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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xWJqCQ5zPjzc4yrVD3V5Bdx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240867</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Comportamentos de Autocuidado e o Controle Glic&#234;mico Inadequado em Participantes do ELSA-Brasil com Diabetes Tipo 2</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2506-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tupinamb&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9951-042X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Odaleia Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8439-4523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3837-0731</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8746-5860</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Del Carmen Bisi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6250-2036</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Griep</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Harter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5319-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de Epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca &#8211; Programa de Epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laborat&#243;rio de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Ambiente e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Ambiente e Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Epidemiologia e M&#233;todos Quantitativos em Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca &#8211; Departamento de Epidemiologia e M&#233;todos Quantitativos em Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca &#8226; R. Leopoldo Bulh&#245;es, 1480. CEP 21041-210, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mariafonseca818@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240867</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica prevalente, frequentemente associada a complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo objetivou avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamentos de autocuidado, como consumo de ultraprocessados, ingest&#227;o de legumes, verduras e frutas, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e tabagismo, e o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em participantes do ELSA-Brasil vivendo com DT2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este &#233; um estudo transversal com 2567 indiv&#237;duos, no qual as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de interesse foram analisadas por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi o &#250;nico comportamento consistentemente associado ao controle glic&#234;mico inadequado. Participantes com baixa ades&#227;o apresentaram mais que o dobro de chances de terem n&#237;veis inadequados de hemoglobina glicada (OR: 2,09; IC 95%: 1,14&#8211;4,10). O consumo de ultraprocessados e a ingest&#227;o insuficiente de vegetais mostraram associa&#231;&#245;es iniciais que n&#227;o se mantiveram significativas ap&#243;s ajustes, sugerindo a influ&#234;ncia de fatores adicionais, como condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Esses resultados refor&#231;am a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es integradas que combinem educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, suporte ao autocuidado e pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas voltadas &#224; equidade no acesso a tratamentos, contribuindo para o controle glic&#234;mico e a redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao DT2.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Associa&#231;&#227;o entre Comportamentos de Autocuidado e o Controle Glic&#234;mico Inadequado em Participantes do ELSA-Brasil com Diabetes Tipo 2</title>
              <p>Tamanho do efeito de cada modelo final para os diferentes comportamentos de autocuidado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em participantes do ELSA-Brasil diagnosticados com diabetes tipo 2, 2012-2014.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/xWJqCQ5zPjzc4yrVD3V5Bdx/e8e7d9ea01d7631caa8c44121af164e4f9fcaaaf.tif"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2</kwd>
        <kwd>Autocuidado</kwd>
        <kwd>Controle Glic&#234;mico</kwd>
        <kwd>Ades&#227;o &#224; Medica&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Alimento Processado</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="48"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O diabetes tipo 2 (DT2) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica de alta preval&#234;ncia mundial, associada a diversas complica&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas e cardiovasculares que impactam a qualidade de vida e a mortalidade da popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estima-se que, globalmente, mais de 529 milh&#245;es de pessoas vivam com diabetes, sendo que o DT2 corresponde a aproximadamente 96% dos casos de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No Brasil, o cen&#225;rio &#233; igualmente preocupante, com uma preval&#234;ncia crescente nos &#250;ltimos anos, sobretudo em adultos de meia-idade e idosos, demandando estrat&#233;gias eficazes para o controle e manejo da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O autocuidado &#233; uma estrat&#233;gia importante para o tratamento do diabetes e pode contribuir para o controle glic&#234;mico adequado, para a redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a e a melhora na qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A hemoglobina glicada (A1C) &#233; um marcador amplamente utilizado para avaliar o controle glic&#234;mico em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes, pois reflete os n&#237;veis m&#233;dios de glicose sangu&#237;nea nos &#250;ltimos dois a tr&#234;s meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Segundo as diretrizes mais atuais, uma A1C inferior a 7% &#233; considerada adequada, enquanto valores iguais ou superiores a 7% indicam controle glic&#234;mico inadequado, o que aumenta o risco de complica&#231;&#245;es micro e macro vasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O manejo adequado do DT2 envolve n&#227;o apenas a administra&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos hipoglicemiantes, mas tamb&#233;m a ado&#231;&#227;o de um conjunto de comportamentos de autocuidado que s&#227;o essenciais para o controle glic&#234;mico e a preven&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> De acordo com a literatura, os principais comportamentos de autocuidado incluem a pr&#225;tica regular de atividade f&#237;sica, a ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, o consumo alimentar balanceado, e a abstin&#234;ncia de tabagismo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, amplamente difundidos na sociedade contempor&#226;nea, tem sido associado ao pior controle metab&#243;lico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> enquanto a ingest&#227;o de alimentos ricos em fibras, como legumes, verduras e frutas, contribui positivamente para o controle da glicemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos que avaliem esses comportamentos de autocuidado em grandes popula&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o escassos no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O Estudo Longitudinal da Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> &#233; uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica que oferece uma oportunidade &#250;nica para investigar essa rela&#231;&#227;o em uma amostra de grande escala, permitindo explorar como diferentes pr&#225;ticas de autocuidado influenciam o controle glic&#234;mico em indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com DT2.</p>
      <p>Dado o impacto significativo dos comportamentos de autocuidado no manejo do DT2 e a necessidade de melhor compreens&#227;o das vari&#225;veis que influenciam o controle glic&#234;mico, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre comportamentos de autocuidado (consumo de ultraprocessados, consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e tabagismo) e o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em participantes do ELSA-Brasil com DT2.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e amostra</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional seccional que utilizou dados da segunda onda (2012-2014) do ELSA-Brasil, um estudo coorte multic&#234;ntrico em andamento, que investiga a incid&#234;ncia e os fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas em uma popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em sua linha de base (2008-2010), foram coletados dados de 15105 funcion&#225;rios ativos e aposentados, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 35 e 74 anos, provenientes de seis institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas localizadas em diferentes estados do Brasil &#8211; Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro), Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (USP), e as Universidades Federais da Bahia (UFBA), Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Minas Gerais (UFMG) e Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).</p>
