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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7dqc3sKwGytHM6BntYXGkMH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00101</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250326</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Por que a Cardiologia N&#227;o Pode mais Ignorar a Sa&#250;de Sexual?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx), Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ricardo Stein</bold> Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 &#8211; Fisiatria, T&#233;rreo. CEP <postal-code>90035-007</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250326</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Comportamento Sexual</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Aconselhamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="17"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em uma era de diagn&#243;sticos sofisticados e terapias personalizadas, um aspecto do atendimento ao paciente permanece rotineiramente negligenciado: a sa&#250;de sexual. A atividade sexual (AS) &#233; mais do que uma fonte de prazer; &#233; tamb&#233;m um marcador de vitalidade, intimidade e resili&#234;ncia emocional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Para indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV), o desejo de retomar a AS frequentemente sinaliza n&#227;o apenas a recupera&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, mas tamb&#233;m a cura emocional e a renova&#231;&#227;o da autoconfian&#231;a. Por outro lado, incentivamos os pacientes a caminhar, a se alimentar melhor e a tomar seus medicamentos. No entanto, quando se trata de sexo, o sil&#234;ncio prevalece.</p>
      <p>Embora a AS imponha demandas cardiovasculares compar&#225;veis &#224; atividade f&#237;sica moderada e seja geralmente considerada segura para a maioria dos pacientes com DCV est&#225;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> muitos permanecem incertos sobre quando ou como retomar a vida sexual ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Eles ficam com perguntas sem resposta porque o t&#243;pico &#233; frequentemente recebido com desconforto ou garantias vagas. Estudos t&#234;m mostrado consistentemente que os pacientes querem &#8211; e precisam &#8211; de orienta&#231;&#227;o clara sobre o funcionamento sexual. No entanto, tabus culturais, constrangimentos e falta de treinamento profissional continuam a silenciar essa conversa em ambientes cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em um estudo, apenas 16% dos cardiologistas discutiam rotineiramente a fun&#231;&#227;o sexual, enquanto 70% raramente ou nunca ofereciam orienta&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> As barreiras mais comumente citadas inclu&#237;am restri&#231;&#245;es de tempo, falta de privacidade e treinamento insuficiente.</p>
      <p>Este &#233; um problema generalizado. Na Austr&#225;lia, menos de 25% dos profissionais de sa&#250;de abordam rotineiramente a sa&#250;de sexual de pacientes p&#243;s-IM, apesar de reconhecerem sua import&#226;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No Ir&#227;, a maioria dos cardiologistas reconheceu a relev&#226;ncia do tema, mas admitiu sentir-se despreparada e raramente iniciar essas conversas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O padr&#227;o &#233; claro: reconhecimento sem a&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes est&#227;o pagando o pre&#231;o.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco cardiovascular e atividade sexual</title>
        <p>Ent&#227;o, quais s&#227;o os riscos reais? A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca durante a AS &#233; rara, representando menos de 2% das mortes relacionadas ao exerc&#237;cio, e o risco geral de IM durante o sexo permanece baixo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um estudo brit&#226;nico com 6.847 casos de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca descobriu que apenas 0,2% ocorreram durante ou dentro de uma hora ap&#243;s a AS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, uma meta-an&#225;lise mostrou que, embora a AS epis&#243;dica possa aumentar ligeiramente o risco de IM ou morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, o risco absoluto &#233; m&#237;nimo: apenas 2 a 3 infartos do mioc&#225;rdio adicionais e 1 morte s&#250;bita a cada 10.000 pessoas-ano para cada hora extra de AS por semana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que indiv&#237;duos regularmente ativos &#8211; especialmente mulheres &#8211; enfrentam um risco ainda menor.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas e fisiol&#243;gicas</title>
        <p>A sa&#250;de sexual n&#227;o &#233; apenas uma quest&#227;o de psicologia ou relacionamentos &#8211; ela est&#225; profundamente ligada &#224; fisiologia cardiovascular e aos medicamentos que prescrevemos. Muitos pacientes apresentam discretamente redu&#231;&#227;o da libido ou disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til, frequentemente atribu&#237;das a betabloqueadores, diur&#233;ticos ou anti-hipertensivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Outros lutam com as consequ&#234;ncias vasculares da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ou fadiga cr&#244;nica, que podem corroer a confian&#231;a e a intimidade.</p>
