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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">N4b5F7XhDPNf79xJ58nfdRS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240852</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es Progn&#243;sticas dos Escores Cl&#237;nicos Atuais em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada: Um Estudo de Coorte Prospectivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8622-8636</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barros</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Colares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2216-4543</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cezaro</surname>
            <given-names>J&#233;ssica Cristina de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Pietro Donelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Donelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3080-0968</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8289-7357</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Menegazzo</surname>
            <given-names>Willian Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0327-3392</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson Donelli da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul </institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UFRGS</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Fernando Colares Barros &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da UFRGS &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 2&#186; andar. CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fernanbarros@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240852</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os escores H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e HFA-PEFF foram desenvolvidos para auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) e podem ser &#250;teis na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a aplica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica desses escores em uma coorte de indiv&#237;duos com ICFEP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo prospectivo foi conduzido em um hospital terci&#225;rio no Brasil entre mar&#231;o de 2019 e dezembro de 2021. Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de exames cl&#237;nicos, ecocardiograma e teste de exerc&#237;cio, os escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF foram calculados. Os pacientes foram classificados em grupos de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria (H2FPEF: 2-5 pontos; HFA-PEFF: 2-4 pontos) e alta (H<sub>2</sub>FPEF &gt;5 pontos; HFA-PEFF &gt;4 pontos). O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICFEP. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido em p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 103 pacientes foi acompanhado por um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 888 dias (&#177;291), com idade m&#233;dia de 69 anos (&#177;8,3), sendo 61% do sexo feminino. Vinte e sete pacientes (26,2%) apresentaram desfechos prim&#225;rios, totalizando 32 eventos, dos quais 11 foram &#243;bitos e 21, hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por ICFEP. Na an&#225;lise de curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC), o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF demonstrou melhor capacidade preditiva para os desfechos (area under the curve [AUC]: 0,637, IC 95%: 0,518-0,756, p=0,035), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao escore HFA-PEFF (AUC: 0,572, IC 95%: 0,448-0,696, p=0,270). Na an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, a classifica&#231;&#227;o de alta probabilidade por ambos os escores foi significativamente associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos (log-rank p=0,034), quando comparada aos grupos com escores intermedi&#225;rios ou com resultados divergentes entre os dois escores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF apresentou desempenho superior ao HFA-PEFF na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos em pacientes com ICFEP. Os resultados deste estudo contempor&#226;neo realizado no Brasil contribuem para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es Progn&#243;sticas dos Escores Cl&#237;nicos Atuais em Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Preservada: Um Estudo de Coorte Prospectivo</title>
              <p>Aplica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos escores H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e HFA-PEFF em pacientes com ICFEP.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/N4b5F7XhDPNf79xJ58nfdRS/be0623cf43d5457a36e21bf7e47404d35676b8ab.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/N4b5F7XhDPNf79xJ58nfdRS/8f440d7a8c275cf36eef265c622bf34f98bfbe04.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/N4b5F7XhDPNf79xJ58nfdRS/65ca22ac72d14156a786938f3ab4a980893eb549.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEP) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica prevalente, associada a altas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares e n&#227;o cardiovasculares. No Brasil, a IC &#233; a principal causa de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e apresenta elevada taxa de reinterna&#231;&#245;es, sendo que aproximadamente metade dos pacientes internados apresenta FE preservada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da ICFEP representa um desafio cl&#237;nico, em raz&#227;o da alta preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades nessa popula&#231;&#227;o e da natureza inespec&#237;fica dos sinais e sintomas, que podem ser desencadeados ou agravados por essas pr&#243;prias comorbidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em pacientes com sinais e sintomas sugestivos de IC cr&#244;nica, associados a fatores de risco e altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP baseia-se em uma abordagem probabil&#237;stica, que integra achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e a dosagem de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (p.ex., fragmento N-terminal do pr&#243;-pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B [NT-proBNP] ou pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B [BNP]).</p>
      <p>Em cerca de 30% a 35% dos pacientes com ICFEP, observa-se dispneia aos esfor&#231;os mesmo na aus&#234;ncia de sinais claros de congest&#227;o em repouso ao exame f&#237;sico ou em exames de imagem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesses casos, a confirma&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica requer a avalia&#231;&#227;o das press&#245;es de enchimento durante o exerc&#237;cio, por ecocardiograma de estresse ou cateterismo card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Contudo, essa abordagem &#233; limitada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica por sua complexidade e alto custo, sendo geralmente restrita a centros especializados.</p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, escores cl&#237;nicos como o H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e o HFA-PEFF t&#234;m sido propostos como ferramentas n&#227;o invasivas para auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Baseados em modelos probabil&#237;sticos que combinam vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, esses escores classificam os pacientes em baixa, intermedi&#225;ria ou alta probabilidade diagn&#243;stica, orientando a necessidade de exames complementares, como ecocardiograma de estresse ou cateterismo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da aplica&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica, alguns estudos t&#234;m explorado o uso desses escores na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No caso do H<sub>2</sub>FPEF (acr&#244;nimo de <italic>Heavy, Hypertensive, Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary Hypertension, Elder e Filling Pressures</italic>), suas vari&#225;veis componentes est&#227;o individualmente associadas a maior risco de desfechos cardiovasculares em diferentes estudos cl&#237;nicos. Da mesma forma, os componentes do HFA-PEFF (acr&#244;nimo de <italic>Heart Failure Association Pre-test assessment, Echocardiography &amp; natriuretic peptide, Functional testing e Final etiology</italic>) &#8212; como massa ventricular esquerda indexada, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, volume atrial esquerdo indexado, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP) e BNP &#8212; tamb&#233;m se associam a maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos recentes com pacientes diagnosticados com ICFEP demonstraram que escores elevados no H<sub>2</sub>FPEF (&gt;5) e no HFA-PEFF (&gt;4) se correlacionam com maior risco de desfechos relacionados &#224; IC.9 No entanto, h&#225; escassez de estudos progn&#243;sticos contempor&#226;neos conduzidos no Brasil com essa popula&#231;&#227;o, conforme evidenciado em revis&#227;o recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a aplica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica dos escores cl&#237;nicos atuais em pacientes com ICFEP em uma coorte contempor&#226;nea no Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipo do estudo e participantes</title>
        <p>Este estudo de coorte prospectivo foi conduzido em um hospital universit&#225;rio terci&#225;rio, com pacientes diagnosticados com ICFEP. Entre mar&#231;o de 2019 e dezembro de 2021, os participantes foram recrutados em regime ambulatorial, sendo a maioria j&#225; em seguimento cardiol&#243;gico na institui&#231;&#227;o. Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com doen&#231;a clinicamente est&#225;vel h&#225; pelo menos 1 m&#234;s, em tratamento m&#233;dico otimizado de acordo com as diretrizes vigentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e com comorbidades clinicamente compensadas que n&#227;o contraindicassem a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio (TCPE).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de ICFEP foram avaliados individualmente, com base nas recomenda&#231;&#245;es da literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes que apresentavam: i) sintomas e/ou sinais de IC; ii) fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (&gt;50%); iii) n&#237;veis elevados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (NT-proBNP &gt;125 pg/ml e/ou BNP &gt;35 pg/ml) ou altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais (aumento da massa ventricular esquerda ou do volume atrial esquerdo, ambos indexados) associadas a disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; e iv) aus&#234;ncia de etiologias espec&#237;ficas de IC com FEVE &gt; 50%, como miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, miocardiopatia restritiva, valvopatias importantes, doen&#231;as peric&#225;rdicas, entre outras.</p>
        <p>Para garantir uma amostra com maior probabilidade diagn&#243;stica de ICFEP, o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF foi calculado no momento do recrutamento.4 Foram inclu&#237;dos apenas os pacientes que atendiam aos crit&#233;rios obrigat&#243;rios para ICFEP e que apresentavam escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF alto (&gt;5) ou intermedi&#225;rio (2-5), desde que com evid&#234;ncia de press&#245;es de enchimento elevadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Ressalta-se que o escore HFA-PEFF n&#227;o foi utilizado no rastreamento, por ter sido publicado apenas em outubro de 2019.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de inclus&#227;o dos pacientes com ICFEP no estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo do estudo</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram convidados a participar da pesquisa por meio de contato telef&#244;nico, no qual receberam uma descri&#231;&#227;o breve do estudo e tiveram agendada uma entrevista cl&#237;nica com as avalia&#231;&#245;es iniciais. Nessa ocasi&#227;o, foram fornecidas informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas sobre a pesquisa e assinado um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Na sequ&#234;ncia, os participantes passaram por avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica breve, incluindo medidas antropom&#233;tricas e bioimped&#226;ncia. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada por meio do Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, em vers&#227;o traduzida e validada para o portugu&#234;s por Carvalho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> como Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de vida de Minnesota (QQVM). Em seguida, foi realizada coleta de amostras para dosagem de NT-proBNP e/ou BNP. Posteriormente, os participantes retornaram &#224; unidade para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma e do TCPE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
        <p>Imagens foram obtidas em modos bidimensionais e unidimensionais, com o uso das t&#233;cnicas de Doppler colorido, cont&#237;nuo, puls&#225;til e tecidual. Todos os exames foram realizados em aparelho Toshiba Aplio&#8482; 300.</p>
        <p>Foram coletadas medidas quantitativas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (dimens&#245;es lineares, massa ventricular esquerda e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson), volumes atriais e par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (velocidades das ondas E, A, e&#8217; septal e lateral, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;, e estimativa da PSAP). Tamb&#233;m foram obtidas medidas lineares e de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito, incluindo tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), velocidade da onda S&#8217; e fractional area change (FAC).</p>
        <p>Todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da diretriz de quantifica&#231;&#227;o de c&#226;maras card&#237;acas da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), utilizaram-se as m&#233;dias das velocidades de 4-5 batimentos com ciclos dentro de 20% da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia e com m&#237;nima variabilidade na velocidade do fluxo mitral, para an&#225;lise da fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As imagens foram registradas em formato DICOM, exportadas para o prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico e posteriormente utilizadas para extra&#231;&#227;o dos dados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</title>
        <p>Todos os testes foram realizados em esteira ergom&#233;trica (GE T-2100, General Electric, EUA) pelos mesmos investigadores, utilizando um protocolo de rampa com aumento progressivo de carga, individualizado para que o exame fosse conclu&#237;do entre 8 e 12 minutos. Todos os participantes realizaram testes limitados por sintomas, conforme crit&#233;rios de esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos gases foi feita com o equipamento Quark CPET (COSMED, Roma, It&#225;lia), com medi&#231;&#245;es respirat&#243;rias em tempo real, acoplado ao software OMNIA (COSMED, Roma, It&#225;lia). Os limiares ventilat&#243;rios (limiar anaer&#243;bio e ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria) foram determinados pelo m&#233;todo dos equivalentes ventilat&#243;rios, com confirma&#231;&#227;o do limiar anaer&#243;bio por meio do m&#233;todo V-Slope.</p>