        <p>Como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o para o presente estudo, os participantes deveriam possuir diagn&#243;stico de DT2, o qual foi determinado com base nas seguintes informa&#231;&#245;es &#8211; diabetes autorreferido, uso autorreferido de medicamentos para diabetes nas duas semanas anteriores &#224; coleta dos dados ou exames laboratoriais alterados (glicemia de jejum &#8805; 126 mg/dL, A1C &#8805; 6,5% ou glicemia 2 horas ap&#243;s sobrecarga &#8805; 200 mg/dL p&#243;s carga).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o incluiu os participantes que haviam se submetido a cirurgia bari&#225;trica. Estudos mostram que pacientes p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgicos tendem a aumentar o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados nos fins de semana em compara&#231;&#227;o aos dias &#250;teis, enquanto diminuem a ingest&#227;o de frutas e vegetais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Dos 14 014 indiv&#237;duos da segunda onda do ELSA-Brasil, foram selecionados 2567 participantes com diagn&#243;stico de DT2 para compor a amostra deste estudo.</p>
        <p>Por se tratar de um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, o ELSA-Brasil teve seu protocolo de pesquisa aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica de cada institui&#231;&#227;o participante, al&#233;m do Comit&#234; Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. Cada onda de coleta de dados recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica, e todos os participantes assinaram os formul&#225;rios de consentimento livre e esclarecido. O presente estudo tamb&#233;m foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa (CAAE: 33461220.0.0000.5240).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho</title>
        <p>O controle glic&#234;mico foi avaliado por meio da dosagem da A1C, categorizada como adequada (A1C&lt; 7) ou inadequada (A1C&#8805; 7).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exposi&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os comportamentos de autocuidado avaliados inclu&#237;ram &#8211; consumo de ultraprocessados, consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e tabagismo. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o consumo alimentar foram obtidas por meio do question&#225;rio semiquantitativo de frequ&#234;ncia alimentar (QFA), composto por 114 itens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O consumo de ultraprocessados foi estimado como o percentual da contribui&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica desses alimentos na dieta, utilizando a classifica&#231;&#227;o NOVA, e categorizado em quartis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas calculado com base na ingest&#227;o di&#225;ria (em gramas/dia) e categorizado como adequado (&#8805; 400g/dia) ou inadequado (&lt; 400g/dia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise os participantes com consumo alimentar geral inferior a 600 Kcal/dia ou superior a 6 000 kcal/dia.</p>
        <p>A atividade f&#237;sica foi mensurada por autorrelato utilizando o <italic>International Physical Activity Questionnary</italic> (IPAQ)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>A atividade f&#237;sica foi calculada em minutos por semana e classificada, conforme o IPAQ, em atividades de intensidade leve, moderada ou vigorosa.</p>
        <p>A ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para o controle do DT2 foi avaliada com base no relato do uso de medicamentos nas duas semanas anteriores &#224; coleta de dados. O uso por menos de 11 dias foi considerado baixa ades&#227;o (ader&#234;ncia &lt; 80%), enquanto o uso por 12 ou mais dias foi considerado alta ades&#227;o (ader&#234;ncia &#8805; 80%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O tabagismo foi avaliado por meio de question&#225;rio padr&#227;o do ELSA-Brasil, e os participantes foram classificados como &#8220;n&#227;o fumante&#8221;, &#8220;fumante atual&#8221; e &#8220;ex-fumante&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Covari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>As covari&#225;veis foram avaliadas por meio de question&#225;rios padronizados do ELSA-Brasil e inclu&#237;ram: idade, sexo, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida, situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal, hist&#243;ria familiar de diabetes, consumo de &#225;lcool e o tipo de terapia farmacol&#243;gica para DT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Os par&#226;metros antropom&#233;tricos (peso corporal e a estatura) foram mensurados utilizando t&#233;cnicas e equipamentos padronizados, e o &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado a partir dessas medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O IMC e a idade foram tratados como vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. A escolaridade foi classificada em ensino fundamental completo, ensino m&#233;dio completo e ensino superior completo ou p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida foi analisada em tr&#234;s categorias: preta, parda e branca. Os participantes que se autodeclararam como amarelos ou ind&#237;genas foram exclu&#237;dos devido ao baixo percentual (4,7%). A situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal foi classificada em: casado/uni&#227;o est&#225;vel, solteiro e outros (separado, divorciado e vi&#250;vo) e a hist&#243;ria familiar de diabetes foi dicotomizada em &#8220;presen&#231;a&#8221; ou &#8220;aus&#234;ncia&#8221;.</p>
        <p>O consumo de &#225;lcool foi avaliado com base na ingest&#227;o semanal. Ingest&#227;o inferior a 210g/semana (homens) e 140g/semana (mulheres) foi considerada moderada, enquanto valores iguais ou superiores a esses limites foram considerados excessivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O tipo de terapia farmacol&#243;gica foi classificado em tr&#234;s categorias: nenhum medicamento, medicamentos hipoglicemiantes e terapia combinada (medicamentos hipoglicemiantes e insulina).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise descritiva das vari&#225;veis foi conduzida por meio de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica simples, adotando um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 10% para a sele&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis a serem inclu&#237;das no modelo m&#250;ltiplo. As vari&#225;veis de exposi&#231;&#227;o que apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na regress&#227;o log&#237;stica simples foram posteriormente analisadas em modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla.</p>
        <p>Os modelos m&#250;ltiplos foram ajustados pelas covari&#225;veis que demonstraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica simples, assegurando a inclus&#227;o de fatores potenciais de confus&#227;o. Para os modelos finais da regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla, foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica de 5%.</p>
        <p>A qualidade dos modelos estat&#237;sticos foi avaliada utilizando o Crit&#233;rio de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC). Al&#233;m disso, a adequa&#231;&#227;o do ajuste do modelo final foi verificada por meio do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow e da an&#225;lise gr&#225;fica dos res&#237;duos de desvio com envelope simulado, assegurando a validade dos resultados. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando a linguagem de programa&#231;&#227;o R, vers&#227;o 4.3.0.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 2.567 participantes diagnosticados com DT2, dos quais 52,3% eram do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 59,7 &#177; 8,4 anos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle glic&#234;mico, 29,3% dos participantes apresentaram n&#237;veis inadequados.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise revelou que a contribui&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica m&#233;dia dos alimentos ultraprocessados na dieta correspondia a 22,1 &#177; 0,09%. A maioria dos participantes atendia &#224;s recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS) para o consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas (&#8805; 400 g/dia), representando 68,7% da amostra; no entanto, 30,7% desses indiv&#237;duos ainda apresentavam controle glic&#234;mico inadequado.</p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica, os dados do IPAQ indicaram que 77,4% realizavam atividades leves, 17,6% moderadas e 5% vigorosas. Entre os participantes com controle glic&#234;mico inadequado, 30,5% praticavam atividades leves, 25,6% moderadas e 21,9% vigorosas.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, 94,6% da amostra total foi considerada com alta ades&#227;o, mas 35,5% destes ainda apresentaram controle glic&#234;mico inadequado. O tabagismo foi relatado por 10,7% dos participantes, enquanto 38% eram ex-fumantes. Entre os participantes com controle glic&#234;mico inadequado, 35,3% eram fumantes e 28,1% ex-fumantes.</p>
      <p>A regress&#227;o log&#237;stica simples (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) indicou que, entre os comportamentos de autocuidado, apenas o consumo de ultraprocessados, o consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas e a ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foram significativamente associados ao controle glic&#234;mico inadequado. Entre as covari&#225;veis, idade, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida, hist&#243;ria familiar de diabetes e tipo de terapia farmacol&#243;gica tamb&#233;m apresentaram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica simples da associa&#231;&#227;o entre os comportamentos de autocuidado para o manejo de diabetes tipo 2, covari&#225;veis e o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado. ELSA-Brasil, 2012-2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Controle glic&#234;mico inadequado OR (IC 90%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Consumo de ultraprocessados</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 quartil (0 - 15%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 quartil (15 - 21%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,82-1,49)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 quartil (21 - 28%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,41 (1,04-1,91)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4 quartil (28 - 65%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,18 (0,88-1,59)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 400 g/dia</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 400 g/dia</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,31 (1,04-1,66)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>vigorosa</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>moderada</td>
