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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dGndwZyDFH5XzGSH9CKKsng</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250093</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore Ultrassonogr&#225;fico de Congest&#227;o Venosa (VExUS) em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST para Predi&#231;&#227;o da Mortalidade Intra-Hospitalar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-2414-9453</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Telo</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Heiden</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1568-5124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbato</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Pedro da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6409-2109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saadi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Petersen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1989-1670</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8502-7119</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-6874-8703</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Carvalho da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7596-2827</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7284-1453</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Unimed Grande Florian&#243;polis</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Unimed Grande Florian&#243;polis, Departamento de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Guilherme Pinheiro Machado</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>gpmachado89@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250093</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Inj&#250;ria Renal Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec>
      <title>Pontos-chave</title>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Escore VExUS &#8805;1 est&#225; associado a maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica em indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Escores VExUS mais altos se correlacionam com menor &#237;ndice card&#237;aco, refor&#231;ando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre congest&#227;o venosa e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no IAMCSST.</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>O VExUS pode ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco com IAMCSST, apoiando a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica abrangente.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o uso da ultrassonografia &#224; beira do leito (<italic>point-of-care ultrasound</italic>, POCUS) cresceu exponencialmente em diversos contextos cl&#237;nicos, incluindo unidades de terapia intensiva e departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia. Essa modalidade tem se mostrado particularmente valiosa em pacientes gravemente enfermos, por oferecer uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais sens&#237;vel e n&#227;o invasiva do estado hemodin&#226;mico e vol&#234;mico. Mais recentemente, o escore ultrassonogr&#225;fico de congest&#227;o venosa (<italic>Venous Excess Ultrasound</italic>, VExUS) ganhou destaque por sua capacidade de prever les&#227;o renal aguda (LRA) tanto em pacientes no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca quanto em pacientes cr&#237;ticos, auxiliando no manejo da terapia diur&#233;tica. Uma vers&#227;o simplificada do m&#233;todo VExUS &#8212; com foco nos padr&#245;es de fluxo Doppler das veias hep&#225;tica e porta &#8212; demonstrou ser eficaz na detec&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa. Isso facilita as decis&#245;es sobre manejo de fluidos e melhora a viabilidade e a reprodutibilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o &#224; beira do leito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como a LRA afeta um n&#250;mero substancial de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e est&#225; fortemente associada &#224; mortalidade tanto a curto quanto a longo prazo, a poss&#237;vel utilidade do escore VExUS nesse contexto merece investiga&#231;&#227;o adicional. Fatores de risco j&#225; estabelecidos para LRA nessa popula&#231;&#227;o incluem idade avan&#231;ada, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) pr&#233;-existente, infarto extenso da parede anterior e alta classe de Killip.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Embora o escore VExUS tenha se mostrado eficaz na avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o e na identifica&#231;&#227;o da s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal, seu papel no cen&#225;rio da SCA ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claramente definido.</p>
      <p>O &#250;nico estudo publicado at&#233; o momento que avaliou o VExUS em pacientes com SCA sugeriu que um escore VExUS &#8805;1 poderia predizer a ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA, mas n&#227;o demonstrou associa&#231;&#227;o com a mortalidade &#8212; provavelmente devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Assim, o presente estudo tem como objetivo investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os escores VExUS e a mortalidade intra-hospitalar em uma coorte maior de pacientes diagnosticados exclusivamente com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCSST).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Este foi um registro de coorte prospectiva com pacientes com IAMCSST admitidos para interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICP) entre julho de 2022 e julho de 2023. Foram inclu&#237;dos consecutivamente pacientes adultos (&#8805;18 anos) com suspeita de IAMCSST, com base na presen&#231;a de dor tor&#225;cica t&#237;pica em repouso associada a supradesnivelamento do segmento ST ou outras altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas compat&#237;veis com os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos para IAMCSST. O diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento do IAMCSST foram definidos de acordo com as diretrizes mais recentes dispon&#237;veis no momento da inclus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos os pacientes que se apresentaram mais de 12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, que realizaram a avalia&#231;&#227;o por POCUS mais de 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o ou que apresentavam janela ac&#250;stica desfavor&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a mortalidade intra-hospitalar. O desfecho secund&#225;rio foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de LRA. O acompanhamento intra-hospitalar foi definido do momento da admiss&#227;o at&#233; a alta hospitalar ou o &#243;bito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o por ultrassonografia</title>
