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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">bJJMhBMxV7hbk3CjwBkvd5y</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000700309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240617</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimativa de Brasileiros em Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria de Eventos Cardiovasculares que N&#227;o Atingem a Meta de LDL Colesterol com Tratamento Hipolipemiante</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3848-6216</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0210-4877</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magliano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senna</surname>
            <given-names>Katia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ione</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia N&#250;cleo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias em sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia N&#250;cleo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias em sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">ASAS Valor em Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ASAS Valor em Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia N&#250;cleo de bioestat&#237;stica e bioinform&#225;tica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia N&#250;cleo de bioestat&#237;stica e bioinform&#225;tica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>4</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias AS</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias AS, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Andressa Braga</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; N&#250;cleo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias em sa&#250;de. Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code> , Laranjeiras, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>andressa.braga.cardio@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>Os autores Andressa Braga e Carlos Magliano declaram ter recebido honor&#225;rios da empresa Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A. para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de palestras sobre tema n&#227;o relacionado ao objeto deste artigo. A autora Ione Oliveira declara possuir v&#237;nculo empregat&#237;cio com a empresa Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A., onde atua como gerente de acesso e HEOR.</p>
          <p>Todos os coautores declaram que esta pesquisa foi financiada pela Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A. No entanto, o financiador n&#227;o teve qualquer papel ou interfer&#234;ncia no desenho do estudo, na coleta, an&#225;lise ou interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>07</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240617</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias de 2017 recomenda uma meta de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) &lt; 50mg/dL para pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares, e tratamento com estatina e adi&#231;&#227;o de ezetimiba, se necess&#225;rio. Em pacientes que n&#227;o atingem essa meta, &#233; indicada farmacoterapia adicional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Estimar a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria que n&#227;o atinge a meta de LDL-c com o tratamento hipolipemiante em 2024.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo:</title>
          <p>Este estudo combinou dados populacionais do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS) e da sa&#250;de suplementar, dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e o m&#233;todo Delphi, com a participa&#231;&#227;o de 29 especialistas na primeira rodada e 24 na segunda, para estimar o tamanho da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria que n&#227;o atinge a meta de LDL-c.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria foi estimada em 5,8 milh&#245;es no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e 1,2 milh&#227;o no sistema de sa&#250;de suplementar. Aproximadamente um milh&#227;o de pacientes assistidos no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico e 150 mil assistidos na sa&#250;de suplementar n&#227;o devem atingir a meta de LDL-c com o tratamento hipolipemiante oral.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Entre 9% e 19% dos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria n&#227;o alcan&#231;am a meta recomendada de LDL-c, tornando-se potenciais candidatos para terapias adicionais de redu&#231;&#227;o de LDL-c.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipolipemiantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimativas Populacionais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="49"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <fig id="f1">
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares representam a principal causa de &#243;bito prematuro no mundo, resultando em perda da qualidade de vida, e em impactos econ&#244;micos e sociais significativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A dislipidemia desempenha um papel importante na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose, sendo considerada fator de risco para as doen&#231;as cardiovasculares<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e o seu tratamento visa redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estima-se que 14,6% da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira tenha n&#237;veis elevados da lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Indiv&#237;duos com eventos cardiovasculares pr&#233;vios ou com diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica s&#227;o classificados como em risco cardiovascular muito alto e a preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos nesse subgrupo &#233; denominada preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A diretriz de dislipidemias e preven&#231;&#227;o de aterosclerose da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) recomenda, para os pacientes com muito alto risco cardiovascular, a meta de LDL-c&lt;50mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria inclui estatina, associada ou n&#227;o &#224; ezetimiba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Esse tratamento leva &#224; uma redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c entre 45% e 60%, mas pode ser insuficiente para alcan&#231;ar a meta preconizada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e terapias adicionais podem ser indicadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, a assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de &#233; fornecida tanto pelo Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de (SPS), quanto pela Sa&#250;de Suplementar (SS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O SPS &#233; representado pelo Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), que oferece atendimento universal e gratuito, incluindo a distribui&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> J&#225; a SS, regulada pela Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Sa&#250;de (ANS), atende 25% da popula&#231;&#227;o, que tamb&#233;m pode acessar o SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o percentual de pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria que atingem a meta de LDL-c com o tratamento hipolipemiante no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Diante desta lacuna, este estudo visa estimar a popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria que n&#227;o atinge a meta de LDL-c com estatina e ezetimiba no SPS e na SS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Foram integrados dois caminhos metodol&#243;gicos distintos: painel Delphi e dados populacionais. No painel Delphi, o objetivo foi identificar a conduta terap&#234;utica adotada por cardiologistas no tratamento da dislipidemia em pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria no SPS e na SS. Foram inclu&#237;dos cardiologistas com especializa&#231;&#227;o h&#225; mais de um ano, atuantes em ambulat&#243;rios do SPS ou da SS. Exclu&#237;ram-se m&#233;dicos com conflitos de interesse com a ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica ou que atuavam em ambulat&#243;rios exclusivos de dislipidemia, por potencialmente adotarem condutas que podem n&#227;o refletir a pr&#225;tica do cardiologista geral.</p>
      <p>O painel Delphi seguiu as etapas descritas na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 1</xref>. Esse m&#233;todo estruturado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> facilita a converg&#234;ncia de opini&#245;es, com rodadas de question&#225;rios e <italic>feedback</italic>, enquanto o anonimato permite contribui&#231;&#245;es independentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> sendo capaz de promover consenso em contextos com evid&#234;ncias limitadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os especialistas foram selecionados por amostragem n&#227;o probabil&#237;stica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Embora n&#227;o haja um n&#250;mero padr&#227;o de participantes, recomenda-se entre seis e 20, para estabilidade dos resultados, com uma taxa de resposta m&#237;nima de 70% entre rodadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Neste painel, foram realizadas duas rodadas, com consenso definido como concord&#226;ncia superior a 70%. Cada subgrupo deveria ter no m&#237;nimo sete participantes. Foram convidados 32 especialistas para compensar poss&#237;veis desist&#234;ncias. O contato foi realizado por telefone, mensagem ou e-mail. Os cardiologistas indicados pelos pesquisadores poderiam indicar outros cardiologistas (amostragem em bola de neve). Os formul&#225;rios da primeira e segunda rodada foram desenvolvidos no aplicativo <italic>Google Forms</italic> e enviados aos participantes de cada subgrupo simultaneamente e respondidos de forma virtual e ass&#237;ncrona em at&#233; 15 dias. Os pain&#233;is com os especialistas que atuam no SPS e na SS foram conduzidos entre novembro e dezembro de 2022 e entre junho e julho de 2023.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <p>Etapas do Painel Delphi. TCLE: Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido; SPS: Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de; SS: Sistema de Sa&#250;de Suplementar. Valida&#231;&#227;o do question&#225;rio: Processo metodol&#243;gico que analisa o conte&#250;do e sua compreens&#227;o, realizado por cardiologistas externos ao painel Delphi.</p>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria pelos autores.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria atendida no SPS foi estimada a partir da identifica&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos cardiovasculares no Sistema de Gerenciamento da Tabela de Procedimentos, Medicamentos e OPM (&#211;rteses, Pr&#243;teses e Meios Auxiliares de Locomo&#231;&#227;o) do SUS (SIGTAP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> relacionados diretamente &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-suppl01.pdf">Suplemento</inline-supplementary-material>). A incid&#234;ncia dos procedimentos selecionados foi calculada a partir dos dados do Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o Hospitalar (SIH) de 2019<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e associada por meio do Cart&#227;o Nacional de Sa&#250;de (CNS) ao Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade (SIM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> para identificar aqueles que realizaram o procedimento e evolu&#237;ram a &#243;bito no mesmo ano. O ano de 2019 foi escolhido em fun&#231;&#227;o da epidemia de covid-19, que alterou o padr&#227;o de interna&#231;&#245;es nos anos seguintes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Pacientes com mais de um procedimento no per&#237;odo foram contabilizados apenas uma vez, com base no n&#250;mero do CNS.</p>
      <p>A estimativa da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria na SS foi realizada com base na demanda por procedimentos relacionados &#224; doen&#231;a cardiovascular do painel D-TISS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> em 2019. Devido &#224; indisponibilidade de dados de mortalidade nesta base, foi assumida a taxa de mortalidade da base SIM (12,2%). Assumiu-se que cada procedimento representaria um paciente em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Foram selecionados os c&#243;digos TUSS (Terminologia Unificada da SS) relacionados diretamente &#224; doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica (<inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-suppl02.pdf">Suplemento</inline-supplementary-material>), desconsiderando os procedimentos da aorta ascendente at&#233; aorta descendente antes da origem das art&#233;rias renais e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas, por n&#227;o serem considerados relacionados &#224; aterosclerose.</p>