                <td align="center">1,11 (0,61- 1,95)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>leve</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,52-1,51)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>alta ades&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>baixa ades&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,14 (1,18-4,17)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Tabagismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>n&#227;o fumante</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,87-1,35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>fumante atual</td>
                <td align="center">0,87 (0,61-1,23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (1,00-1,03)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Sexo*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>masculino</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,88-1,35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Escolaridade*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>superior ou p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o completos</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,49 (0,35-0,69)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>fundamental completo</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,56 (0,47-0,74)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>branca</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>preta</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,56 (0,42-0,73)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>parda</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,61 (0,48-0,80)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Situa&#231;&#227;o conjugal*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>casado ou vive em uni&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>solteiro</td>
                <td align="center">0,82 (0,60-1,11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>outros</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,75-1,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Hist&#243;ria familiar de diabetes*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>n&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>sim</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,71 (0,57-0,88)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC*</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (1,00-1,00)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Consumo de &#225;lcool*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>n&#227;o consome atualmente</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>consumo moderado<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,92 (0,67-1,26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>consumo excessivo<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,12 (0,82-1,53)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Tipo de terapia farmacol&#243;gica*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>medicamentos hipoglicemiantes</td>
                <td align="center">Refer&#234;ncia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>terapia combinada</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,25 (0,14-0,43)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>nenhum medicamento</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,38 (1,07-1,78)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>*Covari&#225;veis. <sup>a</sup>Estimativa de contribui&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica do consumo de ultraprocessados na dieta. <sup>b</sup>Consumo moderado: &#8804; 210g de &#225;lcool puro/semana (homem) e &#8804; 140g (mulher). <sup>c</sup>Consumo excessivo: &gt; 210g de &#225;lcool puro/semana (homem) e &gt;140g (mulher). AIC: Akaike Information Criterion.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Nos modelos m&#250;ltiplos ajustados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>), a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de ultraprocessados e o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado foi significativa apenas no terceiro quartil do modelo ajustado pela idade, com um aumento de 44% na chance de controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em compara&#231;&#227;o ao primeiro quartil (OR: 1,44; IC 95%: 1,06&#8211;1,95). No entanto, essa signific&#226;ncia n&#227;o se manteve nos modelos mais ajustados (modelo 5, AIC = 1874,13).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla da associa&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de ultraprocessados, consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas, ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em participantes do ELSA-Brasil diagnosticados com diabetes tipo 2, 2012-2014</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Consumo de ultraprocessados</th>
                <th colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Controle glic&#234;mico inadequado OR (IC 95%)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Modelo 1</th>
                <th>Modelo 2</th>
                <th>Modelo 3</th>
                <th>Modelo 4</th>
                <th>Modelo 5</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1 quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,13 (0,84-1,52)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08 (0,80-1,46)</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 (0,77-1,41)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,75-1,38)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99 (0,73-1,35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3 quartil</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,44 (1,06-1,95)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (0,98-1,82)</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (0,95-1,76)</td>
                <td align="center">1,31 (0,96-1,79)</td>
                <td align="center">1,27 (0,93-1,74)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4 quartil</td>
                <td align="center">1,21 (0,90-1,64)</td>
                <td align="center">1,10 (0,81-1,49)</td>
                <td align="center">1,02 (0,75-1,39)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01 (0,74-1,39)</td>
                <td align="center">1,00 (0,73-1,37)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIC</td>
                <td align="center">1943,84</td>
                <td align="center">1923,03</td>
                <td align="center">1916,10</td>
                <td align="center">1878,94</td>
                <td align="center">1874,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 400 g/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 400 g/dia</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,05-1,69)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30 (1,03-1,65)</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 (0,99-1,60)</td>
                <td align="center">1,24 (0,97-1,58)</td>
                <td align="center">1,22 (0,96-1,56)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIC</td>
                <td align="center">1939,78</td>
                <td align="center">1917,97</td>
                <td align="center">1911,82</td>
                <td align="center">1875,5</td>
                <td align="center">1870,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="6">
                  <bold>Ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>alta ades&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>baixa ades&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,19 (1,20-4,26)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,16 (1,18-4,22)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,32 (1,27-4,55)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,14 (1,16-4,21)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>2,09 (1,14-4,10)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AIC</td>
                <td align="center">1932,23</td>
                <td align="center">1908,85</td>
                <td align="center">1900,58</td>
                <td align="center">1870,67</td>
                <td align="center">1865,72</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Modelo 1: Ajustado pela idade; Modelo 2: Ajustado pela idade e escolaridade; Modelo 3: Ajustado pela idade, escolaridade e ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida; Modelo 4: Ajustado pela idade, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida e tipo de terapia farmacol&#243;gica; Modelo 5: Ajustado pela idade, escolaridade, ra&#231;a/cor autorreferida, tipo de terapia farmacol&#243;gica e hist&#243;ria familiar de diabetes. Fonte: Elaborado pelo autor.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de legumes, verduras e frutas, os participantes que consumiam menos de 400 g/dia apresentaram maior chance de controle glic&#234;mico inadequado nos modelos ajustados pela idade (OR: 1,33; IC 95%: 1,05&#8211;1,69) e pela idade e escolaridade (OR: 1,30; IC 95%: 1,03&#8211;1,65). No entanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o se manteve significativa nos modelos finais mais ajustados (modelo 5, AIC = 1870,78).</p>