        <p>A inclina&#231;&#227;o do equivalente VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> ao longo de todo o teste e a inclina&#231;&#227;o da efici&#234;ncia da capta&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (<italic>oxygen uptake efficiency slope</italic> [OUES]) foram calculadas. O VO<sub>2</sub> pico previsto foi estimado com base no algoritmo de Wasserman e Hansen.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Escores diagn&#243;sticos H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o dos exames do protocolo, foram calculados os escores H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e HFA-PEFF para todos os pacientes, bem como a probabilidade diagn&#243;stica de ICFEP conforme cada crit&#233;rio.</p>
        <p>O escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF combina vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, incluindo: obesidade (<italic>Heavy</italic>), uso de dois ou mais anti-hipertensivos (<italic>Hypertensive</italic>), FA (<italic>Atrial Fibrillation</italic>), PSAP &gt;35 mmHg (<italic>Pulmonary Hypertension</italic>), idade acima de 60 anos (<italic>Elder</italic>) e rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt;9 (<italic>Filling Pressures</italic>). Os pacientes foram classificados conforme a pontua&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica: &gt;5 pontos (alta probabilidade), 2 a 5 pontos (probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria) e 1 ponto (baixa probabilidade) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Escore H2FPEF no diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP e estimativa de probabilidade diagn&#243;stica.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: Adaptado de Reddy et al.4</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Para o c&#225;lculo do escore HFA-PEFF, foram utilizadas vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas dos dom&#237;nios morfol&#243;gico e funcional, al&#233;m dos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (NT-proBNP ou BNP), estratificadas em crit&#233;rios maiores (2 pontos) e menores (1 ponto). Os pacientes foram classificados conforme a pontua&#231;&#227;o total: &gt;4 pontos (alta probabilidade), 2-4 pontos (probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria) e 1 ponto (baixa probabilidade) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Escore HFA-PEFF no diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP e estimativa da probabilidade de doen&#231;a. Fonte: Adaptado de Pieske B, et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho prim&#225;rio e seguimento</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi definido como um composto de mortalidade por todas as causas e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC. Os pacientes foram acompanhados prospectivamente por um per&#237;odo m&#237;nimo de 2 anos e m&#225;ximo de 3 anos, por meio de i) busca ativa nos registros m&#233;dicos, com revis&#227;o de consultas ambulatoriais e interna&#231;&#245;es, e ii) contatos telef&#244;nicos peri&#243;dicos com os participantes para identifica&#231;&#227;o de desfechos de interesse. As avalia&#231;&#245;es individuais dos desfechos ocorreram a cada 6 meses, e os resultados foram registrados em um formul&#225;rio padronizado e transferidos para o software REDCap.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizado c&#225;lculo de tamanho amostral para detectar um efeito significativo do consumo de oxig&#234;nio de pico (VO<sub>2</sub> pico), categorizado como acima ou abaixo da mediana, em modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox. Consideraram-se grupos de tamanhos iguais, com as seguintes estimativas: taxa de desfechos prim&#225;rios de 8,83% em pacientes com VO<sub>2</sub> &gt;17,1 ml/kg/min e de 31,17% naqueles com VO<sub>2</sub> &lt;17,1 ml/kg/min, com hazard ratio (HR) de 3,53, em um seguimento de 2 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Utilizou-se a fun&#231;&#227;o &#8220;ssizeCT.default&#8221; do pacote &#8220;powerSurvEpi&#8221; no software R vers&#227;o 3.5.0, considerando poder estat&#237;stico de 80% e n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. O c&#225;lculo estimou a necessidade de 126 pacientes.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas no software SPSS, vers&#227;o 29.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, EUA). A normalidade das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas por meio do teste t para amostras independentes, enquanto vari&#225;veis n&#227;o normalmente distribu&#237;das foram analisadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado.</p>
        <p>Os resultados foram expressos como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana com intervalos interquartis para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. A regress&#227;o de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi utilizada para avaliar o impacto independente e ajustado das vari&#225;veis no progn&#243;stico, em modelo multivariado. A an&#225;lise de curva receiver operating characteristic (ROC) foi utilizada para comparar a capacidade discriminat&#243;ria dos escores na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos. A an&#225;lise de sobrevida foi realizada com regress&#227;o de Cox multivariada e representada por curvas de Kaplan-Meier. A concord&#226;ncia diagn&#243;stica entre os escores foi avaliada por meio da estat&#237;stica Kappa. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A amostra final incluiu 103 pacientes, com idade m&#233;dia de 69,1 anos (&#177;8,3), sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (61,2%). Entre os participantes, 57 (55,3%) apresentavam hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via por IC, e 82 (79,6%) estavam em classe funcional de acordo com a <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) I ou II, enquanto 21 (20,4%) estavam em classe III. O tempo m&#233;dio de seguimento foi de 888 dias (&#177;291). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> apresenta uma s&#237;ntese dos principais achados do estudo.</p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames do protocolo, foram calculados os escores H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e HFA-PEFF, e os pacientes foram classificados em grupos de probabilidade diagn&#243;stica intermedi&#225;ria ou alta para ICFEP. Pelo escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF, 56 pacientes (54,3%) apresentaram alta probabilidade e 47 (45,7%) probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria. Pelo escore HFA-PEFF, 61 (59,2%) apresentaram alta probabilidade, 41 (39,8%) probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria e 1 (1,0%) baixa probabilidade. Considerando a combina&#231;&#227;o dos escores, 32 pacientes (31,1%) apresentaram alta probabilidade por ambos os crit&#233;rios, 53 (51,5%) apresentaram resultados discordantes, e 18 (17,5%) foram classificados como probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria por ambos. A an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia entre os escores revelou valor de Kappa de -0,036 (p=0,718).</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra, estratificadas segundo os escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF (probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria ou alta), est&#227;o apresentadas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dias, medianas ou frequ&#234;ncias relativas, conforme apropriado.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e antropom&#233;tricas conforme os escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sup>2</sup>FPEF intermedi&#225;rio (n=47)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sup>2</sup>FPEF alto (n=56)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF intermedi&#225;rio (n=41)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF alto (n=61)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">68,6 (8,4)</td>
                <td align="center">69,4 (8,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
                <td align="center">69,0 (7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">69,4 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,804</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">33 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (54%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
                <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,537</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">26 (63%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (49%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,223</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">36 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47 (100%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (95%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,248</td>
                <td align="center">39 (95%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (98%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
                <td align="center">30 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,170</td>
                <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (57%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA ou flutter atrial</td>
                <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (82%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">19 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana</td>
                <td align="center">19 (40%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,415</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,295</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">20 (43%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,841</td>
                <td align="center">18 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>H&#225;bitos de vida, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">15 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
                <td align="center">7 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">26 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
                <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (59%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,839</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escore QQVM</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">33,2 (22,8)</td>
                <td align="center">33,4 (20,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,969</td>
                <td align="center">35,9 (21,2)</td>
                <td align="center">31,5 (21,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,325</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medica&#231;&#245;es em uso, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">43 (91%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (82%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,249</td>
                <td align="center">35 (85%)</td>
                <td align="center">53 (87%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores de ECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">36 (77%)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (84%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,454</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona</td>
                <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (14%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,788</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;tico de al&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">22 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
                <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (61%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,685</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clearance de creatinina (ml/min)</td>
                <td align="center">62,7 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">58,1 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
                <td align="center">59,0 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">60,6 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,668</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,550</td>
                <td align="center">12,8 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,296</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NT-proBNP, mediana (pg/ml) (n=55)</td>
                <td align="center">225,7 (152,0-326,6)</td>
                <td align="center">695,1 (329,4-1.725,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">158,6 (121,2-308,3)</td>
                <td align="center">447,6 (246,4-1.318,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP, mediana (pg/ml) (n=28)</td>
                <td align="center">86,9 (31,5-123,9)</td>
                <td align="center">147,4 (118,1-273,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">70,2 (23,5-144,0)</td>
                <td align="center">126,8 (89,2-190,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,035</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">34,0 (5,7)</td>
                <td align="center">33,3 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,529</td>
                <td align="center">34,4 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">33,1 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,249</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Massa magra (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58,2 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">62,2 (12,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,054</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">61,3 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,277</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizaram-se os testes t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney, conforme a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados. Para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, utilizou-se o teste do qui-quadrado. As medidas de dispers&#227;o s&#227;o apresentadas entre par&#234;nteses como DP ou IIQ, conforme apropriado. BRA: bloqueador dos receptores de angiotensina; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IIQ: intervalo interquartil; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; QQVM: Question&#225;rio de Qualidade de Vida de Minnesota.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados do ecocardiograma e do teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio segundo os escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sup>2</sup>FPEF intermedi&#225;rio (n=47)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sup>2</sup>FPEF alto (n=56)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF intermedi&#225;rio (n=41)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF alto (n=61)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MVE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">92,4 (24,0)</td>