      <p>Adicionalmente, adotou-se o pressuposto de que os indiv&#237;duos que realizaram pelo menos um procedimento cardiovascular em 2019 seriam equivalentes &#224; incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a. Com base no estudo Estat&#237;stica Cardiovascular Brasil 2021,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que forneceu as raz&#245;es entre casos incidentes e prevalentes de acidente vascular cerebral (1/11,4) e infarto mioc&#225;rdico (1/17,5), foi calculada uma raz&#227;o sumarizada de incid&#234;ncia/preval&#234;ncia para a popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria. Essa raz&#227;o sumarizada, obtida por meio da m&#233;dia ponderada das raz&#245;es espec&#237;ficas, utilizando a frequ&#234;ncia dos eventos como pesos, foi aplicada para estimar a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria a partir da incid&#234;ncia. Esses valores foram atualizados de 2019 para 2024, aplicando a taxa m&#233;dia de crescimento populacional do Brasil de 1,0075 para o SPS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e de 0,29 para a SS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando Excel 2019<sup>&#174;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e R vers&#227;o 4.2.2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Os resultados do painel Delphi foram apresentados como porcentagens e contagens de frequ&#234;ncia. As estimativas populacionais foram calculadas com base na m&#233;dia, considerado o estimador de m&#225;xima verossimilhan&#231;a. Como a an&#225;lise n&#227;o teve o objetivo de testar hip&#243;teses, n&#227;o foram calculados valores de p ou n&#237;veis de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Para avaliar as incertezas, foi realizada uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade probabil&#237;stica com mil simula&#231;&#245;es de Monte Carlo, cujos resultados foram sumarizados por medidas de dispers&#227;o (mediana e intervalo interquartil).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Aspectos &#233;ticos</title>
        <p>A pesquisa seguiu as orienta&#231;&#245;es da Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#176;510/2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e n&#186;466/12<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de. Ressalta-se a isen&#231;&#227;o da necessidade de avalia&#231;&#227;o pelo sistema CEP/CONEP, por se caracterizar como "aprofundamento te&#243;rico de situa&#231;&#245;es que emergem espont&#226;nea e contingencialmente na pr&#225;tica profissional, desde que n&#227;o revelem dados que possam identificar o sujeito", conforme Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#176;510/2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As identidades dos especialistas do Painel Delphi foram mantidas confidenciais e apenas os pesquisadores principais tiveram acesso &#224;s informa&#231;&#245;es que foram anonimizadas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Painel Delphi</title>
        <p>Foram convidados 65 especialistas, dos quais 42 aceitaram participar, 13 foram exclu&#237;dos (um por conflito de interesse, 11 por n&#227;o atuarem em ambulat&#243;rio ou consult&#243;rio de cardiologia no SPS ou SS, e um por tempo de especializa&#231;&#227;o inferior a um ano), resultando em 29 (69%) especialistas inclu&#237;dos. As caracter&#237;sticas dos especialistas inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rodada 1 &#8211; Caracter&#237;stica dos entrevistados</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N=29) <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">SPS&#450;</xref> (n=12) <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">SS</xref> (n=17) <break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="7" valign="middle">Cidade de atua&#231;&#227;o do especialista</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23(79%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8(67%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15(88%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Campos dos Goytacazes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">NM</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Maca&#233;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">NM</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Nova Friburgo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">NM</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">NM</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atendimento remoto</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Tipo de ambulat&#243;rio<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN1">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SPS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13(45%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12(100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sa&#250;de suplementar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28(97%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(91,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17(100%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>em que o cardiologista assiste pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de evento cardiovascular;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <label>SPS&#450;:</label>
              <p>Subgrupo de especialistas do painel Delphi referente ao Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <label>SS:</label>
              <p>Subgrupo de especialistas do painel Delphi referente a sa&#250;de suplementar;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <label>NM:</label>
              <p>Alternativa n&#227;o mencionada.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria pelos autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>O painel Delphi permitiu identificar a conduta dos especialistas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s metas de LDL-c, os medicamentos prescritos, o percentual de pacientes que atingem a meta com estes medicamentos e o n&#250;mero de especialistas que prescreveriam terapia adicional com o objetivo de alcan&#231;ar a meta de LDL-c.</p>
        <p>O tratamento do paciente em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria com estatina e a associa&#231;&#227;o de ezetimiba foram consenso entre os especialistas na primeira rodada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rodada 1 &#8211; Tratamento hipolipemiante na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Item</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N=29) <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN18">SPS&#450;</xref> (N=12) <break/>n (%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN19">SS</xref> (N=17) <break/>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">Prescri&#231;&#227;o inicial<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rosuvastatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14(48%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(25%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(61%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Atorvastatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12(41%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(42%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(39%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinvastatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6(21%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6(50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatina (n&#227;o especificada)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">% pacientes tratados com estatina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN6">&#8225;&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Todos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(38%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10(59%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;80%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(38%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(92%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;70%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(3%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(6%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;40% e &lt;60%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(10%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;30% e &lt;40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(10%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(18%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">% de pacientes que atinge meta com estatina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&lt;20%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(6%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9830;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;20% e &lt;40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(26%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(27%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#9679;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4(25%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9830;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;40% e &lt;60%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(26%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(27%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#9679;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4(25%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9830;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;60% e &lt;80%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12(44%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(45%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">&#9679;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(44%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN11">&#9830;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Inicia outro hipolipemiante?<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN12">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24(83%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13(76%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(17%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4(24%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Qual hipolipemiante?</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Associa ezetimiba</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(100%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(85%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Substitui estatina e associa ezetimiba</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Substitui estatina<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN13">&#11801;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Associa ezetimiba com estatina?</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(100%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11(85%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN20">NM</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2(15%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="middle">% de pacientes que alcan&#231;a meta com associa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;20% e &lt;40%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(13%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(9%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2(15%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;40% e &lt;60%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(21%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2(18%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(23%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;60% e &lt;80%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4(17%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(27%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">&gt;80%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12(50%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN14">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5(45%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN15">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7(54%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN16">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Tratamento prescrito com maior frequ&#234;ncia;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <label>&#8225;&#8225;</label>
