<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3v8nMqJzZnhzztdbLnhhKfy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250265</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Estudo ELSA-Brasil e Nossa Deforma&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6110-2500</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio S. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Grupo Fleury</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Marcio S. M. Lima &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcio.lima@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250265</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos Longitudinais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (strain) utilizando a tecnologia de rastreamento de speckles na ecocardiografia n&#227;o &#233; mais algo novo e inovador. V&#225;rios anos se passaram desde sua valida&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Comparado &#224; fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, o strain longitudinal global (SLG) &#233; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica, importante em diversas situa&#231;&#245;es, como cardio-oncologia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> cardiomiopatias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Trata-se de um dado mais preciso e reprodut&#237;vel, intimamente correlacionado com o progn&#243;stico e atualmente dispon&#237;vel na maioria dos aparelhos de ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Por outro lado, essa an&#225;lise requer uma janela ac&#250;stica adequada, e a quest&#227;o da variabilidade entre as empresass ainda deve ser levada em considera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um passo muito significativo que trouxe a an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para a nossa realidade brasileira foi dado em 2023 com a publica&#231;&#227;o do &#8220; Posicionamento do Departamento de Imagem Cardiovascular da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia sobre o Uso do Strain Mioc&#225;rdico na Rotina do Cardiologista &#8211; 2023&#8221; no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Diversos especialistas se uniram na produ&#231;&#227;o deste importante documento que ampliou o conhecimento dos cardiologistas sobre o SLG. Publicado na edi&#231;&#227;o atual dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, mais um passo foi dado com o estudo ELSA-Brasil. O ELSA-Brasil &#233; um amplo estudo epidemiol&#243;gico com mais de 15.000 servidores p&#250;blicos de universidades e institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa sobre doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes, realizado em 6 cidades brasileiras (S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Vit&#243;ria, Salvador e Porto Alegre), com diversas publica&#231;&#245;es na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Desta vez, o foco foi a determina&#231;&#227;o dos valores de normalidade para o strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (SLGVE) e o strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (SLPLVD), ou seja, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Em 2019, o estudo WASE (<italic>World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography</italic>) para valores normais, que envolveu 19 centros em 15 pa&#237;ses, representando 6 continentes, incluiu 2.008 indiv&#237;duos com os principais objetivos de estabelecer valores normais para o tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em uma popula&#231;&#227;o distribu&#237;da mundialmente, com diferentes nacionalidades, ra&#231;as e etnias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Foi observada uma varia&#231;&#227;o pequena, mas estatisticamente significativa, no SLGVE. A ideia inicial deste estudo baseou-se no fato de que os valores normais utilizados mundialmente prov&#234;m de estudos realizados nos Estados Unidos e na Europa com popula&#231;&#245;es dessas localidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Considerando as diferentes caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas das popula&#231;&#245;es em diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo, faz todo o sentido analisar a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica especificamente em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Seguindo essa premissa, o ELSA-Brasil incluiu um total de 1.048 indiv&#237;duos entre agosto de 2008 e dezembro de 2010. Vale ressaltar que, desse total, para obter valores normais de SLGVE e SLPLVD foi utilizado um &#8220;filtro para caracter&#237;sticas patol&#243;gicas&#8221; que sabidamente alteram a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, obesidade e doen&#231;a renal. Assim, foi analisada uma subamostra de 527 participantes considerados &#8220;saud&#225;veis&#8221;, com m&#233;dia de idade de 50,2 anos e 59% do sexo feminino. A m&#233;dia de SLGVE foi de 19,0% (14,3-23,8) e SLPLVD foi de 28,3% (22,3-34,3). Mulheres apresentaram maior SLGVE (19,5 &#177; 2,3 [15-24]) do que homens (18,3 &#177; 2,3 [14-23]), sem diferen&#231;as significativas relacionadas &#224; idade. Valores mais elevados de SLGVE em mulheres tamb&#233;m foram demonstrados no WASE, bem como nos estudos NORRE e HUNT.</p>
    <p>O estudo NORRE (<italic>Normal Reference Ranges for Echocardiography</italic>) foi realizado na Europa e contou com um total de 22 centros participantes. Este estudo incluiu 549 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis (idade m&#233;dia: 45,6 &#177; 13,3 anos). Eles observaram um valor m&#233;dio normal de SLGVE de 22,5% &#177; 2,7 (17,2-27,7), sendo maior em mulheres (23,0% &#177; 2,7 [17,8-28,2]) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens (21,7% &#177; 2,5 [16,7-26,7]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O estudo HUNT &#233; um amplo estudo noruegu&#234;s semelhante ao ELSA-Brasil, que h&#225; anos investiga diversos par&#226;metros normais em uma popula&#231;&#227;o do Condado de Tr&#248;ndelag. Incluiu 1.266 indiv&#237;duos e tamb&#233;m demonstraram valores mais elevados em mulheres (17,4% &#177; 4,6) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens (15,9% &#177; 4,6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O estudo mais recente HUNT4-Echo avaliou 2.462 indiv&#237;duos entre 2017 e 2018. Eles descreveram um valor normal para SLGVE de 20% (16-24) e para SLPLVD de 25,9% (17,4%-34,5).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um ponto que vale destacar &#233; que o SLGVE obtido no estudo ELSA-Brasil foi derivado da an&#225;lise de 12 segmentos, apenas dos cortes de 4 e 2 c&#226;maras, rotineiramente adquiridos naquela &#233;poca. Isso deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o, pois pode ser uma limita&#231;&#227;o, fato reconhecido pelos autores. Valores anormais de SLGVE, definidos como &lt; 14%, foram encontrados em 3,8% da popula&#231;&#227;o, associados &#224; obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes. Valores anormais de SLPLVD, definidos como &lt; 22%, correlacionaram-se com obesidade e aumento da massa ventricular esquerda.</p>
    <p>Sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o do SLGVE com o envelhecimento, todos esses grandes estudos internacionais demonstraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o na deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica com a idade. O ELSA-Brasil n&#227;o demonstrou isso e um dos motivos seria a estreita faixa et&#225;ria da amostra, conforme apontado pelos os autores.</p>