                <td align="center">98,2 (22.1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,207</td>
                <td align="center">90,8 (21,6)</td>
                <td align="center">98,9 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da parede septal (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10,7 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,804</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da parede posterior (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,311</td>
                <td align="center">10,0 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EPR</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (0,07)</td>
                <td align="center">0,761</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 (0,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,624</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61,5 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">58,4 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">58,9 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">60,5 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume do AE indexado (ml/m2)</td>
                <td align="center">41,8 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">53,8 (16,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">45,3 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,061</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume do AD indexado (ml/m2)</td>
                <td align="center">31,1 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">44,4 (20,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">34,5 (14,7)</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 (22,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,082</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro basal do VD (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">36,5 (3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">39,4 (5,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">38,8 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">37,4 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0.157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">20,2 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">17,3 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">19,1 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,147</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FAC (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44,4 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">42,2 (5,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
                <td align="center">43,1 (6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">43,3 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0.879</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">37,3 (10,7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">32,9 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Press&#227;o venosa central (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (4,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 (3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">5,8 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,974</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda e&#8217; septal (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9 (2,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">6,6 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,2 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,310</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Onda e&#8217; lateral (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">9,3 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">7,8 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217;</td>
                <td align="center">13,1 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13,2 (6,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,926</td>
                <td align="center">12,5 (5,6)</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,323</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Teste cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC pico (% da m&#225;xima prevista)</td>
                <td align="center">81,5 (12,3)</td>
                <td align="center">85,7 (17,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,159</td>
                <td align="center">87,0 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">81,3 (15,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,071</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> pico relativo (ml/kg/min)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 (2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">14,7 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,465</td>
                <td align="center">14,4 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">15,1 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VO<sub>2</sub> pico (% do previsto)</td>
                <td align="center">80,5 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">74,0 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
                <td align="center">75,4 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">78,2 (16,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inclina&#231;&#227;o VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                <td align="center">33,2 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">38,5 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
                <td align="center">35,7 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">36,3 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,723</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> pico</td>
                <td align="center">32,5 (6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">36,9 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
                <td align="center">34,9 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">34,6 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,827</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PetCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">32,4 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">30,8 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,085</td>
                <td align="center">32,5 (4,2)</td>
                <td align="center">30,9 (4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>O teste t de Student foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. Os valores s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (DP). AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; EPR: espessura parietal relativa; FAC: fractional area change; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; MVE: massa ventricular esquerda; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VO2: consumo de oxig&#234;nio.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Escores diagn&#243;sticos H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
        <p>Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>. Em 20 pacientes (19,4%) n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estimar tecnicamente a PSAP. Em outros 20 pacientes (19,4%), n&#227;o houve coleta de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos devido a altera&#231;&#245;es no protocolo institucional, que s&#243; foi normalizado pr&#243;ximo ao in&#237;cio da pandemia, inviabilizando a coleta em tempo h&#225;bil.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas atribu&#237;das pelos escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Escore intermedi&#225;rio</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Escore alto</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF (n=103)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total de pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uso de &gt;2 anti-hipertensivos</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (94%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (87%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,339</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade &gt;60 anos</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (81%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (87%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,419</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt;9</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,153</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSAP &gt;35 mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSAP indispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escore HFA-PEFF (n=102)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">41 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total de pontos</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dom&#237;nio funcional*</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E&#8217; septal &lt;7 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,518</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E&#8217; lateral &lt;10 cm/s</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (71%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,342</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; m&#233;dia &gt;15</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (22%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,369</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; m&#233;dia 9-14</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,840</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade da RT &gt;2,8 m/s</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,673</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Velocidade da RT indispon&#237;vel</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.137</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dom&#237;nio morfol&#243;gico</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume do AE &gt;34ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">34 (83%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (95%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume do AE 29-34ml/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,682</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MVE &gt;149/122 g/m<sup>2</sup> (H/M) e EPR &gt;0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MVE &gt;115/95 g/m<sup>2</sup> (H/M)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EPR &gt;0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessuras parietais &gt;12 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP &gt;220 / BNP &gt;80 (sem FA)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP 125-220 / BNP 35-80 (sem FA)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,192</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP &gt;660 / BNP &gt;240 (com FA)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP 365-660 / BNP 105-240 (com FA)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,237</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o preencheu crit&#233;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pept&#237;deo n&#227;o coletado</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>*A vari&#225;vel strain global longitudinal (SGL) n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;da neste estudo. O teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; EPR: espessura parietal relativa; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; H/M: homens/mulheres; MVE: massa ventricular esquerda; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar; RT: regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos prim&#225;rios</title>
        <p>Dos 103 pacientes, 27 (26,2%) apresentaram desfechos prim&#225;rios, totalizando 32 eventos, sendo 11 &#243;bitos e 21 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC. Entre os &#243;bitos, quatro ocorreram por complica&#231;&#245;es neopl&#225;sicas, tr&#234;s por sepse respirat&#243;ria, tr&#234;s por causas cardiovasculares e um por COVID-19. O tempo m&#233;dio at&#233; o primeiro evento foi de 563 dias (&#177; 356). Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos prim&#225;rios e escores progn&#243;sticos segundo os escores H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">ICFEP total (n=103)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sub>2</sub>FPEF intermedi&#225;rio (n=47)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sub>2</sub>FPEF alto (n=56)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF intermedi&#225;rio (n=41)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF alto (n=61)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pacientes com desfechos prim&#225;rios, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,024</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (19%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore H2FPEF</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7,3 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">6,6 (1,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore HFA-PEFF</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">3,8 (0,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 (0,4)</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Desfechos prim&#225;rios, n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,990</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,518</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,318</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore MAGGIC (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,3 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">16,9 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,7 (5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,420</td>
                  <td align="center">17,3 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,5 (4,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,800</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Os percentuais entre par&#234;nteses referem-se ao total de pacientes (n) em cada coluna. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; MAGGIC: Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Pacientes com escore alto no H<sub>2</sub>FPEF apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de desfechos prim&#225;rios em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com escore intermedi&#225;rio (35,7% vs 14,9%; p&lt;0,024), assim como maior ocorr&#234;ncia de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC (29,0% vs 11,0%; p&lt;0,029). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao escore HFA-PEFF, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos de probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria e alta.</p>
        <p>Quando combinados os crit&#233;rios, pacientes com escores altos tanto no H<sub>2</sub>FPEF quanto no HFA-PEFF apresentaram maior frequ&#234;ncia de desfechos em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com escores discordantes ou com ambos intermedi&#225;rios (43,8% vs 20,7% vs 11,1%; p&lt;0,007). Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos prim&#225;rios conforme os escores combinados H2FPEF e HFA-PEFF</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">ICFEP total (n=103)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Ambos intermedi&#225;rios (n=18)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Escores discordantes (n=53)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Ambos altos (n=32)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pacientes com desfecho prim&#225;rio, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (26%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (20,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore H2FPEF</td>
