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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dz3f4rcW6tbthYvnDcJPfnN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240634</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Strain Ventricular em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira do Estudo ELSA-Brasil: Valores de Refer&#234;ncia e seus Determinantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmitz</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia Bevilacqua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ca&#241;on-Monta&#241;ez</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce Bartholow</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Antioquia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Nursing</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Medellin</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CO">Col&#244;mbia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad de Antioquia &#8211; Faculty of Nursing, Medellin &#8211; Col&#244;mbia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Angela Barreto Santiago Santos &#8226; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2061. CEP 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>abssantos@hcpa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240634</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e do ventr&#237;culo direito &#233; um importante preditor de risco cardiovascular. O strain longitudinal global (SLG) fornece sensibilidade superior para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica em compara&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros tradicionais, aumentando a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas. No entanto, faltam valores de refer&#234;ncia para SLG em diversas popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Estabelecer valores de refer&#234;ncia para SLGVE e strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (SLPLVD) em uma popula&#231;&#227;o multi&#233;tnica brasileira sem fatores de risco cardiovascular ou doen&#231;a. Tamb&#233;m exploramos como fatores cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos influenciam a distribui&#231;&#227;o do SLG, abordando uma lacuna nas diretrizes globais que geralmente dependem de dados de popula&#231;&#245;es homog&#234;neas ou geograficamente distantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Inclu&#237;mos 1.048 participantes da coorte ELSA-Brasil que foram submetidos &#224; ecocardiografia com an&#225;lise do SLG. Uma subamostra saud&#225;vel (n = 527) foi definida pela exclus&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou renal, hipertens&#227;o ou diabetes para estabelecer intervalos de refer&#234;ncia do SLG. A preval&#234;ncia de SLG anormal foi avaliada, e foram identificados fatores associados &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de SLGVE e SLPLVD. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi definida como p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Na subamostra saud&#225;vel (idade m&#233;dia de 50,2 anos, 59% do sexo feminino), a m&#233;dia de SLGVE foi de 19,0% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 14,3 a 23,8), e a m&#233;dia de SLPLVD foi de 28,3% (intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%: 22,3 a 34,3). As mulheres exibiram valores mais altos de SLGVE e SLPLVD do que os homens, sem diferen&#231;as significativas relacionadas &#224; idade. Valores anormais de SLGVE e SLPLVD foram observados em 3,8% e 1,6% dos participantes, respectivamente. O SLGVE mais baixo foi associado &#224; obesidade, hipertens&#227;o e diabetes; o SLPLVD reduzido foi correlacionado com maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal e massa do VE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Propomos valores de refer&#234;ncia para SLGVE e SLPLVD em uma grande coorte brasileira, destacando associa&#231;&#245;es com comorbidades cardiovasculares e estrutura ventricular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Strain Ventricular em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Adulta Brasileira do Estudo ELSA-Brasil: Valores de Refer&#234;ncia e seus Determinantes</title>
              <p>DM: diabetes mellitus; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SLG: strain longitudinal global; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/dz3f4rcW6tbthYvnDcJPfnN/499641b1b6f56a6fdd0126a7fda164eb6eaadf20.tif"/>
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          </fig>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Deforma&#231;&#227;o Longitudinal Global</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventr&#237;culos do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Estudos de Coortes</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0010.00</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 10 0643.00 RS</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0212.00 BA</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 060300.00 ES</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0278.00 MG</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0115.00 SP</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o</funding-source>
          <award-id>01 06 0071.00 RJ</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente trabalho foi apoiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia), Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, bolsas 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 060300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP e 01 06 0071.00 RJ) e o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="12"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O comprometimento da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#233; um preditor bem conhecido de morbimortalidade cardiovascular,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e &#233; geralmente relatado e categorizado por meio da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE). No entanto, a FEVE tem limita&#231;&#245;es reconhecidas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; reprodutibilidade e padroniza&#231;&#227;o, diminuindo a detec&#231;&#227;o de anormalidades sutis na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade do VE por meio do strain mioc&#225;rdico usando speckle tracking superou a maioria dessas restri&#231;&#245;es. Ademais, essa t&#233;cnica &#233; resiliente a varia&#231;&#245;es nos planos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o e na dire&#231;&#227;o do movimento muscular, permitindo assim a