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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vhgPWDY9H74WGbWnq6ftZVm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00303</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240671</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Escore Progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles Prev&#234; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial de In&#237;cio Recente em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST Submetidos &#224; Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4548-9543</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oksen</surname>
            <given-names>Dogac</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arslan</surname>
            <given-names>Sukru</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gecit</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammed Heja</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tekin</surname>
            <given-names>Esra Erturk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oktay</surname>
            <given-names>Veysel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abaci</surname>
            <given-names>Okay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Altinbas University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Altinbas University, Medical Faculty - Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cerrahpasa Cardiology Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Cardiology Institute &#8211; Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mersin University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mersin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mersin University, Medical Faculty - Cardiovascular Surgery, Mersin &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Biruni University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Medical Faculty</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Topkapi</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biruni University, Medical Faculty - Cardiology, Istanbul, Topkapi &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Dogac Oksen &#8226; Altinbas Universitesi &#8211; Bahcelievler Medicalpark Istanbul, 34217 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>dogacoksen@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240671</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) de in&#237;cio recente &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o t&#237;pica em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPp). Estudos anteriores investigaram a inflama&#231;&#227;o como um preditor de FA de in&#237;cio recente. O escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles (EPN) &#233; um novo marcador de inflama&#231;&#227;o e estado nutricional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o poder preditivo do EPN para FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este estudo incluiu 1537 pacientes com IAMCSST consecutivos submetidos a ICPp. Os pacientes que apresentaram FA de in&#237;cio recente durante a admiss&#227;o hospitalar e aqueles que permaneceram em ritmo sinusal (RS) foram comparados em termos de caracter&#237;sticas basais. An&#225;lises univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para identificar vari&#225;veis que predizem o desenvolvimento de FA de in&#237;cio recente, e p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> FA de in&#237;cio recente foi detectada em 7,74% (n: 119) dos participantes. A idade m&#233;dia (67,03&#177;13,48 vs 57,84&#177;11,31; p &lt;0,001) e EPN (2,53&#177;1,17 vs 2,25&#177;1,10, p=0,008) foram significativamente maiores no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente. A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou idade (raz&#227;o de chances [OR]: 1,045 para um ano, intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 1,019&#8211;1,071, p=0,001), EPN (OR: 1,645, IC de 95%: 0,984&#8211;2,748, p=0,037) e dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo (OR: 2,542 para cm, IC de 95%: 1,488&#8211;4,342, p=0,001) como preditores independentes de FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O EPN foi um preditor independente de FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IAMCSST, al&#233;m de fatores cl&#225;ssicos como idade e dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo. Esse escore, principalmente relacionado a uma carga inflamat&#243;ria, pode ajudar a prever a incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente e selecionar melhores terapias potenciais voltadas para reduzir a inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>O Escore Progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles Prev&#234; Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial de In&#237;cio Recente em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST Submetidos &#224; Angioplastia Prim&#225;ria</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vhgPWDY9H74WGbWnq6ftZVm/31835291d33598c714d4f5cabf6ff006a6f18d73.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST (IAMCSST) ainda est&#225; associado a mortalidade e morbidade significativas, apesar dos avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas farmacol&#243;gicas e intervencionistas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; um tipo t&#237;pico de arritmia card&#237;aca com preval&#234;ncia aumentada em adultos mais velhos. Isto &#233; uma das principais causas de acidente vascular cerebral. As causas t&#237;picas de FA incluem idade avan&#231;ada, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica ou estrutural, hipertens&#227;o (HT), hipertireoidismo, e consumo de &#225;lcool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Aumentos nas frequ&#234;ncias de arritmias supraventriculares e ventriculares foram relatados em pacientes com s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas. A FA &#233; a principal arritmia supraventricular em pacientes com IAMCSST, levando a um aumento de 4&#8211;14% nas oportunidades de interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas prim&#225;rias (ICPp).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia da FA de in&#237;cio recente na fase aguda do IAMCST depende de fatores como isquemia atrial, aumento da atividade simp&#225;tica, e inflama&#231;&#227;o durante o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A perda aguda de contra&#231;&#245;es atriais durante IAMCSST leva &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e grave deteriora&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica. Al&#233;m disso, a FA de in&#237;cio recente pode levar a uma alta frequ&#234;ncia ventricular, impactando negativamente o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco. A FA de in&#237;cio recente tamb&#233;m aumenta o risco de acidente vascular cerebral. Portanto, a FA est&#225; associada a maiores taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma rela&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;xima entre FA e inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica foi demonstrada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles (EPN) foi inicialmente projetado para prever o progn&#243;stico em c&#226;ncer colorretal usando biomarcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o e nutri&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O EPN &#233; um escore progn&#243;stico vi&#225;vel que mostra imunidade, inflama&#231;&#227;o e estado nutricional, incluindo vari&#225;veis de colesterol total, albumina, linf&#243;citos, mon&#243;citos e neutr&#243;filos, e tem sido frequentemente inclu&#237;do em publica&#231;&#245;es recentes sobre desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A maior raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) e a menor raz&#227;o linf&#243;citos-mon&#243;citos (RML) indicam um estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio, enquanto a albumina s&#233;rica e o colesterol reduzidos sugerem um estado nutricional ruim. Esses par&#226;metros combinados fornecem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria e nutricional abrangente, que tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida como valiosa na previs&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares, incluindo FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Notavelmente, para evitar mortalidade e morbidade em pacientes com IAMCSST, a&#231;&#245;es urgentes devem ser tomadas para prevenir eventos adversos e prever complica&#231;&#245;es como FA de in&#237;cio recente. Portanto, neste estudo, avaliamos o poder preditivo do EPN para FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICPp.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal, retrospectivo e unic&#234;ntrico, e cont&#233;m pacientes entre mar&#231;o de 2013 e dezembro de 2019. No total, 1706 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a ICPp para IAMCSST foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Notavelmente, todos os pacientes com mais de 18 anos de idade e que apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST no eletrocardiograma (ECG) com pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas e foram tratados com ICPp foram inclu&#237;dos. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram hist&#243;rico de FA parox&#237;stica e/ou permanente, hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de arritmia ou abla&#231;&#227;o, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via, parada card&#237;aca, desfibrila&#231;&#227;o ou ressuscita&#231;&#227;o antes da admiss&#227;o, trombose precoce de stent, dissec&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria iatrog&#234;nica ou espont&#226;nea, perfura&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, tamponamento, insufici&#234;ncia org&#226;nica cr&#244;nica em est&#225;gio terminal, malignidade em est&#225;gio terminal, recebimento de quimioterapia, abuso de drogas e recusa em se submeter &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o ou participar do estudo. No geral, 169 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos com base nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o, e os 1537 pacientes restantes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: pacientes com FA de in&#237;cio recente e aqueles que permaneceram em ritmo sinusal (RS).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desenho do estudo e fluxo de trabalho. FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240671-40671-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Este protocolo de estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local do Instituto de Cardiologia da Universidade de Istambul Cerrahpasa, e foi conduzido de acordo com os temas &#233;ticos da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e das Diretrizes de Boas Pr&#225;ticas Cl&#237;nicas. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos neste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de angioplastia prim&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Participantes que foram admitidos no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia com angina de peito ou sintomas equivalentes &#224; angina foram submetidos ao ECG urgentemente em 10 min. Pacientes com eleva&#231;&#227;o do segmento ST em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas ou um bloqueio de ramo direito ou esquerdo recentemente desenvolvido foram diagnosticados com IAMCSST. Notavelmente, todos os pacientes diagnosticados com IAMCSST receberam 300 mg de aspirina e um inibidor P2Y12 (doses de ataque para clopidogrel: 600 mg; ticagrelor: 180 mg; prasugrel: 60 mg). Todos os tratamentos m&#233;dicos foram administrados de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia (ESC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A via de acesso da art&#233;ria femoral foi mais usada. No entanto, o acesso da art&#233;ria radial foi usado ocasionalmente em pacientes submetidos a tratamento anticoagulante quando um operador n&#227;o conseguia acessar as art&#233;rias femorais devido a doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica ou qualquer defici&#234;ncia, obesidade m&#243;rbida ou com base na solicita&#231;&#227;o do paciente. A angiografia coron&#225;ria foi realizada antes da fia&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, e 70&#8211;100 U/kg de heparina foram administrados intracoronariamente para atingir um tempo de coagula&#231;&#227;o ativado de 250&#8211;300s. Al&#233;m disso, apenas as les&#245;es culpadas foram submetidas &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, exceto em casos de choque cardiog&#234;nico ou infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com mais de uma les&#227;o culpada. A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; recomendada para pacientes com les&#245;es do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda criticamente desprotegidas para evitar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a reconex&#227;o da angioplastia com bal&#227;o (pr&#233;-dilata&#231;&#227;o &#8211; p&#243;s-dilata&#231;&#227;o), a aspira&#231;&#227;o de trombo e o uso de inibidor da glicoprote&#237;na IIb/IIIa foram deixados a crit&#233;rio de operadores experientes. Ap&#243;s a ICPp, os pacientes foram acompanhados na unidade de terapia intensiva coron&#225;ria. O tratamento m&#233;dico foi organizado de acordo com as diretrizes atuais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A pPCI foi aceita como bem-sucedida quando a obstru&#231;&#227;o residual foi &lt; 30% e o fluxo de Tromb&#243;lise no Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (TIMI) III foi alcan&#231;ado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es, diagn&#243;stico e desfecho cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Dados demogr&#225;ficos, caracter&#237;sticas, dados angiogr&#225;ficos, dados laboratoriais e desfechos do paciente foram obtidos do sistema de registro de dados m&#233;dicos. HT foi descrita como press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica maior que 140 mmHg e/ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica maior que 90 mmHg ou pacientes j&#225; em tratamento para HT. Diabetes mellitus (DM) foi definido como leituras de glicemia de jejum &gt;126 mg/dL em duas medi&#231;&#245;es, hemoglobina glicada &gt;6,5% ou pacientes previamente diagnosticados com DM e em tratamento. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (TFGe) foi medida usando a equa&#231;&#227;o de Cockcroft-Gault.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Amostras de sangue venoso perif&#233;rico foram coletadas dos pacientes em sua primeira admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos e hemogramas foram estudados a partir dessas amostras. Dentro de 24 horas da admiss&#227;o, todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica convencional, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi estimada com o m&#233;todo de Simpson. O desfecho prim&#225;rio deste estudo foi a presen&#231;a de FA de in&#237;cio recente. Pacientes com hist&#243;rico de FA parox&#237;stica ou persistente foram exclu&#237;dos. FA foi definida como aus&#234;ncia de ondas P, atividade fibrilat&#243;ria registrada nos &#225;trios e intervalos R &#8211; R irregulares. Os n&#237;veis totais de colesterol e albumina na amostra de sangue perif&#233;rico, RML e RNL foram usados para calcular o EPN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o pacote de software SPSS 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 23.0, Armonk, NY, EUA, 2015). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram descritas usando m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas usando frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As caracter&#237;sticas de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foram analisadas usando o teste de Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov. Para compara&#231;&#245;es de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre dois grupos, o teste-t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado se os dados fossem distribu&#237;dos normalmente, enquanto o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi aplicado para dados n&#227;o distribu&#237;dos normalmente. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram comparadas usando o teste qui-quadrado. Outras an&#225;lises estratificadas foram realizadas nas vari&#225;veis idade, TFGe, hemoglobina, FEVE, EPN e dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda com base na signific&#226;ncia determinada na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica univariada. Um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada com um m&#233;todo de elimina&#231;&#227;o direta foi usado para identificar vari&#225;veis que predizem significativamente o desenvolvimento de FA de in&#237;cio recente. Os resultados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foram relatados como odds ratios (ORs) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise da curva ROC (receiver operating characteristics) foi aplicada para demonstrar o poder preditivo do EPN para o desenvolvimento de FA. A &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) foi aprovada com um IC de 95%. P &lt; 0,05 foi aceito como estatisticamente significativo</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, analisamos 1537 pacientes submetidos a ICPp para IAMCSST. FA de in&#237;cio recente foi detectado em 7,74% (n: 119) dos participantes e 92,26% (n: 1418) dos pacientes com RS. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> monstra as caracter&#237;sticas descritivas e dos pacientes. A idade m&#233;dia foi significativamente maior no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente (p &lt; 0,001), e mais mulheres estavam no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente (p=0,002). No entanto,uma porcentagem maior de pacientes com RS era fumantes (p &lt; 0,001). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HT, DM, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, &#237;ndice de massa corporal ou sinais de vitalidade. A TFGe foi significativamente menor no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente (p &lt; 0,001). No entanto, o colesterol total s&#233;rico, o colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-C), e os n&#237;veis de triglicer&#237;deos (Tg) foram significativamente maiores no grupo RS (p &lt; 0,001para todos). Os n&#237;veis de hemoglobina foram menores no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente do que no grupo RS (p&lt;0,001). A FEVE foi menor no grupo FA; entretanto, as dimens&#245;es do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) foram maiores no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente (p &lt; 0,001 para ambos). O EPN foi significativamente maior no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente (2,53 &#177; 1,17 vs 2,25 &#177; 1,10, p = 0,008).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados demogr&#225;ficos e caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>FA de in&#237;cio recente (n: 119)</th>