      <p>Por fim, as an&#225;lises dos modelos ajustados para a ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico mostraram associa&#231;&#227;o significativa em todos os modelos, ocorrendo uma redu&#231;&#227;o de apenas 10% entre o modelo 1 e o modelo 5. No modelo final (modelo 5, AIC = 1865,72), participantes com baixa ades&#227;o apresentaram 109% mais chances de controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em compara&#231;&#227;o aos participantes com alta ades&#227;o (OR: 2,09; IC 95%: 1,14&#8211;4,10).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> apresenta o tamanho do efeito de cada modelo final para os diferentes comportamentos de autocuidado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle glic&#234;mico inadequado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os achados deste estudo destacam a relev&#226;ncia dos comportamentos de autocuidado no controle glic&#234;mico de indiv&#237;duos com DT2. Os resultados das an&#225;lises m&#250;ltiplas indicaram que apenas a vari&#225;vel ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico apresentou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa consistente com o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em todos os modelos ajustados. Indiv&#237;duos com baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento apresentaram mais que o dobro de chances de apresentar controle glic&#234;mico inadequado quando comparados aos que aderiam ao tratamento, corroborando com a literatura que destaca a ades&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica adequada como um dos pilares do manejo eficaz do DT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A baixa ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o &#233; um problema significativo no tratamento do DT2, com estudos mostrando que apenas 54% dos pacientes aderem aos seus medicamentos antidiab&#233;ticos orais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Essa baixa ades&#227;o est&#225; associada ao controle glic&#234;mico inadequado, aumento do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es e maiores taxas de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Um estudo descobriu que 61% dos pacientes tiveram baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, com apenas 30% alcan&#231;ando controle glic&#234;mico ideal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os fatores que contribuem para a baixa ades&#227;o incluem a complexidade do tratamento, os efeitos adversos e as percep&#231;&#245;es dos pacientes sobre a inefic&#225;cia do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> &#201; importante ressaltar que uma boa ades&#227;o est&#225; associada a um melhor controle glic&#234;mico, com pacientes com alta ades&#227;o apresentando 1,33 vezes mais chances de atingir um bom controle em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com baixa ades&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Para melhorar os resultados, os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem se concentrar na educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente, em terapias personalizadas e na abordagem de barreiras &#224; ades&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As associa&#231;&#245;es entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados e o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado permaneceram significativas apenas no modelo ajustado por idade, sugerindo que outros fatores, como perfil socioecon&#244;mico e h&#225;bitos de vida, podem amenizar esse efeito em modelos mais ajustados. Apesar disso, os alimentos ultraprocessados s&#227;o amplamente reconhecidos como prejudiciais ao controle metab&#243;lico, dado o seu alto conte&#250;do cal&#243;rico e baixa densidade nutricional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Esses alimentos contribuem para o ganho de peso e piora dos n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos, sendo essencial sua redu&#231;&#227;o na dieta de indiv&#237;duos com DT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pesquisas sugerem que o maior consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados est&#225; associado a maiores riscos &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Um grande estudo prospectivo evidenciou que a maior ingest&#227;o de alimentos ultraprocessados estava ligada a um maior risco de DT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Em crian&#231;as, o consumo precoce de alimentos ultraprocessados previu aumento da obesidade abdominal da pr&#233;-escola &#224; idade escolar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Entre mulheres gr&#225;vidas com diabetes preexistente, maior ingest&#227;o de alimentos ultraprocessados no terceiro trimestre foi associada a controle glic&#234;mico inadequado e maior ganho de peso gestacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Curiosamente, fatores socioecon&#244;micos podem influenciar os padr&#245;es de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados. Uma an&#225;lise transversal de adultos brasileiros revelou que indiv&#237;duos com maior escolaridade, renda e classe social ocupacional tiveram maior contribui&#231;&#227;o cal&#243;rica de alimentos ultraprocessados em suas dietas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Essas descobertas destacam as rela&#231;&#245;es complexas entre o consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados, a sa&#250;de metab&#243;lica e os fatores socioecon&#244;micos, enfatizando a necessidade de estrat&#233;gias de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica para limitar a ingest&#227;o de alimentos ultraprocessados em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>De modo semelhante, o consumo insuficiente de vegetais, verduras e frutas foi associado ao controle glic&#234;mico inadequado nos modelos ajustados para idade (modelo 1) e para idade e n&#237;vel de escolaridade (modelo 2), por&#233;m perdeu signific&#226;ncia nos modelos finais. Apesar disso, a literatura ressalta os benef&#237;cios desses alimentos, ricos em fibras e micronutrientes, na melhoria da sensibilidade &#224; insulina e no controle glic&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas indicam que a ingest&#227;o insuficiente de frutas e vegetais est&#225; associada a um controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> demonstrou que indiv&#237;duos em situa&#231;&#227;o de inseguran&#231;a alimentar relataram menor consumo desses alimentos, o que foi correlacionado a um pior controle glic&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o estudo EPIC-Norfolk<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> observou que participantes que raramente consumiam frutas e vegetais folhosos apresentavam n&#237;veis mais elevados de A1C em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com maior frequ&#234;ncia de consumo.</p>
      <p>Em contraste, diversos estudos demonstraram que o aumento da ingest&#227;o de fibras, especialmente aquelas provenientes de gr&#227;os integrais, frutas e vegetais, contribui para a melhora do controle glic&#234;mico e da sensibilidade &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Uma meta-an&#225;lise indica que uma maior ingest&#227;o de frutas e vegetais folhosos est&#225; associada a um risco significativamente reduzido de desenvolvimento de DT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Outra meta-an&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados evidenciou que dietas ricas em fibras promoveram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 0,55% nos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina glicada e de 9,97 mg/dL na glicemia de jejum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esses achados ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da incorpora&#231;&#227;o de alimentos ricos em fibras e vegetais na alimenta&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com diabetes, visando um melhor controle glic&#234;mico.</p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao seu delineamento transversal, que n&#227;o permite estabelecer rela&#231;&#245;es causais entre comportamentos de autocuidado e controle glic&#234;mico inadequado. Al&#233;m disso, informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas por meio de autorrelato podem estar sujeitas a vi&#233;s de mem&#243;ria e desejabilidade social. A perda de signific&#226;ncia de algumas associa&#231;&#245;es em modelos mais ajustados sugere a presen&#231;a de fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o mensurados, o que pode ter impactado os resultados.</p>