        <p>A POCUS foi realizada nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia ou na unidade coronariana, utilizando um aparelho de ultrassonografia port&#225;til (SonoSite, Bothell, Washington, EUA) equipado com transdutor setorial de 2,5 MHz. Os sinais vitais foram registrados no momento da avalia&#231;&#227;o. Dois investigadores treinados realizaram todos os exames de ultrassonografia, que duraram no m&#225;ximo 3 minutos e n&#227;o atrasaram o tempo porta-bal&#227;o quando realizados antes da ICP.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram avaliados em posi&#231;&#227;o supina. A avalia&#231;&#227;o incluiu a medida do di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior e a an&#225;lise do fluxo Doppler das veias hep&#225;tica e porta, com tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico simult&#226;neo. A classifica&#231;&#227;o do VExUS variou de 0 (sem congest&#227;o) a 3 (congest&#227;o grave).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de LRA</title>
        <p>A LRA foi definida como um aumento da creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805;0,3 mg/dl (&#8805;26,5 &#181;mol/l) em at&#233; 48 horas, ou um aumento &#8805;1,5 vezes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal (conhecido ou presumido como ocorrido nos 7 dias anteriores), ou ainda diurese &lt;0,5 ml/kg/h por 6 horas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> M&#233;todos e defini&#231;&#245;es adicionais foram descritos previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C&#225;lculo do tamanho amostral</title>
        <p>Assumindo uma incid&#234;ncia de 10% de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, uma amostra de 132 pacientes proporcionaria um poder estat&#237;stico de 80% para detectar uma &#225;rea sob a curva ROC (AUC) de 0,75, com um alfa bilateral de 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ), conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como contagens absolutas e percentuais. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes nas vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste do qui-quadrado (&#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas.</p>
        <p>As curvas ROC foram utilizadas para avaliar o poder discriminat&#243;rio do escore VExUS e da classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip, com os resultados expressos como estat&#237;sticas c. As AUCs foram comparadas utilizando o teste de DeLong.</p>
        <p>Para identificar preditores de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, foi utilizado um modelo linear generalizado com regress&#227;o log&#237;stica bin&#225;ria e fun&#231;&#227;o de liga&#231;&#227;o logit. O modelo multivariado incluiu vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas associadas ao desfecho prim&#225;rio, como idade, sexo, IAM de parede anterior, DRC, VExUS &#8805;1 e doen&#231;a multivascular (&#8805;tr&#234;s vasos).</p>
        <p>As compara&#231;&#245;es entre curvas ROC foram realizadas utilizando o MedCalc Statistical Software, vers&#227;o 14.8.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, B&#233;lgica). Todas as demais an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o IBM SPSS Statistics para Windows, vers&#227;o 29.0 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Entre julho de 2022 e julho de 2023, um total de 238 pacientes foi triado, e 185 foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final. Cinquenta e tr&#234;s pacientes (22,3%) foram exclu&#237;dos devido a IAM sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMSSST) (tr&#234;s pacientes [1,3%]), apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia do IAM (mais de 12 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas) (20 pacientes [8,4%]), aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o ultrassonogr&#225;fica nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o (27 pacientes [11,3%]) ou janela ac&#250;stica desfavor&#225;vel (tr&#234;s pacientes [1,2%]). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> apresenta o fluxograma do estudo.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Amostra do estudo e aloca&#231;&#227;o dos grupos.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20250093-50093-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A m&#233;dia de idade da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi de 62&#177;11 anos, e 70% eram do sexo masculino. Hipertens&#227;o arterial esteve presente em 56% dos pacientes, diabetes em 28% e DRC em 7%. Na admiss&#227;o, 43% dos pacientes apresentavam IAM de parede anterior, e 13% foram classificados como Killip classe 3 ou 4.</p>
      <p>A taxa global de mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 7,6%, e a incid&#234;ncia de LRA foi de 8,6%. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais dos pacientes est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="17%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
              <th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Total (n=185)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Escore VExUS 0 (n=131)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Escore VExUS &#8805;1 (n=54)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="top">Valor de p</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Idade, anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">61,9 (11,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62,0 (10,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">61,8 (12,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Sexo masculino, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">130 (70,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">94 (71,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">36 (66,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,48</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">IMC, kg/m&#178;</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27,0 (5,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27,1 (5,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">26,7 (5,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,63</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">104 (56,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">76 (58,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">28 (51,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,44</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">52 (28,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">37 (28,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 (27,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,88</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">DRC, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13 (7,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9 (6,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (7,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,89</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Tabagismo, atual ou anterior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">102 (55,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">86 (51,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">34 (62,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,19</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Hist&#243;ria familiar de DAC, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">16 (8,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">10 (7,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (11,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,49</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">ICC pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,64</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (13,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">15 (11,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">9 (16,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,33</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13 (7,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7 (13,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">IAM de parede anterior, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">80 (43,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">62 (47,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18 (33,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                <bold>Classe de Killip, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Classe I</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">131 (70,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">104 (79,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">27 (50,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Classe II</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">30 (16,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">19 (14,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (20,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Classe III</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1,5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (7,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Classe IV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">18 (9,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">12 (22,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Tempo entre sintomas e chegada, min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">300 (187-420)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">300 (195-420)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">300 (183-411)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,81</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Tempo porta-bal&#227;o, min</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">53 (34-76)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">54 (31-75)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">49 (40-87)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,59</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Escore TIMI</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2-4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1-5)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3-6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o, dias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5-9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5-8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">7,5 (5-12)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="6" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                <bold>Art&#233;ria culpada, n (%)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,36</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Coron&#225;ria direita (CD)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">77 (42,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">60 (46,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">17 (32,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Descendente anterior (DA)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">19 (10,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14 (10,7)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">5 (9,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Circunflexa (Cx)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">13 (7,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">11 (6,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">2 (3,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top"/>
              <td align="left" valign="top">Outra</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">73 (40,1)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">45 (34,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">28 (53,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Doen&#231;a multivascular, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">51 (27,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">32 (24,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">19 (35,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,13</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Acesso femoral, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">38 (21,0)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">24 (18,8)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">14 (26,4)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,24</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Sucesso angiogr&#225;fico, n (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">172 (95,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">122 (95,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">50 (96,2)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="top">0,80</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p><italic>CD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; Cx: art&#233;ria circunflexa; DA: art&#233;ria descendente anterior; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; ICC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; TIMI:</italic> thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os principais achados da an&#225;lise est&#227;o ilustrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos indiv&#237;duos conforme os graus do escore VExUS foi a seguinte: VExUS 0 em 131 indiv&#237;duos (70,8%), VExUS 1 em 41 (22,2%), VExUS 2 em 11 (5,9%) e VExUS 3 em dois (1,1%). Observou-se um aumento progressivo da mortalidade com escores VExUS mais altos: 4,6% para VExUS 0 (seis &#243;bitos), 12,2% para VExUS 1 (cinco &#243;bitos) e 27,3% para VExUS 2 (tr&#234;s &#243;bitos).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o VExUS e sua associa&#231;&#227;o com mortalidade hospitalar e les&#227;o renal aguda (&#224; esquerda).</title>
          <p>Distribui&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice card&#237;aco por grupo VExUS (acima, &#224; direita) e curvas ROC para mortalidade hospitalar comparando VExUS e a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip (abaixo, &#224; direita). Figura criada com BioRender.com.</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20250093-50093-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A AUC para mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 0,662 (IC 95%, 0,502-0,823) para o escore VExUS e de 0,802 (IC 95%, 0,667-0,938) para a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip (p=0,16 para compara&#231;&#227;o entre AUCs). Quando a classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip e o escore VExUS foram combinados para identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco, a AUC aumentou para 0,855. Nesse modelo combinado, as classes III e IV de Killip permaneceram inalteradas, enquanto foi criada uma nova categoria intermedi&#225;ria, composta por indiv&#237;duos com Killip classe I e VExUS &#8805;1, e aqueles com Killip classe II e VExUS 0.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de LRA entre os grupos VExUS. No entanto, indiv&#237;duos com VExUS &#8805;1 apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de IAM de ventr&#237;culo direito (16,7% vs 6,9%; p=0,04), menor &#237;ndice card&#237;aco (1,7&#177;0,3 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup> vs 2,3&#177;0,6 ml/min/m<sup>2</sup>; p&lt;0,001) e menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (45%&#177;12 vs 49%&#177;10; p=0,008).</p>