              <p>Percentual de pacientes que o especialista prescreve estatina;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
              <p>Consenso alcan&#231;ado;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>pacientes assistidos por especialistas que buscam meta;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>&#9650;</label>
              <p>n=27;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <label>&#9679;</label>
              <p>n=11;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN11">
              <label>&#9830;</label>
              <p>n=16;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN12">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>nos pacientes que n&#227;o alcan&#231;am a meta com estatina;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN13">
              <label>&#11801;</label>
              <p>suspende atorvastatina e inicia rosuvastatina;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN14">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>n=24;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN15">
              <label>3</label>
              <p>n=11;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN16">
              <label>4</label>
              <p>n=13;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN17">
              <label>N</label>
              <p>=total de especialistas no painel Delphi; n= especialistas que responderam ao crit&#233;rio;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN18">
              <label>SPS&#450;:</label>
              <p>Subgrupo de especialistas referente ao Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN19">
              <label>SS:</label>
              <p>Subgrupo de especialistas referente a Sa&#250;de suplementar;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN20">
              <label>NM:</label>
              <p>alternativa n&#227;o mencionada;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN21">
              <label>LDL-c:</label>
              <p>Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria pelos autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>A segunda rodada do painel Delphi foi conclu&#237;da por 83% (24/29) dos especialistas. Nesta rodada, buscou-se o consenso sobre a meta de LDL-c a ser adotada em pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, a partir das metas mais frequentemente citadas na primeira rodada. Houve consenso para a meta de &lt;70 mg/dL entre especialistas da SS e para a meta de &lt;50 mg/dL entre os especialistas da SPS. Tamb&#233;m foi consenso o percentual de pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria tratados com estatina, al&#233;m da prescri&#231;&#227;o de farmacoterapia adicional quando a meta n&#227;o foi alcan&#231;ada com o tratamento combinado. Estimou-se a m&#233;dia de pacientes que atingem a meta de LDL-c com estatina em monoterapia ou combinada com ezetimiba baseado na opini&#227;o dos especialistas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rodada 2 &#8211; Tratamento da dislipidemia e resposta ao tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Item</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Descri&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N=24) <break/>(%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN29">SPS</xref> (N=9) <break/>(%)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN30">SS</xref> (N=15) <break/>(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Busca meta de LDL-c<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN23">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Concordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">22(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8(89%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14(93%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Discordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2(8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(11%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1(7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Meta de LDL-c <break/>&lt;50mg/dL</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Concordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16/22(80%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8/8(100%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8/14(57%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Discordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1/22(5%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0/8(0%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1/14(7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Meta de LDL-c <break/>&lt;70mg/dL</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Concordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15/22(75%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4/8(50%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11/14(79%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Discordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4/22(20%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3/8(43%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1/14(7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Prescreve estatina para todos os pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Concordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18(75%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6(67%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12(80%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN22">&#8224;</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Discordo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6(25%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(33%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3(20%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">M&#233;dia ponderada de pacientes que atingem meta de LDL-c (DP)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50,5%(&#177;20,75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46%(&#177;19,97%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52,2%(&#177;20,79%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Estatina + Ezetimiba</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63,8%(&#177;10,83)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60,9%(&#177;9,96%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">3</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,2%(&#177;13,66%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN26">*</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN27">4</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Prescreveria terapia adicional<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN24">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN25">2</xref> </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sim</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18/22(82%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8/8(100%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10/14(71%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4/22(18%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0/8(0%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4/14(28%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN22">
              <label>&#8224;</label>
              <p>Consenso alcan&#231;ado (definido como concord&#226;ncia igual ou superior a 70%);</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN23">
              <label>&#8225;</label>
              <p>Meta de LDL-c &#233; o objetivo do tratamento do paciente em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria; Concordo: Concordo fortemente ou concordo; Discordo: Discordo ou Discordo fortemente;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN24">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>Respondido apenas por especialistas que buscam meta de LDL-c;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN25">
              <label>2</label>
              <p>Por via subcut&#226;nea, indicada para pacientes que n&#227;o atingem meta com estatina e ezetimiba;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN26">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>Dentre os pacientes que n&#227;o atingem meta de LDL-c com estatina;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN27">
              <label>3,4</label>
              <p>a m&#233;dia ponderada de pacientes que atingem a meta de LDL-c foram calculadas com base nas metas consensuais adotadas por cada subgrupo, sendo considerada a meta de LDL-c &lt;50 mg/dL no SPS (100% concord&#226;ncia) e &lt;70 mg/dL na SS (79% concord&#226;ncia) para essa estimativa</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN28">
              <label>N:</label>
              <p>Total de especialistas no painel Delphi</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN29">
              <label>SPS:</label>
              <p>Subgrupo de especialistas do Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN30">
              <label>SS:</label>
              <p>Subgrupo de especialistas da Sa&#250;de Suplementar</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN31">
              <label>LDL-c:</label>
              <p>Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN32">
              <label>DP:</label>
              <p>Desvio Padr&#227;o.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria pelos autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimativa da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria</title>
        <p>No SPS, foram identificados 441 890 indiv&#237;duos com ao menos um evento cardiovascular em 2019. Ap&#243;s ajustar a mortalidade (12,2%) e o crescimento populacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> a incid&#234;ncia e a preval&#234;ncia estimadas para 2024 foram de 402 615 e 5 822 793 pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Com base no painel Delphi, calculou-se que 46% (&#177;19,97%) dos pacientes alcan&#231;ariam a meta de LDL-c com estatina, enquanto 60,9% (&#177;9,96%) dos que n&#227;o atingem essa meta em monoterapia atingiriam com estatina e ezetimiba. Assim, dos 5.175.816 pacientes atendidos por especialistas que buscam meta de LDL-c, estima-se que 2.380.875 atingiram a meta com estatina, enquanto 1.708.119 conseguiram atingi-la com estatina e ezetimiba. Portanto, 79% dos pacientes atendidos por m&#233;dicos que buscam meta de LDL-c a atingiriam. Como todos esses especialistas prescreveriam terapia adicional para pacientes que n&#227;o atingem a meta com estes hipolipemiantes, cerca de 1.092.822 (19%) pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria no SPS seriam potenciais candidatos a terapia adicional para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <p>Estimativa da popula&#231;&#227;o candidata ao uso de farmacoterapia adicional; estimativa da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares com base em dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e na segunda rodada do painel Delphi para a popula&#231;&#227;o assistida no Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de - SPS (superior) e na Sa&#250;de Suplementar - SS (inferior). Profissional busca meta de LDL-c: busca meta espec&#237;fica de LDL-c; Paciente n&#227;o atinge meta com estatina: Paciente com indica&#231;&#227;o de associar ezetimiba a estatina; Paciente n&#227;o atinge meta com estatina e ezetimiba: Paciente com indica&#231;&#227;o de terapia adicional com objetivo de reduzir o LDL-c; LDL-c: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria pelos autores.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Na SS, foram identificados 81 796 procedimentos com base no painel D-TISS. Ap&#243;s ajuste da mortalidade e do crescimento populacional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> a incid&#234;ncia e a preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria em 2024 foram estimadas em 82 929 e em 1 199 357, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>Segundo o painel Delphi, 52,2% (&#177;20,79%) dos pacientes alcan&#231;ariam a meta de LDL-c com estatinas e 71,2% (&#177;13,66%) dos que n&#227;o atingem essa meta em monoterapia alcan&#231;ariam com estatina e ezetimiba. Portanto, entre os 1 119 400 pacientes atendidos por especialistas que buscam meta de LDL-c, estima-se que 584.327 atingiram a meta com estatina e 380 972 atingiriam a meta com estatina e ezetimiba. No total, 86% dos pacientes atendidos por m&#233;dicos que buscam a meta de LDL-c, a alcan&#231;ariam. Entretanto, 71,4% dos especialistas prescreveriam terapia adicional para os 154 101 pacientes que n&#227;o atingissem a meta com estatina e ezetimiba, resultando em 110.071 potenciais candidatos &#224; terapia adicional para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c em 2024 na SS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade probabil&#237;stica, considerando os par&#226;metros descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>, evidenciou que a mediana e intervalo interquartil da estimativa da popula&#231;&#227;o candidata &#224; terapia hipolipemiante adicional &#233; de 1 046 182 (838.337-1.218.850) no SPS e de 118 301 (88.507-150.600) na SS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Par&#226;metros para estimar a popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN34">1</xref> candidata &#224; farmacoterapia adicional</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Grupo</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Est. Pontual</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lim. Inferior</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Lim. Superior</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Dist.