                  <td align="center">6,5 (1,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,5 (0,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0 (1,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 (1,1)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore HFA-PEFF</td>
                  <td align="center">5,2 (1,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,0 (0,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,7 (1,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (0,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Desfechos prim&#225;rios, n</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.491</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (17,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Os percentuais entre par&#234;nteses referem-se ao total de pacientes (n) em cada coluna. IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; ICFEP: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Preditores de desfechos</title>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox, no modelo univariado, o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF alto n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativo na predi&#231;&#227;o de eventos (HR: 2,316; IC 95%: 0,973-5,513; p=0,058), assim como o escore HFA-PEFF alto (HR: 1,570; IC 95%: 0,683-3,611; p=0,288). A presen&#231;a concomitante de escores altos no H2FPEF e no HFA-PEFF tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se associou de forma significativa &#224; predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos (HR: 3,850; IC 95%: 0,868-17,071; p=0,076).</p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise das curvas ROC, o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF apresentou melhor capacidade preditiva de desfechos (AUC: 0,637; IC 95%: 0,518-0,756; p=0,035), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao escore HFA-PEFF (AUC: 0,572; IC 95%: 0,448-0,696; p=0,270). Quando os escores foram combinados, observou-se um incremento na capacidade discriminat&#243;ria para predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos (AUC: 0,662; IC 95%: 0,543-0,782; p=0,013). Os resultados est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas ROC dos escores H2FPEF, HFA-PEFF e combinados na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF alto apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos (log-rank p=0,05), enquanto o escore HFA-PEFF n&#227;o foi significativo (log-rank p=0,284). A presen&#231;a concomitante de escores altos em ambos os crit&#233;rios foi significativamente associada &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos (log-rank p=0,034), em compara&#231;&#227;o ao conjunto dos demais pacientes (escores discordantes e ambos intermedi&#225;rios). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref> apresenta as curvas de sobrevida obtidas pela an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier, conforme cada crit&#233;rio avaliado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de sobrevida da an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier segundo os escores HFA-PEFF (A), H2FPEF (B) e escores combinados (C).</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Fonte: Elabora&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;pria.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto progn&#243;stico dos escores cl&#237;nicos H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e HFA-PEFF em uma amostra bem caracterizada de pacientes com ICFEP no Brasil. Ambos os escores foram desenvolvidos para auxiliar no diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o invasivo da ICFEP, estratificando os pacientes em baixa, intermedi&#225;ria e alta probabilidade diagn&#243;stica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref>). Os resultados demonstraram que o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF apresentou desempenho superior ao HFA-PEFF na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares em uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com ICFEP. Al&#233;m disso, a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os escores esteve associada a um risco aumentado de eventos cardiovasculares. Considerando a elevada preval&#234;ncia da ICFEP no Brasil, esses achados t&#234;m import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, pois permitem a identifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de pacientes com maior risco de eventos cardiovasculares graves.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Modelo atual de diagn&#243;stico probabil&#237;stico da ICFEP.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Marcondes-Braga FG et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline &#8211; 2021.<sup>8</sup></attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF foi desenvolvido com base em uma coorte de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico invasivo de ICFEP, confirmado por cateterismo card&#237;aco combinado com exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, e posteriormente validado em uma segunda coorte composta por pacientes com e sem ICFEP.4 As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas inclu&#237;das no escore &#8212; obesidade, FA, uso de dois ou mais anti-hipertensivos, idade acima de 60 anos, rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; &gt;9 e PSAP &gt;35 mmHg &#8212; demonstraram ser preditoras de desfechos cardiovasculares em modelo multivariado. Escores H<sub>2</sub>FPEF elevados (&gt;5) foram associados a uma probabilidade diagn&#243;stica de ICFEP superior a 90%. Por sua vez, o escore HFA-PEFF foi desenvolvido a partir de um consenso da European Society of Cardiology e baseia-se em uma abordagem diagn&#243;stica sequencial em quatro etapas: i) avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial pr&#233;-teste; ii) avalia&#231;&#227;o probabil&#237;stica baseada em achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e nos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos; iii) exames complementares especializados; e iv) avalia&#231;&#227;o etiol&#243;gica.7 Na segunda etapa do fluxograma, os valores de corte das vari&#225;veis ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (dom&#237;nios morfol&#243;gico e funcional) e dos n&#237;veis de NT-proBNP/BNP foram definidos com base em suas sensibilidades e especificidades para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP, conforme evid&#234;ncias de estudos cl&#237;nicos. Essas vari&#225;veis foram classificadas como crit&#233;rios maiores (2 pontos) ou menores (1 ponto). Escores HFA-PEFF superiores a 4 pontos foram definidos pelo consenso como indicativos de alta probabilidade diagn&#243;stica de ICFEP. Diferentemente do escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF, os crit&#233;rios do HFA-PEFF n&#227;o foram inicialmente validados em uma coorte composta por pacientes com e sem ICFEP.7,15,16</p>
      <p>Refletindo a realidade cl&#237;nica dos pacientes com ICFEP, nossa amostra foi predominantemente composta por indiv&#237;duos mais idosos, do sexo feminino, com obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e doen&#231;a coronariana. A preval&#234;ncia de FA e de outras altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas &#8212; como hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, aumento do &#225;trio esquerdo, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito &#8212; esteve em conformidade com uma revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica recente sobre pacientes com ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, no in&#237;cio da fase de inclus&#227;o (mar&#231;o de 2019), o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF foi utilizado para estimar de forma n&#227;o invasiva a probabilidade diagn&#243;stica de ICFEP, sendo inclu&#237;dos apenas pacientes com escore alto ou com escore intermedi&#225;rio associado a sinais de aumento das press&#245;es de enchimento. A amostra foi composta por uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativa de pacientes com alta probabilidade diagn&#243;stica: 54% pelo escore H2FPEF e 59% pelo HFA-PEFF. Esses percentuais s&#227;o superiores aos observados em estudos progn&#243;sticos recentes que tamb&#233;m analisaram a aplica&#231;&#227;o desses escores. No estudo de Przewlocka-Kosmala et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 30% dos pacientes apresentavam escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF &gt;5 e 41% dos pacientes apresentavam escore HFA-PEFF &gt;4. J&#225; no estudo de Egashira et al.,6 38% apresentavam escore HFA-PEFF &gt;4.</p>
      <p>Entre os grupos de escore intermedi&#225;rio e alto segundo o crit&#233;rio HFA-PEFF, a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa foi observada nos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos. O mesmo padr&#227;o foi identificado na estratifica&#231;&#227;o pelo escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF, apesar de esse par&#226;metro n&#227;o compor seu c&#225;lculo. De acordo com estudo recente de Reddy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> as diferen&#231;as de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica entre os escores H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e HFA-PEFF podem estar relacionadas aos componentes prim&#225;rios de cada modelo. No H<sub>2</sub>FPEF, predominam vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas como obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e FA, que elevam a probabilidade pr&#233;-teste de ICFEP. J&#225; o HFA-PEFF baseia-se em altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e nos n&#237;veis de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos, par&#226;metros com menor sensibilidade para o diagn&#243;stico, embora informativos sobre a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a. Em pacientes com FA, o escore HFA-PEFF utiliza valores mais elevados de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos para confirmar o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, observou-se maior taxa de desfechos prim&#225;rios entre os pacientes com alta probabilidade diagn&#243;stica em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria, com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica apenas para o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e para a combina&#231;&#227;o dos escores. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes em probabilidade intermedi&#225;ria e alta pelo escore HFA-PEFF esteve limitada &#224; etapa 2 do fluxograma proposto pelo consenso, uma vez que n&#227;o foram realizadas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas durante o exerc&#237;cio (etapa 3). Conforme demonstrado por Przewlocka-Kosmala et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> o uso da ecocardiografia sob estresse pode aumentar a capacidade preditiva do escore HFA-PEFF.</p>
      <p>Na presente amostra, a combina&#231;&#227;o de escores de alta probabilidade proporcionou um incremento na identifica&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares. No entanto, conforme demonstrado em outros estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> houve discord&#226;ncia significativa na estimativa de probabilidade diagn&#243;stica quando os escores foram utilizados em conjunto, com diverg&#234;ncia observada em 51% dos pacientes, concord&#226;ncia em 31% entre aqueles com escores altos e em apenas 17% entre os com escores intermedi&#225;rios. Essa variabilidade compromete a aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica da abordagem combinada na pr&#225;tica assistencial.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. A principal delas foi o in&#237;cio da pandemia de COVID-19 durante o per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o, que precisou ser interrompido em mar&#231;o de 2020 e foi retomado apenas em abril de 2021, de forma mais restrita, em raz&#227;o das medidas de isolamento e preven&#231;&#227;o. Essa interrup&#231;&#227;o inviabilizou o alcance da amostra prevista (n=126), mesmo com a extens&#227;o do per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o por mais 18 meses. Apesar disso, todos os pacientes inclu&#237;dos (n=103) completaram o seguimento m&#237;nimo de 2 anos e m&#225;ximo de 3 anos, conforme estabelecido no protocolo. Houve apenas um &#243;bito relacionado &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19, de modo que a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados n&#227;o foi comprometida. &#201; poss&#237;vel que alguns desfechos adicionais n&#227;o tenham sido registrados, devido ao acompanhamento incompleto de uma pequena parte da amostra (n=5). Em segundo lugar, durante o estudo, houve uma altera&#231;&#227;o institucional no tipo de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico utilizado (de NT-proBNP para BNP), o que, at&#233; a normaliza&#231;&#227;o da coleta &#8212; pouco antes do in&#237;cio da pandemia &#8212;, resultou na aus&#234;ncia desse dado em 20 pacientes. Como os n&#237;veis de BNP/NT-proBNP s&#227;o utilizados no c&#225;lculo do escore HFA-PEFF, essa limita&#231;&#227;o pode ter impactado a acur&#225;cia na estratifica&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto. Em terceiro lugar, em 20 pacientes (19,4%) n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel estimar a PSAP via ecocardiografia, crit&#233;rio inclu&#237;do no escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF. Embora esse percentual seja inferior ao observado em outros estudos (30-40%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> a indisponibilidade desse dado pode ter gerado imprecis&#227;o na classifica&#231;&#227;o entre risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto nesse escore. Ainda assim, nossa amostra apresentou percentuais semelhantes de pacientes com alta probabilidade diagn&#243;stica segundo ambos os escores (54% para H<sub>2</sub>FPEF e 59% para HFA-PEFF), o que permitiu compara&#231;&#245;es consistentes entre os grupos. Em quarto lugar, a aus&#234;ncia da modalidade de ecocardiografia sob estresse pode ter limitado a capacidade preditiva do escore HFA-PEFF, uma vez que n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de risco intermedi&#225;rio e alto pela etapa 2 do fluxograma diagn&#243;stico. Entretanto, essa modalidade n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel no nosso hospital, possui custo elevado e &#233; restrita a poucos centros especializados, o que tamb&#233;m limita sua aplicabilidade na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Por fim, trata-se de um estudo conduzido em centro &#250;nico, o que pode restringir a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es. No entanto, a coorte analisada &#233; representativa de pacientes com ICFEP, conforme descrito em uma revis&#227;o cl&#237;nica recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre as principais for&#231;as do presente estudo, destaca-se, em primeiro lugar, o delineamento prospectivo de coorte, com inclus&#227;o de pacientes com base em crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos espec&#237;ficos e atualizados para o diagn&#243;stico de ICFEP, refletindo de forma fiel a popula&#231;&#227;o acometida pela doen&#231;a. Em segundo lugar, ressalta-se a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo cl&#237;nico n&#227;o invasivo direcionado &#224; ICFEP, que incluiu avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica breve, medidas antropom&#233;tricas e de bioimped&#226;ncia, coleta de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico, ecocardiograma e teste de exerc&#237;cio. Esse protocolo favorece a compara&#231;&#227;o com outras popula&#231;&#245;es e amplia o potencial de generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos achados. Em terceiro lugar, diante da escassez de estudos progn&#243;sticos contempor&#226;neos com pacientes com ICFEP no Brasil, os resultados obtidos assumem relev&#226;ncia para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica nacional.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes com ICFEP no Brasil, o escore H<sub>2</sub>FPEF apresentou desempenho superior ao escore HFA-PEFF na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares. A combina&#231;&#227;o de ambos os escores, quando em alta probabilidade, proporcionou maior capacidade progn&#243;stica para eventos cardiovasculares. Considerando a elevada preval&#234;ncia da ICFEP no pa&#237;s, esses achados t&#234;m relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica ao possibilitar, de forma n&#227;o invasiva, a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com maior risco de desfechos cardiovasculares graves.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/en">https://abccardiol.org/en</ext-link> </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Fernando Colares Barros pelo Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2019/0102. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