      <p>Os pontos fortes do estudo incluem o uso de dados de uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica de larga escala de diferentes regi&#245;es do Brasil, com diversos contextos culturais e alimentares, o que permite an&#225;lises robustas e abrangentes. Al&#233;m disso, o uso de instrumentos validados para coleta de dados e ajustes para diversas covari&#225;veis minimizam potenciais fontes de vi&#233;s. Esses resultados fornecem suporte importante para o desenvolvimento de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e interven&#231;&#245;es voltadas ao manejo do DT2, com foco na promo&#231;&#227;o da ades&#227;o adequada ao tratamento e comportamentos de autocuidado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo evidenciou que, entre os comportamentos de autocuidado avaliados, a vari&#225;vel ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi o fator mais consistentemente associado ao controle glic&#234;mico inadequado em indiv&#237;duos do ELSA-Brasil vivendo com DT2. Participantes com baixa ades&#227;o ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico apresentaram maior probabilidade de controle glic&#234;mico inadequado, ressaltando a import&#226;ncia de estrat&#233;gias que promovam o uso regular de medicamentos para o manejo eficaz da doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Embora o consumo de ultraprocessados e a ingest&#227;o insuficiente de legumes, verduras e frutas tenham apresentado associa&#231;&#245;es iniciais com o controle glic&#234;mico inadequado, essas rela&#231;&#245;es perderam signific&#226;ncia nos modelos ajustados, sugerindo a influ&#234;ncia de fatores adicionais, como o contexto socioecon&#244;mico e h&#225;bitos de vida.</p>
      <p>Esses resultados refor&#231;am a necessidade de interven&#231;&#245;es integradas que combinem educa&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de, suporte ao autocuidado e pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas voltadas &#224; equidade no acesso a tratamentos, contribuindo para o controle glic&#234;mico e a redu&#231;&#227;o das complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao DT2.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Ao corpo docente da ENSP, pelos ensinamentos e conselhos na minha forma&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica e &#224; equipe do ELSA-Brasil, participantes volunt&#225;rios que possibilitaram a realiza&#231;&#227;o desta pesquisa.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Gisele de Souza Tupinamb&#225; pelo pela Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica/Fiocruz.</p>
      </fn>
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        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE: 33461.220.0.0000.5240. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os dados utilizados neste estudo envolvem informa&#231;&#245;es sens&#237;veis e/ou confidenciais que n&#227;o podem ser divulgados publicamente devido as restri&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas e/ou legais relacionadas &#224; privacidade dos participantes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado por DECIT/MS e pelo programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de-P&#250;blica.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240867i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Association between Self-Care Behaviors and Inadequate Glycemic Control in ELSA-Brasil Participants with Type 2 Diabetes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2506-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tupinamb&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Gisele de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9951-042X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aguiar</surname>
            <given-names>Odaleia Barbosa de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8439-4523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Pereira de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3837-0731</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Maria In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8746-5860</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Molina</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Del Carmen Bisi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6250-2036</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Griep</surname>
            <given-names>Rosane Harter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5319-5513</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Maria de Jesus Mendes da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca &#8211; Programa de Epidemiologia em Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Instituto de Nutri&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Departamento de Nutri&#231;&#227;o Aplicada, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Epidemiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Sa&#250;de, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Laborat&#243;rio de Educa&#231;&#227;o em Ambiente e Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz &#8211; Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica S&#233;rgio Arouca &#8211; Departamento de Epidemiologia e M&#233;todos Quantitativos em Sa&#250;de, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Maria de Jesus Mendes da Fonseca &#8226; R. Leopoldo Bulh&#245;es, 1480. Postal Code 21041-210, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mariafonseca818@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Type 2 diabetes is a prevalent chronic condition, often associated with metabolic and cardiovascular complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> This study aimed to evaluate the association between self-care behaviors, such as consumption of ultra-processed foods, vegetables, greens and fruits, physical activity, adherence to pharmacological treatment and smoking, and inadequate glycemic control in ELSA-Brasil participants with type 2 diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is a cross-sectional study with 2,567 individuals, in which the associations between the variables of interest were analyzed by multiple logistic regression (p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Adherence to pharmacological treatment was the only behavior consistently associated with inadequate glycemic control. Participants with low adherence were more than twice as likely to have inadequate levels of glycated hemoglobin (OR: 2.09; 95%CI 1.14&#8211;4.10). Consumption of ultra-processed foods and insufficient intake of leafy vegetables showed initial associations that did not remain significant after adjustments, suggesting the influence of additional factors, such as socioeconomic conditions.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> These results reinforce the need for interventions that combine health education, self-care support and public policies aimed at equality of treatment access, contributing to glycemic control and the reduction of complications associated with type 2 diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Association between Self-Care Behaviors and Inadequate Glycemic Control in ELSA-Brasil Participants with Type 2 Diabetes</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Effect size of each final model for the different self-care behaviors in relation to inadequate glycemic control in ELSA-Brasil participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, 2012-2014.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240867-40867-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Self Care</kwd>
        <kwd>Glycemic Control</kwd>
        <kwd>Medication Adherence</kwd>
        <kwd>Processed Food</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition with a high global prevalence, associated with various metabolic and cardiovascular complications that impact quality of life and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It is estimated that more than 529 million people worldwide have diabetes, and T2D accounts for approximately 96% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>In Brazil, the situation is equally alarming, with a growing prevalence in recent years, especially among middle-aged adults and the elderly, requiring effective strategies for disease management and control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Self-care is an important strategy in diabetes treatment, that may contribute to adequate glycemic control, reduction of disease complications, and improvement of quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Glycated hemoglobin (A1C) is a widely used marker for assessing glycemic control in individuals with diabetes, as it reflects average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>According to the latest guidelines, an A1C below 7% is considered adequate, whereas values equal to or greater than 7% indicate poor glycemic control, increasing the risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Proper management of T2D involves not only the use of hypoglycemic medications but also the adoption of a set of self-care behaviors that are essential for glycemic control and complication prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>According to the literature, the main self-care behaviors include regular physical activity, adherence to pharmacological treatment, balanced food consumption, and abstinence from smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Additionally, the consumption of ultra-processed foods, which are widely available in contemporary society, has been associated with poorer metabolic control,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> whereas the intake of fiber-rich foods, such as vegetables, greens, and fruits, positively contributes to glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies evaluating these self-care behaviors in large populations are scarce in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>The Longitudinal Study of Adult Health, also known as ELSA-Brasil,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> is a multicenter cohort that provides a unique opportunity to investigate this relationship in a large-scale sample, allowing researchers to explore how different self-care practices influence glycemic control in individuals diagnosed with T2D.</p>