                <th>Sem FA de in&#237;cio recente na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (n: 1418)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, anos</td>
                <td align="center">67,03 &#177; 13,48</td>
                <td align="center">57,84 &#177; 11,31</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero Feminino, %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">16,1 (230)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo, %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">50,8 (727)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT, %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">50,4 (60)</td>
                <td align="center">48,6 (689)</td>
                <td align="center">0,324</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">27,7 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">27,4 (392)</td>
                <td align="center">0,937</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DAC, %(n)</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 (34)</td>
                <td align="center">21,1 (302)</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,70 &#177; 4,73</td>
                <td align="center">27,89 &#177; 4,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,504</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, bpm</td>
                <td align="center">81,04 &#177; 28,31</td>
                <td align="center">78,63 &#177; 17,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">124,03 &#177; 26,02</td>
                <td align="center">128,13 &#177; 25.24</td>
                <td align="center">0,092</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD, mmHg</td>
                <td align="center">75,92 &#177; 15,35</td>
                <td align="center">78,10 &#177; 14.22</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo da dor at&#233; a agulha, horas</td>
                <td align="center">3,13 &#177; 3,28</td>
                <td align="center">2,82 &#177; 2,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, mg/dL**</td>
                <td align="center">1,04 [0,72 &#8211; 1,24]</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 [0,69 &#8211; 1,03]</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGe, ml/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                <td align="center">70,55 &#177; 23,33</td>
                <td align="center">84,11 &#177; 21,96</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c, %</td>
                <td align="center">6,49 &#177; 1,24</td>
                <td align="center">6,59 &#177; 1,61</td>
                <td align="center">0,525</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total &#8211; C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">171,12 &#177; 40,90</td>
                <td align="center">188,90 &#177; 42,70</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">114,62 &#177; 36,88</td>
                <td align="center">130,09 &#177; 38,18</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">40,44 &#177; 11,31</td>
                <td align="center">38,55 &#177; 10,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,055</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos, mg/dL</td>
                <td align="center">126,97 &#177; 72,53</td>
                <td align="center">156,89 &#177; 96,66</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">13.44 &#177; 1,99</td>
                <td align="center">14,13 &#177; 1,75</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos, K/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">2,46 &#177; 1,69</td>
                <td align="center">2,60 &#177; 1,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,343</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mon, K/&#181;L **</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 [0,63 &#8211; 0,96]</td>
                <td align="center">0,76 [0,45 &#8211; 1,1]</td>
                <td align="center">0,563</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neu, K/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">8,10 &#177; 3,92</td>
                <td align="center">8,70 &#177; 4,08</td>
                <td align="center">0,119</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLT, K/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">242,65 &#177; 62,44</td>
                <td align="center">259,65 &#177; 76,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE, %</td>
                <td align="center">42,17 &#177; 9,80</td>
                <td align="center">46,78 &#177; 8,68</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">42,45 &#177; 5,51</td>
                <td align="center">38,11 &#177; 4,12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDVE, mm</td>
                <td align="center">52,21 &#177; 5,95</td>
                <td align="center">49,75 &#177; 5,36</td>
                <td align="center">0,027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIV, mm</td>
                <td align="center">10,91 &#177; 1,34</td>
                <td align="center">10,64 &#177; 1,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,271</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NEU/LIN</td>
                <td align="center">5,35 &#177; 5,53</td>
                <td align="center">4,84 &#177; 4,77</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LIN/MON</td>
                <td align="center">3,87 &#177; 2,78</td>
                <td align="center">3,97 &#177; 2,75</td>
                <td align="center">0,715</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina, g/dL</td>
                <td align="center">3,81 &#177; 0,55</td>
                <td align="center">3,92 &#177; 0,41</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na total, K/&#181;L</td>
                <td align="center">6,26 &#177; 0,65</td>
                <td align="center">6,45 &#177; 0,59</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore de N&#225;poles</td>
                <td align="center">2,53 &#177; 1,17</td>
                <td align="center">2,25 &#177; 1,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>** Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como porcentagem, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil). HT: hipertens&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; eTFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; C: colesterol; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; Lin: linf&#243;cito; Mon: mon&#243;cito; PLT: plaqueta; EF: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; Neu: neutr&#243;filo; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Mortalidade hospitalar, arritmias ventriculares, bloqueio atrioventricular de terceiro grau, ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar e as taxas de transfus&#227;o de sangue foram significativamente maiores no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente que no grupo RS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Complica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233; ou p&#243;s-ICPp</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> FA de in&#237;cio recente (n: 119) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Sem FA de in&#237;cio recente na hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (n: 1418) </th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade hospitalar, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 (63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TV/FV, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">16,8 (20)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 (75)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueio AV, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque cardiog&#234;nico, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">7,6 (9)</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 (65)</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCP, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,6 (23)</td>
                <td align="center">0,041</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento grave, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">1,7 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,582</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemodi&#225;lise, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">0,121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Complica&#231;&#227;o do local de acesso, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6)</td>
                <td align="center">2,5 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,181</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transfus&#227;o de sangue, % (n)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ICPp: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria; TV: taquicardia ventricular; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; AV: atrioventricular; RCP: ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os preditores independentes de FA de in&#237;cio recente foram avaliados usando um modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, incluindo vari&#225;veis como idade, TFGe, hemoglobina, FEVE, EPN e AE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Os achados da an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o confirmaram que idade, EPN e dimens&#227;o atrial esquerda foram preditores independentes do desenvolvimento de FA de in&#237;cio recente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada para demonstrar os preditores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial de in&#237;cio recente ap&#243;s ICPp em pacientes admitidos com IAMCST</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Exp (B)</th>