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Fonte</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN36">SPS</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria 2024</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.822.793</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.658.234</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.987.352</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Gama</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">SIH 2019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de especialistas que busca meta de LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">88,9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,1%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100,0%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de pacientes que atinge a meta com estatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46,0%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">26,0%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66,0%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de pacientes que atinge a meta com ezetimiba</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60,9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50,9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70,9%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de especialistas que prescreve farmacoterapia adicional<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91,7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Aleat&#243;rio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">
                  <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN37">SS</xref>
                </td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria 2024</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.199.357</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">959.486</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.439.228</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Gama</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">D-TISS 2019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de especialistas que busca meta de LDL-c</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93,3%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">74,7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">100,0%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de pacientes que atinge a meta com estatina</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52,2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31,4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73,0%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de pacientes que atinge a meta com ezetimiba</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,2%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">57,54%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">84,86%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentual de especialistas que prescreve medicamento adicional<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN33">*</xref> </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71,4%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66,7%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">93,3%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Beta</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Delphi</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN33">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>com objetivo de reduzir LDL-c;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN34">
              <label>1</label>
              <p>de novos eventos cardiovasculares, que n&#227;o atingem a meta de LDL-c com estatinas e ezetimiba</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN35">
              <p>Lim.: Limite; Est.: Estimativa; Dist.: Distribui&#231;&#227;o; LDL-c: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN36">
              <label>SPS:</label>
              <p>Sistema P&#250;blico de Sa&#250;de;</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN37">
              <label>SS:</label>
              <p>Sa&#250;de suplementar.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria pelos autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <p>Candidatos a farmacoterapia adicional para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c; estimativa da popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares atendidos por especialistas que buscam meta de LDL-c e n&#227;o atingem a meta com estatina e ezetimiba, considerados potenciais candidatos a farmacoterapia adicional para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c, de acordo com dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e painel Delphi. LDL-c: Lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</p>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria pelos autores.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados do painel Delphi realizado neste estudo identificou que dois especialistas (7%) n&#227;o tinham como objetivo alcan&#231;ar meta de LDL-c, um de cada subgrupo. Dentre os demais, a meta de LDL-c&lt;50mg/dL, recomendada pela SBC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> era o objetivo dos especialistas no SPS e de 57% na SS, nesta, o consenso foi obtido para meta inferior a 70mg/dL.</p>
      <p>Contrariamente &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da SBC, o Protocolo Cl&#237;nico e Diretrizes Terap&#234;uticas de Dislipidemia do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de recomenda terapia hipolipemiante agressiva, sem meta espec&#237;fica nos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Essas diverg&#234;ncias tamb&#233;m s&#227;o observadas na literatura m&#233;dica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Entre 2015 e 2020, estudos com pacientes de muito alto risco utilizaram com maior frequ&#234;ncia a meta de refer&#234;ncia de LDL-c&lt;70mg/dL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> enquanto aqueles publicados ap&#243;s 2021 a meta foi reduzida para 55mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O painel Delphi indicou que a estatina &#233; prescrita para mais de 80% dos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, semelhante ao estudo REACT,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> que evidenciou a prescri&#231;&#227;o de estatina para 77,7% dos pacientes ambulatoriais em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria no SPS ou na SS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> entretanto superior ao n&#250;mero de pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular que informaram utilizar o hipolipemiante (55,2%) no in&#237;cio do estudo ELSA-Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estatina prescrita, um estudo retrospectivo conduzido em um hospital brasileiro evidenciou que a sinvastatina (77,6%) e a atorvastatina (22,4%) foram prescritas com maior frequ&#234;ncia para a popula&#231;&#227;o assistida no SPS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a sinvastatina tamb&#233;m foi mencionada com maior frequ&#234;ncia no SPS, j&#225; na SS foi a rosuvastatina. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estabelecer o motivo desta diferen&#231;a, mas a oferta gratuita de sinvastatina e atorvastatina pelo SUS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> e o custo elevado da rosuvastatina, podem justificar parte desses achados.</p>
      <p>A diferen&#231;a no percentual de pacientes que atingem a meta no SPS e na SS podem estar relacionadas a diverg&#234;ncia das metas informadas pelos especialistas ou &#224; pot&#234;ncia das estatinas. Al&#233;m disso, diferen&#231;as socioecon&#244;micas e de acesso a sa&#250;de podem contribuir para um maior controle do LDL-c na SS, como evidenciado no estudo ELSA-Brasil, onde o controle de LDL-c foi mais frequente na SS (62,4%) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao SPS (45,6%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Contudo, ao analisar especificamente os pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, um estudo retrospectivo estimou que apenas 7,4% dos pacientes assistidos no SPS apresentaram n&#237;veis de LDL-c&lt;50mg/dL e 28,9% LDL-c&lt;70mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre os especialistas que buscam meta de LDL-c, todos no SPS e 71,4% na SS prescreveriam farmacoterapia adicional aos pacientes que n&#227;o atingiram a meta recomendada com o tratamento hipolipemiante, resultado semelhante ao observado em outro estudo, no qual 80% dos especialistas prescreveriam terapia adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> A prescri&#231;&#227;o mais frequente no SPS pode refletir a complexidade cl&#237;nica dos pacientes atendidos, al&#233;m da distribui&#231;&#227;o gratuita de medicamentos. J&#225; na SS, o custo elevado dos medicamentos usados pelos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria pode ser considerado um fator limitante.</p>
      <p>O percentual de pacientes candidatos &#224; terapia adicional na SS &#233; consistente com as estimativas de Cannon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> que estimaram que 86% dos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria tratados com estatinas, isoladas ou associadas &#224; ezetimiba, alcan&#231;ariam LDL-c &lt;70mg/dL, enquanto 14% necessitariam de terapia adicional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> J&#225; Virani e et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> estimaram que 24,5% dos pacientes em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, tratados com estatinas e ezetimiba, seriam candidatos &#224; terapia adicional, percentual semelhante a encontrada no SPS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Esses dados refor&#231;am que, embora estatina e ezetimiba sejam eficazes para reduzir o LDL-c, muitos pacientes podem se beneficiar de terapias adicionais para alcan&#231;ar a meta de LDL-c recomendada pela diretriz da SBC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Atualmente, no Brasil, tr&#234;s tecnologias est&#227;o registradas para essa indica&#231;&#227;o: alirocumabe, evolocumabe,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e inclisirana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo, destaca-se a impossibilidade de estimar o percentual de pacientes que atingem a meta por tipo de estatina, visto que a pot&#234;ncia dos f&#225;rmacos diverge. A aus&#234;ncia de entrevistas com pacientes impediu a avalia&#231;&#227;o da ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento hipolipemiante e da disposi&#231;&#227;o para utilizar terapias adicionais subcut&#226;neas. Al&#233;m disso, assumir que o procedimento equivale a um evento cardiovascular (incid&#234;ncia) pode subestimar a popula&#231;&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, pois pacientes sem eventos agudos, mas diagnosticados ambulatorialmente (ex.: angina est&#225;vel), n&#227;o foram contabilizados. Contudo, considerando o car&#225;ter complexo desses eventos, o impacto provavelmente &#233; pequeno. A validade externa &#233; restrita, pela predomin&#226;ncia de especialistas do Rio de Janeiro, que limita a extrapola&#231;&#227;o nacional dos resultados, devido a varia&#231;&#245;es regionais nas condutas m&#233;dicas e metas adotadas. Outras limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao painel Delphi incluem o uso de amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, o tamanho da amostra e a redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de participantes entre as rodadas. Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, estudos prospectivos que avaliem as taxas de sucesso no alcance das metas de LDL-c em popula&#231;&#245;es reais, bem como an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade de terapias adicionais no SUS e na SS, podem contribuir para aprimorar o manejo da dislipidemia no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A partir da an&#225;lise realizada deste estudo, estima-se que, em 2024, aproximadamente seis milh&#245;es de brasileiros estar&#227;o em preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria de eventos cardiovasculares no SPS e cerca de um milh&#227;o na SS (Figura Central). Al&#233;m disso, acredita-se que entre 9% e 19% desses pacientes n&#227;o atingir&#227;o a meta de LDL-c recomendada pelas diretrizes m&#233;dicas atuais e poderiam se beneficiar da terapia adicional para redu&#231;&#227;o do LDL-c, com a finalidade de reduzir o risco de novos eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240617i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimate of Brazilians Under Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events Who Do Not Achieve LDL Cholesterol Targets with Lipid-Lowering Therapy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3848-6216</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marisa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0210-4877</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Magliano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Senna</surname>