        <p>Given the significant impact of self-care behaviors on the management of T2D and the need for a better understanding of the variables influencing glycemic control, this study aims to evaluate the association between self-care behaviors (consumption of ultra-processed foods, intake of vegetables, greens, and fruits, physical activity, adherence to pharmacological treatment, and smoking) and inadequate glycemic control in participants of the ELSA-Brasil study with T2D.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and sample</title>
          <p>This is a cross-sectional observational study that used data from the second wave (2012&#8211;2014) of ELSA-Brasil, an ongoing multicenter cohort study investigating the incidence and risk factors for chronic diseases in a Brazilian population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>In its baseline (2008&#8211;2010), data were collected from 15,105 active and retired employees, of both sexes, aged 35 to 74 years, from six public institutions across different states in Brazil &#8211;Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ - Rio de Janeiro), University of S&#227;o Paulo (USP), and the Federal Universities of Bahia (UFBA), Esp&#237;rito Santo (UFES), Minas Gerais (UFMG), and Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS).</p>
          <p>As for the inclusion criteria, participants had to have a diagnosis of T2D, which was made based on the following information &#8211; self-reported diabetes, self-reported use of diabetes medication in the two weeks prior to data collection, abnormal laboratory tests (fasting blood glucose &#8805; 126 mg/dL, A1C &#8805; 6.5%, or 2-hour post-load glucose &#8805; 200 mg/dL).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The exclusion criteria included participants who had undergone bariatric surgery. Studies have shown that post-surgical patients tend to increase their consumption of ultra-processed foods on weekends compared to weekdays and reduce their intake of fruits and vegetables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>From the 14,014 individuals in the second wave of ELSA-Brasil, 2 567 participants diagnosed with T2D were selected for the study sample.</p>
          <p>Since this is a multicenter study, the ELSA-Brasil research protocol was approved by the ethics committees of each participating institution, as well as by the National Research Ethics Committee. Each wave of data collection received approval from the ethics committee, and all participants signed informed consent forms. The present study was also approved by the research ethics committee (CAAE: 33461220.0.0000.5240).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome</title>
          <p>Glycemic control was assessed by measuring A1C levels, categorized as adequate (A1C &lt; 7) or inadequate (A1C &#8805; 7).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Exposure</title>
          <p>The self-care behaviors evaluated included &#8211; consumption of ultra-processed foods, intake of vegetables, greens, and fruits, physical activity, adherence to pharmacological treatment, and smoking. Dietary intake information was collected through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), consisting of 114 items.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The consumption of ultra-processed foods was estimated as the percentage of caloric contribution from these foods in the diet, using the NOVA classification, and categorized into quartiles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The intake of vegetables, greens, and fruits was calculated based on daily consumption (in grams/day) and classified as adequate (&#8805; 400g/day) or inadequate (&lt; 400g/day).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Participants with total daily caloric intake below 600 Kcal/day or above 6,000 kcal/day were excluded from the analysis.</p>
          <p>Physical activity was self-reported using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Physical activity was calculated in minutes per week and classified, according to IPAQ, into light, moderate, or vigorous in intensity.</p>
          <p>Adherence to pharmacological treatment for T2D control was assessed based on self-reported medication use in the two weeks prior to data collection. Usage for less than 11 days was considered low adherence (&lt; 80%), while usage for 12 or more days was considered high adherence (&#8805; 80%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Smoking status was evaluated using the standard ELSA-Brasil questionnaire, and participants were classified as &#8220;non-smoker,&#8221; &#8220;current smoker,&#8221; or &#8220;former smoker.&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Covariables</title>
          <p>The covariates were assessed using standardized ELSA-Brasil questionnaires and included: age, sex, education level, self-reported race/color, marital status, family history of diabetes, alcohol consumption, and type of pharmacological therapy for T2D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>Anthropometric parameters (body weight and height) were measured using standardized techniques and equipment, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on these measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> BMI and age were treated as continuous variables. Education level was categorized into completed elementary school, completed high school, and completed higher education / postgraduate degree.</p>
          <p>Self-reported race/color was analyzed in three categories: Black, Brown, and White. Participants who self-identified as Yellow or Indigenous were excluded due to the low percentage (4.7%). Marital status was classified as married/stable union, single, and other (separated, divorced, or widowed). Family history of diabetes was dichotomized as &#8220;present&#8221; or &#8220;absent&#8221;.</p>
          <p>Alcohol consumption was assessed based on weekly intake. Intake below 210g/week for men and 140g/week for women was considered moderate, while values equal to or exceeding these limits were classified as excessive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Pharmacological therapy was classified into three categories: no medication, hypoglycemic medications, and combination therapy (hypoglycemic medications and insulin).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive analysis of the variables was conducted using simple logistic regression, adopting a statistical significance level of 10% for selecting variables to be included in the multiple model. Exposure variables that showed statistical significance in the simple logistic regression were subsequently analyzed using multiple logistic regression models.</p>
          <p>The multiple models were adjusted for covariates that demonstrated statistical significance in the simple logistic regression analysis, ensuring the inclusion of potential confounding factors. For the final multiple logistic regression models, a statistical significance level of 5% was adopted.</p>
          <p>The quality of the statistical models was assessed using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Additionally, the adequacy of the final model fit was verified through the Hosmer-Lemeshow test and graphical analysis of deviance residuals with a simulated envelope, ensuring the validity of the results.</p>
          <p>All analyses were performed using the R programming language, version 4.3.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The sample for this study consisted of 2,567 participants diagnosed with T2D, of whom 52.3% were male, with a mean age of 59.7 &#177; 8.4 years. Regarding glycemic control, 29.3% of participants had inadequate blood glucose levels.</p>
        <p>The analysis revealed that the average caloric contribution from ultra-processed foods in the diet was 22.1 &#177; 0.09%. Most participants met the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations for vegetable, greens, and fruit consumption (&#8805; 400 g/day), accounting for 68.7% of the sample; however, 30.7% of these individuals still had inadequate glycemic control.</p>
        <p>Regarding physical activity, IPAQ data indicated that 77.4% engaged in light activities, 17.6% in moderate activities, and 5% in vigorous activities. Among participants with inadequate glycemic control, 30.5% practiced light activities, 25.6% moderate, and 21.9% vigorous.</p>
        <p>Regarding adherence to pharmacological treatment, 94.6% of the total sample was considered to have high adherence, yet 35.5% of these individuals still exhibited inadequate glycemic control. Smoking was reported by 10.7% of participants, while 38% were former smokers. Among those with inadequate glycemic control, 35.3% were smokers and 28.1% former smokers.</p>