        <p>Os dados ficam dispon&#237;veis por requisi&#231;&#227;o direta ao autor, respeitando-se &#224; privacidade e sigilo dos pacientes, sendo ocultados nomes ou informa&#231;&#245;es que os possam identificar.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado por Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA).</p>
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    </fn-group>
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        <article-title>Prognostic Applications of Current Clinical Scores in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Prospective Cohort Study</article-title>
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            <given-names>Fernando Colares</given-names>
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            <given-names>J&#233;ssica Cristina de</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Giovanni Donelli</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
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          <name>
            <surname>Menegazzo</surname>
            <given-names>Willian Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
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          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
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          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2150-6337</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Scolari</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Lu&#237;s</given-names>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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            <surname>Silveira</surname>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
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        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
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      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Fernando Colares Barros &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares da UFRGS &#8211; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2400, 2&#186; andar. Postal Code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fernanbarros@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores were developed to support the diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and may also help predict cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To assess the prognostic value of these scores in a cohort of individuals with HFpEF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This prospective study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in Brazil between March 2019 and December 2021. After clinical evaluation, echocardiography, and exercise testing, the H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores were calculated. Patients were classified into intermediate probability groups (H<sub>2</sub>FPEF: 2-5 points; HFA-PEFF: 2-4 points) and high probability groups (H2FPEF &gt;5 points; HFA-PEFF &gt;4 points). The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality and hospitalizations due to HFpEF. Statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 103 patients were followed for an average of 888 days (&#177;291). The mean age was 69 years (&#177;8.3), and 61% were women. Twenty-seven patients (26.2%) experienced primary outcomes, totaling 32 events&#8212;11 deaths and 21 hospitalizations due to HFpEF. In the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score showed better predictive ability for the outcomes (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.637, 95% CI: 0.518&#8211;0.756, p=0.035) compared to the HFA-PEFF score (AUC: 0.572, 95% CI: 0.448&#8211;0.696, p=0.270). In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, high-probability classification by both scores was significantly associated with the occurrence of outcomes (log-rank p=0.034), compared to the intermediate score group or patients with differing classifications between the two scores.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score showed better performance than the HFA-PEFF score in predicting outcomes in patients with HFpEF. Findings from this contemporary study conducted in Brazil contribute to risk stratification in clinical practice.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prognostic Applications of Current Clinical Scores in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Prospective Cohort Study</title>
              <p>Prognostic application of the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores in patients with HFpEF.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a common clinical syndrome associated with high rates of both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular events. In Brazil, HF is the leading cause of hospital admissions and has a high readmission rate. Approximately half of the hospitalized patients have preserved ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Diagnosing HFpEF remains a clinical challenge due to the high prevalence of comorbidities in this population and the nonspecific nature of its signs and symptoms, which may be triggered or worsened by those same comorbidities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of chronic HF, along with risk factors and electrocardiographic changes, the diagnosis of HFpEF is based on a probabilistic approach that combines echocardiographic findings with the measurement of natriuretic peptides (e.g., N-terminal pro&#8211;B-type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] or B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP]).</p>
        <p>In about 30% to 35% of patients with HFpEF, exertional dyspnea is present even in the absence of clear signs of congestion at rest, either on physical examination or imaging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In such cases, diagnostic confirmation requires assessment of filling pressures during exercise, using stress echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, this approach is limited in clinical practice due to its complexity and high cost and is usually restricted to specialized centers.</p>
        <p>Clinical scores such as H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and HFA-PEFF have been proposed as noninvasive tools to help identify patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Based on probabilistic models that combine clinical and echocardiographic variables, such scores classify patients into low, intermediate, or high diagnostic probability, guiding the need for additional testing such as stress echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.</p>
        <p>In addition to their diagnostic use, some studies have explored the application of these scores for prognostic assessment in patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In the case of the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score (an acronym for <italic>Heavy, Hypertensive, Atrial Fibrillation, Pulmonary Hypertension, Elder, and Filling Pressures</italic>), its individual components have each been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular outcomes in various clinical studies. Similarly, the components of the HFA-PEFF score (an acronym for <italic>Heart Failure Association Pre-test assessment, Echocardiography &amp; natriuretic peptide, Functional testing, and Final etiology</italic>) &#8212; such as indexed left ventricular mass, E/e&#8217; ratio, indexed left atrial volume, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), and BNP&#8212;have also been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recent studies involving patients diagnosed with HFpEF have shown that high scores on the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF (&gt;5) and HFA-PEFF (&gt;4) scales are associated with a higher risk of HF-related outcomes.9 However, there is a lack of contemporary prognostic studies conducted in Brazil in this population, as highlighted in a recent review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, this study aims to assess the prognostic value of current clinical scores in patients with HFpEF in a contemporary cohort in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and participants</title>
          <p>This prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital with patients diagnosed with HFpEF. Between March 2019 and December 2021, participants were recruited in an outpatient setting, most of whom were already receiving cardiology follow-up at the institution. Patients included had been clinically stable for at least 1 month, were receiving optimized medical therapy according to current guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and had clinically compensated comorbidities that did not contraindicate cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <p>HFpEF diagnostic criteria were assessed individually based on current literature recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Patients were included if they met the following criteria: i) presence of HF symptoms and/or signs; ii) preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (&gt;50%); iii) elevated natriuretic peptide levels (NT-proBNP &gt;125 pg/mL and/or BNP &gt;35 pg/mL) or structural abnormalities (increased indexed left ventricular mass or indexed left atrial volume) associated with diastolic dysfunction; and iv) absence of specific etiologies of HF with LVEF &gt;50%, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, significant valvular disease, pericardial disease, and other specific causes of HFpEF.</p>
          <p>To ensure a sample with a higher diagnostic probability of HFpEF, the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score was calculated at the time of recruitment.4 Only patients who met the mandatory criteria for HFpEF and had either a high H2FPEF score (&gt;5) or an intermediate score (2-5) with evidence of elevated filling pressures were included (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The HFA-PEFF score was not used for screening as it was only published in October 2019.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of patient inclusion with HFpEF in the study.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study protocol</title>
          <p>Patients were invited to participate in the study through a phone call, during which they received a brief explanation of the study and were scheduled for a clinical interview with initial assessments. At that visit, detailed information about the study was provided, and written informed consent was obtained. Participants then underwent a brief clinical evaluation, including anthropometric measurements and bioimpedance analysis. Quality of life was assessed using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire, in the Portuguese version translated and validated by Carvalho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Blood samples were then collected to measure NT-proBNP and/or BNP levels. Participants later returned to the clinic for echocardiography and CPET.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Images were acquired in 2-dimensional and M-mode, using color, continuous-wave, pulsed-wave, and tissue Doppler techniques. All examinations were performed using a Toshiba Aplio&#8482; 300 system.</p>
          <p>Quantitative measurements of the left ventricle were collected, including linear dimensions, left ventricular mass, and ejection fraction using the Simpson method. Left atrial volumes and diastolic function parameters were also assessed (E and A wave velocities, septal and lateral e&#8217; velocities, E/e&#8217; ratio, and estimated PASP). Right ventricular linear measurements and systolic function parameters were obtained as well, including tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), S&#8217; wave velocity, and fractional area change (FAC).</p>
          <p>All assessments followed the recommendations of the <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> guidelines for chamber quantification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>. In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), mean values from 4-5 beats were used, selecting cycles within 20% of the average heart rate and with minimal variability in mitral inflow velocity, for the analysis of diastolic function and right ventricular systolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Images were recorded in DICOM format, exported to the electronic medical record, and later used for data extraction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</title>
          <p>All tests were performed on a treadmill (GE T-2100, General Electric, USA) by the same investigators, using an individualized ramp protocol with progressively increasing workload, designed to be completed within 8 to 12 minutes. All participants underwent symptom-limited tests, following criteria for maximal effort.</p>
