<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">4wbrbr3GRFqT7RCTS4xqD7v</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240705</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida e Fatores Associados a Mortalidade em Portadores de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Coorte ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7846-4989</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>L&#233;do</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3755-3659</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva (ISC), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Ana Paula de Oliveira L&#233;do &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Augusto Viana, s/n. CEP 40110-060 Canela, Salvador, BA - Brasil E-mail: <email>anapaulaledo3@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240705</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; uma das principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade no mundo. Poucos estudos avaliaram a sobrevida e fatores progn&#243;sticos de pacientes com esta condi&#231;&#227;o frente aos avan&#231;os terap&#234;uticos das &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Descrever a sobrevida, poss&#237;veis fatores associados a mortalidade e caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes com IC do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> A coorte acompanhou 15.105 participantes, entre 2008 e 2023. Foram avaliadas vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, exames laboratoriais, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma bidimensional, h&#225;bitos de vida, comorbidades e tratamento medicamentoso. A probabilidade de sobrevida foi estimada atrav&#233;s das curvas de Kaplan-Meier e testes de log-rank. Modelagem de regress&#227;o de Cox, permitiu calcular as Hazard Ratios (HR), brutas e ajustadas, com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. Utilizou-se o crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia p&lt;0,05<italic>.</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Durante a etapa de inclus&#227;o, foram selecionados 251 participantes com diagn&#243;stico de IC (2008-2010). No per&#237;odo aproximado de 12,3 anos de acompanhamento, 48(19%) faleceram. A sobrevida global dos participantes com IC nos 2, 6, 10 e 12,3 anos de seguimento, foi de 96%, 89%, 82% e 80% respectivamente. O risco de mortalidade foi 4,5 vezes maior (HR:4,46; IC95%: 3,3&#8211;5,9) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo n&#227;o acometido, (p&lt;0,01) e mesmo ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de modelo ajustado, o risco de mortalidade permaneceu duas vezes mais elevado, (HR:1,77; IC95%:1,3&#8211;2,4). As vari&#225;veis associadas a pior progn&#243;stico foram: sexo masculino, idade avan&#231;ada, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE&lt;45%), hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Encontramos elevada mortalidade em participantes com IC na coorte ELSA-Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida e Fatores Associados a Mortalidade em Portadores de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Coorte ELSA-Brasil</title>
              <p>An&#225;lise de Sobrevida e Fatores Associados a Mortalidade em Portadores de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca na Coorte ELSA-Brasil.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4wbrbr3GRFqT7RCTS4xqD7v/c1d29ef74695b133c4ff151c9ff3c2fc979d3b02.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4wbrbr3GRFqT7RCTS4xqD7v/207f3790c0c72b6630c796e613224e57017f8bf6.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/4wbrbr3GRFqT7RCTS4xqD7v/2a7fa46f07a802f7d4e0d1f90f3f58178d0d1513.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Sobrevida</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010.00RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0300.00ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil e CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="16"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) acomete mais de 23 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo mundo, com elevada morbidade e mortalidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>e representa a consequ&#234;ncia final de diversas condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. As principais causas s&#227;o cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, hipertens&#227;o arterial, miocardiopatias, doen&#231;as valvares e particularmente na Am&#233;rica do Sul a cardiopatia chag&#225;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entre os fatores de risco relacionados destacam-se doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, hipertens&#227;o arterial (HAS), diabetes mellitus (DM), idade avan&#231;ada (&#8805;65 anos), obesidade, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) e disfun&#231;&#227;o renal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os desfechos dos pacientes com IC se baseiam em dados de pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica do Norte e da Europa. O estudo INTER-CHF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mostrou correla&#231;&#227;o entre aspectos culturais, sociais e econ&#244;micos e as diferen&#231;as na mortalidade por IC entre diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo, enquanto o estudo Rotterdam<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup>revelou varia&#231;&#245;es significativas na sobrevida ap&#243;s cinco anos do diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      <p>Estudos sobre progn&#243;stico da IC exploram mais frequentemente taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia reduzidas para internamentos agudos, como o modelo de risco ADHERE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> tornando essas estimativas diferentes de portadores de IC cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, apesar do aumento na preval&#234;ncia e da correla&#231;&#227;o com taxas de mortalidade mais elevadas, a sobrevida ap&#243;s diagn&#243;stico da IC tem melhorado nos &#250;ltimos anos. Essa evolu&#231;&#227;o tem sido atribu&#237;da ao diagn&#243;stico complementar e laboratorial precoce, manejo cl&#237;nico e &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o de novas terapias farmacol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No Brasil, estima-se que mais de 3 milh&#245;es de pessoas tenham IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o tem sido apontada como uma das principais causas de interna&#231;&#245;es e de mortalidade intra-hospitalar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> gerando um impacto financeiro substancial nos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os objetivos deste estudo s&#227;o avaliar a sobrevida, mortalidade e poss&#237;veis fatores associados ao pior progn&#243;stico em portadores de IC cr&#244;nica de participantes da coorte ELSA-Brasil.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo observacional e prospectivo que utilizou dados da coorte ELSA-Brasil, uma coorte multic&#234;ntrica composta por 15.105 servidores p&#250;blicos brasileiros, ativos e aposentados, com idade entre 35 a 74 anos, de seis institui&#231;&#245;es de ensino superior e pesquisa do pa&#237;s, (Universidades federais da Bahia, do Esp&#237;rito Santo, de Minas Gerais e do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e a Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz), que tem por objetivo avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia e evolu&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis e os principais fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A popula&#231;&#227;o desse estudo foi composta por 251 participantes que relataram diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de IC na linha de base (2008-2010), por meio do question&#225;rio Hist&#243;ria M&#233;dica Pregressa (HMP). O protocolo de pesquisa recebeu a aprova&#231;&#227;o dos Comit&#234;s de &#201;tica e Pesquisa de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, bem como da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa (Registro do CEP: 027-06/CEP-ISC). Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido informado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As entrevistas e exames foram conduzidos presencialmente por pessoal treinado e capacitado, seguindo um criterioso controle de qualidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Os question&#225;rios estruturados abordaram vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, h&#225;bitos de vida, comorbidades pr&#233;vias e uso de medicamentos. Os exames englobaram an&#225;lises laboratoriais (sangue e urina),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> medidas antropom&#233;tricas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>eletrocardiograma (ECG)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e exames de imagem como o ecocardiograma (ECO),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> seguindo uma t&#233;cnica padronizada publicada previamente. Exames de imagem cardiovascular como o ECO foram avaliados por um comit&#234; externo de observadores cegos para identifica&#231;&#227;o dos participantes, utilizando o mesmo modelo de aparelho (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, T&#243;quio, Jap&#227;o) nos seis centros do ELSA-Brasil. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi calculada pelo m&#233;todo de Teicholz.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis foram categorizadas conforme o n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica, consumo de &#225;lcool, tabagismo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), escolaridade e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de triglic&#233;rides. Quanto &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, os participantes foram classificados em tr&#234;s categorias: atividade intensa (&#8805;150 minutos de atividades vigorosas por semana), moderada (&#8805;150 minutos de atividade moderada por semana) e pouco ativa (de 10 minutos a &lt;150 minutos de caminhada ou atividade moderada por semana).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O consumo de &#225;lcool foi categorizado como consumo excessivo (&gt;210 g de &#225;lcool por semana para homens e &gt;140 g de &#225;lcool por semana para mulheres) ou n&#227;o excessivo (&lt;210 g de &#225;lcool por semana para homens e &lt;140 g de &#225;lcool por semana para mulheres). Quanto aos triglicer&#237;deos, as categorias foram &lt;150 mg/dL ou &#8805;150 mg/dL. As categorias do IMC foram: obeso (&#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), sobrepeso (&#8805;25 e &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e eutr&#243;fico (&lt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A escolaridade foi dividida em duas categorias: at&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio completo e ensino superior. Tamb&#233;m foram examinados os medicamentos utilizados e a ades&#227;o aos mesmos, empregando a escala de ades&#227;o &#224; medica&#231;&#227;o Morisky.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do estado de sa&#250;de dos participantes foi conduzida por meio de um question&#225;rio de autoavalia&#231;&#227;o de sa&#250;de. E para an&#225;lise do risco cardiovascular, foi utilizado o Escore de Risco Global (10 anos), categorizado de acordo com as diretrizes da <italic>American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA)</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> de 2013.</p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o de 251 participantes com IC na linha de base da coorte foi acompanhada por um per&#237;odo aproximado de 12,3 anos. As informa&#231;&#245;es sobre ocorr&#234;ncia do &#243;bito e a data do mesmo foram obtidas atrav&#233;s dos departamentos de recursos humanos das institui&#231;&#245;es que sediam o estudo e no Sistema de Informa&#231;&#227;o sobre Mortalidade (SIM-Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de), al&#233;m das chamadas telef&#244;nicas anuais realizadas pelo estudo para verificar o estado geral e a sa&#250;de dos participantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foram realizadas an&#225;lises descritivas do perfil dos participantes com IC na linha de base. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas (n) e relativas (%). Para a vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua como a idade, foi calculada a mediana e seu correspondente intervalo interquartil, (Q1: 25&#186; percentil-Q3: 75&#186; percentil), devido &#224; n&#227;o normalidade dos dados, testados atrav&#233;s do teste de Shapiro-Wilk.</p>
        <p>Para estimar a sobrevida ao longo de 12,3 anos, e seu respectivo intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%, foi aplicada a t&#225;bua de vida e o m&#233;todo de <italic>Kaplan-Meier</italic> com os seguintes crit&#233;rios: a) evento inicial: IC na primeira visita &#224; coorte; b) evento final: desfecho &#243;bito, independente da causa; c) tempo de sobrevida: tempo observado entre os eventos (inicial e final), correspondente a (01 de agosto de 2008 a 04 de janeiro de 2021); d) censuras: casos de perda de acompanhamento durante o seguimento do estudo e casos vivos ao final do per&#237;odo definido, juntamente com os fatores de risco associados.</p>
        <p>Em seguida, foram estimadas fun&#231;&#245;es de sobrevida de participantes com IC segundo as vari&#225;veis do estudo e seus respectivos IC95%. O teste de <italic>log-rank</italic> foi usado para determinar as diferen&#231;as nas distribui&#231;&#245;es das curvas de sobrevida, considerando-se significativo o valor de p&lt;0,05. Posteriormente, foram realizadas modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox, que de forma multivariada incorporaram as vari&#225;veis: sexo, idade, HAS, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o inferior a 45% (FEVE&lt;45%), colesterol HDL (mg/dL), hemoglobina glicada (%) e creatinina no sangue (mg/dL). Foram obtidos os valores das <italic>Hazard Ratio</italic> (HR) brutas e ajustadas, com seus respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (<italic>IC</italic>) de 95%. As vari&#225;veis selecionadas no estudo que foram inclu&#237;das conjuntamente na an&#225;lise multivariada, n&#227;o violaram o pressuposto dos riscos proporcionais, avaliado por meio do teste de suposi&#231;&#227;o de riscos proporcionais, considerando-se p&lt;0,05 estatisticamente significante. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas no <italic>Software STATA vers&#227;o 16</italic>.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de 2008 a 2010, foram avaliados 251 participantes, cujas caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Dentre os indiv&#237;duos com IC na visita 01 ao ELSA-Brasil, 127 (51%) eram do sexo masculino (p=0,11) e a mediana de idade foi de 59 anos (intervalo interquartil: 53-65 anos).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas dos participantes com IC, (n=251), na visita 1</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (n=251)* </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                <th>(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">124</td>
                <td align="center">(49,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">(50,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Idade (anos), mediana e IIQ</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8225;</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">59</td>
                <td align="center">(53&#8211;65)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>35-44</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">(6,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>45-54</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">(24,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>55-64</td>
                <td align="center">105</td>
                <td align="center">(41,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>65-74</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">(27,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor da pele</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">96</td>