    <p>Concluindo, &#233; muito comum extrair valores de normalidade de diversos estudos internacionais. No entanto, &#233; importante ressaltar que, em par&#226;metros sens&#237;veis a aspectos demogr&#225;ficos, como a deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, dados da popula&#231;&#227;o local s&#227;o importantes. Isso foi feito com eleg&#226;ncia pelo estudo ELSA-Brasil, e os autores devem ser reconhecidos pela publica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Amundsen BH, Helle-Valle T, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Crosby J, Lyseggen E, et al. Noninvasive Myocardial Strain Measurement by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: Validation Against Sonomicrometry and Tagged Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(4):789-93. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.040.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Amundsen</surname>
              <given-names>BH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helle-Valle</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edvardsen</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crosby</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lyseggen</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Noninvasive Myocardial Strain Measurement by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: Validation Against Sonomicrometry and Tagged Magnetic Resonance Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>789</fpage>
          <lpage>793</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.040</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Lyon AR, L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez T, Couch LS, Asteggiano R, Aznar MC, Bergler-Klein J, et al. 2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022;43(41):4229-361. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lyon</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>L&#243;pez-Fern&#225;ndez</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Couch</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asteggiano</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aznar</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergler-Klein</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 ESC Guidelines on Cardio-Oncology Developed in Collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>41</issue>
          <fpage>4229</fpage>
          <lpage>4361</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehac244</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(4):450-500. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.035.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Otto</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishimura</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonow</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carabello</surname>
              <given-names>BA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erwin</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gentile</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients with Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>450</fpage>
          <lpage>500</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.035</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Lima MS, Villarraga HR, Abduch MC, Lima MF, Cruz CB, Bittencourt MS, et al. Comprehensive Left Ventricular Mechanics Analysis by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Chagas Disease. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2016;14(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12947-016-0062-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Villarraga</surname>
              <given-names>HR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abduch</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cruz</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comprehensive Left Ventricular Mechanics Analysis by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Chagas Disease</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Ultrasound</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">20</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12947-016-0062-7</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Lima MSM, Dal&#231;&#243;quio TF, Abduch MCD, Tsutsui JM, Mathias W Jr, Nicolau JC. Influence of Physical Training after a Myocardial Infarction on Left Ventricular Contraction Mechanics. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(4):e20220185. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220185.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>MSM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dal&#231;&#243;quio</surname>
              <given-names>TF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abduch</surname>
              <given-names>MCD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tsutsui</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mathias</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nicolau</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of Physical Training after a Myocardial Infarction on Left Ventricular Contraction Mechanics</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20220185</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220185</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Smiseth OA, Rider O, Cvijic M, Valkovic L, Remme EW, Voigt JU. Myocardial Strain Imaging: Theory, Current Practice, and the Future. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2025;18(3):340-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.07.011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Smiseth</surname>
              <given-names>OA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rider</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cvijic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valkovic</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Remme</surname>
              <given-names>EW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voigt</surname>
              <given-names>JU</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Myocardial Strain Imaging: Theory, Current Practice, and the Future</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>340</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2024.07.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Voigt JU, Pedrizzetti G, Lysyansky P, Marwick TH, Houle H, Baumann R, et al. Definitions for a Common Standard for 2D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: Consensus Document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to Standardize Deformation Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(1):1-11. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jeu184.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Voigt</surname>
              <given-names>JU</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pedrizzetti</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lysyansky</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marwick</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Houle</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baumann</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Definitions for a Common Standard for 2D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography: Consensus Document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to Standardize Deformation Imaging</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jeu184</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Almeida ALC, Melo MDT, Bihan DCSL, Vieira MLC, Pena JLB, Del Castillo JM, et al. Position Statement on the Use of Myocardial Strain in Cardiology Routines by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's Department Of Cardiovascular Imaging - 2023. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(12):e20230646. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230646.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>ALC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Melo</surname>