          <p>Gas analysis was conducted using the Quark CPET system (COSMED, Rome, Italy), with real-time respiratory measurements, integrated with the OMNIA software (COSMED, Rome, Italy). Ventilatory thresholds (anaerobic threshold and respiratory compensation point) were determined using the ventilatory equivalents method, with an anaerobic threshold confirmed by the V-slope method.</p>
          <p>The VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope over the entire test and the <italic>oxygen uptake efficiency slope</italic> (OUES) were calculated. Predicted peak VO<sub>2</sub> was estimated using the algorithm proposed by Wasserman and Hansen.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF diagnostic scores</title>
          <p>After completing all protocol assessments, the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores were calculated for all patients, along with the diagnostic probability of HFpEF according to each scoring system.</p>
          <p>The H2FPEF score combines clinical and echocardiographic variables, including obesity (<italic>Heavy</italic>), use of two or more antihypertensive medications (<italic>Hypertensive</italic>), Atrial Fibrillation, PASP &gt;35 mmHg (<italic>Pulmonary Hypertension</italic>), age over 60 years (<italic>Elder</italic>), and E/e&#8217; ratio &gt;9 (<italic>Filling Pressures</italic>). Patients were classified according to the total score: &gt;5 points (high probability), 2-5 points (intermediate probability), and 1 point (low probability) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; H2FPEF score for HFpEF diagnosis and estimation of diagnostic probability.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Source: Adapted from Reddy et al.4</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>To calculate the HFA-PEFF score, echocardiographic variables from the morphological and functional domains were used, along with natriuretic peptide levels (NT-proBNP or BNP). These were stratified as major criteria (2 points) and minor criteria (1 point). Patients were classified according to the total score: &gt;4 points (high probability), 2-4 points (intermediate probability), and 1 point (low probability) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; HFA-PEFF score for HFpEF diagnosis and estimation of disease probability. Source: Adapted from Pieske B, et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).7</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary outcome and follow-up</title>
          <p>The primary outcome was defined as a composite of all-cause mortality and HF-related hospitalizations. Patients were prospectively followed for a minimum of 2 years and a maximum of 3 years through: i) active review of medical records, including outpatient visits and hospital admissions, and ii) periodic phone calls with participants to identify outcomes of interest. Individual outcome assessments were conducted every 6 months, and results were recorded in a standardized form and entered into REDCap software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>A sample size calculation was performed to detect a significant effect of peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), categorized as above or below the median, using a Cox regression model. Equal-sized groups were considered, with the following estimates: a primary outcome rate of 8.83% in patients with VO2 &gt;17.1 mL/kg/min and 31.17% in those with VO<sub>2</sub> &lt;17.1 mL/kg/min, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.53 over a 2-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Calculation were performed using the &#8220;ssizeCT.default&#8221; function from the &#8220;powerSurvEpi&#8221; package in R software, version 3.5.0, assuming 80% statistical power and a 5% significance level. The estimated required sample size was 126 patients.</p>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 29.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, IL, USA). The normality of variables was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables with normal distribution were compared using the independent samples t-test, while non-normally distributed variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test.</p>
          <p>Results were expressed as mean&#177;standard deviation or median with interquartile ranges for continuous variables, and as absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the independent and adjusted impact of variables on prognosis in a multivariable model. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to compare the discriminatory ability of the scores in predicting outcomes. Survival analysis was performed using multivariable Cox regression and illustrated with Kaplan-Meier curves. Diagnostic agreement between the scores was assessed using the Kappa statistic. p-values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The final sample included 103 patients, with a mean age of 69.1 years (&#177;8.3), and the majority were female (61.2%). Among the participants, 57 (55.3%) had a previous hospitalization for HF, and 82 (79.6%) were in <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> (NYHA) functional class I or II, while 21 (20.4%) were in class III. The mean follow-up time was 888 days (&#177;291). The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main findings of the study.</p>
        <p>After completing the protocol assessments, the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores were calculated, and patients were classified into intermediate or high diagnostic probability groups for HFpEF. According to the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score, 56 patients (54.3%) were classified as high probability and 47 (45.7%) as intermediate probability. According to the HFA-PEFF score, 61 patients (59.2%) had high probability, 41 (39.8%) intermediate probability, and 1 (1.0%) low probability. Considering the combination of both scores, 32 patients (31.1%) had high probability according to both, 53 (51.5%) had discordant results, and 18 (17.5%) were classified as intermediate probability by both scores. Agreement analysis between the scores showed a Kappa value of -0.036 (p=0.718).</p>
        <p>The general characteristics of the sample, stratified according to H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores (intermediate or high probability), are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>. Values are expressed as means, medians, or relative frequencies, as appropriate.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and anthropometric characteristics according to H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sub>2</sub>FPEF intermediate (n=47)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sub>2</sub>FPEF high (n=56)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF intermediate (n=41)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF high (n=61)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">68.6 (8.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.4 (8.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.632</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0 (7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.4 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.804</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female sex, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (54%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.537</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prior HF hospitalizations, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (63%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.223</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (100%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (95%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.248</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (95%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (98%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.170</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation or flutter</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.415</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.295</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.841</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.685</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Lifestyle habits, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical activity</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.265</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.689</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.839</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MLHFQ score</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33.2 (22.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.4 (20.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.969</td>
                  <td align="center">35.9 (21.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.5 (21.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.325</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Medications in use, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (91%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (82%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.249</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (87%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inibitors/ARB</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (77%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (84%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.454</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (80%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (14%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.788</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Loop diuretic</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (61%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.685</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine clearance (mL/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.7 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.1 (17.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                  <td align="center">59.0 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.6 (16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.668</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.550</td>
                  <td align="center">12.8 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.296</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Natriuretic peptides</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NT-proBNP, median (pg/mL) (n=55)</td>
                  <td align="center">225.7 (152.0-326.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">695.1 (329.4-1.725.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">158.6 (121.2-308.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">447.6 (246.4-1.318.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP, median (pg/mL) (n=28)</td>
                  <td align="center">86.9 (31.5-123.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">147.4 (118.1-273.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">70.2 (23.5-144.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">126.8 (89.2-190.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Anthropometric measurements</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.3 (5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.529</td>
                  <td align="center">34.4 (6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.249</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lean mass (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.2 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">62.2 (12.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  <td align="center">58.9 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.3 (10.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.277</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>For continuous variables, Student&#8217;s t-test or the Mann-Whitney test was used, depending on data distribution. For categorical variables, the chi-square test was applied. Dispersion measures are shown in parentheses as SD or IQR, as appropriate. ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; SD: standard deviation; AF: atrial fibrillation; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; MLHFQ: Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic and cardiopulmonary exercise testing results according to H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sub>2</sub>FPEF intermediate (n=47)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H<sub>2</sub>FPEF high (n=56)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF intermediate (n=41)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF high (n=61)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Echocardiography</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LV mass (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">92.4 (24.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.2 (22.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.207</td>
                  <td align="center">90.8 (21.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">98.9 (23.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septal wall thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.7 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.804</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Posterior wall thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.311</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RWT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 (0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 (0.07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.761</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44 (0.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 (0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.624</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.5 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.4 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">58.9 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indexed LA volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.8 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">53.8 (16.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">45.3 (12.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.061</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indexed RA volume (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.1 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">34.5 (14.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.5 (22.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.082</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV basal diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.5 (3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.4 (5.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">38.8 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.4 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">20.2 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.1 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.147</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FAC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.2 (5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.069</td>