            <given-names>Katia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tura</surname>
            <given-names>Bernardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ione</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia N&#250;cleo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias em sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">ASAS Valor em Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff7">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia N&#250;cleo de bioestat&#237;stica e bioinform&#225;tica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff8">
          <label>4</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias AS, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Andressa Braga</bold> &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia &#8211; N&#250;cleo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o de tecnologias em sa&#250;de, Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP <postal-code>22240-006</postal-code>, Laranjeiras, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>andressa.braga.cardio@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>The authors Andressa Braga and Carlos Magliano declare that they have received fees from Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A. for giving lectures on a topic unrelated to the scope of this article. The author Ione Oliveira declares that she has an employment relationship with Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A., where she works as access manager and HEOR.</p>
          <p>All co-authors declare that this research was funded by Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A. However, the funder had no role or interference in the study design, collection, analysis or interpretation of the data.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>ABSTRACT</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>The 2017 Brazilian Guideline on Dyslipidemias recommends a low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c) target of &lt;50 mg/dL for patients under secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, with statin therapy and the addition of ezetimibe if necessary. For patients who do not achieve this target, additional pharmacotherapy is indicated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>This study combined population data from the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) and the supplementary health system, epidemiological data, and the Delphi method, with participation from 29 specialists in the first round and 24 in the second, to estimate the size of the secondary prevention population not achieving LDL-c targets.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The population under secondary prevention was estimated at 5,8 million in the public health system and 1,2 million in the supplementary health system. Approximately one million patients in SUS and 150 thousand in the supplementary system are not expected to reach the LDL-c target with oral lipid-lowering therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>Between 9% and 19% of patients under secondary prevention do not reach the recommended LDL-c target, making them potential candidates for additional LDL-c&#8211;lowering therapies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypolipidemic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Population Forecast</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of premature death worldwide, resulting in loss of quality of life and significant economic and social impacts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dyslipidemia plays an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> its treatment aims at reducing cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is estimated that 14.6% of the Brazilian population has elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Individuals with previous cardiovascular events or a diagnosis of atherosclerotic disease are classified as at very high cardiovascular risk, and the prevention of events in this subgroup is called secondary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) guideline on dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis recommends an LDL-c target of &lt;50 mg/dL for these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Secondary prevention includes statin therapy, with or without ezetimibe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This treatment leads to a reduction in LDL-c levels between 45% and 60%, but may be insufficient to reach the recommended target,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and additional therapies may be indicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, healthcare is provided both through the public health system (PHS) and through supplementary health (SH) care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The PHS is represented by the Unified Health System (SUS, Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de), which offers universal and free care, including the distribution of medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> SH care is regulated by the Brazilian National Supplementary Health Agency (ANS), and serves 25% of the population, which can also access the SUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is limited information on the percentage of patients undergoing secondary prevention who achieve the LDL-c target with lipid-lowering therapy in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In light of this gap, this study aims to estimate the Brazilian population in secondary prevention who do not reach the LDL-c goal with statin and ezetimibe therapy in the PHS and SH.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Two distinct methodological approaches were integrated: a Delphi panel and population data. The objective of the Delphi panel was to identify the therapeutic practices adopted by cardiologists in the treatment of dyslipidemia in secondary prevention patients within the PHS and SH. Cardiologists with more than one year of specialization and working in outpatient clinics of the PHS or SH were included. Physicians with conflicts of interest with the pharmaceutical industry or those working exclusively in dyslipidemia clinics were excluded, as they might adopt practices that do not reflect the general cardiologist&#8217;s clinical practice.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The Delphi panel followed the steps outlined in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 1</xref>. This structured method<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> facilitates the convergence of opinions through rounds of questionnaires and feedback, while anonymity allows for independent contributions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> enabling consensus-building in contexts with limited evidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The experts were selected through non-probabilistic sampling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Although there is no standard number of participants, a recommendation of six to 20 is generally made to ensure result stability, with a minimum response rate of 70% between rounds.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In this panel, two rounds were conducted, with consensus defined as agreement greater than 70%. Each subgroup was required to have at least seven participants. A total of 32 experts were invited to account for potential dropouts. Contact was made via phone, message, or email. Cardiologists recommended by researchers could refer other cardiologists (snowball sampling). The questionnaires for the first and second rounds were developed using the Google Forms application and sent simultaneously to participants of each subgroup, to be completed virtually and asynchronously within 15 days. The panels with experts from the PHS and SH were conducted between November and December 2022 and between June and July 2023.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <p>Delphi panel stages; questionnaire validation: methodological process that analyzes the content and its comprehension, carried out by cardiologists external to the Delphi panel; PHS: public health system; SH: supplementary health.</p>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Source: the authors.</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The population under secondary prevention attending public health centers was estimated based on the identification of cardiovascular procedures in the SUS management system of the table of procedures, medications, and orthotics, prosthetics, and mobility aids (SIGTAP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> directly related to atherosclerotic disease (Supplement). The incidence of selected procedures was calculated using data from the 2019 Hospital Information System (SIH)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and associated through the National Health Card (NHC) to the Mortality Information System (SIM)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> to identify individuals who underwent the procedure and died in the same year. The year 2019 was chosen due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which altered the pattern of hospital admissions in subsequent years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients who underwent more than one procedure during the period were counted only once, based on their NHC number.</p>
        <p>The estimate of the population under secondary prevention in the SH was based on the demand for procedures related to cardiovascular disease from the D-TISS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> panel in 2019. Due to the unavailability of mortality data in this database, a mortality rate from the SIM database (12.2%) was assumed. It was also assumed that each procedure represented one patient undergoing secondary prevention. SH unified terminology codes directly related to atherosclerotic disease (Supplement) were selected, excluding procedures involving the ascending aorta to the descending aorta before the origin of the renal arteries, as well as myocardial revascularization in congenital heart diseases, since these are not considered related to atherosclerosis.</p>
        <p>Additionally, it was assumed that individuals who underwent at least one cardiovascular procedure in 2019 were equivalent to the incidence of the disease. Based on the study Cardiovascular Statistics &#8211; Brazil 2021,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> which provided the ratios between incident and prevalent cases of stroke (1/11.4) and myocardial infarction (1/17.5), a summarized incidence/prevalence ratio was calculated for the population under secondary prevention. This summarized ratio, obtained through the weighted average of the specific ratios using the event frequencies as weights, was applied to estimate the prevalence of patients under secondary prevention based on incidence. These values were updated from 2019 to 2024 using Brazil&#8217;s average population growth rate: 1.0075 for PHS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and 0.29 for SH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The data were analyzed using Excel 2019<sup>&#174;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and R version 4.2.2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The results of the Delphi panel were presented as percentages and frequency counts. Population estimates were calculated based on the mean, using the maximum likelihood estimator. Since the analysis was not intended to test hypotheses, no p-values or statistical significance levels were calculated. To assess uncertainties, a probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted with one thousand Monte Carlo simulations, and the results were summarized using dispersion measures (median and interquartile range).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical aspects</title>
