coleta de dados do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de brasileiro. O DATASUS foi criado em 1991. O acesso aos dados de produ&#231;&#227;o hospitalar na plataforma est&#225; dispon&#237;vel de 1992 a 2007 e de 2008 em diante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Essa fragmenta&#231;&#227;o possivelmente se deve &#224; unifica&#231;&#227;o da Tabela de Procedimentos em 2008, que trouxe mudan&#231;as significativas &#224;s AIHs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O ano de 2023 foi exclu&#237;do deste estudo devido &#224; indisponibilidade de dados completos no momento da coleta. At&#233; onde sabemos, nenhuma an&#225;lise com o mesmo objetivo de pesquisa foi conduzida com dados do DATASUS. O per&#237;odo escolhido, de 2008 a 2022, foi selecionado para manter a consist&#234;ncia nos m&#233;todos de coleta de dados. Exclu&#237;mos pacientes com menos de cinco anos e mais de 19 anos para minimizar poss&#237;veis vieses, com foco na faixa et&#225;ria em que a IRA &#233; mais prevalente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coletamos dados sobre as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade relacionadas &#224; FRA, com foco espec&#237;fico em indiv&#237;duos de 5 a 19 anos. Filtramos os dados por ano, sexo, ra&#231;a, tipo de consulta m&#233;dica (eletiva ou urgente) e regi&#227;o do pa&#237;s. Al&#233;m disso, para compara&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra, obtivemos o n&#250;mero total de homens e mulheres para cada ano de 2008 a 2022, residentes no Brasil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As frequ&#234;ncias de interna&#231;&#245;es foram estratificadas por idade, sexo e ra&#231;a/etnia. As tend&#234;ncias temporais foram representadas por gr&#225;ficos de linhas. Mapas foram utilizados para mostrar a heterogeneidade regional dentro e ao longo dos anos. Modelos de m&#233;dia m&#243;vel autorregressiva linear generalizada (GLARMA) foram utilizados para explorar o efeito da idade, sexo e ra&#231;a nas s&#233;ries temporais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Essa classe de modelos permite fazer infer&#234;ncias sobre vari&#225;veis de regress&#227;o, ao mesmo tempo em que considera adequadamente a depend&#234;ncia serial de s&#233;ries temporais discretas. Distribui&#231;&#245;es binomial e binomial negativa foram consideradas para as propor&#231;&#245;es e n&#250;meros de interna&#231;&#245;es, respectivamente. Termos de intera&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores foram inclu&#237;dos nos modelos. A adequa&#231;&#227;o dos modelos foi avaliada pela inspe&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos de res&#237;duos preditivos. Um teste qui-quadrado foi realizado para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas e os desfechos de interna&#231;&#227;o ou &#243;bito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Tabelas de conting&#234;ncia foram constru&#237;das para dados de interna&#231;&#227;o e &#243;bito, e valores de p foram calculados para determinar signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com R (vers&#227;o 4.4.1, Equipe Principal R) usando os pacotes <italic>tidyverse, ggpubr</italic> e <italic>glarma</italic>. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Epidemiologia e dados demogr&#225;ficos de pacientes com febre reum&#225;tica aguda no Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="5">Interna&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="5">Morte</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Masculino</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Feminino</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Masculino</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Feminino</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Total</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">5.907</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(53,4%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">5.154</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(46,6%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">0,000</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">35</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(53,8%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">30</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(46,2%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">0,535</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="5"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">928</td>
                  <td>(15,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">834</td>
                  <td>(16,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,025</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td>(17,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td>(10,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o-branca</td>
                  <td align="center">2.545</td>
                  <td>(43,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.182</td>
                  <td>(42,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td>(34,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td>(30,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,513</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o informada</td>
                  <td align="center">2.434</td>
                  <td>(41,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.138</td>
                  <td>(41,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td>(48,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td>(60,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,866</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5 - 9</td>
                  <td align="center">2.134</td>
                  <td>(36,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.755</td>
                  <td>(34,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td>(14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td>(16,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10 - 14</td>
                  <td align="center">2.650</td>
                  <td>(44,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.214</td>
                  <td>(43,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td>(40,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td>(40,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,695</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>15 - 19</td>
                  <td align="center">1.123</td>
                  <td>(19,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.185</td>