avalia&#231;&#227;o com imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas bidimensionais regulares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Particularmente, a an&#225;lise do strain longitudinal global (SLG) demonstrou ser uma medida robusta para detectar disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica precoce e um par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico al&#233;m da FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) tamb&#233;m est&#225; emergindo como um par&#226;metro progn&#243;stico em cen&#225;rios como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> No entanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VD por meio da ecocardiografia convencional, como a velocidade sist&#243;lica m&#225;xima do anel lateral tric&#250;spide por Doppler tecidual puls&#225;til (s&#8217;) e a excurs&#227;o sist&#243;lica do plano anular tric&#250;spide (TAPSE), &#233; limitada devido ao formato complexo dessa c&#226;mara e &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o restrita aos segmentos basais em vez de todo o VD. Para enfrentar esse desafio, par&#226;metros emergentes como o strain do VD provaram ser confi&#225;veis e precisos, com a vantagem de serem menos afetados pela depend&#234;ncia do &#226;ngulo do que os par&#226;metros tradicionais de fun&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o strain longitudinal do VD aumentou a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas, incluindo hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, embolia pulmonar e displasia arritmog&#234;nica do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m auxilia na estratifica&#231;&#227;o adicional do progn&#243;stico entre pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas e transplante card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Apesar de seus pontos fortes, as medi&#231;&#245;es do SLGVE e do strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (SLPLVD) apresentam v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas ao interpretar os resultados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica e na pesquisa. Essas limita&#231;&#245;es decorrem principalmente de quest&#245;es relacionadas &#224; qualidade da imagem (como posi&#231;&#227;o corporal do paciente, janelas ac&#250;sticas desfavor&#225;veis ou artefatos de movimento, todos os quais podem prejudicar significativamente a an&#225;lise de deforma&#231;&#227;o), variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (onde frequ&#234;ncias card&#237;acas muito altas ou muito baixas podem afetar o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica e medi&#231;&#227;o de strain, potencialmente distorcendo os resultados) e variabilidade de software (j&#225; que diferentes plataformas de softwares comerciais podem empregar algoritmos ligeiramente diferentes para c&#225;lculo de strain, levando &#224; variabilidade nas medi&#231;&#245;es do SLG). Al&#233;m disso, o SLPLVD &#233; inerentemente mais desafiador de avaliar devido &#224; anatomia e fun&#231;&#227;o complexas do RV. Entender essas limita&#231;&#245;es &#233; essencial para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o precisa das medidas de strain e para evitar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o excessiva dos resultados, particularmente em pacientes com anormalidades lim&#237;trofes ou sutis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e a Associa&#231;&#227;o Europeia de Ecocardiografia estabeleceram valores de refer&#234;ncia padr&#227;o para medidas de ecocardiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> No entanto, esses dados podem n&#227;o representar com precis&#227;o popula&#231;&#245;es mundiais diversas, como j&#225; demonstrado em estudos anteriores que inclu&#237;ram a FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora as popula&#231;&#245;es globais possam servir como ponto de partida, as varia&#231;&#245;es gen&#233;ticas, sociais e ambientais entre pa&#237;ses e continentes sugerem que os valores de refer&#234;ncia universais podem ser imprecisos para o diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico. A necessidade de valores de refer&#234;ncia locais se torna ainda mais relevante em pa&#237;ses com popula&#231;&#245;es multi&#233;tnicas, como o Brasil, onde as caracter&#237;sticas gen&#233;ticas e comportamentais podem variar consideravelmente entre diversos grupos &#233;tnicos. Para garantir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes dessa popula&#231;&#227;o, &#233; crucial definir valores de refer&#234;ncia espec&#237;ficos para o Brasil, com base nas caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o local. O Estudo ELSA-Brasil apresenta uma oportunidade &#250;nica de estabelecer limites de refer&#234;ncia para par&#226;metros de SLG de uma grande amostra de adultos brasileiros, permitindo melhor interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos resultados da ecocardiografia em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o enquanto a implementa&#231;&#227;o desses par&#226;metros ocorre na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria. Com base em uma popula&#231;&#227;o multi&#233;tnica brasileira de meia-idade, visamos: (1) descrever valores de refer&#234;ncia para SLGVE e SLPLVD em uma subamostra livre de doen&#231;a cardiovascular e fatores de risco; (2) descrever a preval&#234;ncia de SLG anormal nessa coorte ocupacional, usando o ponto de corte da subamostra saud&#225;vel; (3) avaliar a influ&#234;ncia de fatores cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na distribui&#231;&#227;o de SLG dentro dessa coorte ocupacional.