          <p>The research followed the guidelines of Resolutions No. 510/2016<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and No. 466/12<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> of the Brazilian National Health Council. It is important to note that the study was exempt from evaluation by the CEP/CONEP system, as it is characterized as a &#8216;theoretical deepening of situations that arise spontaneously and contingently in professional practice, provided that they do not reveal data that could identify the subject&#8217;, in accordance with Resolution No. 510/2016.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The identities of the Delphi Panel experts were kept confidential, and only the principal researchers had access to the anonymized information.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Delphi Panel</title>
          <p>A total of 65 experts were invited, of whom 42 agreed to participate. Thirteen were excluded (one due to a conflict of interest, 11 for not working in cardiology outpatient clinics or offices in the PHS or SH, and one for having less than one year of specialization), resulting in 29 (69%) experts included. The characteristics of the included experts are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Round 1 &#8211; Characteristics of the the interviewees</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Description</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N=29) <break/>n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN39">PHS&#450;</xref> (n=12) <break/>n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN40">SH</xref> (n=17) <break/>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="7" valign="top">Specialist&#8217;s city of practice</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Rio de Janeiro</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">23(79%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8(67%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15(88%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Campos dos Goytacazes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Maca&#233;</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Nova Friburgo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">S&#227;o Paulo</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Virtual care setting</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN41">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Outpatient clinic<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN38">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">PHS</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13(45%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12(100%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">SH</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">28(97%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(91.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">17(100%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN38">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>where cardiologist treats patients in secondary prevention of cardiovascular events;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN39">
                <label>PHS&#450;:</label>
                <p>Delphi panel subgroup of experts from the public health system;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN40">
                <label>SH:</label>
                <p>Delphi panel subgroup of experts from the supplementary health care system;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN41">
                <label>NM:</label>
                <p>not mentioned;</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>source: the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The Delphi panel made it possible to identify the specialists&#8217; approach regarding LDL-c targets, the prescribed medications, the percentage of patients who reach the target with these medications, and the number of specialists who would prescribe additional therapy with the aim of achieving the LDL-c target.</p>
          <p>Treatment of patients under secondary prevention with statins and the combination with ezetimibe reached consensus among the specialists in the first round (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Round 1 &#8211; Hypolipidemic treatment in secondary prevention of cardiovascular events</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Item</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Description</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N=29) <break/>n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN55">PHS&#450;</xref> (n=12) <break/>n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN56">SH</xref> (n=17) <break/>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="top">Initial prescription<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN42">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Rosuvastatin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14(48%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(25%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(61%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Atorvastatin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12(41%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5(42%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7(39%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Simvastatin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6(21%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6(50%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Statin (not specified)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="top">% patients treated with statin<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN43">&#8225;&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Total</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(38%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10(59%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;80%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(38%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(92%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;70%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(3%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;40% and &lt;60%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(10%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(18%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;30% and &lt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(10%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(18%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="top">% patients that reaches statin target<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN45">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&lt;20%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN46">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(6%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN48">&#9830;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;20% and &lt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7(26%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN46">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(27%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN47">&#9679;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4(25%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN48">&#9830;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;40% and &lt;60%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7(26%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN46">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(27%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN47">&#9679;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4(25%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN48">&#9830;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;60% and &lt;80%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12(44%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN46">&#9650;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5(45%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN47">&#9679;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7(44%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN48">&#9830;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Starts another lipid-lowering agent?<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN49">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">24(83%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">13(76%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5(17%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4(24%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="top">Starts another lipid-lowering agent?<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN49">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Combines ezetimibe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(100%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN52">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(85%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Replace statin and add ezetimibe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Replace statin<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN50">&#11801;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(4%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Combines ezetimibe with statin?</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(100%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN52">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11(85%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN44">&#8224;&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN57">NM</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2(15%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="4" valign="top">% patients that reaches the target with combined therapy</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;20% and &lt;40%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(13%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(9%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN52">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2(15%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;40% and &lt;60%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5(21%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2(18%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN52">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(23%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;60% and &lt;80%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4(17%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(27%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN52">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(8%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">&gt;80%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12(50%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN51">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5(45%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN52">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">7(54%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN53">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN42">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>Most frequently prescribed treatment;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN43">
                <label>&#8225;&#8225;</label>
                <p>Percentage of patients for whom the specialist prescribes statins;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN44">
                <label>&#8224;&#8224;</label>
                <p>Consensus reached;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN45">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>patients managed by specialists aiming for the target;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN46">
                <label>&#9650;</label>
                <p>n=27;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN47">
                <label>&#9679;</label>
                <p>n=11;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN48">