                <td align="center">(39,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">(30,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">(26,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(1,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Amarela</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td align="center">(3,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Superior completo</td>
                <td align="center">81</td>
                <td align="center">(32,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>At&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio completo</td>
                <td align="center">170</td>
                <td align="center">(67,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>ELSA-Brasil, (2008/2010); * Participantes com IC na visita 1. A soma dos valores absolutos pode diferir devido a dados faltantes; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Valores apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e frequ&#234;ncia relativa (%); <sup>&#8225;</sup> Valores expressos em mediana e IIQ: intervalo interquartil: (Q1: 25&#186; percentil - Q3: 75&#186; percentil).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes. Cerca de 172 (68%) foram diagnosticados com IC antes dos 55 anos, sendo a HAS a comorbidade mais prevalente, afetando 192 (77%). Embora muitos avaliarem sua sa&#250;de como &#8220;boa&#8221;, o Escore de Risco Global indicou um risco cardiovascular &#8220;lim&#237;trofe&#8221;.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas dos participantes com IC, (n=251), na visita 1</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (n=251)* </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                <th>(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Idade no diagn&#243;stico de IC (anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 55</td>
                <td align="center">172</td>
                <td align="center">(68,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 55</td>
                <td align="center">79</td>
                <td align="center">(31,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intensa</td>
                <td align="center">18</td>
                <td align="center">(3,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Moderada</td>
                <td align="center">41</td>
                <td align="center">(16,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pouco ativa</td>
                <td align="center">198</td>
                <td align="center">(80,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>H&#225;bito de fumar</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nuca</td>
                <td align="center">111</td>
                <td align="center">(44,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                <td align="center">113</td>
                <td align="center">(45,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">(10,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Etilismo</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">(6,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>2</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofismo</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">(17,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">(42,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">(39,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Obesidade Abdominal</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">145</td>
                <td align="center">(58,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sintoma de Fadiga</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">(40,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Angina</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">(28,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>IAM</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">53</td>
                <td align="center">(21,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>HAS</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">(76,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>DM</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">(40,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">(3,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a Coronariana</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">(29,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>DPOC</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">(5,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Estado de Sa&#250;de (auto avalia&#231;&#227;o)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Muito bom</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">(6,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bom</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">(42,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regular</td>
                <td align="center">102</td>
                <td align="center">(40,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ruim</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">(8,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Escore Risco Global (em 10 anos)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo risco (&lt;5%)</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">(20,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Lim&#237;trofe (5-&lt;20%</td>
                <td align="center">116</td>
                <td align="center">(47,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alto risco (&#8805;20%)</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">(31,7)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ELSA-Brasil, (2008/2010); * Participantes com IC na visita 1. A soma dos valores absolutos pode diferir devido a dados faltantes; &#8224;Valores apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e frequ&#234;ncia relativa (%). IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial; DM: diabetes mellitus.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ilustra as caracter&#237;sticas dos exames dos participantes com IC. No ECO, 15 (6%) mostraram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE &lt; 45%), enquanto 7 (3%) foram diagnosticados com IAM no ECG.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de exames laboratoriais e de imagem de participantes com IC, (n=251), na visita 1</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (n=251)* </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                <th>(%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Exames laboratoriais</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Glicemia em jejum (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(&#8805;126 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">(24,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Hemoglobina glicada (%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(&#8805;6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">(19,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Triglic&#233;rides alto</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">83</td>
                <td align="center">(33,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Colesterol Total (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(&gt;200 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">99</td>
                <td align="center">(39,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Colesterol LDL</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#8225;</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>(mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(&#8805;160 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">(9,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Colesterol HDL</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>&#167;</bold>
                  </sup>
                  <bold>(mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(&lt; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">(17,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Creatinina (mg/dL)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(&#8805; 1,3 mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">(9,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Altera&#231;&#245;es no Ecocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE&lt;45%)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">(6,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o do VE&gt;6,5cm</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IAM pr&#233;vio</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td align="center">(2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Valvulopatia moderada/grave</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(2,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Altera&#231;&#245;es no Eletrocardiograma</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="3">
                  <bold>Arritmias/Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">(6,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IAM</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">(2,9)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>ELSA-Brasil, (2008/2010); <bold>*</bold> Participantes com IC na linha de base. A soma dos valores absolutos pode diferir devido a dados faltantes; <sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> Valores apresentados como frequ&#234;ncia absoluta (n) e frequ&#234;ncia relativa; <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; <sup>&#167;/</sup>HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Dentre os participantes com IC, 33% usavam inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA), 37% betabloqueadores, 19% bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II (BRA) e 10% bloqueadores dos receptores da aldosterona (MRAs). A ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso foi de 90%.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de sobrevida</title>
        <p>Durante 12,3 anos de acompanhamento, foram registrados 48 &#243;bitos (19%) e 203 censuras entre participantes com IC da coorte ELSA-Brasil. O grupo censurado incluiu 146 participantes vivos e 57 perdidos ao longo do per&#237;odo. Entre os &#243;bitos, 31 (64%) eram do sexo masculino, a maioria tinha entre 55 e 64 anos, 16 (33%) se declararam brancos e 33 (69%) possu&#237;am escolaridade at&#233; o ensino m&#233;dio. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de sobrevida est&#227;o na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; T&#225;bua de vida para tempo em anos at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bitos em participantes com IC, (n=251)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> Tempo (em anos) </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>&#211;bitos</th>
                  <th>Censura</th>
                  <th>Fun&#231;&#227;o de Sobrevida</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Intervalo de Confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8804; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">251</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9602</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9272</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9784</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;2 a &#8804;6</td>
                  <td align="center">241</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8964</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8516</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9283</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;6 a &#8804;10</td>
                  <td align="center">222</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8197</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7661</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8621</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt;10 a 12,3</td>
                  <td align="center">149</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">146</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8032</td>
                  <td align="center">0,7471</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8481</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Fonte: ELSA-Brasil, (01 de agosto de 2008 a 04 de janeiro de 2021).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo de 12,3 anos de acompanhamento, a sobrevida global dos participantes com IC foi de 80% (<italic>IC95%</italic>: 75-85), com taxa de mortalidade de 20%. De forma distinta, o grupo controle (sem IC) teve sobrevida de 95% (<italic>IC95%</italic>: 94-95) e 5% de mortalidade.</p>
        <p>Como se pode observar na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, constatou-se que os tempos de sobrevida foram mais curtos entre os participantes com IC.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curva de Kaplan-Meier exibindo a sobrevida ao longo de 12,3 anos para participantes com IC na linha de base, (n=251), ELSA-Brasil, (01 de agosto de 2008 a 04 de janeiro de 2021). Valor de p&lt;0,01.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240705-40705-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta a probabilidade de sobrevida em 12,3 anos para participantes com IC. A sobrevida foi de 86% (<italic>IC95%</italic>: 79-91) para mulheres e 73% (<italic>IC95%</italic>: 63-80) para homens. Entre os mais jovens (&lt;55 anos), a sobrevida alcan&#231;ou 92% (<italic>IC95%</italic>: 82-97), enquanto para os mais velhos (&#8805;65 anos) foi de 71% (<italic>IC95%</italic>: 58-80).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Probabilidade condicional de sobrevida em 12,3 anos, segundo caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas de participantes com IC, (n=251), na visita 1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>Probabilidade de Sobrevida (%) (IC95%)*</th>
                  <th>p-valor<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">86,3 (79,0&#8211;91,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">72,9 (63,2&#8211;80,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade no diagn&#243;stico de IC (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 55</td>
                  <td align="center">83,0 (76,1&#8211;88,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 55</td>
                  <td align="center">73,1 (61,0&#8211;82,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE&lt;45%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">82,1 (76,4&#8211;86,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">44,4 (18,5&#8211;67,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (&gt;6,5cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">80,1 (74,3&#8211;84,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">60,0 (12,6&#8211;88,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ra&#231;a/cor da pele</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,82</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Branca</td>
                  <td align="center">82,4 (72,3&#8211;89,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parda</td>
                  <td align="center">76,0 (63,4&#8211;84,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preta</td>
                  <td align="center">82,0 (70,6&#8211;89,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-54</td>
                  <td align="center">92,2 (82,3&#8211;96,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55-64</td>
                  <td align="center">77,4 (67,0&#8211;84,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65-74</td>
                  <td align="center">70,7 (58,0&#8211;80,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>H&#225;bito de Fumar</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nunca</td>
                  <td align="center">85,7 (78,1&#8211;91,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ex-fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">75,2 (64,7&#8211;82,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fumante</td>
                  <td align="center">70,4 (49,3&#8211;84,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Atividade f&#237;sica</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intensa</td>