        <p>Betabloqueadores, por exemplo, t&#234;m sido associados &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o er&#233;til h&#225; muito tempo, particularmente agentes mais antigos como o tartarato de metoprolol. Em contraste, o nebivolol parece oferecer um perfil mais favor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, antagonistas da aldosterona, como espironolactona e eplerenona, podem prejudicar a fun&#231;&#227;o sexual devido aos efeitos antiandrog&#234;nicos e &#224; supress&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de gonadotrofinas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Embora frequentemente ignorados, esses efeitos diminuem significativamente a qualidade de vida. Notavelmente, essas n&#227;o s&#227;o preocupa&#231;&#245;es perif&#233;ricas. Elas moldam a maneira como os pacientes convivem com sua doen&#231;a e como se sentem em rela&#231;&#227;o a si mesmos. Quando um paciente relata fadiga, pode tamb&#233;m estar de luto pela perda da vida sexual. Quando prescrevemos terapias que prolongam a vida, devemos tamb&#233;m considerar seu impacto em experi&#234;ncias que melhoram a vida, como intimidade e conex&#227;o. As escolhas farmacol&#243;gicas n&#227;o devem ser feitas isoladamente. Sempre que poss&#237;vel, devemos selecionar regimes que equilibrem efic&#225;cia com bem-estar sexual. Acima de tudo, os pacientes devem se sentir seguros ao expressar essas preocupa&#231;&#245;es. Essa seguran&#231;a come&#231;a conosco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O papel do cardiologista no aconselhamento em sa&#250;de sexual</title>
        <p>Cardiologistas est&#227;o em uma posi&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica para abordar a sa&#250;de sexual, mas muitas vezes permanecem em sil&#234;ncio. Discutir proativamente esse t&#243;pico durante as consultas deve se tornar rotina, n&#227;o exce&#231;&#227;o. Uma conversa breve e emp&#225;tica pode normalizar o problema, reduzir o estigma e abrir caminho para um di&#225;logo mais profundo.</p>
        <p>Ferramentas e question&#225;rios simples podem ajudar a identificar a disfun&#231;&#227;o sexual e suas poss&#237;veis liga&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou efeitos colaterais de medicamentos. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> apresenta um exemplo pr&#225;tico de como os m&#233;dicos podem iniciar a conversa de forma eficiente e emp&#225;tica. Incluir essas ferramentas em avalia&#231;&#245;es de rotina, assim como fazemos para depress&#227;o ou atividade f&#237;sica, sinaliza aos pacientes que sua sa&#250;de sexual &#233; importante.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Perguntas breves de triagem para sa&#250;de sexual em pacientes cardiovasculares. Essas perguntas s&#227;o destinadas a uma triagem breve e emp&#225;tica e podem orientar encaminhamentos para especialistas apropriados, quando necess&#225;rio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20250326-50326-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Os cardiologistas n&#227;o precisam fazer isso sozinhos. O atendimento ideal geralmente requer uma abordagem multidisciplinar, envolvendo a colabora&#231;&#227;o de urologistas, psic&#243;logos, terapeutas sexuais e m&#233;dicos de aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria. Assim como encaminhamos pacientes para o manejo da apneia do sono ou do diabetes, devemos nos sentir igualmente confiantes ao encaminhar para problemas de sa&#250;de sexual.</p>
        <p>Sexo n&#227;o &#233; um luxo; &#233; um aspecto fundamental da experi&#234;ncia humana. Al&#233;m disso, como respons&#225;veis pelo bem-estar cardiovascular e emocional dos nossos pacientes, devemos trat&#225;-los como tais.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Evitar conversas sobre AS faz mais mal do que bem. Priva os pacientes da seguran&#231;a, orienta&#231;&#227;o e apoio de que precisam para retomar uma parte essencial da vida, e mina a pr&#243;pria base do cuidado hol&#237;stico.</p>
      <p>&#201; hora de a cardiologia tirar a sexualidade das sombras. Precisamos capacitar os profissionais para abord&#225;-la de forma aberta, precisa e compassiva, assim como far&#237;amos com qualquer outro aspecto do risco cardiovascular ou da recupera&#231;&#227;o. Se estivermos verdadeiramente comprometidos com o cuidado centrado no paciente, a sa&#250;de sexual n&#227;o deve mais ser uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250326i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Why Cardiology Can No Longer Ignore Sexual Health?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2357-5176</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stein</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6929-8392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Filipe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Cardiologia do Exerc&#237;cio (CardioEx), Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ricardo Stein</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Medicina - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350 &#8211; Fisiatria, T&#233;rreo. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-007</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rstein@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Sexual Behavior</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Counseling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In an era of sophisticated diagnostics and personalized therapies, one aspect of patient care remains routinely overlooked: sexual health. Sexual activity (SA) is more than a source of pleasure; it is also a marker of vitality, intimacy, and emotional resilience.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> For individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD), the desire to resume SA often signals not only physical recovery but also emotional healing and renewed self-confidence. On the other hand, we encourage patients to walk, to eat better, and to take their medications. Nevertheless, when it comes to sex, silence prevails.</p>
        <p>Although SA imposes cardiovascular demands comparable to moderate physical activity and is generally considered safe for most patients with stable CVD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> many remain uncertain about when or how to resume sexual life after myocardial infarction (MI),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> coronary artery bypass graft surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> They are left with unanswered questions because the topic is often met with discomfort or vague reassurances. Studies have consistently shown that patients want &#8211; and need &#8211; clear guidance on sexual functioning. However, cultural taboos, embarrassment, and lack of professional training continue to silence this conversation in clinical settings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In one study, only 16% of cardiologists routinely discussed sexual function, while 70% rarely or never offered guidance after MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The most commonly cited barriers included time constraints, lack of privacy, and insufficient training.</p>