                <label>&#9830;</label>
                <p>n=16;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN49">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>for patients who do not reach the target with statins;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN50">
                <label>&#11801;</label>
                <p>discontinues atorvastatin and initiates rosuvastatin;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN51">
                <label>2</label>
                <p>n=24;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN52">
                <label>3</label>
                <p>n=11;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN53">
                <label>4</label>
                <p>n=13;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN54">
                <label>N</label>
                <p>= total number of specialists in the Delphi panel; n = number of specialists who responded to the criterion;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN55">
                <label>PHS&#450;:</label>
                <p>Subgroup of experts from the Public Health System;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN56">
                <label>SH:</label>
                <p>Subgroup of experts from the Supplementary Health system;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN57">
                <label>NM:</label>
                <p>alternative not mentioned;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN58">
                <label>LDL-c:</label>
                <p>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The second round of the Delphi panel was completed by 83% (24/29) of the experts. In this round, the goal was to reach a consensus on the LDL-c target to be adopted for patients under secondary prevention, based on the most frequently cited targets from the first round. Consensus was reached for a target of &lt;70 mg/dL among SH experts, and &lt;50 mg/dL among PHS experts. There was also a consensus on the percentage of patients in secondary prevention treated with statins, as well as the prescription of additional pharmacotherapy when the target was not achieved with combined treatment. The average number of patients who reach the LDL-c target with statin monotherapy or in combination with ezetimibe was estimated based on the specialists&#8217; opinions (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Round 2 &#8211; Dyslipidemia treatment and response to treatment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Item</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Description</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Total (N=29) <break/>n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN66">PHS</xref><sup>&#450;</sup> (n=12) <break/>n (%)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle"><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN67">SH</xref> (n=17) <break/>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Aims LDL-c target<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN60">&#8225;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Agree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">22(92%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8(89%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">14(93%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Disagree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">2(8%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(11%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1(7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Target of LDL-c <break/>&lt;50mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Agree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">16/22(80%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8/8(100%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8/14(57%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Disagree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1/22(5%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0/8(0%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1/14(7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Target of LDL-c <break/>&lt;70mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Agree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">15/22(75%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4/8(50%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">11/14(79%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Disagree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4/22(20%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3/8(43%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1/14(7%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Prescribes statin to all patients under secondary prevention</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Agree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18(75%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6(67%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">12(80%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN59">&#8224;</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Disagree</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6(25%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(33%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">3(20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Weighted average of patients that achieved the LDL-c target (<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN69">SD</xref>)</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Statin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50.5%(&#177;20.75)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46%(&#177;19.97%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN64">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52.2%(&#177;20.79%)<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN64">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Statin + Ezetimibe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">63.8%(&#177;10.83)*</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60.9%(&#177;9.96%)*<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN64">3</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71.2%(&#177;13.66%)*<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN64">4</xref> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="top">Would prescribe additional therapy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN61">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN62">2</xref> </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">18/22(82%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">8/8(100%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">10/14(71%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">No</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4/22(18%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">0/8(0%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4/14(28%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN59">
                <label>&#8224;</label>
                <p>Consensus reached (defined as agreement equal to or greater than 70%);</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN60">
                <label>&#8225;</label>
                <p>LDL-c target refers to the treatment goal for patients under secondary prevention; Agree: Strongly agree or agree; Disagree: Disagree or strongly disagree;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN61">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>Anwered only by specialists aiming for an LDL-c target;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN62">
                <label>2</label>
                <p>Administered subcutaneously, indicated for patients who do not reach the target with statin and ezetimibe;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN63">
                <p>Among patients who do not reach the LDL-c target with statin;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN64">
                <label>3,4</label>
                <p>The weighted average of patients who reach the LDL-c target was calculated based on the consensual targets adopted by each subgroup, considering an LDL-c target of &lt;50 mg/dL for PHS (100% agreement) and &lt;70 mg/dL for SH (79% agreement) for this estimate;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN65">
                <label>N:</label>
                <p>Total number of specialists in the Delphi panel;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN66">
                <label>PHS:</label>
                <p>Subgroup of specialists from the Public Health System;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN67">
                <label>SH:</label>
                <p>Subgroup of specialists from the Supplementary Health System;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN68">
                <label>LDL-c:</label>
                <p>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN69">
                <label>SD:</label>
                <p>Standard Deviation,</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estimation of the population under secondary prevention</title>
          <p>In the PHS, 441,890 individuals with at least one cardiovascular event were identified in 2019. After adjusting for mortality (12.2%) and population growth,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> the estimated incidence and prevalence for 2024 were 402,615 and 5,822,793 patients under secondary prevention, respectively.</p>
          <p>Based on the Delphi panel, it was calculated that 46% (&#177;19.97%) of patients would reach the LDL-c target with statin therapy, while 60.9% (&#177;9.96%) of those who do not reach this target with monotherapy would do so with statin plus ezetimibe. Thus, of the 5,175,816 patients treated by experts who aim for an LDL-c target, it is estimated that 2,380,875 would reach the target with statins, and 1,708,119 would achieve it with statin plus ezetimibe. Therefore, 79% of patients treated by physicians targeting LDL-c would reach the goal. Since all these specialists would prescribe additional therapy for patients not achieving the goal with these lipid-lowering agents, approximately 1,092,822 (19%) patients under secondary prevention in the PHS would be potential candidates for additional LDL-c&#8211;lowering therapy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <p>Estimated population eligible for additional pharmacotherapy; estimated population under secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases based on epidemiological data and the second round of the Delphi panel for the population assisted by the Public Health System &#8211; PHS (above) and the Supplementary Health &#8211; SH (below), Specialist aiming for LDL-c target: seeks a specific LDL-c goal; Patient not reaching target with statin: patient indicated for combination of ezetimibe and statin; Patient not reaching target with statin and ezetimibe: patient indicated for additional therapy aimed at lowering LDL-c; LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,</p>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: the authors,</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>In the SH, 81,796 procedures were identified based on the D-TISS panel. After adjusting for mortality and population growth,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> the estimated incidence and prevalence of individuals with atherosclerotic disease under secondary prevention in 2024 were 82,929 and 1,199,357, respectively.</p>
          <p>According to the Delphi panel, 52.2% (&#177;20.79%) of patients would reach the LDL-c target with statins, and 71.2% (&#177;13.66%) of those who do not achieve this target with monotherapy would do so with statin and ezetimibe. Therefore, among the 1,119,400 patients treated by specialists who aim for the LDL-c target, it is estimated that 584,327 would achieve the target with statin therapy, and 380,972 would do so with statin and ezetimibe. In total, 86% of patients treated by physicians who pursue the LDL-c target would reach it. However, 71.4% of specialists would prescribe additional therapy for the 154,101 patients who did not reach the target with statin and ezetimibe, resulting in 110,071 potential candidates for additional LDL-c&#8211;lowering therapy in 2024 in the SH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>The probabilistic sensitivity analysis, considering the parameters described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref>, showed that the median and interquartile range of the estimated population eligible for additional lipid-lowering therapy is 1,046,182 (838,337&#8211;1,218,850) in the PHS and 118,301 (88,507&#8211;150,600) in the SH (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Parameters for estimating the population under secondary prevention<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN71">1</xref> eligible for additional pharmacotherapy</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF">