                  <td align="center">88,8 (43,3&#8211;98,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderada</td>
                  <td align="center">84,9 (69,4&#8211;92,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pouco ativo</td>
                  <td align="center">80,0 (73,4&#8211;85,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IMC (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                  <td align="center">71,7 (55,0&#8211;83,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso</td>
                  <td align="center">81,5 (72,3&#8211;82,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">82,1 (73,4&#8211;88,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">88,1 (74,1&#8211;94,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">77,5 (70,7&#8211;82,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IAM pr&#233;vio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">80,9 (75,2&#8211;85,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0 (5,2&#8211;75,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Doen&#231;a Coronariana</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">81,6 (74,8&#8211;86,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">72,6 (59,6&#8211;82,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobina glicada (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt; 6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,2 (75,9&#8211;87,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805; 6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,9 (53,8&#8211;79,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt; 1,3 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,2 (77,3&#8211;87,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805; 1,3 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,8 (25,6&#8211;63,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertrigliceridemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">78,5 (70,9&#8211;84,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">82,4 (72,8&#8211;88,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">83,5 (77,5&#8211;87,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,0 (46,9&#8211;76,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol LDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt;160 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">79,0 (72,8&#8211;83,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805;160 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">87,3 (65,5&#8211;95,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>ELSA-Brasil, (01 de agosto de 2008 a 04 de janeiro de 2021); * IC95%: intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a; <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-valor: correspondente ao teste de log-rank; signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, p&lt;0,05. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal ; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arteria; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta intensidade; LDL: lipoprot&#233;ina de baixa intensidade.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref> apresenta a probabilidade de sobrevida de participantes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE&lt;45%) com base no uso de medicamentos. Ao longo de 12,3 anos, aqueles que utilizaram IECA, estatinas, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, metformina e gliclazida apresentaram maior sobrevida, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Probabilidade de sobrevida em 12,3 anos, segundo uso cont&#237;nuo de medica&#231;&#227;o por participantes com IC e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE&lt;45%), (n=15), na visita 1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Uso de medica&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Probabilidade de Sobrevida (%) (IC95%)*</th>
                  <th>p-valor<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IECA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (11-71)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (11-80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BRA</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (21-74)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (01-77)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Betabloqueadores</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (13-96)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (09-62)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diur&#233;ticos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (05-94)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (11-65)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>MRAs</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (11-80)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (11-71)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Controle do DM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (15-70)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (06-84)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Estatinas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td>0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (01-59)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (19-90)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (10-66)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (12-88)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>ELSA-Brasil, (01 de agosto de 2008 a 04 de janeiro de 2021); * IC95%: intervalo de 95% de confian&#231;a; &#8224; p-valor: correspondente ao teste de log-rank; com signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica, p&lt;0,05. IECA: inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueadores dos receptores de angiotensina II; MRAs: bloqueadores dos receptores da aldosterona; DM: diabetes mellittus.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mortalidade</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref> apresenta as <italic>hazard ratios</italic> (HR) brutas e ajustadas, estimadas com base nos modelos de riscos proporcionais de <italic>Cox</italic>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risco de mortalidade em 12,3 anos, de participantes com IC, (n=251), na visita 1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Mortalidade</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> HR bruta IC95% </th>
                  <th>p-valor *</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> HR ajustada<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> IC95% </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4,46 (3,33-5,97)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,77 (1,29-2,45)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>ELSA-Brasil, (01 de agosto de 2008 a 04 de janeiro de 2021); *Signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: p-valor&lt;0,05; &#8224; HR ajustada: (sexo, idade, FEVE&lt;45%, HAS; IAM; colesterol HDL; hemoglobina glicada e creatinina).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref>, s&#227;o identificados os fatores progn&#243;sticos que influenciaram o risco de mortalidade em 12,3 anos para participantes com IC na coorte ELSA-Brasil. Sexo masculino, (FEVE&lt;45%), HAS e n&#237;veis elevados de hemoglobina glicada e creatinina, aumentaram substancialmente o risco. Da mesma forma, a cada ano adicional de idade elevou o risco de morte em at&#233; 7%. Esses resultados foram consistentes nos modelos bruto e ajustado (p&lt;0,05).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Tabela 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risco de mortalidade e fatores progn&#243;sticos no per&#237;odo de 12,3 anos de participantes com IC, (n=251), na visita 1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Mortalidade</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> HR bruta IC95% </th>
                  <th>p<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> HR ajustada* IC95% </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89 (1,05&#8212;3,39)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,62 (1,39&#8212;1,89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,04(1,01&#8212;1,08)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,07(1,06&#8212;1,08)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE &lt; 45%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">3,73(1,75&#8212;7,96)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,29 (1,23&#8212;4,25)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IAM pr&#233;vio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">4,42 (1,38&#8212;14,24)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,50 (0,73&#8212;3,10)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HAS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sim</td>
                  <td align="center">2,35 (1,01&#8212;5,52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,45 (1,24&#8212;1,70)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Colesterol HDL (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,12 (1,17&#8212;3,84)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1,04 (0,85&#8212;1,27)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hemoglobina glicada (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt; 6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805; 6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,19 (1,20&#8212;4,01)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,38 (1,99&#8212;2,85)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinina</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt; 1,3 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805; 1,3 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,00 (2,65&#8212;9,44)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2,11 (1,64&#8212;2,71)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>ELSA-Brasil, (01 de agosto de 2008 a 04 de janeiro de 2021); *HR ajustada: (sexo; idade; FEVE&lt;45%; HAS; IAM pr&#233;vio; colesterol HDL; hemoglobina glicada; creatinina); <sup>&#8224;</sup>p<sup>:</sup> signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica: p-valor&lt;0,05. IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Observamos redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida, elevado risco de mortalidade, al&#233;m da identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores progn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos em portadores de IC na coorte ELSA-Brasil. Os resultados mostram uma queda progressiva na sobrevida dos participantes com IC ao longo das avalia&#231;&#245;es de seguimento (de 2 a 12,3 anos), com diminui&#231;&#227;o de 96% para 80%. Isso representa um impacto quatro vezes maior na mortalidade em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos sem o diagn&#243;stico de IC, e mesmo ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o de um modelo ajustado, a mortalidade permanece duas vezes mais alta.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos trabalhos de sobrevida e desfechos em pacientes com IC s&#227;o derivados de dados de pacientes agudos internados e selecionados por evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica desfavor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isso torna as estimativas de sobrevida destes casos n&#227;o diretamente aplic&#225;veis a portadores de IC est&#225;vel &#8220;cr&#244;nica&#8221;, ou seja, ambulatoriais, que mantiveram per&#237;odos prolongados de controle e tratamento dos sintomas cardiovasculares. Desta forma, estudos anteriores, que n&#227;o foram influenciados pelas novas terapias farmacol&#243;gicas, indicaram que a sobrevida em 1 ano na IC &#8220;aguda&#8221; variava entre 55% e 65%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o com taxas de 80% a 90% na IC &#8220;cr&#244;nica&#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> como encontrados em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Na coorte ELSA-Brasil, o sexo feminino e a idade mais baixa (&lt;55 anos) foram apontados como fatores de prote&#231;&#227;o e associados a uma probabilidade maior de sobrevida nos participantes com IC. Dados que divergem de outros estudos que n&#227;o identificaram diferen&#231;as no progn&#243;stico de sobrevida entre os sexos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, foi visto que pessoas com 60 anos ou mais s&#227;o frequentemente inclu&#237;das em pesquisas sobre IC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e comumente associadas a uma probabilidade de sobrevida menor. Os resultados do estudo THIN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> no Reino Unido, demonstram uma taxa de sobrevida em cinco anos de 81% para participantes com IC na faixa et&#225;ria de 45 a 54 anos, em contraste com uma taxa de sobrevida de 50% para aqueles com idade mais avan&#231;ada, entre 75 a 84 anos, coincidentes com nossos resultados.</p>
      <p>Quanto as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas, a maioria dos participantes com IC na linha de base da coorte, apresentou baixo grau de escolaridade, sedentarismo, sobrepeso, obesidade abdominal, ex-tabagismo e elevada preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiovasculares como HAS (77%), DM (41%), cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (30%) e hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de IAM (21%). Embora estas manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas estejam alinhadas com outras pesquisas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> nesta popula&#231;&#227;o portadora de IC, houve uma predomin&#226;ncia de maior risco de mortalidade apenas para as vari&#225;veis: sexo masculino, presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica (FEVE&lt;45%), HAS, n&#237;veis elevados de hemoglobina glicada e de creatinina no sangue.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o encontramos rela&#231;&#227;o entre mortalidade e cor da pele preta, apesar de outras s&#233;ries apontarem para maior preval&#234;ncia e pior progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, embora a maioria dos nossos participantes ter sido diagnosticada com IC antes dos 55 anos de idade, n&#227;o encontramos evid&#234;ncias de uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa para uma maior sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, concordantes com os resultados relatados por Park et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> observamos que a taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular reduzida &#233; um forte preditor de mortalidade, al&#233;m de HAS e hemoglobina glicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a sobrevida global durante aproximadamente 12,3 anos de acompanhamento, dos participantes com IC que apresentaram disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica com (FEVE&lt;45%), foi de 44%. A taxa de mortalidade ultrapassou os 50%, correspondendo a um risco quatro vezes maior em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem altera&#231;&#245;es. Esses dados se assemelham ao estudo ECHOES,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> que revelou probabilidade de sobrevida de 53% ao longo de cinco anos para portadores de IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de medica&#231;&#227;o, a literatura sustenta que os antagonistas neuro-hormonais (IECA, MRAs e betabloqueadores) melhoram a sobrevida de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, pesquisas indicam que o uso de ARNI (sacubitril/valsartana)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> tem sido recomendado nas diretrizes de pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica para reduzir a morbimortalidade nestes pacientes com ICFEr. Entretanto, em nosso estudo, observamos ao longo dos 12,3 anos de seguimento, uma tend&#234;ncia para uma maior sobrevida entre os participantes com IC e FEVE&lt;45% que estavam em uso cont&#237;nuo de IECA, estatinas, antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, metformina e gliclazida, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo &#233; que a sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes da coorte ELSA-Brasil, composta por servidores de institui&#231;&#245;es p&#250;blicas, representa um segmento espec&#237;fico da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira. Isso reflete particularidades e caracter&#237;sticas regionais de um pa&#237;s continental, o que pode dificultar a extrapola&#231;&#227;o de alguns dados encontrados para a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida n&#227;o foi estritamente doen&#231;a-espec&#237;fica, uma vez que n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel identificar todas as causas descritas na declara&#231;&#227;o de &#243;bito dos participantes. O diagn&#243;stico de IC foi informado pelos participantes, sem confirma&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, o que pode ter ocasionado algumas varia&#231;&#245;es nos dados. Novos estudos de coorte na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para investigar se essas altera&#231;&#245;es podem agregar informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas adicionais, como observado no estudo DIGITALIS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados demostraram que a IC foi importante fator de redu&#231;&#227;o da sobrevida global na coorte ELSA-Brasil. Sexo feminino e idade inferior a 55 anos foram associados a melhor sobrevida. A mortalidade permaneceu elevada entre portadores de IC do sexo masculino, com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, hipertens&#227;o arterial, DM e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Aos participantes da coorte que concordaram em colaborar com este estudo e a toda equipe de pesquisa do ELSA-Brasil por suas contribui&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022;145(18):e876-e894. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Heidenreich</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aguilar</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Allen</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Byun</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Colvin</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>145</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>e876</fpage>