        <p>This is a widespread issue. In Australia, fewer than 25% of healthcare professionals routinely address sexual health with post-MI patients, despite recognizing its importance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In Iran, most cardiologists acknowledged the relevance of the topic but admitted feeling unprepared and rarely initiated these conversations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The pattern is clear: recognition without action. Furthermore, patients are paying the price.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiovascular risk and sexual activity</title>
          <p>So what are the real risks? Sudden cardiac death during SA is rare, accounting for less than 2% of exercise-related deaths, and the overall risk of MI during sex remains low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> An UK study of 6,847 sudden cardiac death cases found that only 0.2% occurred during or within one hour of SA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Furthermore, a meta-analysis showed that although episodic SA may slightly increase the risk of MI or sudden cardiac death, the absolute risk is minimal: only 2-3 additional MIs and 1 sudden death per 10,000 person-years for each extra hour of SA per week.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Importantly, regularly active individuals &#8211; especially women &#8211; face an even lower risk.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pharmacological and physiological considerations</title>
          <p>Sexual health is not merely a matter of psychology or relationships &#8211; it is deeply connected to cardiovascular physiology and the medications we prescribe. Many patients quietly experience reduced libido or erectile dysfunction, often attributed to beta-blockers, diuretics, or anti-hypertensives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Others struggle with the vascular consequences of heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, or chronic fatigue, all of which can erode confidence and intimacy.</p>
          <p>Beta-blockers, for instance, have long been associated with erectile dysfunction, particularly older agents like metoprolol tartrate. In contrast, nebivolol appears to offer a more favorable profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Similarly, aldosterone antagonists such as spironolactone and eplerenone may impair sexual function due to anti-androgenic effects and suppression of gonadotropin secretion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Though often overlooked, these effects significantly diminish quality of life. Notably, these are not peripheral concerns. They shape how patients live with their disease and how they feel about themselves. When a patient reports fatigue, they may also be mourning a lost sex life. When we prescribe life-prolonging therapy, we must also consider its impact on life-enhancing experiences, such as intimacy and connection. Pharmacological choices should not be made in isolation. Whenever possible, we should select regimens that balance efficacy with sexual well-being. Above all, patients should feel safe raising these concerns. That safety begins with us.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The role of the cardiologist in sexual health counseling</title>
          <p>Cardiologists are uniquely positioned to address sexual health, yet too often remain silent. Proactively discussing this topic during consultations should become routine, not the exception. A brief, empathetic conversation can normalize the issue, reduce stigma, and open the door for deeper dialogue.</p>
          <p>Simple tools and questionnaires can help identify sexual dysfunction and its possible links to CVD or medication side effects. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref> provides a practical example of how clinicians can efficiently and empathetically initiate the conversation. Including such tools in routine assessments, just as we do for depression or physical activity, signals to patients that their sexual health matters.</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Brief Screening Questions for Sexual Health in Cardiovascular Patients. These questions are intended for brief, empathetic screening and may guide referrals to appropriate specialists when needed.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20250326-50326-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>Cardiologists do not have to do this alone. Optimal care often requires a multidisciplinary approach, involving collaboration with urologists, psychologists, sex therapists, and primary care providers. Just as we refer patients for sleep apnea or diabetes management, we should feel equally confident referring for sexual health concerns.</p>
          <p>Sex is not a luxury; it is a fundamental aspect of the human experience. Moreover, as stewards of our patients&#8217; cardiovascular and emotional well-being, we must treat them as such.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Avoiding conversations about SA does more harm than good. It deprives patients of the reassurance, guidance, and support they need to reclaim an essential part of life &#8211; and undermines the very foundation of holistic care.</p>
        <p>It is time for cardiology to bring sexuality out of the shadows. We must empower professionals to address it openly, accurately, and compassionately, just as we would any other aspect of cardiovascular risk or recovery. If we are truly committed to patient-centered care, sexual health must no longer be an afterthought.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