                <th>IC</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">1,045</td>
                <td align="center">1,019 &#8211; 1,071</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGe</td>
                <td align="center">1,007</td>
                <td align="center">0,995 -1,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,250</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">1,142</td>
                <td align="center">0,982 &#8211; 1,328</td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">0,978</td>
                <td align="center">0,952 &#8211; 1,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EPN</td>
                <td align="center">1,645</td>
                <td align="center">0,984 &#8211; 2,748</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;trio esquerdo</td>
                <td align="center">2,542</td>
                <td align="center">1,488 &#8211; 4,342</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>Nagelkerke R quadrado: 0,66. FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EPN: escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise ROC foi usada para determinar o poder preditivo do EPN para o desenvolvimento de FA de in&#237;cio recente. Consequentemente, o valor de corte do EPN de 2,2 previu o desenvolvimento de FA com uma sensibilidade e especificidade de 83,5% e 72,0%, respectivamente (AUC: 0,768; IC de 95%: 0,511&#8211;(0,925; p= 0,013).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo demonstrou a concomit&#226;ncia de IAMCSST e FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes submetidos a ICPp e principalmente destinado a apresentar o EPN como umn preditor eficaz de FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICPp. Al&#233;m do escore EPN, idade avan&#231;ada e dimens&#245;es aumentadas do AE foram preditores significativos de FA de in&#237;cio recente. Em nossa coorte de 1537 pacientes com IAMCSST, a incid&#234;ncia de FA foi de 7,74%, consistente com a literatura anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> FA de in&#237;cio recente &#233; observada em aproximadamente 7&#8211;8% dos pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICPp, com taxas relatadas variando de 4% a 14% na literatura. A varia&#231;&#227;o na preval&#234;ncia &#233; influenciada por fatores como desenho do estudo, demografia populacional e crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O estudo multic&#234;ntrico randomizado Harmonizing Outcomes With Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) consistiu em 3281 pacientes com IAMCSST, e a incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente foi observada em 4,5% (n: 147) ap&#243;s ICPp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>O EPN demonstrou fatores progn&#243;sticos superiores aos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos, como n&#237;veis de hemoglobina, TFGe, e FEVE. Al&#233;m disso, o EPN n&#227;o era inferior &#224; idade e AE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>No entanto, apesar do uso generalizado de laborat&#243;rios de ICPp e cateteres, o IAMCSST continua sendo o subgrupo mais fatal de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. A cardiologia invasiva est&#225; se desenvolvendo diariamente; no entanto, tem uma alta taxa de mortalidade e causa morbidade grave. A fisiopatologia do IAMCSST inclui inflama&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; ruptura de placas contendo fibrina e lip&#237;dios e ades&#227;o e agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, que consequentemente forma um trombo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o est&#225; envolvida em todos os est&#225;gios da forma&#231;&#227;o do trombo e oclus&#227;o do l&#250;men devido a complica&#231;&#245;es da placa de ateroma. Libera&#231;&#227;o de citocinas, reagentes de fase aguda, produtos finais de oxida&#231;&#227;o, migra&#231;&#227;o de neutr&#243;filos e apoptose de linf&#243;citos ocorrem durante o IAMCSST devido &#224; aterosclerose e complica&#231;&#245;es da placa de ateroma, bem como na fisiopatologia da FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O aumento da oxida&#231;&#227;o durante o IAMCSST e les&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o leva a danos na miofibrila atrial. A inflama&#231;&#227;o e o estresse oxidativo afetam a remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial. Portanto, agentes que aumentam a remodela&#231;&#227;o dos mi&#243;citos e cont&#234;m antioxidantes s&#227;o ben&#233;ficos para evitar FA de in&#237;cio recente e outros desfechos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Estudos demonstraram que o aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o e a contagem elevada de mon&#243;citos aumentam a frequ&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) em pacientes com IAMCSST. Em um estudo que examinou a incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente ap&#243;s IAMCSST, 346 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos, e FA de in&#237;cio recente foi observada em 9,5% dos pacientes. O estado oxidativo total e o &#237;ndice de estresse oxidativo foram estatisticamente significativamente maiores no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente. Estresse oxidativo e n&#237;veis de prote&#237;na C-reativa (CRP) de alta sensibilidade foram relatados como preditores independentes de FA de in&#237;cio recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em um estudo de coorte prospectivo com 625 pacientes, foram investigados os efeitos de marcadores inflamat&#243;rios nos desfechos ap&#243;s ICPp, e apenas a RNL mostrou ser uma vari&#225;vel independente para predizer o MACE no hospital.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em uma metan&#225;lise anterior, n&#237;veis aumentados de CRP foram significativamente associados com FA de in&#237;cio recente ap&#243;s infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio. No entanto, um estudo relatou que sexo, idade, tempo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e local de oclus&#227;o do vaso contribu&#237;ram para n&#237;veis elevados de PCR ao prever FA de in&#237;cio recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Galizia et al. usaram marcadores de albumina s&#233;rica, colesterol total, RNL e RML para avaliar nutri&#231;&#227;o e inflama&#231;&#227;o e prever progn&#243;stico em pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de c&#226;ncer colorretal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O EPN &#233; um marcador progn&#243;stico eficaz para outras cirurgias de c&#226;ncer e foi inclu&#237;do em estudos cardiol&#243;gicos. Erdogan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> examinaram retrospectivamente 1.887 pacientes com IAMCSST, e observou-se que o EPN &#233; um preditor independente estatisticamente significativo de mortalidade por todas as causas em um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 15 meses (taxa de risco: 2,49, IC 95%: 1,75&#8211;3,5, p &lt;0,001)10. O EPN &#233; mais sens&#237;vel na previs&#227;o do progn&#243;stico do que outros marcadores de inflama&#231;&#227;o, como RCP de alta sensibilidade, &#237;ndices oxidativos e RNL ou RML isolados. Al&#233;m disso, o EPN reflete a nutri&#231;&#227;o do paciente. Estudos recentes demonstraram que a inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; crucial na etiologia da FA; portanto, investigamos o EPN para predizer FA de in&#237;cio recente ap&#243;s ICPp em pacientes com IAMCSST. Nosso estudo observou que o EPN foi um preditor significativo de FA de in&#237;cio recente (OR: 1,64, IC de 95%: 0,98&#8211;2,74, p=0,037).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do EPN, identificamos outros preditores independentes de FA de in&#237;cio recente, como idade e tamanho do AE. O tamanho do AE pode ser usado para prever e determinar o progn&#243;stico da FA. Em nosso estudo, o AE foi maior no grupo FA de in&#237;cio recente , e a an&#225;lise multivariada demonstrou as dimens&#245;es do AE como um preditor independente (OR: 2,54, IC de 95%: 1,48&#8211;4,34, p=0,001). A an&#225;lise de Li et al. de 4713 pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio mostrou que o aumento do AE estava associado a um risco aumentado de FA de in&#237;cio recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A idade avan&#231;ada &#233; o fator de risco mais conhecido para FA. Estudos recentes tamb&#233;m demonstraram achados semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade, que est&#225; claramente associada ao FA de in&#237;cio recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A albumina &#233; um reagente negativo de fase aguda com propriedades anti-inflamat&#243;rias e fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o estado nutricional. Al&#233;m disso, estudos recentes mostraram que baixos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de albumina est&#227;o associados a um risco maior de desenvolver FA de in&#237;cio recente ap&#243;s IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Outro estudo sobre os efeitos inflamat&#243;rios do FA de in&#237;cio recente demonstrou que a rela&#231;&#227;o entre &#225;cido &#250;rico e albumina &#233; um preditor independente de FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio &#233; crucial nas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares e no reparo fisiopatol&#243;gico. Durante o IAMCSST, muitos processos inflamat&#243;rios s&#227;o desencadeados, aumentando as catecolaminas, o cortisol e muitos produtos de oxida&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, com essa fisiopatologia, o risco de desenvolver FA de in&#237;cio recente aumenta durante a oclus&#227;o e a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias. Assim, determinar o n&#237;vel de inflama&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IAMCSST e decidir usar medicamentos que possam reduzir a inflama&#231;&#227;o, como a colchicina, pode reduzir a frequ&#234;ncia de FA. At&#233; onde sabemos, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a investigar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre EPN e FA de in&#237;cio recente ap&#243;s ICPp em pacientes com IAMCSST.