          <lpage>e894</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIR.0000000000001062</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Marcondes-Braga FG, Moura LAZ, Issa VS, Vieira JL, Rohde LE, Sim&#245;es MV, et al. Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(6):1174-212. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210367.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>LAZ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Emerging Topics Update of the Brazilian Heart Failure Guideline - 2021</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1174</fpage>
          <lpage>1212</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210367</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Rohde LEP, Montera MW, Bocchi EA, Clausell NO, Albuquerque DC, Rassi S, et al. Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(3):436-539. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180190.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rohde</surname>
              <given-names>LEP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausell</surname>
              <given-names>NO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diretriz Brasileira de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Cr&#244;nica e Aguda</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>436</fpage>
          <lpage>539</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180190</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Komanduri S, Jadhao Y, Guduru SS, Cheriyath P, Wert Y. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Heart Failure in the USA: NHANES 2013 - 2014 Epidemiological Follow-Up Study. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017;7(1):15-20. doi: 10.1080/20009666.2016.1264696.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Komanduri</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jadhao</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guduru</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheriyath</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wert</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prevalence and Risk Factors of Heart Failure in the USA: NHANES 2013 - 2014 Epidemiological Follow-Up Study</article-title>
          <source>J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>15</fpage>
          <lpage>20</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/20009666.2016.1264696</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Dokainish H, Teo K, Zhu J, Roy A, AlHabib KF, El Sayed A, et al. Global Mortality Variations in Patients with Heart Failure: Results from the International Congestive Heart Failure (INTER-CHF) Prospective Cohort Study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(7):665-72. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30196-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dokainish</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teo</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roy</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>AlHabib</surname>
              <given-names>KF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>El Sayed</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Global Mortality Variations in Patients with Heart Failure: Results from the International Congestive Heart Failure (INTER-CHF) Prospective Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>Lancet Glob Health</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>665</fpage>
          <lpage>672</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30196-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Bleumink GS, Knetsch AM, Sturkenboom MC, Straus SM, Hofman A, Deckers JW, et al. Quantifying the Heart Failure Epidemic: Prevalence, Incidence Rate, Lifetime Risk and Prognosis of Heart Failure the Rotterdam Study. Eur Heart J. 2004;25(18):1614-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.038.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bleumink</surname>
              <given-names>GS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Knetsch</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sturkenboom</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Straus</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hofman</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Deckers</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Quantifying the Heart Failure Epidemic: Prevalence, Incidence Rate, Lifetime Risk and Prognosis of Heart Failure the Rotterdam Study</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>18</issue>
          <fpage>1614</fpage>
          <lpage>1619</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ehj.2004.06.038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Bernardes DS, Santos MS, Mantovani VM, Almeida OP Neto, Goldraich LA, Clausell N, et al. Use of the ADHERE Risk Model as a Predictor of Risk of in-Hospital Worsening Heart Failure in a Cohort. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(8):e20220584. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220584.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bernardes</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mantovani</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>OP</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldraich</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clausell</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of the ADHERE Risk Model as a Predictor of Risk of in-Hospital Worsening Heart Failure in a Cohort</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220584</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Jones NR, Roalfe AK, Adoki I, Hobbs FDR, Taylor CJ. Survival of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in the Community: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21(11):1306-25. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.1594.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roalfe</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Adoki</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>FDR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Survival of Patients with Chronic Heart Failure in the Community: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1306</fpage>
          <lpage>1325</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ejhf.1594</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the Special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129-200. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ponikowski</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voors</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bueno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cleland</surname>
              <given-names>JGF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2016 ESC Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the Special Contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>27</issue>
          <fpage>2129</fpage>
          <lpage>2200</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Castiglione V, Aimo A, Vergaro G, Saccaro L, Passino C, Emdin M. Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2022;27(2):625-43. doi: 10.1007/s10741-021-10105-w.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castiglione</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aimo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vergaro</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saccaro</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Emdin</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biomarkers for the Diagnosis and Management of Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>625</fpage>
          <lpage>643</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-021-10105-w</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Mesquita ET, Mendes AP, Moura L, Figueiredo J&#193; Neto, Marcondes-Braga FG, Bacal F, et al. The Challenges of Heart Failure Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow and the 20 Years of DEIC. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(2):359-62. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201200.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mesquita</surname>
              <given-names>ET</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>AP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moura</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
              <given-names>J&#193;</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Challenges of Heart Failure Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow and the 20 Years of DEIC</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>359</fpage>
          <lpage>362</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201200</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Arruda VL, Machado LMG, Lima JC, Silva PRS. Trends in Mortality from Heart Failure in Brazil: 1998 to 2019. Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2022;25:E220021. doi: 10.1590/1980-549720220021.2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arruda</surname>
              <given-names>VL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>LMG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lima</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>PRS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trends in Mortality from Heart Failure in Brazil: 1998 to 2019</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <elocation-id>E220021</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1980-549720220021.2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Stevens B, Pezzullo L, Verdian L, Tomlinson J, George A, Bacal F. The Economic Burden of Heart Conditions in Brazil. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;111(1):29-36. doi: 10.5935/abc.20180104.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stevens</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pezzullo</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verdian</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tomlinson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>George</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bacal</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Economic Burden of Heart Conditions in Brazil</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>29</fpage>
          <lpage>36</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20180104</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Aquino EM, Barreto SM, Bensenor IM, Carvalho MS, Chor D, Duncan BB, et al. Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Objectives and Design. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(4):315-24. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr294.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bensenor</surname>
              <given-names>IM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chor</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil): Objectives and Design</article-title>
          <source>Am J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>175</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>315</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/aje/kwr294</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Mill JG, Lotufo PA, Chor D, Barreto SM, et al. Cohort Profile: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(1):68-75. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyu027.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duncan</surname>
              <given-names>BB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chor</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cohort Profile: Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)</article-title>
          <source>Int J Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>68</fpage>
          <lpage>75</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ije/dyu027</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Aquino EM, Araujo MJ, Almeida MC, Concei&#231;&#227;o P, Andrade CR, Cade NV, et al. Participants Recruitment in ELSA-Brasil (Brazilian Longitudinal Study for Adult Health). Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(Suppl 2):10-8. doi: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003953.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Araujo</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Concei&#231;&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cade</surname>
              <given-names>NV</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Participants Recruitment in ELSA-Brasil (Brazilian Longitudinal Study for Adult Health)</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003953</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Schmidt MI, Griep RH, Passos VM, Luft VC, Goulart AC, Menezes GM, et al. Strategies and Development of Quality Assurance and Control in the ELSA-Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(Suppl 2):105-12. doi: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003889.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schmidt</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griep</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passos</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luft</surname>
              <given-names>VC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goulart</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Menezes</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Strategies and Development of Quality Assurance and Control in the ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>105</fpage>
          <lpage>112</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003889</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Fedeli LG, Vidigal PG, Leite CM, Castilhos CD, Pimentel RA, Maniero VC, et al. Logistics of Collection and Transportation of Biological Samples and the Organization of the Central Laboratory in the ELSA-Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(Suppl 2):63-71. doi: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003807.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fedeli</surname>
              <given-names>LG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vidigal</surname>