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Group</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Characteristics</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Punctual estimation</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Lower limit</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Upper limit</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Distribution</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Source</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN73">PHS</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Population in secondary prevention 2024</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">5.822,793</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">4.658,234</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">6.987,352</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Gama</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">SIH 2019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of experts aiming at the LDL-c target</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">88.9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71.1%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of patients that reach the target with statin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">46.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">26.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">66.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of patients that reach the target with ezetimibe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">60.9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">50.9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">70.9%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of experts that prescribe additional pharmacotherapy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN70">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">91.7%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Random</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="top">
                    <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN74">SH</xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Population in secondary prevention 2024</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.199,357</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">959,86</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">1.439,228</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Gama</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">D-TISS 2019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of experts aiming at the LDL-c target</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">93.3%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">74.7%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">100.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of patients that reach the target with statin</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">52.2%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">31.4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">73.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of patients that reach the target with ezetimibe</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71.2%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">57.54%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">84.86%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
                <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC">
                  <td align="left" valign="top">Percentage of experts that prescribe additional pharmacotherapy<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN70">*</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">71.4%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">66.7%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">93.3%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Beta</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="top">Delphi</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN70">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>aimed at LDL-c reduction;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN71">
                <label>1</label>
                <p>of new cardiovascular events, that do not reach the LDL-c target with statins and ezetimibe;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN72">
                <label>LDL-c:</label>
                <p>low-density lipoprotein;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN73">
                <label>PHS:</label>
                <p>public health system;</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN74">
                <label>SH:</label>
                <p>supplementary health.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <p>Candidates for additional pharmacotherapy to reduce LDL-c; estimated population under secondary prevention of cardiovascular events treated by specialists aiming for the LDL-c target and not reaching the goal with statin and ezetimibe therapy, considered potential candidates for additional LDL-c&#8211;lowering pharmacotherapy, based on epidemiological data and the Delphi panel. LDL-c: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: the authors.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-07-e20240617-40617-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The results of the Delphi panel conducted in this study identified that two specialists (7%) did not aim to achieve an LDL-c target &#8211; one from each subgroup. Among the others, the LDL-c target of &lt;50 mg/dL, recommended by the SBC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> was the goal for specialists in the PHS and for 57% of those in the SH; in the latter, consensus was reached for a target below 70 mg/dL.</p>
        <p>Contrary to SBC recommendations, the Ministry of Health&#8217;s Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Dyslipidemia recommend aggressive lipid-lowering therapy without a specific target for patients under secondary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These discrepancies are also observed in the medical literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Between 2015 and 2020, studies involving very high-risk patients more frequently used an LDL-c reference target of &lt;70 mg/dL,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> while those published after 2021 adopted a lower target of 55 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The Delphi panel indicated that statins are prescribed to more than 80% of patients under secondary prevention, similar to the REACT study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> which showed statin prescription for 77.7% of outpatients under secondary prevention in the PHS or SH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> However, this is higher than the percentage of high cardiovascular risk patients who reported using lipid-lowering agents (55.2%) at the beginning of the ELSA-Brasil study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the statin prescribed, a retrospective study conducted at a Brazilian hospital showed that simvastatin (77.6%) and atorvastatin (22.4%) were most frequently prescribed for the population assisted by the PHS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> In this study, simvastatin was also most reported in the PHS, while rosuvastatin prevailed in the SH. The reason for this difference could not be clearly established, but the free provision of simvastatin and atorvastatin by SUS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> and the high cost of rosuvastatin may partly explain these findings.</p>
        <p>The difference in the percentage of patients who achieve the target in the PHS and SH may be related to discrepancies in the targets reported by specialists or to the potency of the statins used. In addition, socioeconomic differences and access to healthcare may contribute to better LDL-c control in the SH, as evidenced in the ELSA-Brasil study, where LDL-c control was more frequent in the SH (62.4%) compared to the PHS (45.6%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> However, when specifically analyzing patients under secondary prevention, a retrospective study estimated that only 7.4% of patients assisted in the PHS had LDL-c levels &lt;50 mg/dL and 28.9% &lt;70 mg/dL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the specialists aiming for an LDL-c target, all in the PHS and 71.4% in the SH would prescribe additional pharmacotherapy for patients who did not reach the recommended goal with lipid-lowering treatment&#8212;a result similar to another study in which 80% of specialists would prescribe additional therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> The more common prescription in the PHS may reflect the clinical complexity of the patients assisted, in addition to the free provision of medications. In contrast, in the SH, the high cost of medications used by patients under secondary prevention may be considered a limiting factor.</p>
        <p>The percentage of patients eligible for additional therapy in the SH is consistent with estimates by Cannon et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> who estimated that 86% of patients under secondary prevention treated with statins, alone or in combination with ezetimibe, would reach LDL-c levels &lt;70 mg/dL, while 14% would require additional therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Similarly, Virani et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> estimated that 24.5% of patients under secondary prevention treated with statins and ezetimibe would be candidates for additional therapy &#8211; a percentage similar to that found in the PHS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> These data reinforce that, although statins and ezetimibe are effective in reducing LDL-c, many patients may benefit from additional therapies to achieve the LDL-c target recommended by SBC guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Currently, three technologies are registered for this indication in Brazil: alirocumab, evolocumab,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and inclisiran.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the limitations of the study, the inability to estimate the percentage of patients who achieve the target by type of statin stands out, as the potency of the drugs varies. The absence of patient interviews prevented the assessment of adherence to lipid-lowering therapy and willingness to use additional subcutaneous therapies. Furthermore, assuming that each procedure corresponds to a cardiovascular event (incidence) may underestimate the population under secondary prevention, since patients without acute events but diagnosed in outpatient settings (e.g., stable angina) were not included. However, given the complex nature of these events, the impact is likely minimal. External validity is limited due to the predominance of specialists from Rio de Janeiro, which restricts the national generalization of the results because of regional variations in medical practices and targets adopted. Other limitations inherent to the Delphi panel include the use of a convenience sample, sample size, and the reduction in the number of participants between rounds. Despite these limitations, prospective studies assessing success rates in achieving LDL-c targets in real-life populations, as well as cost-effectiveness analyses of additional therapies in the SUS and SS, may contribute to improving dyslipidemia management in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Based on the analysis conducted in this study, it is estimated that in 2024, approximately six million Brazilians will be under secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in the PHS and around one million in the SH (Central Figure). Moreover, it is believed that between 9% and 19% of these patients will not reach the LDL-c target recommended by current medical guidelines and could benefit from additional LDL-c&#8211;lowering therapy to reduce the risk of new cardiovascular events.</p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was partially funded by Novartis Bioci&#234;ncias S.A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12207/2024-0617_AO_SUPLEMENTO_artigo_dislipidemia.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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