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Notavelmente, v&#225;rios pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo; no entanto, alguns dados n&#227;o puderam ser obtidos devido &#224; sua natureza retrospectiva. Al&#233;m disso, houve falta de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico dos pacientes neste estudo. A gravidade da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, o relato de taxas de fluxo ap&#243;s ICPp e o relato de ataques de FA separadamente como sintom&#225;ticos/assintom&#225;ticos e parox&#237;sticos/permanentes tamb&#233;m podem ter aumentado o valor cient&#237;fico deste estudo. Al&#233;m disso, devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva deste estudo, dados confi&#225;veis sobre o uso de drogas n&#227;o puderam ser obtidos. Portanto, um estudo multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo com muitos pacientes pode fornecer dados valiosos de uma perspectiva cient&#237;fica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O IAMCSST &#233; uma emerg&#234;ncia cardiovascular que requer interven&#231;&#227;o urgente. A FA de in&#237;cio recente &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o frequente do IAMCSST e tem resultados ruins; portanto, prever o risco de FA usando marcadores preditivos &#233; crucial. A incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente &#233; de aproximadamente 7&#8211;8%. O EPN &#233; um marcador essencial que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre inflama&#231;&#227;o e nutri&#231;&#227;o. Estudos recentes demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o &#243;bvia entre FA de in&#237;cio recente e inflama&#231;&#227;o. Em pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos a ICPp, o EPN foi um preditor independente de FA de in&#237;cio recente, al&#233;m de fatores cl&#225;ssicos como idade e dimens&#245;es do AE. Esse escore, principalmente relacionado a uma carga inflamat&#243;ria, pode ajudar a prever a incid&#234;ncia de FA de in&#237;cio recente em pacientes ap&#243;s IAMCSST e selecionar melhores terapias potenciais destinadas a reduzir a inflama&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Sel&#231;uk M, &#199;inar T, Saylik F, Akbulut T, Asal S, &#199;i&#231;ek V, et al. Predictive Value of Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio for the Prediction of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Rev Invest Clin. 2022;74(3):156-64. doi: 10.24875/RIC.22000072.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sel&#231;uk</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;inar</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saylik</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akbulut</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asal</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictive Value of Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio for the Prediction of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Rev Invest Clin</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>156</fpage>
          <lpage>164</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24875/RIC.22000072</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Dogac Oksen pelo Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Institute of Cardiology.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Istanbul-Cerrahpasa University Institute of Cardiology sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2024/195. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240671i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Naples Prognostic Score Predicts New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Angioplasty</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4548-9543</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oksen</surname>
            <given-names>Dogac</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arslan</surname>
            <given-names>Sukru</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gecit</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammed Heja</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tekin</surname>
            <given-names>Esra Erturk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oktay</surname>
            <given-names>Veysel</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abaci</surname>
            <given-names>Okay</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Altinbas University, Medical Faculty - Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Cardiology Institute &#8211; Cardiology, Istanbul &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mersin University, Medical Faculty - Cardiovascular Surgery, Mersin &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Biruni University, Medical Faculty - Cardiology, Istanbul, Topkapi &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Dogac Oksen &#8226; Altinbas Universitesi &#8211; Bahcelievler Medicalpark Istanbul, 34217 &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: dogacoksen@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavaccacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> New-onset atrial fibrillation (NOAF) is a typical complication in patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Previous studies have investigated inflammation as a NOAF predictor. The Naples prognostic score (NPS) is a novel marker of inflammation and nutritional status.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive power of the NPS for NOAF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study enrolled 1537 consecutive STEMI who underwent pPCI. The patients who presented NOAF during hospital admission and those who remained in sinus rhythm (RSR) were compared in terms of baseline characteristics. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify variables predicting NOAF development, and p&lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> NOAF was detected in 7.74% (n: 119) of the participants. The mean age (67.03&#177;13.48 vs 57.84&#177;11.31; p &lt;0.001) and NPS (2.53&#177;1.17 vs 2.25&#177;1.10, p=0.008) were significantly higher in the NOAF group. Multivariate analysis revealed age (Odds ratio [OR]: 1.045 for a year, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.019&#8211;1.071, p=0.001), NPS (OR: 1.645, 95% CI: 0.984&#8211;2.748, p=0.037) and left atrial dimensions (OR: 2.542 for cm, 95% CI: 1.488&#8211;4.342, p=0.001) as independent predictors of NOAF.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The NPS was an independent predictor of NOAF in STEMI patients, in addition to classical factors such as age and left atrial dimensions. This score, mostly related to an inflammatory burden, may help to predict NOAF incidence and select better potential therapies aimed at abating inflammation after myocardial infarction.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Naples Prognostic Score Predicts New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with ST-Elevated Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Angioplasty</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240671-40671-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is still associated with significant mortality and morbidity despite advancements in pharmacological and interventional techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a typical type of heart arrhythmia with an increased prevalence in older adults. It is a leading cause of stroke. Typical causes of AF include advanced age, ischemic or structural heart disease, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and alcohol consumption.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Increased frequencies of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias have been reported in patients with acute coronary syndromes. AF is the major supraventricular arrhythmia in patients with STEMI, leading to a 4&#8211;14% increase in primary percutaneous coronary interventions (pPCI) opportunities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The pathophysiology of new-onset AF (NOAF) in the acute phase of STEMI depends on factors such as atrial ischemia, increased sympathetic activity, and inflammation during myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The acute loss of atrial contractions during STEMI leads to diastolic deterioration and serious hemodynamic deterioration. In addition, NOAF may lead to a high ventricular rate, negatively impacting cardiac output. NOAF also increases the risk of stroke. Therefore, NOAF is associated with higher mortality rates in patients with STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A close relationship between AF and systemic inflammation has been demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The Naples Prognostic Score (NPS) was initially designed to predict prognosis in colorectal cancer using biomarkers of inflammation and nutrition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The Naples prognostic score (NPS) is a feasible prognostic score that shows immunity, inflammation, and nutritional status, including total cholesterol, albumin, lymphocyte, monocyte, and neutrophil variables, and has been frequently included in recent publications on cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lower lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) indicate a pro-inflammatory state, while reduced serum albumin and cholesterol suggest poor nutritional status. These combined parameters provide a comprehensive inflammatory and nutritional assessment, which has been increasingly recognized as valuable in predicting cardiovascular outcomes, including NOAF in STEMI patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Notably, to avoid mortality and morbidity in patients with STEMI, urgent action should be taken to prevent adverse events and predict complications such as NOAF. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the predictive power of NPS for NOAF in patients with STEMI who underwent pPCI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This is a single-center, retrospective, cross-sectional study and contains patients between March 2013 and December 2019. In total, 1706 consecutive patients who underwent pPCI for STEMI were enrolled in this study. Notably, all patients over 18 years old and presented with ST-segment elevation in electrocardiography with at least two contiguous derivations and were treated with pPCI were included. The exclusion criteria were a history of paroxysmal and/or permanent AF, previous arrhythmia or ablation history, previous cardiac surgery, cardiac arrest, defibrillation or resuscitation before admission, early stent thrombosis, iatrogenic or spontaneous coronary dissection, coronary perforation, tamponade, end-stage chronic organ failure, end-stage malignancy, receiving chemotherapy, drug abuse, and refusing to undergo intervention or participate in the study. Overall, 169 patients were excluded based on the inclusion criteria, and the remaining 1537 patients were included in this study (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The participants were divided into two groups: patients with NOAF and those who remained in sinus rhythm (RSR).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Study design and workstream. NOAF: new-onset atrial fibrillation.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240671-40671-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>This study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee of Istanbul Cerrahpasa University Institute of Cardiology, and it was conducted according to the ethical subjects of the Helsinki Declaration and Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants included in this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Primary angioplasty procedure</title>
          <p>Participants who were admitted to the emergency department with angina pectoris or angina-equivalent symptoms underwent electrocardiography (ECG) urgently within 10 min. Patients with ST-segment elevation in at least two contiguous derivations or a newly developed right or left bundle branch block were diagnosed with STEMI. Notably, all patients diagnosed with STEMI were administered 300 mg aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor (loading doses for clopidogrel: 600 mg; ticagrelor: 180 mg; prasugrel: 60 mg). All the medical treatments were administered in accordance with European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The femoral artery access route was mostly used. However, radial artery access was used occasionally in patients undergoing anticoagulant treatment when an operator could not access femoral arteries due to peripheral artery disease or any disability, morbid obesity, or based on the patient&#8217;s request. Coronary angiography was performed before wiring the coronary arteries, and 70&#8211;100 U/kg heparin was administered intracoronary to achieve an activated clotting time of 250&#8211;300 s. Furthermore, only culprit lesions underwent revascularization, except for cases of cardiogenic shock or acute myocardial infarction with more than one culprit lesion. Coronary bypass surgery is recommended for patients with critically unprotected left main lesions to prevent revascularization. After rewiring the balloon angioplasty (predilatation &#8211; postdilatation), thrombus aspiration and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor usage were left at the discretion of experienced operators. After pPCI, the patients were followed up in the coronary intensive care unit. Medical treatment was arranged according to current guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The pPCI was accepted as successful when the residual obstruction was &lt; 30% and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) III flow was achieved.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions, diagnosis, and clinical endpoint</title>
          <p>Patient demographics, characteristics, angiographic data, laboratory data, and outcomes were achieved from the medical data recording system. Hypertension (HT) was described as systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg or patients already on hypertension treatment. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as having fasting glucose readings &gt;126 mg/dL in two measurements, glycated hemoglobin &gt;6.5 %, or patients previously diagnosed with DM and on treatment. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was measured using the Cockcroft-Gault equation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Peripheral venous blood samples were taken from the patients at their first hospital admission. Biochemical parameters and hemograms were studied from these samples. Within 24 hours of admission, all patients underwent conventional transthoracic echocardiography, and the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) was estimated with Simpson&#8217;s method. The primary endpoint of this study was the presence of NOAF. Patients with histories of paroxysmal or persistent AF were excluded. AF was defined as the absence of P-waves, fibrillatory activity recorded in the atria, and irregular R &#8211; R intervals.</p>
          <p>Total cholesterol and albumin levels in the peripheral blood sample, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were used to calculate the NPS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 23.0, Armonk, NY, USA, 2015) software package. Continuous variables were described using mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range, according to the normality of the data. Categorical variables were described using absolute and relative frequencies. The distribution characteristics of the variables were assayed using the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. For comparisons of continuous variables between two groups, the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was used if the data were normally distributed, while the Mann&#8211;Whitney U test was applied for non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-Square test. Further stratified analyses were performed on the variables age, e-GFR, hemoglobin, LVEF, NPS, and left atrial dimension based on the significance determined in univariate statistical analysis. A multivariate logistic regression model with a forward elimination method was used to identify variables significantly predicting NOAF development. Results from the logistic regression analysis were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to demonstrate the predictive power of NPS for NOAF development. The area under the curve (AUC) was approved with a 95% confidence interval (CI). P &lt; 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In this study, we analyzed 1537 patients who underwent pPCI for STEMI. NOAF was detected in 7.74% (n: 119) of participants and 92.26% (n: 1418) of the patients with RSR. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> demonstrates the descriptive and patient characteristics. The mean age was significantly higher in the NOAF group (p &lt;0.001), and more females were in the NOAF group (p=0.002). However, a higher percentage of patients with RSR were smokers (p &lt;0.001). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding hypertension, DM, previous coronary artery disease, body mass index, or vitality signs. The eGFR was significantly lower in the NOAF group (p &lt;0.001). However, the serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (Tg) levels were significantly higher in the RSR group (p &lt;0.001 for all). Hemoglobin levels were lower in the NOAF group than in the RSR group (p&lt;0.001). LVEF was lower in the NOAF group; however, left atrium (LA) dimensions were higher in the NOAF group (p &lt;0.001 for both). NPS was significantly higher in the NOAF group (2.53 &#177; 1.17 vs 2.25 &#177; 1.10, p=0.008).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic findings and patient characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">NOAF (n: 119)</th>
                  <th>No NOAF at hospitalization (n: 1418)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, years</td>
                  <td align="center">67.03 &#177; 13.48</td>