                  <td>(23,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,197</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td>(45,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td>(43,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,578</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Natureza da consulta m&#233;dica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td colspan="5"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eletiva</td>
                  <td align="center">620</td>
                  <td>(10,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">588</td>
                  <td>(11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,357</td>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td>(11,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td>(6,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,414</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">5.287</td>
                  <td>(89,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.566</td>
                  <td>(88,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">31</td>
                  <td>(88,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td>(93,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,696</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="11">
                    <bold>Intervalo de anos</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2008-2012</td>
                  <td align="center">3.282</td>
                  <td>(55,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.684</td>
                  <td>(52,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,000</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td>(42,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td>(70,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2013-2017</td>
                  <td align="center">1.675</td>
                  <td>(28,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.552</td>
                  <td>(30,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,030</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td>(37,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td>(23,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,180</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2018-2022</td>
                  <td align="center">950</td>
                  <td>(16,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">918</td>
                  <td>(17,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,460</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td>(20,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td>(6,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,096</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nossa busca no DATASUS revelou um total de 11.061 interna&#231;&#245;es e 65 mortes por FRA. Entre os pacientes hospitalizados, 53% eram do sexo masculino e 16% auto-identificadas como brancas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A faixa et&#225;ria associada &#224;s maiores interna&#231;&#245;es foi a de 10 a 14 anos, enquanto o maior n&#250;mero de &#243;bitos ocorreu na faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 19 anos, totalizando 29 mortes. Notavelmente, a grande maioria (89%) das consultas m&#233;dicas foram classificadas como urgentes.A regi&#227;o do Nordeste Brasileiro apresentou as maiores frequ&#234;ncias de interna&#231;&#227;o por FRA(44%). Detalhes adicionais podem ser encontrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>, e um resumo do nosso estudo pode ser encontrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>As interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o consistente em todos os grupos demogr&#225;ficos e regi&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Notavelmente, as regi&#245;es Nordeste e Sudeste foram associadas &#224;s maiores frequ&#234;ncias de interna&#231;&#227;o por FRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Por outro lado, a regi&#227;o Sul apresentou menos casos de FRA, com taxas de frequ&#234;ncia permanecendo relativamente est&#225;veis ao longo do tempo. Particularmente not&#225;veis s&#227;o os estados de Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Gerais e S&#227;o Paulo, que apresentaram taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por FRA consistentemente altas durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, formando um corredor terrestre cont&#237;guo de casos elevados de FRA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2a</xref>). H&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia sazonal de aumento da interna&#231;&#227;o por FRA pr&#243;ximo aos meses de inverno no hemisf&#233;rio sul (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2b</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interna&#231;&#227;o por febre reum&#225;tica aguda por ano e regi&#227;o. A) Interna&#231;&#227;o por ano e regi&#227;o: gr&#225;fico linear. B) Interna&#231;&#227;o por ano e estados: mapa dos estados brasileiros. C) Interna&#231;&#227;o por ano, regi&#227;o e estado: gr&#225;fico linear.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interna&#231;&#227;o por febre reum&#225;tica aguda. A) Interna&#231;&#227;o por estado brasileiro (2008-2022): mapa dos estados brasileiros. B) Interna&#231;&#227;o por ano: gr&#225;fico linear sazonal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Maiores interna&#231;&#245;es foram associadas aos homens no intervalo 2008 - 2012 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3b</xref>). Ap&#243;s esse per&#237;odo, a compara&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o entre homens e mulheres gradualmente se sobrep&#244;s at&#233; a converg&#234;ncia em 2022. Al&#233;m disso, os casos de FRA ao longo do tempo apresentaram uma disparidade not&#225;vel entre a faixa et&#225;ria de 5 a 14 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 19 anos, com a diferen&#231;a diminuindo gradualmente ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3a</xref>). Especificamente, o n&#250;mero de casos foi maior na faixa et&#225;ria de 10 a 14 anos em compara&#231;&#227;o com a faixa et&#225;ria de 5 a 9 anos, com casos se sobrepondo ap&#243;s 2017. H&#225; tamb&#233;m um gr&#225;fico de incid&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#227;o por idade e sexo (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0763_AO_Material-Suplementar.pdf">Figura Suplementar 1</ext-link>). A an&#225;lise ao longo do tempo comparando faixas et&#225;rias e sexo revelou uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de interna&#231;&#227;o por FRA em homens nas faixas et&#225;rias de 5 a 9 anos e 10 a 14 anos durante os anos iniciais do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3c</xref>). No entanto, na faixa et&#225;ria de 15 a 19 anos, os n&#250;meros de interna&#231;&#227;o por FRA representando homens e mulheres se sobrep&#245;em consistentemente do in&#237;cio ao fim do per&#237;odo do estudo.