      <p>No modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, idade (OR=1,07; IC 95%, 1,01-1,14; p=0,01), IAM de parede anterior (OR=5,0; IC 95%, 1,34-18,98; p=0,01) e VExUS &#8805;1 (OR=5,2; IC 95%, 1,48-18,76; p=0,01) estiveram associados de forma independente &#224; mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo de coorte prospectiva que avaliou o escore VExUS em indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; ICP prim&#225;ria, a presen&#231;a de VExUS &#8805;1 esteve associada a maior mortalidade intra-hospitalar e menor &#237;ndice card&#237;aco. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o maior estudo realizado at&#233; o momento que avalia o VExUS no contexto da SCA, e o primeiro com foco exclusivo em IAMCSST. &#201; tamb&#233;m o primeiro a demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o escore VExUS e a mortalidade nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>O escore VExUS tem se consolidado como uma ferramenta valiosa para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o venosa, com poss&#237;veis implica&#231;&#245;es na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de mortalidade no IAMCSST. Sua capacidade de quantificar a sobrecarga hemodin&#226;mica por meio de um exame n&#227;o invasivo oferece um m&#233;todo promissor para identificar indiv&#237;duos com maior risco de desfechos adversos. No entanto, embora o VExUS pare&#231;a &#250;til na predi&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade ao captar diferentes graus de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, seu papel na avalia&#231;&#227;o da LRA no IAMCSST pode ser limitado. Essa limita&#231;&#227;o provavelmente decorre da fisiopatologia multifatorial da LRA nesse contexto, que envolve n&#227;o apenas a congest&#227;o venosa, mas tamb&#233;m les&#227;o renal isqu&#234;mica, nefropatia induzida por contraste e diversos fatores inflamat&#243;rios e hemodin&#226;micos sist&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Portanto, confiar exclusivamente no VExUS para predizer LRA pode levar &#224; neglig&#234;ncia de importantes contribuintes para a disfun&#231;&#227;o renal no IAMCSST, reduzindo sua utilidade para esse desfecho espec&#237;fico. Nossos achados diferem dos de Viana-Rojas et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> provavelmente devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as nas popula&#231;&#245;es estudadas. Enquanto a an&#225;lise deles incluiu indiv&#237;duos com angina inst&#225;vel e IAMSSST, nosso estudo concentrou-se exclusivamente em IAMCSST. Ainda assim, ambos os estudos apoiam o uso de escores VExUS alterados como marcadores de risco significativos para desfechos adversos na SCA. Embora outras ferramentas baseadas em ultrassonografia &#8212; como o ultrassom pulmonar e o tempo de integral de velocidade na via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> &#8212; possam apresentar desempenho superior na identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos de alto risco quando comparadas &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica isolada, nossos achados sugerem que a integra&#231;&#227;o do VExUS &#224; classifica&#231;&#227;o de Killip melhora ainda mais a acur&#225;cia preditiva, conforme demonstrado pelo aumento da AUC. Isso indica que o VExUS pode atuar como um complemento valioso na estratifica&#231;&#227;o precoce do risco, especialmente no contexto de IAM de ventr&#237;culo direito. No entanto, essa hip&#243;tese exige investiga&#231;&#227;o e valida&#231;&#227;o adicionais em coortes maiores, particularmente naquelas com maior preval&#234;ncia de acometimento do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, seu delineamento unic&#234;ntrico e o tamanho amostral relativamente pequeno podem ter limitado o poder estat&#237;stico e a precis&#227;o do modelo de regress&#227;o. No entanto, &#233; importante destacar que se tratou de um registro de indiv&#237;duos consecutivos e n&#227;o selecionados com IAMCSST admitidos em um centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio, o que favorece a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados para contextos cl&#237;nicos semelhantes. At&#233; o momento, este &#233; o primeiro e maior estudo a avaliar o escore VExUS especificamente em indiv&#237;duos com IAMCSST e o primeiro a demonstrar uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre o VExUS e a mortalidade intra-hospitalar nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Ainda assim, estudos multic&#234;ntricos futuros s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar e expandir esses achados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O VExUS demonstra ser uma ferramenta promissora para identificar indiv&#237;duos de alto risco e prever a mortalidade intra-hospitalar ap&#243;s IAMCSST. Esses achados ressaltam o valor de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica abrangente na estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica precoce dessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente, Guilherme Pinheiro Machado, mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o razo&#225;vel. O conjunto de dados n&#227;o est&#225; publicamente dispon&#237;vel por conterem informa&#231;&#245;es quem podem comprometer a privacidade dos participantes da pesquisa.</p>
    </sec>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo GPPG 2015-0557. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250093i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) Score in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction to Predict In-Hospital Mortality</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5514-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Machado</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-2414-9453</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Telo</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Heiden</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1568-5124</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbato</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Pedro da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6409-2109</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saadi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina Petersen</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1989-1670</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Neves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0001-8502-7119</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Chies</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-6874-8703</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Julia Carvalho da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7596-2827</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Rodrigo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7284-1453</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wainstein</surname>