              <given-names>MDT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bihan</surname>
              <given-names>DCSL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>MLC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pena</surname>
              <given-names>JLB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Del Castillo</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Position Statement on the Use of Myocardial Strain in Cardiology Routines by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology's Department Of Cardiovascular Imaging - 2023</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230646</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230646</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Mill JG, Lotufo PA, Chor D, Barreto SM, et al. Cohort Profile: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(1):68-75. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu027.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chor</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cohort Profile: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyu027</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Asch FM, Miyoshi T, Addetia K, Citro R, Daimon M, Desale S, et al. Similarities and Differences in Left Ventricular Size and Function among Races and Nationalities: Results of the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography Normal Values Study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(11):1396-406.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2019.08.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Asch</surname>
              <given-names>FM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miyoshi</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Addetia</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Citro</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daimon</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desale</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Similarities and Differences in Left Ventricular Size and Function among Races and Nationalities: Results of the World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography Normal Values Study</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1396</fpage>
          <lpage>1406</lpage>
          <comment>e2</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2019.08.012</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):1-39.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lang</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Badano</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mor-Avi</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afilalo</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armstrong</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ernande</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recommendations for Cardiac Chamber Quantification by Echocardiography in Adults: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
          <comment>e14</comment>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2014.10.003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Sugimoto T, Dulgheru R, Bernard A, Ilardi F, Contu L, Addetia K, et al. Echocardiographic Reference Ranges for Normal Left Ventricular 2D Strain: Results from the EACVI NORRE Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(8):833-40. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex140.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sugimoto</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dulgheru</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bernard</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ilardi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Contu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Addetia</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic Reference Ranges for Normal Left Ventricular 2D Strain: Results from the EACVI NORRE Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>833</fpage>
          <lpage>840</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ehjci/jex140</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Dalen H, Thorstensen A, Aase SA, Ingul CB, Torp H, Vatten LJ, et al. Segmental and Global Longitudinal Strain and Strain Rate Based on Echocardiography of 1266 Healthy Individuals: The Hunt Study in Norway. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(2):176-83. doi: 10.1093/ejechocard/jep194.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dalen</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thorstensen</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aase</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ingul</surname>
              <given-names>CB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Torp</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vatten</surname>
              <given-names>LJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Segmental and Global Longitudinal Strain and Strain Rate Based on Echocardiography of 1266 Healthy Individuals: The Hunt Study in Norway</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>176</fpage>
          <lpage>183</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ejechocard/jep194</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Nyberg J, Jakobsen EO, &#216;stvik A, Holte E, St&#248;len S, Lovstakken L, et al. Echocardiographic Reference Ranges of Global Longitudinal Strain for All Cardiac Chambers Using Guideline-Directed Dedicated Views. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2023;16(12):1516-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.08.011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nyberg</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jakobsen</surname>
              <given-names>EO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#216;stvik</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holte</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>St&#248;len</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lovstakken</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Echocardiographic Reference Ranges of Global Longitudinal Strain for All Cardiac Chambers Using Guideline-Directed Dedicated Views</article-title>
          <source>JACC Cardiovasc Imaging</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>16</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1516</fpage>
          <lpage>1531</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcmg.2023.08.011</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Pianca EG, Foppa M, Schmitz GB, Ca&#241;on-Monta&#241;ez W, Duncan BB, Santos ABS. Left and Right Ventricular Strain in an Adult Brazilian Population from ELSA-Brasil Study: Reference Values and their Determinants. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2025; 122(6):e20240634. DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240634i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240634i</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pianca</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foppa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schmitz</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ca&#241;on-Monta&#241;ez</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>ABS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Left and Right Ventricular Strain in an Adult Brazilian Population from ELSA-Brasil Study: Reference Values and their Determinants</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2025</year>