                  <td align="center">57.84 &#177; 11.31</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female Gender, %(n)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.1 (230)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking, %(n)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">50.8 (727)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT, %(n)</td>
                  <td align="center">50.4 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center">48.6 (689)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.324</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, %(n)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4 (392)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.937</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CAD, %(n)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6 (34)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.1 (302)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.70 &#177; 4.73</td>
                  <td align="center">27.89 &#177; 4.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.504</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Rate, bpm</td>
                  <td align="center">81.04 &#177; 28.31</td>
                  <td align="center">78.63 &#177; 17.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.194</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">124.03 &#177; 26.02</td>
                  <td align="center">128.13 &#177; 25.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.092</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP, mmHg</td>
                  <td align="center">75.92 &#177; 15.35</td>
                  <td align="center">78.10 &#177; 14.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pain to needle time, hours</td>
                  <td align="center">3.13 &#177; 3.28</td>
                  <td align="center">2.82 &#177; 2.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mg/dL**</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04 [ 0.72 &#8211; 1.24 ]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 [ 0.69 &#8211; 1.03 ]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR, ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">70.55 &#177; 23.33</td>
                  <td align="center">84.11 &#177; 21.96</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c, %</td>
                  <td align="center">6.49 &#177; 1.24</td>
                  <td align="center">6.59 &#177; 1.61</td>
                  <td align="center">0.525</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total &#8211; C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">171.12 &#177; 40.90</td>
                  <td align="center">188.90 &#177; 42.70</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL &#8211; C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">114.62 &#177; 36.88</td>
                  <td align="center">130.09 &#177; 38.18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL &#8211; C, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">40.44 &#177; 11.31</td>
                  <td align="center">38.55 &#177; 10.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride, mg/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">126.97 &#177; 72.53</td>
                  <td align="center">156.89 &#177; 96.66</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">13.44 &#177; 1.99</td>
                  <td align="center">14.13 &#177; 1.75</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lym,K/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">2.46 &#177; 1.69</td>
                  <td align="center">2.60 &#177; 1.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.343</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mon, K/&#181;L **</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 [ 0.63 &#8211; 0.96 ]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76 [ 0.45 &#8211; 1.1 ]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.563</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neu, ,K/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">8.10 &#177; 3.92</td>
                  <td align="center">8.70 &#177; 4.08</td>
                  <td align="center">0.119</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLT, ,K/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">242.65 &#177; 62.44</td>
                  <td align="center">259.65 &#177; 76.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF, %</td>
                  <td align="center">42.17 &#177; 9.80</td>
                  <td align="center">46.78 &#177; 8.68</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">42.45 &#177; 5.51</td>
                  <td align="center">38.11 &#177; 4.12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">52.21 &#177; 5.95</td>
                  <td align="center">49.75 &#177; 5.36</td>
                  <td align="center">0.027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVS, mm</td>
                  <td align="center">10.91 &#177; 1.34</td>
                  <td align="center">10.64 &#177; 1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.271</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEU/LYM</td>
                  <td align="center">5.35 &#177; 5.53</td>
                  <td align="center">4.84 &#177; 4.77</td>
                  <td align="center">0.270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LYM/MON</td>
                  <td align="center">3.87 &#177; 2.78</td>
                  <td align="center">3.97 &#177; 2.75</td>
                  <td align="center">0.715</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin, g/dL</td>
                  <td align="center">3.81 &#177; 0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">3.92 &#177; 0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total protein, K/&#181;L</td>
                  <td align="center">6.26 &#177; 0.65</td>
                  <td align="center">6.45 &#177; 0.59</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Naples Score</td>
                  <td align="center">2.53 &#177; 1.17</td>
                  <td align="center">2.25 &#177; 1.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>** Data are presented as percentage, mean &#177; standard deviation, or median (interquartile range). HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CAD: coronary artery disease; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; C: cholesterol; LDL: light density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Lym: lymphocyte; Mon: monocyte; PLT: platelet; EF: ejection fraction; Neu: neutrophile; NOAF: new-onset atrial fibrillation; AF: atrial fibrillation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Hospital mortality, ventricular arrhythmias, third-degree atrioventricular block, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and blood transfusion rates were significantly higher in the NOAF group than in the RSR group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Per or post pPCI complications</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>NOAF (n: 119)</th>
                  <th>No NOAF at hospitalization (n: 1418)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital mortality, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 (63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VT/VF, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.8 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 (75)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AV block, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiogenic shock, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.6 (9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CPR, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.6 (23)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.041</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major bleeding, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.582</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemodialysis, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.121</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Access site complication, % (n)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.181</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blood transfusion, %(n)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>pPCI: primary percutaneous coronary intervention; VT: ventricular tachycardia; VF: ventricular fibrillation; AV: atrioventricular; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Independent NOAF predictors were evaluated using a multivariate logistic regression model, including variables such as age, eGFR, hemoglobin, LVEF, NPS, and LA (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). The findings from the regression analysis confirmed that age, NPS, and left atrial dimension were independent predictors of NOAF development.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariate logistic regression analysis to demonstrate the predictors of new-onset atrial fibrillation after pPCI in patients admitted with STEMI</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Exp(B)</th>
                  <th>CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">1.045</td>
                  <td align="center">1.019 &#8211; 1.071</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.007</td>
                  <td align="center">0.995 -1.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.250</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin</td>
                  <td align="center">1.142</td>
                  <td align="center">0.982 &#8211; 1.328</td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">0.978</td>
                  <td align="center">0.952 &#8211; 1.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NPS</td>