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>O Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil) &#233; um estudo epidemiol&#243;gico prospectivo projetado para investigar doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes em 15.105 participantes, servidores p&#250;blicos de universidades ou institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa em 6 cidades brasileiras (S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Vit&#243;ria, Salvador e Porto Alegre). Todos os funcion&#225;rios ativos ou aposentados com idade entre 35 e 74 anos foram eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. Os detalhes do estudo, incluindo o desenho, os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade, as fontes e os m&#233;todos de recrutamento e as medidas obtidas foram descritos em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores.10,11 A presente investiga&#231;&#227;o foi um estudo transversal do ELSA-Brasil durante a primeira visita (de agosto de 2008 a dezembro de 2010), a partir de uma subamostra aleat&#243;ria predefinida compreendendo 10% da amostra total. Dessa amostra, inclu&#237;mos participantes que foram submetidos a um exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico com an&#225;lise adequada do VE e do VD e que estavam em ritmo sinusal durante o exame. A an&#225;lise para a defini&#231;&#227;o dos valores de refer&#234;ncia de SLGVE e SLPLVD foi restrita a uma subamostra de participantes &#8220;saud&#225;veis&#8221; composta por aqueles livres de hipertens&#227;o; diabetes; doen&#231;a renal, definida como uma taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt; 60 mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup> ou rela&#231;&#227;o albumina/creatinina urin&#225;ria &#8805; 30 mg/g; e condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares preexistentes, que foram definidas como hist&#243;rico de acidente vascular cerebral, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo. DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O Estudo ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica em pesquisa das institui&#231;&#245;es envolvidas, e todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado por escrito.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>Todos os ecocardiogramas transtor&#225;cicos foram obtidos na primeira visita do estudo em 6 centros diferentes. As imagens foram adquiridas em m&#225;quinas de ecocardiografia configuradas de forma id&#234;ntica (Aplio XG, Toshiba) com um transdutor de setor de 2,5 MHz, e a taxa de quadros para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o variou de 40 a 60 quadros por segundo, de acordo com protocolos padronizados. Esses protocolos inclu&#237;ram as janelas paraesternais do eixo longo e curto, bem como as janelas apicais de 4 c&#226;maras e 2 c&#226;maras. Os exames foram gravados em formato digital e transferidos para o centro de leitura ecocardiogr&#225;fica do ELSA-Brasil em Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos padr&#227;o e Doppler foram analisados usando uma esta&#231;&#227;o de trabalho offline (ComPACS 10.5 workstation; Medimatic SrL, It&#225;lia). Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em triplicado seguindo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia,8 incluindo di&#226;metros do VE, espessura da parede do VE, massa do VE, FEVE, volume do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), velocidades de influxo mitral diast&#243;lico precoce e tardio, velocidades do anel mitral, di&#226;metro do VD, &#225;reas diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do VD e varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada (FAC, sigla do ingl&#234;s fractional area change) do VD.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar os par&#226;metros da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica precoce, seguimos as diretrizes e recomenda&#231;&#245;es atuais.12 A fun&#231;&#227;o da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do VE e VD foi medida usando um software previamente validado e comercialmente dispon&#237;vel dedicado &#224; an&#225;lise do VE e VD (2D Cardiac Performance Analysis&#169;, TomTec-ArenaTM 1.2 Imaging Systems, Unterschlei&#223;heim, Alemanha). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o do strain do VE, as bordas endoc&#225;rdicas foram tra&#231;adas no quadro diast&#243;lico final de imagens bidimensionais adquiridas das janelas apicais de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras. A di&#225;stole final foi definida pelo complexo QRS, ou como o quadro ap&#243;s o fechamento da v&#225;lvula mitral. A s&#237;stole final foi definida pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o do quadro antes da abertura da v&#225;lvula mitral na janela paraesternal do eixo longo. Speckle tracking foi realizado quadro a quadro dentro do mioc&#225;rdio do VE ao longo de 1 ciclo card&#237;aco; subsequentemente, regi&#245;es de interesse basal, m&#233;dia e apical foram criadas. Cada imagem foi cuidadosamente inspecionada e os segmentos em que houve falha no rastreamento foram ajustados manualmente. Se mais de 1 segmento n&#227;o pudesse ser rastreado, ou se houvesse uma falta de um ciclo card&#237;aco completo ou encurtamento significativo do VE, as medi&#231;&#245;es eram consideradas n&#227;o confi&#225;veis, e o paciente era exclu&#237;do da an&#225;lise. O SLGVE foi calculado como o strain longitudinal m&#233;dio nas janelas apicais de 2 e 4 c&#226;maras. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal do VD, a di&#225;stole final foi definida manualmente pelo complexo QRS, enquanto a s&#237;stole final foi definida como uma abertura da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide na janela de 4 c&#226;maras. A parede livre do VD e o septo interventricular foram divididos em 3 segmentos (apical, m&#233;dio e basal). O SLPLVD &#233; o valor m&#233;dio dos 3 segmentos da parede livre do VD. Todos os valores de SLG s&#227;o apresentados como valores absolutos e foram obtidos durante a fase de pico de contra&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco (pico de strain sist&#243;lico).</p>
        <p>A reprodutibilidade intra e interobservador para as medidas de SLGVE e SLPLVD foi previamente avaliada em 50 casos selecionados aleatoriamente da coorte ELSA-Brasil. Para SLGVE, os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intra e interobservador foram de 5,4% e 7,4%, com coeficientes de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,83 (intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 0,73 a 0,90) e 0,76 (IC 95%: 0,61 a 0,86), respectivamente.13 Para SLPLVD, os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o foram de 5,1% e 8,3%, com valores de coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse de 0,78 (IC de 95%: 0,67 a 0,89) e 0,54 (IC de 95%: 0,34 a 0,74), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas</title>