              <given-names>PG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>CM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castilhos</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pimentel</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maniero</surname>
              <given-names>VC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Logistics of Collection and Transportation of Biological Samples and the Organization of the Central Laboratory in the ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>63</fpage>
          <lpage>71</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003807</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Mill JG, Pinto K, Griep RH, Goulart A, Foppa M, Lotufo PA, et al. Medical Assessments and Measurements in ELSA-Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(Suppl 2):54-62. doi: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003851.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mill</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pinto</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Griep</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goulart</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foppa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Medical Assessments and Measurements in ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>54</fpage>
          <lpage>62</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003851</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Ribeiro ALP, Pereira SV, Bergmann K, Ladeira RM, Oliveira RA, Lotufo PA, et al. Challenges to Implementation of the ECG Reading Center in ELSA-Brasil. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(Suppl 2):87-94. doi: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004406.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>ALP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>SV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bergmann</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladeira</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oliveira</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lotufo</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Challenges to Implementation of the ECG Reading Center in ELSA-Brasil</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>87</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047004406</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Fernandes LP, Almeida MDCC, Matos SA, Campos ACP, C&#226;mara EJN, Foppa M, et al. Simple Echocardiographic Parameters are Strong Predictors of the Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Individuals: Elsa-Brasil Cohort. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022;118(5):916-24. doi: 10.36660/abc.20210101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MDCC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>ACP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#226;mara</surname>
              <given-names>EJN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Foppa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Simple Echocardiographic Parameters are Strong Predictors of the Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Individuals: Elsa-Brasil Cohort</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>916</fpage>
          <lpage>924</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210101</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Pitanga FJG, Matos SMA, Almeida MDC, Barreto SM, Aquino EML. Leisure-Time Physical Activity, but not Commuting Physical Activity, is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk among ELSA-Brasil Participants. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;110(1):36-43. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170178.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pitanga</surname>
              <given-names>FJG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Matos</surname>
              <given-names>SMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Almeida</surname>
              <given-names>MDC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>EML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Leisure-Time Physical Activity, but not Commuting Physical Activity, is Associated with Cardiovascular Risk among ELSA-Brasil Participants</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>110</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>36</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170178</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Morisky DE, Green LW, Levine DM. Concurrent and Predictive Validity of a Self-Reported Measure of Medication Adherence. Med Care. 1986;24(1):67-74. doi: 10.1097/00005650-198601000-00007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morisky</surname>
              <given-names>DE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Green</surname>
              <given-names>LW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Levine</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Concurrent and Predictive Validity of a Self-Reported Measure of Medication Adherence</article-title>
          <source>Med Care</source>
          <year>1986</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>67</fpage>
          <lpage>74</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00005650-198601000-00007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D'Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2935-59. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Goff</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lloyd-Jones</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bennett</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coady</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>D'Agostino</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
              <suffix>Sr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gibbons</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>63</volume>
          <issue>25 Pt B</issue>
          <fpage>2935</fpage>
          <lpage>2959</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2013.11.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Barreto SM, Ladeira RM, Bastos MS, Diniz MF, Jesus EA, Kelles SM, et al. ELSA-Brasil Strategies for Outcome Identification, Investigation and Ascertainment. Rev Saude Publica. 2013;47(Suppl 2):79-86. doi: 10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003836.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ladeira</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bastos</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jesus</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelles</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ELSA-Brasil Strategies for Outcome Identification, Investigation and Ascertainment</article-title>
          <source>Rev Saude Publica</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <supplement>Suppl 2</supplement>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0034-8910.2013047003836</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Jhund PS, Macintyre K, Simpson CR, Lewsey JD, Stewart S, Redpath A, et al. Long-Term Trends in First Hospitalization for Heart Failure and Subsequent Survival between 1986 and 2003: A Population Study of 5.1 Million People. Circulation. 2009;119(4):515-23. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.812172.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jhund</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macintyre</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Simpson</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewsey</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stewart</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Redpath</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Long-Term Trends in First Hospitalization for Heart Failure and Subsequent Survival between 1986 and 2003: A Population Study of 5.1 Million People</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>119</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>515</fpage>
          <lpage>523</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.812172</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Ko DT, Alter DA, Austin PC, You JJ, Lee DS, Qiu F, et al. Life Expectancy after an Index Hospitalization for Patients with Heart Failure: A Population-Based Study. Am Heart J. 2008;155(2):324-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.08.036.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ko</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alter</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Austin</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>You</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qiu</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Life Expectancy after an Index Hospitalization for Patients with Heart Failure: A Population-Based Study</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>155</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>324</fpage>
          <lpage>331</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2007.08.036</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Gudi&#241;o-Gomezjurado AF, Buitr&#243;n-Andrade R. Survival Analysis of Patients with Heart Failure in the Ecuadorian Andean population. Medwave. 2021;21(7):e8440. doi: 10.5867/medwave.2021.07.8440.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gudi&#241;o-Gomezjurado</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buitr&#243;n-Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Survival Analysis of Patients with Heart Failure in the Ecuadorian Andean population</article-title>
          <source>Medwave</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <elocation-id>e8440</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5867/medwave.2021.07.8440</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Bozkurt B, Ahmad T, Alexander KM, Baker WL, Bosak K, Breathett K, et al. Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America. J Card Fail. 2023;29(10):1412-51. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.07.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bozkurt</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmad</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alexander</surname>
              <given-names>KM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baker</surname>
              <given-names>WL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Breathett</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes Statistics: A Report of the Heart Failure Society of America</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>1412</fpage>
          <lpage>1451</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2023.07.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Taylor CJ, Ord&#243;&#241;ez-Mena JM, Roalfe AK, Lay-Flurrie S, Jones NR, Marshall T, et al. Trends in Survival after a Diagnosis of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom 2000-2017: Population based Cohort Study. BMJ. 2019;364:l223. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l223.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>CJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ord&#243;&#241;ez-Mena</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roalfe</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lay-Flurrie</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>NR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marshall</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Trends in Survival after a Diagnosis of Heart Failure in the United Kingdom 2000-2017: Population based Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>BMJ</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>364</volume>
          <fpage>l223</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/bmj.l223</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Pi&#241;a IL, Jimenez S, Lewis EF, Morris AA, Onwuanyi A, Tam E, et al. Race and Ethnicity in Heart Failure: JACC Focus Seminar 8/9. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;78(25):2589-98. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.058.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pi&#241;a</surname>
              <given-names>IL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jimenez</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lewis</surname>
              <given-names>EF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Onwuanyi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tam</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Race and Ethnicity in Heart Failure: JACC Focus Seminar 8/9</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>25</issue>
          <fpage>2589</fpage>
          <lpage>2598</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.058</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Abdin A, Anker SD, Butler J, Coats AJS, Kindermann I, Lainscak M, et al 'Time is Prognosis' in Heart Failure: Time-to-Treatment Initiation as a Modifiable Risk Factor. ESC Heart Fail. 2021;8(6):4444-53. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.13646.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abdin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butler</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Coats</surname>
              <given-names>AJS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kindermann</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lainscak</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>'Time is Prognosis' in Heart Failure: Time-to-Treatment Initiation as a Modifiable Risk Factor</article-title>
          <source>ESC Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>4444</fpage>
          <lpage>4453</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ehf2.13646</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Park CS, Park JJ, Oh IY, Yoon CH, Choi DJ, Park HA, et al. Relation of Renal Function with Left Ventricular Systolic Function and NT-proBNP Level and Its Prognostic Implication in Heart Failure with Preserved versus Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Analysis from the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) Registry. Korean Circ J. 2017;47(5):727-41. doi: 10.4070/kcj.2017.0050.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oh</surname>
              <given-names>IY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yoon</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Park</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relation of Renal Function with Left Ventricular Systolic Function and NT-proBNP Level and Its Prognostic Implication in Heart Failure with Preserved versus Reduced Ejection Fraction: An Analysis from the Korean Heart Failure (KorHF) Registry</article-title>
          <source>Korean Circ J</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>727</fpage>
          <lpage>741</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4070/kcj.2017.0050</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Hobbs FD, Roalfe AK, Davis RC, Davies MK, Hare R; Midlands Research Practices Consortium (MidReC). Prognosis of All-Cause Heart Failure and Borderline Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: 5 Year Mortality Follow-Up of the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (ECHOES). Eur Heart J. 2007;28(9):1128-34. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm102.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbs</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Roalfe</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davis</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davies</surname>
              <given-names>MK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hare</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Midlands Research Practices Consortium (MidReC)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognosis of All-Cause Heart Failure and Borderline Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: 5 Year Mortality Follow-Up of the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (ECHOES)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1128</fpage>