                  <td align="center">1.645</td>
                  <td align="center">0.984 &#8211; 2.748</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Left atrium</td>
                  <td align="center">2.542</td>
                  <td align="center">1.488 &#8211; 4.342</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>Nagelkerke R square: 0.66. LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; NPS: Naples prognostic score.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>ROC analysis was used to determine the predictive power of NPS for NOAF development. Accordingly, the NPS cut-off value of 2.2 predicted NOAF development with a sensitivity and specificity of 83.5% and 72.0%, respectively (AUC: 0.768; 95% CI: 0.511&#8211;0.925; p= 0.013).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study demonstrated the concomitance of STEMI and NOAF in patients undergoing pPCI and mainly aimed to present the NPS as an effective predictor of NOAF in patients with STEMI who underwent pPCI. In addition to the NPS score, advanced age and increased left atrial dimensions were significant predictors of NOAF. In our cohort of 1537 patients with STEMI, the incidence of NOAF was 7.74%, consistent with the previous literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> NOAF is observed in approximately 7&#8211;8% of STEMI patients undergoing pPCI, with reported rates ranging from 4% to 14% in the literature. The variation in prevalence is influenced by factors such as study design, population demographics, and diagnostic criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The multicenter randomized Harmonizing Outcomes With Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) study consisted of 3281 STEMI patients, and NOAF incidence was observed 4.5% (n: 147) after pPCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> NPS showed superior prognostic factors for classical risk factors, such as hemoglobin levels, eGFR, and LVEF. Furthermore, NPS was not inferior to age and LA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>However, despite the widespread use of pPCI and catheter laboratories, STEMI remains the most fatal subgroup of cardiovascular diseases. Invasive cardiology is developing daily; however, it has a high mortality rate and causes serious morbidity. The pathophysiology of STEMI includes inflammation due to the rupture of fibrin and lipid-containing plaques and adhesion and platelet aggregation, which consequently forms a thrombus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammation is involved in every stage of thrombus formation and lumen occlusion due to atheroma plaque complications. Cytokine release, acute phase reactants, oxidation end products, neutrophil migration, and lymphocyte apoptosis occur during STEMI due to atherosclerosis and atheroma plaque complications, as well as in the pathophysiology of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Increased oxidation during STEMI and revascularization injury leads to atrial myofibril damage. Inflammation and oxidative stress affect atrial remodeling. Therefore, agents that increase myocyte remodeling and contain antioxidants are beneficial in avoiding NOAF and other cardiovascular outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Studies have shown that increased inflammation and high monocyte counts increase the frequency of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in patients with STEMI. In a study examining the incidence of NOAF after STEMI, 346 patients were included, and NOAF was observed in 9.5% of patients. Total oxidative status and oxidative stress index were statistically significantly higher in the NOAF group. Oxidative stress and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels have been reported as independent predictors of NOAF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In a prospective cohort study of 625 patients, the effects of inflammatory markers on outcomes after pPCI were investigated, and only the NLR was shown to be an independent variable to predict the MACE in hospital.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In a previous meta-analysis, increased CRP levels were significantly associated with NOAF after acute myocardial infarction. However, one study reported that sex, age, revascularization time, and site of vessel occlusion contributed to elevated CRP levels while predicting NOAF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Galizia et al. used serum albumin, total cholesterol, NLR, and LMR markers to evaluate nutrition and inflammation and predict prognosis in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The NPS is an effective prognostic marker for other cancer surgeries and has been included in cardiological studies. Erdogan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> retrospectively examined 1887 patients with STEMI, and NPS was observed to be a statistically significant independent predictor of all-cause mortality at a median follow-up of 15 months (hazard ratio: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.75&#8211;3.5, p &lt;0.001). NPS is more sensitive in predicting the prognosis than other inflammation markers like high sensitivity-CPR, oxidative indices, and isolated NLR or LMR. In addition, the NPS reflects patient nutrition. Recent studies have demonstrated that inflammation is crucial in AF etiology; therefore, we investigated NPS to predict NOAF after pPCI in patients with STEMI. Our study observed that NPS was a significant predictor of NOAF (OR: 1.64, 95% CI: 0.98&#8211;2.74, p=0.037).</p>
        <p>In addition to NPS, we identified other independent predictors of NOAF, such as age and LA size. LA size can be used to predict and determine the prognosis of AF. In our study, LA was larger in the NOAF group, and multivariate analysis demonstrated LA dimensions as an independent predictor (OR: 2.54, 95% CI: 1.48&#8211;4.34, p=0.001). Li et al. analysis of 4713 patients with acute myocardial infarction showed that LA enlargement was associated with an increased NOAF risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Advanced age is the most well-known risk factor for AF. Recent studies have also demonstrated similar findings regarding age, which is clearly associated with NOAF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Albumin is a negative acute-phase reactant with anti-inflammatory properties and provides information about nutritional status. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that low serum albumin levels are associated with a higher risk of developing NOAF after STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Another study on the inflammatory effects of NOAF demonstrated that the uric acid-to-albumin ratio is an independent predictor of NOAF in patients with STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammation after myocardial infarction is crucial in cardiovascular complications and pathophysiological repair. During STEMI, many inflammatory processes are triggered, increasing catecholamines, cortisol, and many oxidation products. Therefore, with this pathophysiology, the risk of developing NOAF increases during the occlusion and revascularization of the coronary arteries. Thus, determining the level of inflammation in patients with STEMI and deciding to use drugs that can reduce inflammation, such as colchicine, may reduce the frequency of NOAF. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the relationship between NPS and NOAF after pPCI in patients with STEMI.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study has some limitations. Notably, several patients were enrolled in this study; however, some data could not be obtained due to its retrospective nature. In addition, there was a lack of clinical follow-up of patients in this study. The severity of coronary artery disease, reporting of flow rates after pPCI, and reporting AF attacks separately as symptomatic/asymptomatic and paroxysmal/permanent could have also increased the scientific value of this study. Furthermore, owing to the retrospective nature of this study, reliable data on drug use could not be obtained. Therefore, a prospective multicenter study with many patients can provide valuable data from a scientific perspective.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>STEMI is a cardiovascular emergency that requires urgent intervention. NOAF is a frequent complication of STEMI and has poor outcomes; therefore, predicting the risk of NOAF using predictive markers is crucial. NOAF incidence is approximately 7&#8211;8%. NPS is an essential marker that provide information on inflammation and nutrition. Recent studies have demonstrated an obvious association between NOAF and inflammation. In patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI, the NPS was an independent predictor of NOAF, in addition to classical factors such as age and left atrial dimensions. This score, mostly related to an inflammatory burden, may help to predict NOAF incidence in patients after STEMI and select better potential therapies aimed at abating inflammation after myocardial infarction.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Dogac Oksen, from Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Institute of Cardiology.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Institute of Cardiology. under the protocol number 2024/195. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability</label>
          <p>All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