            <given-names>Marco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Departamento de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Unimed Grande Florian&#243;polis, Departamento de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Jos&#233;, SC &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Guilherme Pinheiro Machado</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal Code <postal-code>90035-003</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>gpmachado89@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Kidney Injury</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec>
        <title>Key points</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>VExUS scores &#8805;1 are associated with increased in-hospital mortality, highlighting the importance of assessing hemodynamic congestion in individuals with STEMI.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Higher VExUS scores correlate with significantly lower cardiac index, reinforcing the link between venous congestion and impaired cardiac function in STEMI.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>VExUS may be a valuable tool for identifying high-risk individuals with STEMI, supporting the need for comprehensive hemodynamic evaluation.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In recent years, the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has grown exponentially for bedside assessments in a variety of clinical settings, including intensive care units and emergency departments. This modality has proven particularly valuable in critically ill patients, offering a more sensitive and noninvasive evaluation of hemodynamic and volume status. More recently, the Venous Excess Ultrasound (VExUS) scoring system has gained attention for its ability to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) in both postcardiac surgery and critically ill patients, aiding in the management of diuretic therapy. A simplified version of the VExUS approach &#8212; focused on hepatic and portal vein Doppler flow patterns &#8212; has demonstrated reliable detection of venous congestion. This facilitates fluid management decisions while improving feasibility and reproducibility at the bedside.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since AKI affects a substantial number of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and is strongly associated with both short- and long-term mortality, the potential utility of the VExUS scoring system in this context merits further investigation. Established risk factors for AKI in this population include advanced age, preexisting chronic kidney disease (CKD), extensive anterior infarction, and a high Killip class.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Although the VExUS score has proven effective in assessing congestion and identifying cardiorenal syndrome, its role in the ACS setting remains unclear.</p>
        <p>The only study to date that evaluated VExUS in ACS patients suggested that a VExUS score of &#8805;1 might predict AKI, but it did not demonstrate an association with mortality &#8212; likely due to the study's small sample size.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Accordingly, the present study aims to investigate the relationship between VExUS scores and in-hospital mortality in a larger cohort of patients diagnosed exclusively with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI) (STEMI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This was a prospective cohort registry of patients with STEMI admitted for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) between July 2022 and July 2023. Consecutive adult patients (&#8805;18 years old) with suspected STEMI were eligible for inclusion based on the presence of typical chest pain at rest associated with ST-segment elevation or other electrocardiography (ECG) abnormalities meeting diagnostic criteria for STEMI. STEMI diagnosis and treatment were defined according to the most recent guidelines available at the time of enrollment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
          <p>Patients were excluded if they presented more than 12 hours after symptom onset, underwent POCUS assessment more than 24 hours after admission, or had an unfavorable acoustic window.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study endpoints</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. The secondary endpoint was the occurrence of AKI. In-hospital follow-up was defined from the date of admission to the date of discharge or death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ultrasound assessment</title>
          <p>POCUS was performed within 24 hours of admission in the emergency department or coronary care unit using a portable ultrasound device (SonoSite, Bothell, Washington, USA) equipped with a 2.5-MHz sectorial transducer. Vital signs were recorded at the time of evaluation. Two trained investigators performed all ultrasound examinations, which lasted no longer than 3 min and did not delay door-to-balloon time when performed prior to PCI.</p>
          <p>Patients were evaluated in the supine position. The assessment included measurement of the inferior vena cava diameter and Doppler flow analysis of the hepatic and portal veins, with simultaneous ECG tracing. VExUS grading ranged from 0 (no congestion) to 3 (severe congestion).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of AKI</title>
          <p>AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of &#8805;0.3 mg/dL (&#8805;26.5 &#181;mol/L) within 48 hours, or an increase of &#8805;1.5 times the baseline (known or presumed to have occurred within the prior 7 days), or urine output &lt;0.5 mL/kg/h for 6 h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additional methods and definitions have been described previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample size calculation</title>
          <p>Assuming a 10% incidence of in-hospital mortality, a sample of 132 patients would provide 80% statistical power to detect an area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of 0.75, with a two-sided <italic>&#945;</italic> of 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range (IQR), as appropriate. Categorical variables are presented as counts and percentages. Comparisons between groups were made using independent samples Student's <italic>t</italic>-test for continuous variables and the chi-square (<italic>&#967;</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) test for categorical variables.</p>
          <p>ROC curves were used to evaluate the discriminatory power of the VExUS score and Killip classification, with results expressed as c-statistics. AUCs were compared using the DeLong test.</p>
          <p>To identify predictors of in-hospital mortality, we performed a generalized linear model with binary logistic regression and a logit link function. The multivariable model included clinical variables associated with the primary outcome, such as age, sex, anterior wall MI, CKD, VExUS &#8805;1, and multivessel disease (&#8805;three vessels).</p>