          <lpage>1134</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehm102</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Sauer AJ, Cole R, Jensen BC, Pal J, Sharma N, Yehya A, et al. Practical Guidance on the Use of Sacubitril/Valsartan for Heart Failure. Heart Fail Rev. 2019;24(2):167-76. doi: 10.1007/s10741-018-9757-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sauer</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cole</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jensen</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pal</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sharma</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yehya</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Practical Guidance on the Use of Sacubitril/Valsartan for Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Rev</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>24</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>167</fpage>
          <lpage>176</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10741-018-9757-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Jorge AL, Rosa ML, Martins WA, Correia DM, Fernandes LC, Costa JA, et al. The Prevalence of Stages of Heart Failure in Primary Care: A Population-Based Study. J Card Fail. 2016;22(2):153-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.10.017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jorge</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Martins</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Correia</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Prevalence of Stages of Heart Failure in Primary Care: A Population-Based Study</article-title>
          <source>J Card Fail</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>153</fpage>
          <lpage>157</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.10.017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Ana Paula de Oliveira L&#233;do pelo Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, bem como da Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 027-06/CEP-ISC. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil e CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240705i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Survival Analysis and Factors Associated with Mortality in Heart Failure Patients in the ELSA-Brasil Cohort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7846-4989</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>L&#233;do</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Matos</surname>
            <given-names>Sheila Maria Alvim</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Maria da Concei&#231;&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3755-3659</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Sa&#250;de Coletiva (ISC), Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Gon&#231;alo Moniz - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Ana Paula de Oliveira L&#233;do &#8226; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Augusto Viana, s/n. Postal Code 40110-060 Canela, Salvador, BA - Brazil E-mail: anapaulaledo3@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Few studies have evaluated the survival and prognostic factors of patients with this condition in light of the therapeutic advances of recent decades.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To describe the survival, possible factors associated with mortality, and clinical characteristics of participants with HF in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The cohort followed 15105 participants from 2008 to 2023. Sociodemographic variables, laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, two-dimensional echocardiogram, lifestyle habits, comorbidities, and medication use were evaluated. Survival probability was estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. Cox regression modeling was used to calculate the crude and adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals. The significance criterion was p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> During the inclusion phase, 251 participants with an HF diagnosis were selected (2008-2010). Over approximately 12.3 years of follow-up, 48 (19%) died. The overall survival of participants with HF at 2, 6, 10, and 12.3 years of follow-up was 96%, 89%, 82%, and 80%, respectively. The mortality risk was 4.5 times higher (HR: 4.46; 95% CI: 3.3&#8211;5.9) compared to the unaffected group (p&lt;0.01), and even after applying an adjusted model, the mortality risk remained twice as high (HR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.3&#8211;2.4). Variables associated with a worse prognosis included male sex, advanced age, systolic dysfunction (LVEF&lt;45%), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> We found high mortality among participants with HF in the ELSA-Brasil cohort.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Survival Analysis and Factors Associated with Mortality in Heart Failure Patients in the ELSA-Brasil Cohort</title>
              <p>Survival Analysis and Factors Associated with Mortality in Patients with Heart Failure in the ELSA-Brasil Cohort.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240705-40705-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Survival</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) affects more than 23 million people worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> rates, and represents the final consequence of various cardiac conditions. The main causes include ischemic heart disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, valvular diseases, and particularly in South America, Chagas heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Notable risk factors include coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), advanced age (&#8805;65 years), obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and renal dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patient outcomes in HF are primarily based on data from North America and Europe. The INTER-CHF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> study showed a correlation between cultural, social, and economic factors and differences in HF mortality across different regions of the world, while the Rotterdam<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> study revealed significant variations in five-year survival after diagnosis. Prognostic studies in HF more frequently explore reduced survival rates for acute admissions, such as the ADHERE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> risk model, making these estimates different from those of chronic HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Additionally, despite the increased prevalence and correlation with higher mortality rates, survival after HF diagnosis has improved in recent years. This improvement has been attributed to early complementary and laboratory diagnosis, clinical management, and the implementation of new pharmacological therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In Brazil, it is estimated that more than 3 million people have HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This condition has been identified as one of the main causes of hospital admissions and in-hospital mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> generating a substantial financial impact on health services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objectives of this study are to evaluate survival, mortality, and possible factors associated with worse prognosis in chronic HF patients participating in the ELSA-Brasil cohort.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a prospective observational study that utilized data from the ELSA-Brasil cohort, a multicenter cohort composed of 15105 Brazilian civil servants, both active and retired, aged between 35 and 74 years, from six higher education and research institutions in the country (Federal Universities of Bahia, Esp&#237;rito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio Grande do Sul, University of S&#227;o Paulo, and the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation), aimed at assessing the occurrence and evolution of non-communicable chronic diseases and the main risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The population of this study consisted of 251 participants who reported a medical diagnosis of HF at baseline (2008-2010) through the Pre-existing Medical History questionnaire (PMH). The research protocol was approved by the Ethics and Research Committees of each institution, as well as the National Commission of Ethics in Research (Ethics Committee Registration: 027-06/CEP-ISC). All participants signed an informed consent form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interviews and examinations were conducted in person by trained and qualified personnel, following strict quality control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Structured questionnaires addressed sociodemographic variables, lifestyle habits, previous comorbidities, and medication use. The examinations included laboratory analyses (blood and urine),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> anthropometric measurements,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> electrocardiograms (ECG),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and imaging tests such as echocardiograms (ECHO),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> following a previously published standardized technique. Cardiovascular imaging tests like the ECHO were evaluated by an external committee of blinded observers for participant identification using the same model of equipment (Aplio XG; Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) across the six ELSA-Brasil centers. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using the Teicholz method.</p>
        <p>The variables were categorized according to physical activity level, alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index (BMI), education level, and serum triglyceride levels. For physical activity, participants were classified into three categories: vigorous activity (&#8805;150 minutes of vigorous activity per week), moderate activity (&#8805;150 minutes of moderate activity per week), and insufficiently active (10 minutes to &lt;150 minutes of walking or moderate activity per week).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Alcohol consumption was categorized as excessive (&gt;210 g of alcohol per week for men and &gt;140 g for women) or non-excessive (&lt;210 g for men and &lt;140 g for women). For triglycerides, categories were &lt;150 mg/dL or &#8805;150 mg/dL. BMI categories included obese (&#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), overweight (&#8805;25 and &lt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), and normal weight (&lt;25 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Education was divided into two categories: up to complete high school and higher education. Medications used and adherence to them were also examined using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Participants&#8217; health status was assessed through a self-rated health questionnaire. For cardiovascular risk analysis, the Global Risk Score (10 years) was used, categorized according to the 2013 guidelines of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (<italic>ACC/AHA</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The population of 251 participants with HF at baseline was followed for approximately 12.3 years. Information on mortality occurrence and the date was obtained through the human resources departments of the institutions hosting the study and the Mortality Information System (SIM-Ministry of Health), in addition to annual phone calls made by the study to check on participants&#8217; general status and health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Descriptive analyses of the baseline profile of participants with HF were performed. Categorical variables were presented as absolute (n) and relative (%) frequencies. For the continuous variable age, the median and its corresponding interquartile range (Q1: 25th percentile &#8211; Q3: 75th percentile) were calculated due to the non-normal distribution of the data, as assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test.</p>
          <p>To estimate survival over 12.3 years and its respective 95% confidence interval, the life table and the Kaplan-Meier method were applied with the following criteria: a) initial event: HF at the first visit to the cohort; b) final event: outcome death, regardless of cause; c) survival time: time observed between events (initial and final), corresponding to (August 1, 2008, to January 4, 2021); d) censored cases: loss to follow-up during the study and alive cases at the end of the defined period, along with associated risk factors.</p>
          <p>Subsequently, survival functions for participants with HF were estimated according to the study variables and their respective 95% confidence intervals. The log-rank test was used to determine the differences in the distributions of survival curves, considering a significant value of p&lt;0.05. Cox regression models were then performed, which multivariate incorporated the variables: sex, age, hypertension (HTN), acute myocardial infarction (AMI), left ventricular systolic dysfunction with an ejection fraction of less than 45% (LVEF&lt;45%), HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), hemoglobin A1c (%), and serum creatinine (mg/dL). The crude and adjusted Hazard Ratios (HR) were obtained, along with their respective 95% confidence intervals. The selected variables included in the multivariate analysis did not violate the proportional hazards assumption, assessed using the proportional hazards assumption test, with p&lt;0.05 considered statistically significant. All analyses were performed using STATA software version 16.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the period from 2008 to 2010, 251 participants were evaluated, and their sociodemographic characteristics are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Among individuals with HF at the first visit to ELSA-Brasil, 127 (51%) were male (p=0.11), and the median age was 59 years (interquartile range: 53-65 years).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic characteristics of participants with Heart failure (HF) at visit 1 (n=251)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Heart Failure (n=251)*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">124</td>
                  <td align="center">(49.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">127</td>
                  <td align="center">(50.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Age (years), median, and IQR</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>&#8225;</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">59</td>
                  <td align="center">(53-65)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age group (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>35-44</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>45-54</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">(24.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>55-64</td>
                  <td align="center">105</td>
                  <td align="center">(41.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>65-74</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">(27.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Race/skin color</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">96</td>
                  <td align="center">(39.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">(30.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">(26.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yellow</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Education</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Completed higher education</td>
                  <td align="center">81</td>
                  <td align="center">(32.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Up to completed high school</td>
                  <td align="center">170</td>