        <p>Simple logistic regression analysis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>) indicated that among self-care behaviors, only consumption of ultra-processed foods, intake of vegetables, greens, and fruits, and adherence to pharmacological treatment were significantly associated with inadequate glycemic control. Among the covariates, age, education level, self-reported race/color, family history of diabetes, and type of pharmacological therapy also showed statistical significance.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Simple logistic regression of the association between self-care behaviors for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) management, covariates, and inadequate glycemic control; ELSA-Brasil, 2012-2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Adequate glycemic control OR (90%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Ultra-processed food consumption</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1st quartile (0 - 15%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2nd quartile (15 - 21%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.11 (0.82-1.49)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3rd quartile (21 - 28%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.41 (1.04-1.91)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4th quartile (28 - 65%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.18 (0.88-1.59)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Vegetables, greens and fruit consumptions</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 400 g/day</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 400 g/day</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.31 (1.04-1.66)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Physical activity</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vigorous</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11 (0.61- 1.95)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mild</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.52-1.51)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Adherence to pharmacological treatment</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High adherence</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low adherence</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.14 (1.18-4.17)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.87-1.35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87 (0.61-1.23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (1.00-1.03)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Sex*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.88-1.35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Education level *</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Higher education/postgraduate degree</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High school</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.49 (0.35-0.69)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Elementary school</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.56 (0.47-0.74)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Self-reported race/skin color*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.56 (0.42-0.73)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pardo</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.61 (0.48-0.80)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Marital status*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Married/stable union</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Single</td>
                  <td align="center">0.82 (0.60-1.11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>others</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.75-1.26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Family history of diabetes *</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.71 (0.57-0.88)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (1.00-1.00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Alcohol intake*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No intake</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate intake<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.92 (0.67-1.26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Excess intake<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.12 (0.82-1.53)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Pharmacological therapy*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypoglycemic medications</td>
                  <td align="center">Reference</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Combined therapy</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.25 (0.14-0.43)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No medication</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.38 (1.07-1.78)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>*Covariables. <sup>a</sup>Caloric contribution from ultra-processed foods to the diet. <sup>b</sup>Moderate intake: &#8804; 210g pure alcohol/week (men) and &#8804; 140g (women). <sup>c</sup>Excess intake: &gt; 210g pure alcohol/week (men) and &gt; 140g (women).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the adjusted multiple models (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), the association between ultra-processed food consumption and inadequate glycemic control was significant only in the third quartile of the age-adjusted model, with a 44% increase in the likelihood of inadequate glycemic control compared to the first quartile (OR: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.06&#8211;1.95). However, this significance did not persist in the more adjusted models (model 5, AIC = 1874.13).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multiple logistic regression of the association between ultra-processed food consumption, intake of vegetables, greens, and fruits, adherence to pharmacological treatment, and inadequate glycemic control in ELSA-Brasil participants diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, 2012-2014</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Ultra-processed food consumption</th>
                  <th colspan="5">Inadequate glycemic control OR (95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Model 1</th>
                  <th>Model 2</th>
                  <th>Model 3</th>
                  <th>Model 4</th>
                  <th>Model 5</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1<sup>st</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.13 (0.84-1.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08 (0.80-1.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 (0.77-1.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02 (0.75-1.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99 (0.73-1.35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.44 (1.06-1.95)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (0.98-1.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.29 (0.95-1.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.31 (0.96-1.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27 (0.93-1.74)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4<sup>th</sup> quartile</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21 (0.90-1.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.10 (0.81-1.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02 (0.75-1.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01 (0.74-1.39)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.00 (0.73-1.37)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIC</td>
                  <td align="center">1943.84</td>
                  <td align="center">1923.03</td>
                  <td align="center">1916.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1878.94</td>
                  <td align="center">1874.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Vegetables, greens and fruit intake</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 400 g/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 400 g/day</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.05-1.69)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30 (1.03-1.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26 (0.99-1.60)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.24 (0.97-1.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.22 (0.96-1.56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIC</td>
                  <td align="center">1939.78</td>
                  <td align="center">1917.97</td>
                  <td align="center">1911.82</td>
                  <td align="center">1875.5</td>
                  <td align="center">1870.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="6">
                    <bold>Pharmacological treatment adherence</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High adherence</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low adherence</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.19 (1.20-4.26)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.16 (1.18-4.22)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.32 (1.27-4.55)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.14 (1.16-4.21)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>2.09 (1.14-4.10)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AIC</td>
                  <td align="center">1932.23</td>
                  <td align="center">1908.85</td>
                  <td align="center">1900.58</td>
                  <td align="center">1870.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1865.72</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Model 1: Adjusted for age; Model 2: Adjusted for age and education level; Model 3: Adjusted for education level and self-reported race/skin color; Model 4: Adjusted for age, education level, self-reported race/skin color and type of pharmacological therapy; AIC: Akaike Information Criterion. Model 5: Adjusted for age, education level, self-reported race/skin color and type of pharmacological therapy and family history of diabetes. Source: the authors.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding vegetable, greens, and fruit intake, participants consuming less than 400 g/day had a higher likelihood of inadequate glycemic control in age-adjusted models (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.05&#8211;1.69) and in models adjusted for age and education level (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.03&#8211;1.65). However, this association did not remain significant in the final, more adjusted models (model 5, AIC = 1870.78).</p>