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interna&#231;&#227;o por febre reum&#225;tica aguda. A) Interna&#231;&#227;o por faixa et&#225;ria: gr&#225;fico linear. B) Interna&#231;&#227;o por sexo: gr&#225;fico linear. C) Interna&#231;&#227;o por sexo e faixa et&#225;ria: gr&#225;fico linear.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Da mesma forma, ao examinar sexo e ra&#231;a, o n&#250;mero de casos de indiv&#237;duos brancos se sobrep&#245;e ao longo de todo o per&#237;odo do estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4a</xref>). Entre indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o brancos, a interna&#231;&#227;o masculina &#233; inicialmente maior, alinhando-se gradualmente &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o feminina ao longo do tempo. As interna&#231;&#245;es entre indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o brancos superaram consistentemente as interna&#231;&#245;es entre indiv&#237;duos brancos, mas a magnitude dessa diferen&#231;a diminuiu gradualmente ao longo do tempo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Interna&#231;&#227;o por febre reum&#225;tica aguda. A) Interna&#231;&#227;o por ra&#231;a: gr&#225;fico linear. B) Interna&#231;&#227;o por ra&#231;a e sexo: gr&#225;fico linear.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em um estudo ecol&#243;gico transversal, observamos que, entre as 11.061 interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, 53% eram do sexo masculino. A taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior entre homens de 5 a 14 anos. Al&#233;m disso, ao longo do per&#237;odo do estudo, as interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o consistente em todos os grupos demogr&#225;ficos e regi&#245;es.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es em homens foi maior do que em mulheres, totalizando 53% entre os 11.061 analisados. Alguns estudos mencionam que a preval&#234;ncia de FRA n&#227;o difere significativamente entre os sexos na maioria das popula&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sem evid&#234;ncias concretas para apoiar esse argumento. Negi et al. inclu&#237;ram prospectivamente 2.475 pacientes com FRA ou DCR e revelaram que a preponder&#226;ncia feminina surge apenas ap&#243;s os 20 anos de idade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> No entanto, apenas 15 pacientes com FRA foram inclu&#237;dos nesse estudo. Lawrence et al. analisaram 615 casos de FRA no norte da Austr&#225;lia e revelaram que as mulheres tinham 1,5 vez mais probabilidade de apresentar FRA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nosso estudo incluiu apenas pacientes hospitalizados por FRA. No entanto, os homens representaram 53% dos casos. Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que pode haver uma diferen&#231;a substancial na predisposi&#231;&#227;o sexual entre as fases aguda, subcl&#237;nica e cr&#244;nica da doen&#231;a. Notavelmente, se observa uma tend&#234;ncia de aumento da predomin&#226;ncia feminina &#224; medida que a doen&#231;a progride.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Para uma compreens&#227;o mais clara da mudan&#231;a na preval&#234;ncia entre mulheres com FRA e DCR, pacientes com FRA devem ser acompanhadas ao longo do tempo para analisar a predisposi&#231;&#227;o sexual na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, demonstramos que a diferen&#231;a nos casos de FRA entre os sexos foi maior no subgrupo de 5 a 9 anos, com converg&#234;ncia entre as interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA por g&#234;nero nos subgrupos de 10 a 14 anos e 15 a 19 anos. O aumento da preval&#234;ncia de CR em mulheres relacionado &#224; idade foi relatado em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Uma explica&#231;&#227;o plaus&#237;vel para tais evid&#234;ncias &#233; a maior suscetibilidade autoimune em mulheres devido aos efeitos do estrog&#234;nio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Foi demonstrado que a protimosina alfa, que est&#225; associada aos receptores de estradiol, est&#225; implicada na citotoxicidade das c&#233;lulas T CD8+ contra o col&#225;geno tipo 1 (sugerindo mecanismos que provocam autoimunidade) e pode contribuir para a predisposi&#231;&#227;o feminina na DCR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; etnia, as interna&#231;&#245;es entre indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o brancos superaram consistentemente as de brancos, com a regi&#227;o Nordeste apresentando um n&#250;mero maior de casos de FRA do que outras regi&#245;es brasileiras. As diferen&#231;as no risco de FRA entre popula&#231;&#245;es ao redor do mundo s&#227;o explicadas principalmente por fatores ambientais, sendo a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FRA e pobreza e desvantagem econ&#244;mica bem estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Nesse ponto, a superlota&#231;&#227;o domiciliar &#233; o fator de risco mais bem descrito, cuja resolu&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia de FRA em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos ao longo do s&#233;culo XX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, melhorias nos cuidados m&#233;dicos e na educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de tamb&#233;m est&#227;o associadas a uma menor preval&#234;ncia de FRA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Infelizmente, o Brasil ainda apresenta grande desigualdade racial e regional devido a fatores hist&#243;ricos. Nesse sentido, a popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o branca e a regi&#227;o Nordeste costumam apresentar piores condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, o que pode explicar os resultados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As interna&#231;&#245;es devido &#224; FRA diminu&#237;ram consistentemente em todos os grupos demogr&#225;ficos e regi&#245;es, apesar da crescente preval&#234;ncia de DCR nos &#250;ltimos 30 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O decl&#237;nio global na preval&#234;ncia de FRA &#233; atribu&#237;do a medidas