                  <td align="center">(67.7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>ELSA-Brasil, (2008/2010); * Participants with HF at visit 1. The sum of absolute values may differ due to missing data; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Values presented as absolute frequency (n) and relative frequency (%); <sup>&#8225;</sup> Values expressed as median and IQR: interquartile range: (Q1: 25th percentile - Q3: 75th percentile).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> presents the clinical characteristics of the participants. About 172 (68%) were diagnosed with HF before the age of 55, with hypertension being the most prevalent comorbidity, affecting 192 (77%). Although many assessed their health as &#8220;good,&#8221; the Global Risk Score indicated a &#8220;borderline&#8221; cardiovascular risk.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics of participants with Heart failure (n=251) at visit 1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Heart Failure (n=251)*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Age at diagnosis of HF (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 55</td>
                  <td align="center">172</td>
                  <td align="center">(68.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 55</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">(31.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Physical activity</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intense</td>
                  <td align="center">18</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">(16.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>None or light</td>
                  <td align="center">198</td>
                  <td align="center">(80.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking habit</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Never</td>
                  <td align="center">111</td>
                  <td align="center">(44.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Formenr</td>
                  <td align="center">113</td>
                  <td align="center">(45.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">(10.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Alcohol consumption</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">(17.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">107</td>
                  <td align="center">(42.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">(39.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Abdominal Obesity</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">145</td>
                  <td align="center">(58.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fatigue Symptom</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">(40.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Angina</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">(28.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>AMI</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">53</td>
                  <td align="center">(21.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">192</td>
                  <td align="center">(76.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">(40.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Chagas disease</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">(3,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Coronary artery disease</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">(29.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>COPD</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">(5.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Health Status (self-assessment)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Very good</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Good</td>
                  <td align="center">107</td>
                  <td align="center">(42.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Average</td>
                  <td align="center">102</td>
                  <td align="center">(40.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bad</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">(8.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Very bad</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Global Risk Score (over 10 years)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low risk (&lt;5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">(20.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Moderate risk (5-&lt;20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">116</td>
                  <td align="center">(47.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High risk (&#8805;20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">(31.7)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>ELSA-Brasil, (2008/2010); *Participants with HF at visit 1. The sum of absolute values may differ due to missing data; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Values are presented as absolute frequency (n) and relative frequency (%). BMI: body mass index; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> illustrates the examination characteristics of the participants with HF. In the echocardiogram, 15 (6%) showed systolic dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 45%), while 7 (3%) were diagnosed with myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of laboratory and imaging tests of participants with Heart failure (n=251) at visit 1</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                  <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Heart Failure (n=251)*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                  <th>(%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Laboratory tests</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805;126 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">(24.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Glycated hemoglobin (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805;6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">(19.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High triglycerides</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">83</td>
                  <td align="center">(33.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&gt;200 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">99</td>
                  <td align="center">(39.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LDL cholesterol&#8225;(mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805;160 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">(9.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HDL cholesterol&#167;(mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&lt; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">(17.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Creatinine (mg/dL)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(&#8805; 1.3 mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">(9.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Changes in Echocardiogram</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Systolic dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 45%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Left ventricular dilation &gt; 6.5 cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Prior AMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Moderate/Severe Valvular Disease</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Changes in Electrocardiogram</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="3">
                    <bold>Arrhythmias/Atrial Fibrillation</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">(6.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>AMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.9)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>ELSA-Brasil, (2008/2010); *Participants with HF at baseline. The sum of absolute values may differ due to missing data; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Values presented as absolute frequency (n) and relative frequency; &#8225;LDL: low-density lipoprotein; <sup>&#167;</sup>HDL: high-density lipoprotein. AMI: acute myocardial infarction</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Among participants with HF, 33% were using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors), 37% were on beta-blockers, 19% were taking angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), and 10% were using mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). Medication adherence was 90%.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Survival analysis</title>
          <p>During 12.3 years of follow-up, 48 deaths (19%) and 203 censored cases were recorded among participants with HF in the ELSA-Brasil cohort. The censored group included 146 living participants, and 57 lost to follow-up during the period. Among the deceased, 31 (64%) were male, most were between 55 and 64 years old, 16 (33%) identified as white, and 33 (69%) had an education level up to high school. The results of the survival analysis are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Life table for the time in years until the occurrence of deaths in participants with Heart failure (n=251)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Time in Years</th>
                    <th>Total</th>
                    <th>Deaths</th>
                    <th>Censoring</th>
                    <th>Survival Function</th>
                    <th colspan="2">95% Confidence Interval</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8804; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">251</td>
                    <td align="center">10</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9602</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9272</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9784</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;2 a &#8804;6</td>
                    <td align="center">241</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8964</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8516</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9283</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;6 a &#8804;10</td>
                    <td align="center">222</td>
                    <td align="center">19</td>
                    <td align="center">54</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8197</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7661</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8621</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt;10 a 12.3</td>
                    <td align="center">149</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">146</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8032</td>
                    <td align="center">0.7471</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8481</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>ELSA-Brasil, (August 1, 2008, to January 4, 2021).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>During the 12.3 years of follow-up, the overall survival rate of participants with HF was 80% (95% CI: 75-85), with a mortality rate of 20%. In contrast, the control group (without HF) had a survival rate of 95% (95% CI: 94-95) and a mortality rate of 5%. As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, survival times were shorter among participants with HF.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Survival at 12.3 years. Kaplan-Meier curve displaying survival over 12.3 years for participants with heart failure at baseline (n=251), ELSA-Brasil, (August 1, 2008, to January 4, 2021); p-value &lt;0.01.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240705-40705-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> shows the 12.3-year survival probability for participants with HF. The survival rate was 86% (95% CI: 79-91) for women and 73% (95% CI: 63-80) for men. Among younger participants (&lt;55 years), the survival rate reached 92% (95% CI: 82-97), while for older participants (&#8805;65 years), it was 71% (95% CI: 58-80).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Conditional survival probability over 12.3 years based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of participants with heart failure (n=251) at visit 1</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Survival Probability (%) (95% CI)*</th>
                    <th>p-value<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">86.3 (79,0&#8212;91.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">72.9 (63.2&#8212;80.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age at diagnosis of HF (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 55</td>
                    <td align="center">83.0 (76.1&#8212;88.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#8805; 55</td>
                    <td align="center">73.1 (61.0&#8212;82.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Systolic dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 45%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">82.1 (76.4&#8212;86.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">44.4 (18.5&#8212;67.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Left ventricular dilation (&gt;6.5 cm)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">80.1 (74,3&#8212;84.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">60.0 (12,6&#8212;88.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Race/skin color</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.82</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>White</td>
                    <td align="center">82.4 (72.3&#8211;89.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Brown</td>
                    <td align="center">76.0 (63.4&#8211;84.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Black</td>
                    <td align="center">82.0 (70.6&#8211;89.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age group (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>45-54</td>
                    <td align="center">92.2 (82.3&#8211;96.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>55-64</td>
                    <td align="center">77.4 (67.0&#8211;84.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>65-74</td>
                    <td align="center">70.7 (58.0&#8211;0.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Smoking habit</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Never</td>
                    <td align="center">85.7 (78.1&#8211;91,0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Former</td>
                    <td align="center">75.2 (64.7&#8211;82.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Current</td>
                    <td align="center">70.4 (49.3&#8211;84.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Physical activity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.77</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intense</td>
                    <td align="center">88.8 (43,3&#8211;98.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Moderate</td>
                    <td align="center">84.9 (69,4&#8211;92.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>None or light</td>
                    <td align="center">80.0 (73,4&#8211;85.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>BMI (kg/m</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>2</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.43</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eutrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">71,7 (55.0&#8211;83.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight</td>