        <p>Os dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentados como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Os dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal foram exibidos como mediana e intervalo interquartil, e os dados categ&#243;ricos foram mostrados como total e propor&#231;&#227;o. A normalidade foi avaliada usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando o teste t bilateral com vari&#226;ncia desigual para dados distribu&#237;dos normalmente, o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para dados distribu&#237;dos anormalmente e o teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Apresentamos os valores m&#233;dios e o IC de 95% correspondente para SLGVE e SLPLVD, definindo valores absolutos abaixo desse ponto de corte na amostra saud&#225;vel como anormais. Categorizamos a amostra em tercis de acordo com a gravidade da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e do VD medida por SLG, e aplicamos testes de tend&#234;ncia (teste t bilateral com vari&#226;ncia desigual, teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon e teste qui-quadrado) para ilustrar a associa&#231;&#227;o de SLG com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear foi realizada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre FEVE e SLGVE, bem como entre SLPLVD e FAC do VD.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o pacote de software STATA (vers&#227;o 13, Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, Estados Unidos). Todos os testes foram bilaterais, e foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o total (n = 1.048) tinha uma idade m&#233;dia de 52 anos e inclu&#237;a 559 (53%) mulheres. O maior centro de recrutamento foi S&#227;o Paulo (26,7%), seguido por Belo Horizonte (22,6%), Porto Alegre (16,6%), Salvador (13,7%), Rio de Janeiro (13,1%) e Vit&#243;ria (7,1%). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo estratificadas por sexo. A idade n&#227;o diferiu entre os sexos; entretanto, os indiv&#237;duos do sexo masculino apresentaram maior &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e tabagismo atual, bem como piores escores de risco cardiovascular. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, as mulheres apresentaram cavidades menores (di&#226;metros do AE, VE e VD), menor massa do VE e espessura relativa da parede, al&#233;m de maior raz&#227;o E/e&#8217; em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens. Os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica para o VE e VD foram maiores nas mulheres do que nos homens, incluindo maior FEVE, SLGVE, FAC do VD e SLPLVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas basais da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Geral (n = 1.048)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Homens (n = 489)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres (n = 559)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">51,9 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">52,1 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a autodeclarada, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">523 (49,9)</td>
                <td align="center">248 (49,2)</td>
                <td align="center">277 (50,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">184 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (16,1)</td>
                <td align="center">105 (18,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">293 (27,9)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (26,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">13 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">28 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Altura, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">165,3 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">172,1 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">159,4 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ASC, m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,8 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,92 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,6 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">358 (34,1)</td>
                <td align="center">191 (39)</td>
                <td align="center">167 (29,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">166 (15,8)</td>
                <td align="center">100 (20,4)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo atual, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">126 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Obesidade, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">199 (18,9)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">113 (20,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">446 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">231 (47,2)</td>
                <td align="center">215 (38,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">14 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">20 (3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">92 (8,7)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (6,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">15 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (1,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,28</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,7 [1,1 a 6,8]</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 [2,4 a 11]</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 [0,7 a 3,7]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, mediana [intervalo interquartil] para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal e n (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Geral (n = 1.048)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Homens (n = 489)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres (n = 559)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do AE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume do AE, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 13,6</td>
                <td align="center">51,1 &#177; 14,6</td>
                <td align="center">45,5 &#177; 12,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume do AE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 6,7</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">91 &#177; 18,5</td>
                <td align="center">99,7 &#177; 18,2</td>
                <td align="center">83,8 &#177; 15,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51,6 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">53,9 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">49,7 &#177; 9,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">30,8 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 &#177; 12,3</td>
                <td align="center">27,3 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17,1 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">16,1 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE indexada &#224; ASC, g/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">74,9 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">82,7 &#177; 17,3</td>