de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, especialmente &#224; profilaxia antibi&#243;tica e &#224; melhoria do saneamento b&#225;sico. No entanto, a preval&#234;ncia de DCR permanece significativa devido a infec&#231;&#245;es estreptoc&#243;cicas mal tratadas e epis&#243;dios de FRA de d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s. O aumento da preval&#234;ncia de DCR tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado &#224; maior expectativa de vida dos pacientes, impulsionada por melhores tratamentos m&#233;dicos, ao aumento da valvoplastia mitral percut&#226;nea por bal&#227;o e &#224; profilaxia com penicilina para retardar a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Nosso artigo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, o subconjunto de pacientes inclu&#237;do nesta an&#225;lise pode n&#227;o ser representativo de todos os pacientes com FRA, visto que avaliamos apenas as interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel atestar a qualidade dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos que embasam os dados no banco de dados utilizado. Este &#233; um estudo ecol&#243;gico, e as estimativas n&#227;o foram ajustadas para fatores influentes, como fatores socioecon&#244;micos. A descoberta da diferen&#231;a entre os sexos se refere apenas &#224; interna&#231;&#227;o, e n&#227;o podemos fornecer justificativas metodol&#243;gicas para isso.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta an&#225;lise nacionalmente representativa dos registros de interna&#231;&#245;es da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira de 2008 a 2022 demonstra uma clara redu&#231;&#227;o nas interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA ao longo do tempo. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a significativa nos casos de FRA entre homens e mulheres. O estudo destaca uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre fatores socioecon&#244;micos e a carga da doen&#231;a, com grupos de baixa renda apresentando uma taxa maior de interna&#231;&#245;es por FRA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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              <given-names>RG</given-names>
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          <source>Texto para Discuss&#227;o (TD) 2657 - A Desigualdade Racial no Brasil nas Tr&#234;s &#218;ltimas D&#233;cadas</source>
          <publisher-loc>Rio de Janeiro</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Instituto de Pesquisa Econ&#244;mica Aplicada</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
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        <mixed-citation>30. Hissa-Teixeira K. Uma An&#225;lise da Estrutura Espacial dos Indicadores Socioecon&#244;micos do Nordeste Brasileiro (2000-2010). EURE. 2018;44(131):101-24. doi: 10.4067/S0250-71612018000100101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
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            <name>
              <surname>Hissa-Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
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          <article-title>Uma An&#225;lise da Estrutura Espacial dos Indicadores Socioecon&#244;micos do Nordeste Brasileiro (2000-2010)</article-title>
          <source>EURE</source>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> O material est&#225; dispon&#237;vel publicamente no site Tabnet Datasus.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> O material est&#225; dispon&#237;vel publicamente no site Tabnet Datasus.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0763_AO_Material-Suplementar.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Leducq Foundation Network bolsa 22ARF02.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240763i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of Acute Rheumatic Fever: A Nationwide Analysis from 2008 to 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5595-9433</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mutarelli</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9389-3586</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Armelin</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c01001">
            <sup>*</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9008-5751</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pantale&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Negr&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5995-6179</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Alleh</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Carla Jorge</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3146-0793</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Luiz P</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kang</surname>
            <given-names>Jagdip</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dutra</surname>
            <given-names>Walderez O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8801-1828</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Maria C. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>em nome da Rede PRIMA</role>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Cardiac Ultrasound Lab, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Estat&#237;stica, Universidade Federal do Paran&#225;, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Maria C. P. Nunes &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais &#8211; Rua Alfredo Balena, 190. Postal Code 30130-100, Belo Horizonte, MG &#8211; Brazil Email: mcarmo@waymail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="equal" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p> The authors contributed equally to this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) remains a significant public health challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries. It disproportionately affects non-white populations in underprivileged regions and may lead to rheumatic heart disease (RHD), which has high morbidity and mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Analyze hospitalizations and deaths related to ARF in Brazil between 2008 and 2022, highlighting regional and demographic inequalities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We conducted a cross-sectional study analyzing hospitalization and mortality data caused by ARF from 2008 to 2022 in Brazil, collected through the Hospital Information System (SIH/SUS). Data were stratified by demographics, region, and hospital visit type (urgent or elective) and analyzed using generalized linear autoregressive moving average models to assess the impact of age, sex, and race. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Of 11,061 hospitalizations and 65 deaths from ARF, 53% were male and 16% were white. The 10&#8211;14-year-old age group had the highest hospitalization rates, while the 15&#8211;19-year-old group had more deaths. Hospitalizations were higher among non-white individuals and concentrated in Brazil&#8217;s Northeast. Over time, ARF-related hospitalizations declined across all demographics, with a gradual convergence between male and female rates by 2022.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Our findings highlight a decline in ARF-related hospitalizations across regions and demographics, though disparities remain. There is no significant difference in ARF cases between men and women. The study highlights a correlation between socioeconomic factors and disease burden, with low-income groups experiencing a higher rate of ARF hospitalizations.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Temporal Trends in the Epidemiology of Acute Rheumatic Fever: A Nationwide Analysis from 2008 to 2022</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Rheumatic Fever</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevalence</kwd>
        <kwd>Brazil</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is an abnormal inflammatory reaction to a group A streptococcal infection during childhood or adolescence and has its most severe consequence, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a valvular heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The Jones diagnostic criteria outline the most common presentation, joint involvement, cardiac valvular disorder, subcutaneous nodules, rash, and Sydenham&#8217;s chorea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, cardiac and valve involvement is the leading cause of the burden of the disease to hospitalization, death, and chronic RHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>RHD affects over 40 million individuals and results in more than 300 thousand deaths annually.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Following an ARF episode, the valvular injury progresses after recurrent clinically evident or subclinical streptococcal infections and may be diagnosed through echocardiographic systematic screening or after symptoms arise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Adequate antibiotic therapy for throat infections can prevent ARF, and secondary prophylaxis after an ARF episode can help prevent the development of RHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Furthermore, secondary prophylaxis with penicillin for subclinical (echocardiogram-detected) RHD reduces the risk of disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>RHD prevalence increased by more than 70% in the last 30 years and exhibits a threefold higher prevalence in women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The reasons for this sex difference remain poorly understood. A study suggests that prothymosin-alpha, a protein highly expressed in RHD and associated with estrogen receptors, modulates immune responses. This interaction may enhance CD8+ T-cell recognition of type 1 collagen mimic epitopes in RHD, potentially contributing to autoimmune activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ARF remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, where its long-term consequences, RHD, lead to substantial morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Despite efforts to manage and prevent ARF through improved access to healthcare and antibiotic prophylaxis, disparities persist in both the prevalence and outcomes of the disease across different populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Understanding the epidemiological trends and demographic disparities is essential for refining prevention strategies and optimizing healthcare resource allocation. However, there remains a lack of contemporary data on the burden of ARF in the current era of primary and secondary prophylaxis. To address the literature gap on ARF severity and mortality, we conducted an epidemiological study utilizing the Hospital Information System (SIH) of the Brazilian National Health System (SUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The SIH collects its data through Hospital Admission Authorization (AIH), used by public and private hospitals affiliated with the SUS. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The AIHs are documents completed for each patient, allowing the collection of more than 50 variables, including the reason for hospitalization, with diagnoses coded according to the ICD-10. Hospital units send these documents to municipal or state managers, who consolidate the information and forward it to a department of the Ministry of Health. This department then processes the data in DATASUS and generates credits for the procedures recorded in the AIHs. We aimed to analyze the annual trends in ARF prevalence in Brazil, providing insights into the evolving burden of the disease and the impact of prevention efforts.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>We conducted a cross-sectional ecological study using inpatient and mortality data from ARF recorded in the SIH of the Ministry of Health of Brazil. SIH is a secondary database available at the Informatics Department of the Brazilian National Health System (DATASUS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The data is presented by TABNET, a tabulation tool developed by DATASUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This tool stratifies inpatient data by demographic, geographic, cost characteristics, and other relevant factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Inpatient data spanning the years 2008 to 2022 were collected to compare hospitalization and mortality rates between males and females with ARF. As part of secondary analyses, we assessed the number of hospitalizations and mortality by geographic region (North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast, and South), age group (5-9, 10-14, and 15-19 years old), race/self-declared ethnicity (white, non-white and unknown), and type of medical visit (elective or urgent). It should be noted that DATASUS is publicly available with de-identified patients and does not require approval from ethics committees.