                    <td align="center">81,5 (72.3&#8211;82.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">82,1 (73.4&#8211;88.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">88,1 (74.1&#8211;94.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">77,5 (70.7&#8211;82.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior AMI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">80,9 (75.2&#8211;85.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">40,0 (5,2&#8211;75,9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Coronary artery disease</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0,21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">81.6 (74.8&#8211;86.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">72.6 (59.6&#8211;82.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Glycated hemoglobin(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&lt; 6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">82.2 (75.9&#8211;87.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805; 6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.9 (53.8&#8211;79.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Creatinine</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&lt; 1.3 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.2 (77.3&#8211;87.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805; 1.3 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.8 (25.6&#8211;63.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>High triglycerides</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">78.5 (70.9&#8211;84.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">82.4 (72.8&#8211;88.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">83.5 (77.5&#8211;87.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805;160 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.0 (46.9&#8211;76.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&lt;160 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">79.0 (72.8&#8211;83.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805;160 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">87.3 (65.5&#8211;95.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>ELSA-Brasil, (August 1, 2008, to January 4, 2021); *95%CI:95% confidence interval; &#8224;p-value: corresponding to the log-rank test; statistical significance, p&lt;0.05. BMI: body mass index; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref> presents the survival probability of participants with HF and systolic dysfunction (LVEF&lt;45%) based on the use of home medications. Over the 12.3 years, those who used ACE inhibitors, statins, antiplatelet agents, metformin, and gliclazide showed higher survival, although without statistical significance.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Probability of survival over 12.3 years according to continuous medication use by participants with heart failure and systolic dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 45%), (n=15) at visit 1</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Medication use</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Survival Probability (%) (95% CI)*</th>
                    <th>p-value<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ACE inhibitor</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.85</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (11&#8211;71)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (11&#8211;80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ARB</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (21&#8211;74)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (01&#8211;77)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Beta-blockers</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (13&#8211;96)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (09&#8211;62)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Diuretics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (05&#8211;94)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (11&#8211;65)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>MRAs</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (11&#8211;80)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (11&#8211;71)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Control of DM</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (15&#8211;70)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (06&#8211;84)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Statins</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (01&#8211;59)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (19&#8211;90)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Antiplatelet agents</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">37 (10&#8211;66)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (12&#8211;88)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>ELSA-Brasil, (August 1, 2008, to January 4, 2021); *CI95%: 95% confidence interval; &#8224;p-value: corresponding to the log-rank test; with statistical significance, p&lt;0.05.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortality</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref> presents the crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) estimated based on the Cox proportional hazards models.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7001">
              <label>Table 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mortality risk over 12.3 years for participants with heart failure (n=251) at visit 1</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Mortality</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">crude HR 95% CI</th>
                    <th>p-value*</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">adjusted HR<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> 95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Heart Failure</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4.46 (3.33-5.97)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.77 (1.29-2.45)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN7001">
                  <p>ELSA-Brasil, (August 1, 2008, to January 4, 2021); *Statistical significance: p-value &lt;0.05; <sup>&#8224;</sup>adjusted HR for variables: (sex, age, LVEF &lt;45%, hypertension, AMI, HDL cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, and creatinine).</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">Table 8</xref> identifies the prognostic factors that influenced the risk of mortality over 12.3 years for participants with HF in the ELSA-Brasil cohort. Male sex, LVEF&lt;45%, hypertension, and elevated levels of glycated hemoglobin and creatinine significantly increased the risk. Similarly, each additional year of age raised the risk of death by up to 7%. These results were consistent in both crude and adjusted models (p&lt;0.05).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t8001">
              <label>Table 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Mortality risk and prognostic factors over 12.3 years for participants with heart failure (n=251) at visit 1</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Mortality</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">crude HR 95% CI</th>
                    <th>p<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">adjusted HR<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> 95%CI</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89 (1.05&#8212;3.39)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.62 (1.39&#8212;1.89)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.04(1.01&#8212;1.08)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.07(1.06&#8212;1.08)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Systolic dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 45%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">3.73(1.75&#8212;7.96)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.29 (1.23&#8212;4.25)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Prior AMI</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">4.42 (1.38&#8212;14.24)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.50 (0.73&#8212;3.10)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>No</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Yes</td>
                    <td align="center">2.35 (1.01&#8212;5.52)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.45 (1.24&#8212;1.70)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HDL cholesterol(mg/dL)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&lt; 40 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.12 (1.17&#8212;3.84)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1.04 (0.85&#8212;1.27)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Glycated hemoglobin(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&lt; 6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805; 6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.19 (1.20&#8212;4.01)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.38 (1.99&#8212;2.85)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Creatinine</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&lt; 1.3 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>(&#8805; 1.3 mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.00 (2.65&#8212;9.44)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2.11 (1.64&#8212;2.71)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN8001">
                  <p>ELSA-Brasil, (August 1, 2008, to January 4, 2021); *p: statistical significance: p-value &lt;0.05; &#8224;HR adjusted for variables: (sex, age, LVEF &lt;45%, hypertension, prior AMI, HDL cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin, creatinine). AMI: acute myocardial infarction</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>We observed a reduction in survival, a high risk of mortality, and the identification of specific prognostic factors in patients with HF in the ELSA-Brasil cohort. The results show a progressive decline in the survival of participants with HF throughout the follow-up assessments (from 2 to 12.3 years), decreasing from 96% to 80%. This represents a fourfold greater impact on mortality compared to individuals without a diagnosis of HF, and even after applying an adjusted model, mortality remains twice as high.</p>
        <p>Most studies on survival and outcomes in HF patients are derived from data on acutely hospitalized patients selected for unfavorable clinical evolution.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This makes survival estimates for these cases not directly applicable to stable &#8220;chronic&#8221; HF patients, meaning those who have maintained prolonged periods of control and treatment for cardiovascular symptoms. Thus, previous studies not influenced by new pharmacological therapies indicated that one-year survival in &#8220;acute&#8221; HF ranged from 55% to 65%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> compared to survival rates of 80% to 90% in &#8220;chronic&#8221; HF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> as found in our population.</p>
        <p>In the ELSA-Brasil cohort, female sex and younger age (&lt;55 years) were identified as protective factors associated with a higher probability of survival among participants with HF. This contrasts with other studies that did not find differences in survival prognosis between sexes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Regarding age, it has been noted that individuals aged 60 and older are frequently included in HF research and are commonly associated with a lower probability of survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Results from the THIN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> study in the UK demonstrate a five-year survival rate of 81% for participants with HF aged 45 to 54 years, in contrast to a 50% survival rate for those in older age brackets, between 75 and 84 years, which aligns with our findings.</p>
        <p>As for the demographic and clinical characteristics, the majority of participants with HF at baseline in the cohort had low educational attainment, sedentary lifestyles, overweight, abdominal obesity, former smoking, and a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension (77%), diabetes mellitus (41%), ischemic heart disease (30%), and a history of acute myocardial infarction (21%).</p>
        <p>Although these clinical manifestations align with other research,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> in this HF population, a higher risk of mortality was predominantly associated only with the following variables: male sex, presence of systolic dysfunction (LVEF &lt; 45%), hypertension, elevated glycated hemoglobin levels, and elevated blood creatinine levels.</p>
        <p>We did not find a relationship between mortality and black skin color, despite other series indicating a higher prevalence and worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Furthermore, although most of our participants were diagnosed with HF before the age of 55, we found no significant evidence of an association for greater survival.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, consistent with the results reported by Park et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> we observed that reduced glomerular filtration rate is a strong predictor of mortality, along with hypertension and glycated hemoglobina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, the overall survival during approximately 12.3 years of follow-up for participants with HF who exhibited systolic dysfunction (LVEF&lt;45%) was 44%. The mortality rate exceeded 50%, corresponding to a fourfold higher risk compared to the group without changes. These data resemble those of the ECHOES<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> study, which revealed a five-year survival probability of 53% for HF patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Regarding medication use, the literature supports that neurohormonal antagonists (ACE inhibitors, MRAs, and beta-blockers) improve survival in patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Additionally, research indicates that the use of ARNI (sacubitril/valsartan)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> has been recommended in clinical practice guidelines to reduce morbidity and mortality in these patients with HFrEF. However, in our study, we observed a trend toward greater survival among participants with HF and LVEF&lt;45% who were on continuous use of ACE inhibitors, statins, antiplatelet agents, metformin, and gliclazide over the 12.3 years of follow-up, although without statistical significance.</p>
        <p>The main limitation of this study is that the selection of participants from the ELSA-Brasil cohort, composed of civil servants from public institutions, represents a specific segment of the Brazilian population. This reflects regional particularities and characteristics of a continental country, which may hinder the extrapolation of some findings to the general population. Furthermore, the survival assessment was not strictly disease-specific, as it was not possible to identify all the causes listed on the death certificates of the participants. The participants reported the diagnosis of HF without clinical confirmation, which may have caused some variations in the data. New cohort studies in the Brazilian population are needed to investigate whether these changes may provide additional prognostic information, as observed in the DIGITALIS<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our results demonstrated that HF was a significant factor in the reduction of overall survival in the ELSA-Brasil cohort. Female sex and age under 55 years were associated with better survival. Mortality remained high among male participants with HF, those with left ventricular systolic dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>We thank the participants of the cohort who agreed to collaborate in this study and the entire research team of ELSA-Brasil for their contributions.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana Paula de Oliveira L&#233;do, from Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina e Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the he Research Ethics Committee of each institution, as well as by the National Research Ethics Commission (CONEP), under the protocol number 027-06/CEP-ISC. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil, Minist&#233;rio de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Brasil e CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa), processos n&#186; 01 06 0010.00RS, 01 06 0212.00BA, 01 06 0300.00ES, 01 06 0278.00MG, 01 06 0115.00SP, 01 06 0071.00RJ.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