          <volume>122</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20240634</elocation-id>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240634i">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20240634i</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p> Strain Ventricular em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira do Estudo ELSA-Brasil: Valores de Refer&#234;ncia e seus Determinantes</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250265i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The ELSA-Brasil Study and Our Myocardial Deformation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6110-2500</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio S. M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Grupo Fleury, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Marcio S. M. Lima &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44.Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: marcio.lima@incor.usp.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Longitudinal Studies</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The analysis of myocardial deformation (strain) using speckle tracking technology in echocardiography is no longer something new and innovative. Several years have passed since its validation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Compared to left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, global longitudinal strain (GLS) is a more accurate assessment of systolic function, important in several situations, such as cardio-oncology,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> valvular heart disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> cardiomyopathies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is more accurate and reproducible data, is closely correlated with prognosis, and is currently available in most echocardiogram machines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> On the other hand, this analysis requires an adequate acoustic window, and the issue of inter-vendor variability must still be taken into account.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A highly significant step that brought the analysis of myocardial deformation to our Brazilian reality was taken in 2023 with the publication of the &#8220;Position Statement on the Use of Myocardial Strain in Cardiology Routines by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8217;s Department Of Cardiovascular Imaging &#8211; 2023&#8221; in the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> journal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Several experts joined in the production of this important document that increased cardiologists&#8217; knowledge about GLS. Published in the current issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, another step was taken through the ELSA-Brasil study. ELSA-Brasil is a broad epidemiological study with more than 15,000 public servants from universities and research institutions on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes, carried out in 6 Brazilian cities (S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Vit&#243;ria, Salvador, and Porto Alegre), with several publications in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This time, the focus was on determining normal values for LVGLS and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS), that is, an investigation of myocardial deformation in our population.</p>
      <p>In 2019, the WASE (World Alliance Societies of Echocardiography) study for normal values, which involved 19 centers in 15 countries representing 6 continents, included 2,008 individuals with the main objectives of establishing normal values for LV size and systolic function in a population distributed worldwide, with different nationalities, races, and ethnicities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A small but statistically significant variation in LVGLS was observed. The initial idea for this study was based on the fact that the normal values used worldwide come from studies carried out in the United States and Europe with populations from these locations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considering the different demographic characteristics of populations in different regions around the world, it makes perfect sense to analyze myocardial deformation specifically in our population. Following this premise, ELSA-Brazil included a total of 1,048 individuals from August 2008 to December 2010. It is worth noting that of this total, in order to obtain normal values for GLS and RVFWLS, a &#8220;filter for pathological characteristics&#8221; that are known to alter myocardial deformation, such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and kidney disease, was used. Thus, a subsample of 527 participants considered &#8220;healthy&#8221;, with a mean age of 50.2 years and 59% female, was analyzed. The mean LVGLS was 19.0% (14.3-23.8), and RVFWLS was 28.3% (22.3-34.3). Females exhibited higher LVGLS (19.5 &#177; 2.3 [15-24]) than males (18.3 &#177; 2.3 [14-23]), with no significant age-related differences. Higher LVGLS values in females were also demonstrated in the WASE, as well as in the NORRE and HUNT studies.</p>
      <p>The NORRE (Normal Reference Ranges for Echocardiography) study was conducted in Europe and had a total of 22 participating centers. This study included 549 healthy individuals (mean age: 45.6 &#177; 13.3y). They observed a mean normal GLS value of 22.5% &#177; 2.7 (17.2-27.7), being higher in women (23.0% &#177; 2.7 [17.8-28.2]) compared to men (21.7% &#177; 2.5 [16.7-26.7]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The HUNT study is a large Norwegian study similar to ELSA-Brasil, which has been investigating several normal parameters in a population from Tr&#248;ndelag County for years. It included 1,266 individuals and also demonstrated higher values in women (17.4% &#177; 4.6) compared to men (15.9% &#177; 4.6).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The more recent HUNT4-Echo study evaluated 2,462 individuals between 2017 and 2018. They described a normal value for LVGLS of 20% (16-24) and for RVFWLS of 25.9% (17.4%-34.5).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>One point worth highlighting is that the LVGLS obtained in the ELSA-Brasil study was derived from analyses of 12 segments, only from the 4- and 2-chamber views, which were routinely acquired at that time. This should be taken into account because this may be a limitation, a fact acknowledged by the authors. Abnormal GLS values, defined as &lt; 14%, were found in 3.8% of the population, associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Abnormal RVFWLS values, defined as &lt; 22%, were correlated with obesity and increased LV mass.</p>
      <p>Regarding the evolution of LVGLS with aging, all these large international studies have demonstrated a reduction in myocardial deformation with age. ELSA-Brazil did not demonstrate this. As the authors pointed out, one reason here would be the narrow range of the sample.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, it is very common to extract values of normality from various international studies. However, it is important to emphasize that in parameters that are sensitive to demographic aspects, such as myocardial deformation, data from the local population are important. This was done elegantly by the ELSA-Brasil study, and the authors should be acknowledged for the publication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p> Left and Right Ventricular Strain in an Adult Brazilian Population from ELSA-Brasil Study: Reference Values and their Determinants</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