        <p>Finally, analyses of the adjusted models for adherence to pharmacological treatment showed a significant association across all models, with only a 10% reduction between model 1 and model 5. In the final model (model 5, AIC = 1865.72), participants with low adherence had a 109% higher chance of inadequate glycemic control compared to those with high adherence (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.14&#8211;4.10).</p>
        <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref> illustrates the effect size of each final model for the different self-care behaviors in relation to inadequate glycemic control.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discusssion</title>
        <p>The findings of this study highlight the importance of self-care behaviors in glycemic control among individuals with T2D. The results of multiple analyses indicated that only adherence to pharmacological treatment showed a consistent significant association with inadequate glycemic control across all adjusted models. Individuals with low adherence to treatment had more than twice the odds of experiencing inadequate glycemic control compared to those who adhered to treatment, supporting the literature emphasizing adequate pharmacological adherence as a key pillar of effective T2D management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Low medication adherence is a significant issue in T2D treatment, with studies showing that only 54% of patients adhere to their oral antidiabetic medications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> This low adherence is associated with inadequate glycemic control, increased risk of complications, and higher mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup>One study found that 61% of patients had low adherence to pharmacological treatment, with only 30% achieving optimal glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Factors contributing to low adherence include treatment complexity, adverse effects, and patient perceptions of treatment inefficacy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>It is important to emphasize that good adherence is associated with better glycemic control; highly adherent patients had a 1.33 greater likelihood of achieving good glycemic control compared to those with low adherence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>To improve outcomes, healthcare professionals should focus on patient education, personalized therapies, and addressing barriers to adherence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The associations between ultra-processed food consumption and inadequate glycemic control remained significant only in the age-adjusted model, suggesting that other factors, such as socioeconomic profile and lifestyle habits, may mitigate this effect in more adjusted models. Despite this, ultra-processed foods are widely recognized as harmful to metabolic control due to their high caloric content and low nutritional density.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> These foods contribute to weight gain and worsening glycemic levels, making their reduction essential in the diet of T2D individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Research suggests that higher consumption of ultra-processed foods is associated with greater health risks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> A large prospective study showed that higher intake of ultra-processed foods was linked to a higher risk of T2D.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup>In children, early consumption of ultra-processed foods was found to predict an increase in abdominal obesity from preschool to school age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Among pregnant women with preexisting diabetes, higher intake of ultra-processed foods in the third trimester was associated with inadequate glycemic control and greater gestational weight gain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interestingly, socioeconomic factors may influence the patterns of ultra-processed food consumption. A cross-sectional analysis of Brazilian adults revealed that individuals with higher education, income, and occupational social class had higher caloric contributions from ultra-processed foods in their diets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup>These findings highlight the complex relationships between ultra-processed food consumption, metabolic health, and socioeconomic factors, reinforcing the need for public health strategies to limit the intake of ultra-processed foods across different populations.</p>
        <p>Similarly, insufficient consumption of vegetables, greens, and fruits was associated with inadequate glycemic control in models adjusted for age (Model 1) and age and education level (Model 2), but lost significance in the final models. Despite this, the literature highlights the benefits of these fiber-rich and micronutrient-dense foods in improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup>Scientific evidence indicates that insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with inadequate glycemic control in individuals with diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup>One study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> showed that individuals experiencing food insecurity reported lower consumption of these foods, which was correlated with poorer glycemic control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup> Additionally, the EPIC-Norfolk study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> observed that participants who rarely consumed fruits and leafy vegetables had higher A1C levels compared to those who consumed them more frequently.</p>
        <p>In contrast, several studies have shown that increased fiber intake, especially from whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, contributes to improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup>A meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> indicates that higher consumption of fruits and leafy vegetables is associated with a significantly reduced risk of developing T2D. Another meta-analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> of randomized clinical trials demonstrated that fiber-rich diets led to a 0.55% reduction in glycated hemoglobin levels and a 9.97 mg/dL decrease in fasting blood glucose. These findings reinforce the importance of incorporating fiber-rich foods and vegetables into the diet of individuals diagnosed with diabetes, aiming for better glycemic control.</p>
        <p>This study presents limitations inherent to its cross-sectional design, which does not allow for causal relationships between self-care behaviors and inadequate glycemic control. In addition, information obtained through self-reporting may be subject to memory bias and social desirability bias. The loss of significance of some associations in more adjusted models suggests the presence of unmeasured confounding factors, which may have influenced the results.</p>
        <p>The strengths of this study include the use of data from a large-scale multicenter cohort covering different regions of Brazil, with varied cultural and dietary contexts, allowing for robust and comprehensive analyses. Also, the use of validated instruments for data collection and adjustments for multiple covariates minimizes potential sources of bias. These findings provide important support for the development of public policies and interventions aimed at managing T2D, focusing on promoting adherence to treatment and self-care behaviors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study showed that, among the evaluated self-care behaviors, adherence to pharmacological treatment was the factor most consistently associated with inadequate glycemic control in individuals from ELSA-Brasil living with T2D. Participants with low adherence to pharmacological treatment had a higher probability of inadequate glycemic control, emphasizing the importance of strategies that promote regular medication use for the effective management of the disease.</p>
        <p>Although ultra-processed food consumption and insufficient intake of vegetables, greens, and fruits initially showed associations with inadequate glycemic control, these relationships lost significance in the adjusted models, suggesting the influence of additional factors, such as socioeconomic context and lifestyle habits.</p>
        <p>These results reinforce the need for integrated interventions that combine health education, self-care support, and public policies aimed at equity in access to treatments, contributing to glycemic control and the reduction of complications associated with T2D.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>I would like to thank the ENSP faculty for their teaching and guidance in my academic training, as well as the ELSA-Brasil team and the volunteer participants who made this research possible.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gisele de Souza Tupinamb&#225;, from Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica/Fiocruz.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Escola Nacional de Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica under the protocol number CAAE: 33461.220.0.0000.5240. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The data used in this study involve sensitive and/or confidential information that cannot be disclosed publicly due to ethical and/or legal restrictions related to the privacy of participants.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by DECIT/MS and the postgraduate program in epidemiology in Public Health.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