                  <td align="center">43.1 (6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">43.3 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.879</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PASP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">37.3 (10.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">32.9 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.2 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Central venous pressure (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8 (3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.974</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septal e&#8217; wave (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9 (2.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">6.6 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.2 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.310</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lateral e&#8217; wave (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/e&#8217; ratio</td>
                  <td align="center">13.1 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.2 (6.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.926</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5 (5.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.323</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiopulmonary exercise testing</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak HR (% of predicted)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.5 (12.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">85.7 (17.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.159</td>
                  <td align="center">87.0 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.3 (15.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (mL/kg/min)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.7 (3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.465</td>
                  <td align="center">14.4 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.1 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak VO<sub>2</sub> (% of predicted)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.5 (14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.0 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                  <td align="center">75.4 (12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.2 (16.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/VCO<sub>2</sub> slope</td>
                  <td align="center">33.2 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.5 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  <td align="center">35.7 (9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.723</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peak VE/VCO<sub>2</sub></td>
                  <td align="center">32.5 (6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.9 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  <td align="center">34.9 (7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">34.6 (6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.827</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PetCO<sub>2</sub> (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">32.4 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.085</td>
                  <td align="center">32.5 (4.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9 (4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.088</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Student&#8217;s t-test was used for continuous variables. Values are presented as mean (SD). RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium; SD: standard deviation; RWT: relative wall thickness; FAC: fractional area change; HR: heart rate; LV: left ventricular; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TAPSE: tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; RV: right ventricle; VO2: oxygen consumption.</p>
              </fn>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF diagnostic scores</title>
          <p>The results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>. In 20 patients (19.4%), PASP could not be technically estimated. In another 20 patients (19.4%), natriuretic peptide levels were not collected due to changes in the institutional protocol, which were only resolved shortly before the start of the pandemic, making timely sample collection unfeasible.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and echocardiographic variables included in the H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Intermediate score</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">High score</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score (n=103)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">47 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (54%)</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total score</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3 (0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (74%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (75%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use of &#8805;2 antihypertensives</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (94%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (87%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.339</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">46 (82%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age &gt;60 years</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (81%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (87%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.419</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/e&#8217; ratio &gt;9</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (85%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.153</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PSAP &gt;35 mmHg</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (57%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PASP unavailable</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (34%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HFA-PEFF score (n=102)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">41 (40%)</td>
                    <td align="center">61 (59%)</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total score</td>
                    <td align="center">3.6 (0.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Functional domain*</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Septal e&#8217; &lt;7 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (72%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.518</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lateral e&#8217; &lt;10 cm/s</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (71%)</td>
                    <td align="center">49 (80%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.342</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Average E/e&#8217; &gt;15</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (22%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.369</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Average E/e&#8217; 9-14</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (49%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (52%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.840</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TR velocity &gt;2.8 m/s</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (32%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (38%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.673</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TR velocity unavailable</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (12%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.137</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Morphological domain</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA volume &gt;34 mL/m2</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (83%)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (95%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.085</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA volume 29-34 mL/m2</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.682</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass &gt;149/122 g/m2 (M/F) + RWT &gt;0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass &gt;115/95 g/m2 (M/F)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (24%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (36%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.278</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RWT &gt;0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (46%)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (56%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.420</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wall thickness &gt;12 mm</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (19%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (28%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.360</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Natriuretic peptides</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP &gt;220 / BNP &gt;80 (without AF)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (54%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP 125&#8211;220 / BNP 35&#8211;80 (without AF)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (15%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.192</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP &gt;660 / BNP &gt;240 (with AF)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (21%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NT-proBNP 365&#8211;660 / BNP 105&#8211;240 (with AF)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (10%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Did not meet criteria</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (39%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peptide not collected</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (49%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>*The global longitudinal strain (GLS) variable was not included in this study. The chi-square test was used for categorical variables. LA: left atrium; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; RWT: relative wall thickness; AF: atrial fibrillation; M/F: male/female; LV: left ventricular mass; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure; TR: tricuspid regurgitation.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary outcomes</title>
          <p>Of the 103 patients, 27 (26.2%) experienced primary outcomes, totaling 32 events &#8212; 11 deaths and 21 HF-related hospitalizations. Among the deaths, four were due to cancer-related complications, three to respiratory sepsis, three to cardiovascular causes, and one to COVID-19. The mean time to the first event was 563 days (&#177;356). The results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Primary outcomes and prognostic scores according to H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variable</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Total HFpEF (n=103)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H2FPEF intermediate (n=47)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">H2FPEF high (n=56)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF intermediate (n=41)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">HFA-PEFF high (n=61)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Patients with primary outcomes, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">27 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (15%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (36%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.024</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (19%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (31%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.254</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">6.6 (1.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.5 (1.6)</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFA-PEFF score</td>
                    <td align="center">5.2 (1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4 (1.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.1 (1.1)</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">3.8 (0.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.8 (0.4)</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Primary outcome events, n</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">22</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">23</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.990</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (13%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.518</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF hospitalizations, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (29%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.029</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (25%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.318</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>MAGGIC score (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.3 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">16.9 (4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.7 (5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.420</td>
                    <td align="center">17.3 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.5 (4.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.800</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Percentages in parentheses refer to the total number of patients (n) in each column. SD: standard deviation; HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; MAGGIC: Meta-Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Patients with a high H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score had a higher frequency of primary outcomes compared to those with an intermediate score (35.7% vs 14.9%; p&lt;0.024) as well as a greater occurrence of HF-related hospitalizations (29.0% vs 11.0%; p&lt;0.029). In contrast, for the HFA-PEFF score, there was no statistically significant difference between the intermediate and high probability groups.</p>
          <p>When both criteria were combined, patients with high scores on both the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and HFA-PEFF scales had a higher frequency of outcomes compared to those with discordant scores or intermediate scores on both (43.8% vs 20.7% vs 11.1%; p&lt;0.007). The results are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Primary outcomes according to combined H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Variables</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Total HFpEF (n=103)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Both intermediate (n=18)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Discordant scores (n=53)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Both high (n=32)</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Patients with primary outcome, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">27 (26%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (20,7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (44%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score</td>