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Two independent authors (AM and LA) collected the data; no discrepancies were found between their datasets. Data were gathered from the DATASUS, the Brazilian public health system&#8217;s data collection platform. DATASUS was created in 1991. Access to hospital production data on the platform is available from 1992 to 2007 and from 2008 onwards.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This fragmentation is possibly due to the unification of the Table of Procedures in 2008, which brought significant changes to the AIHs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The year 2023 was excluded from this study due to the unavailability of complete data at the time of collection. To our knowledge, no analysis with the same research objective has been conducted with DATASUS data. The chosen time frame, from 2008 to 2022, was selected to maintain consistency in data collection methods. We excluded patients aged below five and above 19 years to minimize potential bias, focusing on the age range where ARF is more prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          <p>We collected data on hospitalization and mortality rates related to ARF, specifically focusing on individuals aged 5 to 19 years old. We filtered the data by year, sex, race, the type of medical visit (elective or urgent), and the country region. Furthermore, for sample size comparison, we obtained the total number of males and females for each year from 2008 to 2022, residing in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Frequencies of hospitalizations were stratified by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Temporal trends were represented by line plots. Maps were used to show regional heterogeneity within and over the years. Generalized linear autoregressive moving average (GLARMA) models were used to explore the effect of age, sex, and race on the time series.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> This class of models allows making inferences about regression variables while properly accounting for the serial dependence of discrete time series. Binomial and negative binomial distributions were considered for the proportions and numbers of hospitalizations, respectively. Interaction terms between the factors were included in the models. The adequacy of the models was assessed by inspection of plots of predictive residuals. A chi-square test was performed to assess associations between demographic and clinical characteristics and the outcomes of hospitalization or death (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Contingency tables were constructed for hospitalization and death data, and p-values were calculated to determine statistical significance. Statistical analysis was performed with R (version 4.4.1, R Core Team) using the <italic>tidyverse</italic>, <italic>ggpubr</italic>, and <italic>glarma</italic> packages. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Epidemiology and demographic data from acute rheumatic fever patients in Brazil</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="5">Hospitalization</th>
                    <th colspan="5">Death</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Female</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Male</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Female</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Total</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">5.907</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(53.4%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">5.154</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(46.6%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">0.000</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">35</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(53.8%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">30</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">(46.2%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">0.535</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Race</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td colspan="5"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">928</td>
                    <td>(15.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">834</td>
                    <td>(16.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.025</td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td>(17.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td>(10.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.317</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-White</td>
                    <td align="center">2.545</td>
                    <td>(43.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.182</td>
                    <td>(42.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td>(34.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td>(30.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.513</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Not informed</td>
                    <td align="center">2.434</td>
                    <td>(41.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.138</td>
                    <td>(41.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td>(48.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18</td>
                    <td>(60.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.866</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="11">
                      <bold>Age group</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5 - 9</td>
                    <td align="center">2.134</td>
                    <td>(36.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.755</td>
                    <td>(34.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td>(14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td>(16.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10 - 14</td>
                    <td align="center">2.650</td>
                    <td>(44.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.214</td>
                    <td>(43.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td>(40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12</td>
                    <td>(40.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.695</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>15 - 19</td>
                    <td align="center">1.123</td>
                    <td>(19.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.185</td>
                    <td>(23.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.197</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td>(45.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td>(43.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.578</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="6">