          <p>ROC curve comparisons were conducted using MedCalc Statistical Software version 14.8.1 (MedCalc Software bvba, Ostend, Belgium). All other statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 29.0 Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between July 2022 and July 2023, a total of 238 patients were screened, and 185 were included in the final analysis. Fifty-three patients (22.3%) were excluded due to non-STEMI (NSTEMI) (three patients [1.3%]), late presentation of MI more than 12 h after symptom onset (20 patients [8.4%]), absence of ultrasound assessment within 24 h of admission (27 patients [11.3%]), or an unfavorable acoustic window (three patients [1.2%]). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref> shows the study flow diagram.</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Study sample and group allocation.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20250093-50093-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The mean age of the study population was 62&#177;11 years, and 70% were male. Hypertension was present in 56% of patients, diabetes in 28%, and CKD in 7%. At admission, 43% of patients had anterior wall MI, and 13% were classified as Killip class 3 or 4.</p>
        <p>The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 7.6%, and the incidence of AKI was 8.6%. Baseline patient characteristics are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="16%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <th align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">Overall (n=185)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">VExUS grade 0 (n=131)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">VExUS grade &#8805;1 (n=54)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="top">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Age, years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61.9 (11.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62.0 (10.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">61.8 (12.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Male sex, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">130 (70.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">94 (71.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">36 (66.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">BMI, kg/m&#178;</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27.0 (5.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27.1 (5.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">26.7 (5.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.63</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">104 (56.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">76 (58.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28 (51.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">52 (28.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">37 (28.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (27.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">CKD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (7.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (6.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Smoking, current or previous, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">102 (55.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">86 (51.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">34 (62.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Family history of CAD, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">16 (8.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">10 (7.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (11.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.49</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Previous HF, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (2.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">1 (1.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Previous MI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (13.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">15 (11.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">9 (16.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Sudden cardiac arrest, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (7.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (3.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7 (13.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Anterior MI, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">80 (43.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">62 (47.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (33.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Killip class, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Class I</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">131 (70.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">104 (79.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">27 (50.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Class II</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">30 (16.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (14.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (20.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Class III</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (3.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (1.5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (7.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Class IV</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">18 (9.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (4.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">12 (22.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Symptoms-to-door time, min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">300 (187-420)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">300 (195-420)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">300 (183-411)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Door-to-balloon time, min</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">53 (34-76)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">54 (31-75)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">49 (40-87)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">TIMI score</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">4 (2-4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">3 (1-5)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (3-6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Length of stay, days</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5-9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">6 (5-8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">7.5 (5-12)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4D0;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="6" style="border-top: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <bold>Procedural characteristics</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Culprit vessel, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">RCA</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">77 (42.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">60 (46.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">17 (32.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LAD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (10.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (10.7)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">5 (9.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">LCx</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">13 (7.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">11 (6.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">2 (3.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top"/>