                <td align="center">69,2 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LV massa/altura2,7, g/m2,7</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">34,7 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">36,2 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td align="center">33,4 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico</td>
                <td align="center">306 (29,1)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (28,8)</td>
                <td align="center">165 (29,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">49 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (4,1)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">48 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,068</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,069</td>
                <td align="center">0,4 &#177; 0,068</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">7 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,5 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia do anel mitral e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,8 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,3 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro basal do VD, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE (m&#233;todo de Simpson), %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">59,5 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">55,6 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLGVE, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18,6 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca (n = 523)</td>
                <td align="center">18,6 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">19,3 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta (n = 184)</td>
                <td align="center">18,4 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,7 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda (n = 293)</td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">18 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,4 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">18,7 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tica (n = 28)</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,7 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">18,9 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FAC do VD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">43,8 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">43,1 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">44,4 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLPLVD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">28,4 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca (n = 523)</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,6 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta (n = 184)</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 3,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda (n = 293)</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,9 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tica (n = 28)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">27,6 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; SLG: strain longitudinal global; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Entre os 527 participantes classificados como saud&#225;veis (50,2 anos; 59% mulheres), a SLGVE m&#233;dia foi de 19,0% (IC 95%: 14,3% a 23,8%), enquanto o valor m&#233;dio de SLPLVD foi de 28,3% (IC 95%: 22,3% a 34,3%). As mulheres exibiram valores absolutos mais altos de SLGVE e SLPLVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nos valores de SLGVE e SLPLVD entre diferentes faixas et&#225;rias ou na an&#225;lise estratificada por sexo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da subamostra saud&#225;vel estratificada por sexo.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de refer&#234;ncia do strain longitudinal da subamostra saud&#225;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">M&#233;dia &#177; DP</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Limites do normal (IC 95%)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLGVE,%</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Geral</td>
                <td align="center">527</td>
                <td align="center">19,0 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">14 a 24</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">14 a 23</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">312</td>
                <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">15 a 24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLPLVD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Geral</td>
                <td align="center">527</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">22 a 34</td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td align="center">215</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">22 a 34</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">312</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">23 a 34</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; SLGVE: strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de SLGVE e SLPLVD entre idades em homens e mulheres na subamostra saud&#225;vel. SLGVE: strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas basais da subamostra saud&#225;vel</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Geral (n = 527)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Homens (n = 215)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Mulheres (n = 312)</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">50,2 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">49,6 &#177; 8,4</td>
                <td align="center">50,6 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a autodeclarada, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca</td>
                <td align="center">291 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">116 (53)</td>
                <td align="center">175 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta</td>
                <td align="center">75 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">50 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda</td>
                <td align="center">137 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (29)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (23,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,59</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tica</td>