                      <bold>Nature of medical visit</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td colspan="5"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eletive</td>
                    <td align="center">620</td>
                    <td>(10.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">588</td>
                    <td>(11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.357</td>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td>(11.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td>(6.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.414</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urgency</td>
                    <td align="center">5.287</td>
                    <td>(89.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.566</td>
                    <td>(88.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">31</td>
                    <td>(88.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28</td>
                    <td>(93.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.696</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="11">
                      <bold>Year range</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2008-2012</td>
                    <td align="center">3.282</td>
                    <td>(55.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.684</td>
                    <td>(52.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.000</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td>(42.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21</td>
                    <td>(70.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.317</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2013-2017</td>
                    <td align="center">1.675</td>
                    <td>(28.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.552</td>
                    <td>(30.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.030</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td>(37.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td>(23.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.180</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2018-2022</td>
                    <td align="center">950</td>
                    <td>(16.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">918</td>
                    <td>(17.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.460</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td>(20.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td>(6.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.096</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Our search in the DATASUS revealed a total of 11,061 hospitalizations and 65 deaths from ARF. Among the hospitalized patients, 53% were male, and 16% self-identified as white (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The age group associated with the highest hospitalizations was 10-14 years old, while a higher number of deaths occurred in the 15-19 age range, totaling 29 deaths. Notably, the vast majority (89%) of medical visits were classified as urgent. The Northeastern Brazilian region exhibited the highest frequencies of ARF hospitalization (44%). Additional details can be found in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>, and a summary of our study can be found in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>Hospitalizations due to ARF exhibited a consistent decrease across all demographic groups and regions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure. 1</xref>). Notably, the Northeast and Southeast regions were associated with the highest frequencies of ARF hospitalization (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure. 1</xref>). Conversely, the South region experienced fewer cases of ARF, with frequency rates remaining relatively steady over time. Particularly noteworthy are the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Gerais, and S&#227;o Paulo, which exhibited consistently high-frequency ARF hospitalization rates over the study period, forming a contiguous land corridor of elevated ARF cases (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure. 2a</xref>). There is a seasonal trend of ARF hospitalization increasing near the winter months of the south hemisphere (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure. 2b</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Acute rheumatic fever hospitalization by year and region. A &#8211; Hospitalization by year and region: linear graph. B &#8211; Hospitalization by year and states: Brazilian states map. C &#8211; Hospitalization by year, region, and state: linear graph.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Acute rheumatic fever hospitalization. A &#8211; Hospitalization by Brazilian state (2008-2022): Brazilian states map. B &#8211; Hospitalization by year: seasonal linear graph.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Higher hospitalizations were associated with males over the 2008&#8211;2012 interval (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3b</xref>). After this period, hospitalization comparison between males and females gradually overlapped until convergence by 2022. Additionally, the ARF cases over time displayed a notable disparity between the 5-14 age group compared to the 15-19 age group, with the difference gradually diminishing over time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure. 3a</xref>). Specifically, the number of cases was higher in the 10-14 age range compared to the 5-9 age group, with cases overlapping after 2017. There is also an incidence graph on hospitalization by age and sex (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0763_AO_Material-Suplementar.pdf">Supplementary Figure. 1</ext-link>) Analysis over time comparing age ranges and sex revealed a higher ARF hospitalization frequency of males in the age groups of 5-9 and 10-14 during the initial years of the study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure. 3c</xref>). However, in the age range of 15-19, the ARF hospitalization numbers representing male and female overlap consistently from the beginning to the end of the study period.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Acute rheumatic fever hospitalization. A &#8211; Hospitalization by age group: linear graph. B &#8211; Hospitalization by sex: linear graph. C &#8211; Hospitalization by sex and age group: linear graph.