                <td align="left" valign="top">Other</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">73 (40.1)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">45 (34.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">28 (53.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Multivessel disease, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">51 (27.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">32 (24.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">19 (35.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Femoral access, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">38 (21.0)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">24 (18.8)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">14 (26.4)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2">Angiographic success, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">172 (95.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">122 (95.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">50 (96.2)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="top">0.80</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; CKD: chronic kidney disease; HF: heart failure; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LCx: left circumflex artery; MI: myocardial infarction; RCA: right coronary artery; TIMI: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The main findings of our analysis are illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>. The distribution of individuals across VExUS grades was as follows: VExUS 0 in 131 individuals (70.8%), VExUS 1 in 41 (22.2%), VExUS 2 in 11 (5.9%), and VExUS 3 in two (1.1%). A stepwise increase in mortality was observed with higher VExUS grades: 4.6% for VExUS 0 (six deaths), 12.2% for VExUS 1 (five deaths), and 27.3% for VExUS 2 (three deaths).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>VExUS scoring system and its association with in-hospital mortality and acute kidney injury (left).</title>
            <p>Cardiac index distribution by VExUS group (top right) and ROC curves for in-hospital mortality comparing VExUS and Killip classification (bottom right). Figure created with BioRender.com.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20250093-50093-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The AUC for in-hospital mortality was 0.662 (95% CI, 0.502-0.823) for VExUS and 0.802 (95% CI, 0.667-0.938) for the Killip classification (p=0.16 for AUC comparison). When Killip classification and VExUS were combined to identify high-risk individuals, the AUC increased to 0.855. In this combined model, Killip classes III and IV remained unchanged, while a new intermediate category was created, comprising individuals with Killip class I and VExUS &#8805;1, and those with Killip class II and VExUS 0.</p>
        <p>There was no significant difference in the incidence of AKI across VExUS groups. However, individuals with VExUS &#8805;1 had a higher frequency of right ventricular MI (16.7% vs 6.9%, p=0.04), lower cardiac index (1.7&#177;0.3 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup> vs 2.3&#177;0.6 mL/min/m<sup>2</sup>; p&lt;0.001), and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (45%&#177;12 vs 49%&#177;10; p=0.008).</p>
        <p>In the multivariate logistic regression model, age (OR=1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14; p=0.01), anterior wall MI (OR=5.0; 95% CI, 1.34-18.98; p=0.01), and VExUS &#8805;1 (OR=5.2; 95% CI, 1.48-18.76; p=0.01) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this prospective cohort study evaluating the VExUS scoring system in individuals with STEMI undergoing primary PCI, the presence of VExUS &#8805;1 was associated with higher in-hospital mortality and lower cardiac index. To our knowledge, this is the largest study to date assessing VExUS in ACS, and the first focused exclusively on STEMI. It is also the first to demonstrate an association between VExUS and mortality in this specific population.</p>
        <p>The VExUS scoring system has emerged as a valuable tool for assessing venous congestion, with potential implications for mortality risk stratification in STEMI. Its ability to quantify hemodynamic overload through noninvasive imaging offers a promising method for identifying individuals at higher risk of adverse outcomes. However, while VExUS appears to be useful in predicting mortality by capturing degrees of systemic congestion, its role in evaluating AKI in STEMI may be limited. This limitation likely stems from the multifactorial pathophysiology of AKI in this context, which involves not only venous congestion but also ischemic renal injury, contrast-induced nephropathy, and various systemic inflammatory and hemodynamic factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Therefore, relying exclusively on VExUS to predict AKI may overlook important contributors to renal dysfunction in STEMI, reducing its utility for this specific outcome. Our findings differ from those of Viana-Rojas et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> likely due to differences in study populations. While their analysis included individuals with unstable angina and NSTEMI, our study focused solely on STEMI. Nevertheless, both studies support the use of altered VExUS scores as meaningful risk markers for adverse outcomes in ACS. Although other ultrasound-based tools &#8212; such as lung ultrasound and left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> &#8212; may offer superior performance in identifying high-risk individuals when compared with clinical evaluation alone, our findings suggest that integrating VExUS with the Killip classification further enhances predictive accuracy, as evidenced by an improved AUC. This indicates that VExUS may serve as a valuable adjunct in early risk stratification, especially in the setting of right ventricular MI. However, this hypothesis warrants further investigation and validation in larger cohorts, particularly those with a higher prevalence of right ventricular involvement.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations. First, its single-center design and relatively small sample size may have limited the statistical power and the accuracy of the regression model. However, it is important to note that this was a registry of consecutive and unselected individuals with STEMI admitted to a tertiary referral center, which enhances the generalizability within similar clinical settings. To date, this is the first and largest study to evaluate the VExUS score specifically in individuals with STEMI and the first to demonstrate an association between VExUS and in-hospital mortality in this population. Still, future multicenter studies are needed to confirm and expand upon these findings.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>VExUS appears to be a promising tool for identifying high-risk individuals and predicting in-hospital mortality following STEMI. These findings underscore the value of comprehensive hemodynamic assessment in the early prognostic evaluation of this population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author Guilherme Pinheiro Machado. The dataset is not publicly available because it contains information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.</p>
      </sec>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number GPPG 2015-0557. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