                    <td align="center">6,5 (1,6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4,5 (0,7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6,0 (1,84)</td>
                    <td align="center">7.3 (1,1)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HFA-PEFF score</td>
                    <td align="center">5,2 (1,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4,0 (0,0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4,7 (1,3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7 (0,4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Total primary outcome events, n</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">32</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">13</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Death, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (11%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7,5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (16%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.491</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF hospitalizations, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (17,0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (34%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.012</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>Percentages in parentheses refer to the total number of patients (n) in each column. HF: heart failure; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</p>
                </fn>
                <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcome predictors</title>
          <p>In the Cox regression analysis, the univariate model showed that a high H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score was not a statistically significant predictor of events (HR: 2.316; 95% CI: 0.973-5.513; p=0.058), nor was a high HFA-PEFF score (HR: 1.570; 95% CI: 0.683-3.611; p=0.288). The simultaneous presence of high scores on both the H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF scales was also not significantly associated with outcome prediction (HR: 3.850; 95% CI: 0.868-17.071; p=0.076).</p>
          <p>In the ROC curve analysis, the H2FPEF score showed better predictive ability for outcomes (AUC: 0.637; 95% CI: 0.518-0.756; p=0.035) compared to the HFA-PEFF score (AUC: 0.572; 95% CI: 0.448-0.696; p=0.270). When both scores were combined, there was an improvement in discriminatory power for predicting outcomes (AUC: 0.662; 95% CI: 0.543-0.782; p=0.013). Results are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ROC curves of the H2FPEF, HFA-PEFF, and for outcome prediction.</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the survival analysis using the Kaplan-Meier method, a high H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score showed a trend toward statistical significance in predicting outcomes (log-rank p=0.05), while the HFA-PEFF score was not significant (log-rank p=0.284). The simultaneous presence of high scores on both criteria was significantly associated with the occurrence of outcomes (log-rank p=0.034), compared to the combined group of patients with discordant scores or intermediate scores on both scales. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref> shows the Kaplan-Meier survival curves according to each score evaluated.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier survival curves according to the HFA-PEFF score (A), H2FPEF score (B), and combined scores (C).</title>
              </caption>
              <attrib>Source: Prepared by the authors.</attrib>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic impact of the H2FPEF and HFA-PEFF clinical scores in a well-characterized sample of patients with HFpEF in Brazil. Both scores were developed to support the noninvasive diagnosis of HFpEF by stratifying patients into low, intermediate, and high diagnostic probability groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref>). The results showed that the H2FPEF score had better performance than the HFA-PEFF score in predicting cardiovascular outcomes in a prospective cohort of patients with HFpEF. Moreover, the combination of both scores was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Given the high prevalence of HFpEF in Brazil, these findings have clinical relevance as they allow for the noninvasive identification of patients at higher risk of serious cardiovascular events.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>- Current probabilistic diagnostic model for HFpEF.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Marcondes-Braga FG et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline &#8211; 2021.<sup>8</sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240852-40852-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score was developed based on a cohort of patients with an invasive diagnosis of HFpEF confirmed by exercise right heart catheterization and later validated in a second cohort that included both patients with and without HFpEF.4 The clinical variables included in the score&#8212;obesity, atrial fibrillation, use of two or more antihypertensive medications, age over 60 years, E/e&#8217; ratio &gt;9, and PASP &gt;35 mmHg &#8212; were shown to be predictors of cardiovascular outcomes in a multivariable model. High H<sub>2</sub>FPEF scores (&gt;5) were associated with a diagnostic probability of HFpEF greater than 90%. The HFA-PEFF score, in turn, was developed through a consensus by the European Society of Cardiology and is based on a four-step sequential diagnostic approach: i) initial pre-test assessment; ii) probabilistic evaluation based on echocardiographic findings and natriuretic peptide levels; iii) specialized confirmatory testing; and iv) etiological assessment.7 In the second step of the algorithm, the cutoff values for echocardiographic variables (morphological and functional domains) and NT-proBNP/BNP levels were defined based on their sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing HFpEF, as supported by clinical evidence. These variables were classified as major (2 points) or minor (1 point) criteria. HFA-PEFF scores greater than 4 were defined by the consensus as indicative of high diagnostic probability of HFpEF. Unlike the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score, the HFA-PEFF criteria were not initially validated in a cohort of patients with and without HFpEF.7,15,16</p>
        <p>Reflecting the clinical profile commonly seen in patients with HFpEF, our sample was composed of older individuals, mostly women, with obesity, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and coronary artery disease. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation and other cardiac abnormalities&#8212;such as left ventricular hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, left atrial enlargement, pulmonary hypertension, and right ventricular dysfunction &#8212; was consistent with findings from a recent clinical review on patients with HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, at the beginning of the enrollment phase (March 2019), the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score was used to noninvasively estimate the diagnostic probability of HFpEF. Only patients with a high score or an intermediate score combined with evidence of elevated filling pressures were included. The sample consisted of a substantial proportion of patients with a high diagnostic probability: 54% based on the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score and 59% based on the HFA-PEFF score. These rates are higher than those reported in recent prognostic studies that also evaluated the application of these scores. In the study by Przewlocka-Kosmala et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> 30% of patients had an H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score &gt;5 and 41% had an HFA-PEFF score &gt;4. In the study by Egashira et al.,6 38% of patients had an HFA-PEFF score &gt;4.</p>
        <p>Among the intermediate and high score groups based on the HFA-PEFF criteria, the only statistically significant difference was observed in natriuretic peptide levels. The same pattern was seen in the stratification using the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score, even though this parameter is not included in its calculation. According to a recent study by Reddy et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> the differences in diagnostic accuracy between the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and HFA-PEFF scores may be related to the primary components of each model. The H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score includes clinical variables such as obesity, hypertension, and AF, which increase the pre-test probability of HFpEF. In contrast, the HFA-PEFF score relies on echocardiographic findings and natriuretic peptide levels &#8212; parameters that are less sensitive for diagnosis, although still informative regarding disease presence. In patients with atrial fibrillation, the HFA-PEFF score applies higher cutoff values for natriuretic peptides to confirm the diagnosis of HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, a higher rate of primary outcomes was observed among patients with a high diagnostic probability compared to those with intermediate probability, with statistical significance reached only for the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score and for the combined scores. Patient stratification into intermediate and high probability groups using the HFA-PEFF score was limited to step 2 of the algorithm proposed by the consensus, as no echocardiographic assessments during exercise (step 3) were performed. As demonstrated by Przewlocka-Kosmala et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> incorporating stress echocardiography may enhance the predictive value of the HFA-PEFF score.</p>
        <p>In the present sample, combining high-probability scores improved the identification of cardiovascular outcomes. However, as shown in other studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> there was significant disagreement in diagnostic probability estimates when both scores were used together. Divergent classifications were observed in 51% of patients, with agreement found in only 31% of those with high scores and 17% of those with intermediate scores. This variability limits the clinical applicability of the combined approach in routine care.</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. The most relevant was the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic during the enrollment period, which had to be interrupted in March 2020 and was resumed only in April 2021 under more restrictive conditions due to isolation and prevention measures. This interruption made it impossible to reach the planned sample size (n=126), even with an 18-month extension of the inclusion period. Nevertheless, all enrolled patients (n=103) completed the minimum 2-year and maximum 3-year follow-up as established in the protocol. Only one death was related to COVID-19, so the generalizability of the results was not compromised. It is possible that some additional outcomes were not recorded due to incomplete follow-up in a small portion of the sample (n=5). Second, during the study, there was an institutional change in the type of natriuretic peptide used (from NT-proBNP to BNP). Until sample collection was standardized&#8212;shortly before the pandemic began&#8212;this change resulted in missing data for 20 patients. Since BNP/NT-proBNP levels are included in the calculation of the HFA-PEFF score, this limitation may have affected the accuracy of risk stratification between the intermediate and high probability groups. Third, in 20 patients (19.4%), PASP could not be estimated by echocardiography &#8212; a variable used in the H2FPEF score. Although this percentage is lower than those reported in other studies (30-40%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> the unavailability of such data may have introduced some inaccuracy in the classification between intermediate and high risk in this score. Even so, our sample showed similar proportions of patients with high diagnostic probability according to both scores (54% for H<sub>2</sub>FPEF and 59% for HFA-PEFF), which allowed for consistent group comparisons. Fourth, the absence of stress echocardiography may have limited the predictive ability of the HFA-PEFF score, as no significant differences were observed between the intermediate and high-risk groups using step 2 of the diagnostic algorithm. However, this modality was not available at our hospital, is costly, and is limited to a few specialized centers, which also restricts its use in clinical practice. Finally, this was a single-center study, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other populations. Nevertheless, the cohort analyzed is representative of patients with HFpEF, as described in a recent clinical review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among the main strengths of the present study, the first is its prospective cohort design, with the inclusion of patients based on specific and updated clinical criteria for the diagnosis of HFpEF, accurately reflecting the population affected by the disease. Second, the study applied a noninvasive clinical protocol focused on HFpEF, which included a brief clinical evaluation, anthropometric and bioimpedance measurements, natriuretic peptide testing, echocardiography, and exercise testing. This protocol supports comparisons with other populations and enhances the generalizability of the findings. Third, the results obtained hold clinical relevance for national health care practice because of the scarcity of contemporary prognostic studies involving patients with HFpEF in Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In a prospective cohort of patients with HFpEF in Brazil, the H<sub>2</sub>FPEF score showed superior performance compared to the HFA-PEFF score in predicting cardiovascular outcomes. The combination of both scores, when indicating high probability, provided greater prognostic value for cardiovascular events. Given the high prevalence of HFpEF in the country, these findings are clinically relevant as they enable the noninvasive identification of patients at higher risk of serious cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Fernando Colares Barros, from Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre under the protocol number 2019/0102. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability: </label>
          <p>The data are available upon direct request to the author, respecting patient privacy and confidentiality, with names or information that could identify them being concealed.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Fundo de Incentivo &#224; Pesquisa (FIPE) do Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