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Similarly, when examining sex and race, the number of cases of white individuals overlaps throughout the entire study period (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4a</xref>). Among non-white individuals, male hospitalization is initially greater, gradually aligning with female hospitalization over time. Hospitalizations among non-white individuals consistently outnumbered those among white individuals, but the magnitude of this difference gradually diminished over time (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Acute rheumatic fever hospitalization. A &#8211; Hospitalization by race: linear graph. B &#8211; Hospitalization by race and sex: linear graph.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240763-40763-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this cross-sectional ecological study, we observed that among the 11,061 ARF hospitalizations over the past decade, 53% were male. The hospitalization rate was significantly higher among males aged 5-14 years. Furthermore, over the study period, hospitalizations due to ARF exhibited a consistent decrease across all demographic groups and regions.</p>
        <p>In the present study, the number of hospitalizations in men was higher than in women, totaling 53% among the 11,061 analyzed. Some studies mention that the prevalence of ARF is not significantly different between sexes in most populations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> without concrete evidence to support this argument. Negi et al. prospectively included 2475 patients with ARF or RHD and revealed that the female preponderance arises only after 20 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, only 15 patients with ARF were included in that study. Lawrence et al. analyzed 615 cases of ARF in Northern Australia and revealed that females were 1.5 times more likely to present with ARF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Our study included only patients hospitalized due to ARF. Nevertheless, males represented 53% of the cases. The findings of the present study suggest that there may be a substantial difference in sex predisposition across the acute, subclinical, and chronic phases of the disease. Notably, a trend toward increasing female predominance appears as the disease progresses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> For a clearer understanding of the change in prevalence among women with ARF and RHD, patients with ARF should be followed over time to analyze sex predisposition in the progression of the disease.</p>
        <p>Moreover, we demonstrated that the difference in ARF cases between sexes was greater in the 5&#8211;9-year-old subgroup, with convergence between gender ARF hospitalization in the 10-14 and 15-19 age subgroups. The age-related increase in the female prevalence of RHD has been reported in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> One plausible explanation for such evidence is greater autoimmune susceptibility in women due to estrogen effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> It has been demonstrated that prothymosin alpha, which is associated with estradiol receptors, is implicated in CD8+ T-cell cytotoxicity against type 1 collagen (suggesting mechanisms provoking autoimmunity) and may contribute to female predisposition in RHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding ethnicity, hospitalizations among non-white individuals consistently outnumbered white individuals, with the Northeastern region exhibiting a higher number of ARF cases than other Brazilian regions. The differences in risk of ARF between populations around the world are mostly explained by environmental factors, with the association between ARF and poverty and economic disadvantage being well established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> On this point, household overcrowding is the best-described risk factor, whose resolution is associated with a decrease in ARF prevalence in developed countries through the twentieth century.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Additionally, improvements in medical care and health education are also associated with a lower prevalence of ARF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Unfortunately, Brazil still has great racial and regional inequality due to historical factors. In this regard, the non-white population and the Northeast region typically maintain worse socioeconomic which may explain the findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hospitalizations due to ARF consistently decreased across all demographics and regions despite the rising RHD prevalence in the last 30 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The global decline in ARF prevalence is attributed to public health measures, especially antibiotic prophylaxis and improved sanitation. However, RHD prevalence remains significant due to poorly treated streptococcal infections and ARF episodes from decades ago. Increased RHD prevalence is also linked to patients&#8217; longer life expectancy, driven by better medical therapy, the rise of percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty, and penicillin prophylaxis to slow disease progression.</p>
        <p>Our paper has some limitations. First, the subset of patients included in this analysis may not be representative of all ARF patients since we evaluated only hospitalizations by ARF. Furthermore, there is an inability to attest to the quality of the medical records that support the data in the database used. This is an ecological study, and the estimates were not adjusted for influential factors such as socioeconomic factors. The finding of the difference between sexes is only on hospitalization, and we cannot input mechanism reasons for it.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This nationally representative analysis of the Brazilian population&#8217;s hospitalization records from 2008 to 2022 demonstrates a clear decrease in ARF hospitalizations over time. Additionally, there is no significant difference in ARF cases between men and women. The study highlights a correlation between socioeconomic factors and disease burden, with low-income groups experiencing a higher rate of ARF hospitalizations.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The material is public available at Tabnet Datasus.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0763_AO_Material-Suplementar.pdf">click here</ext-link> </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Leducq Foundation Network grant 22ARF02</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