                <td align="center">13 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (3)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Altura, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">164,9 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">172,9 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">159,4 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ASC, m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1,76 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,91 &#177; 0,17</td>
                <td align="center">1,67 &#177; 0,15</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">25,7 &#177; 3,99</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 3,76</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 &#177; 4,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do AE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,6 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LA volume, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">47,5 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">51,3 &#177; 13,7</td>
                <td align="center">45,2 &#177; 12,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume do AE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,8 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">26,7 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">26,9 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,7 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,3 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2,8 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,0 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">89,9 &#177; 18,1</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 17,7</td>
                <td align="center">83 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume diast&#243;lico final do VE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 10,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,4 &#177; 10,9</td>
                <td align="center">49,9 &#177; 9,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,6 &#177; 8,5</td>
                <td align="center">33,4 &#177; 9,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 6,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume sist&#243;lico final do VE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">17,2 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">18,5 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,3 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE indexada &#224; ASC, g/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">70,8 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">77,4 &#177; 13,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,4 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LV massa/altura2,7, g/m2,7</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">32,4 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">33,6 &#177; 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">31,6 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,39 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 &#177; 0,05</td>
                <td align="center">0,39 &#177; 0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,8 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">6,5 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia do anel mitral e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10,8 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro basal do VD, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">3,7 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE (m&#233;todo de Simpson), %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">59,4 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,7 &#177; 6,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLGVE, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19,0 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca (n = 291)</td>
                <td align="center">18,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">18,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">19,5 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta (n = 75)</td>
                <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,53</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda (n = 137)</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">18,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">19,7 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena (n = 8)</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 1</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tica (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">19,2 &#177; 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">20,2 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FAC do VD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">43,8 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">42,8 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td align="center">44,5 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLPLVD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 3,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Branca (n = 291)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">27,9 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,8 &#177; 3,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Preta (n = 75)</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Parda (n = 137)</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 2,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ind&#237;gena (n = 8)</td>
                <td align="center">29,3 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">29,2 &#177; 2,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,85</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Asi&#225;tica (n = 13)</td>
                <td align="center">28 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">27,8 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">28,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SLG: strain longitudinal global; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>SLGVE anormal (&lt; 14%) foi detectado em 3,8% de todos os participantes, enquanto SLPLVD anormal (&lt; 22%) foi encontrado em 1,6%. A Figura Suplementar 1 mostra a distribui&#231;&#227;o de SLGVE e SLPLVD entre a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Taxas mais altas de SLGVE anormal, mas n&#227;o de SLPLVD, foram observadas em participantes com hipertens&#227;o e obesidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0634_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de SLGVE e SLPLVD anormais entre diferentes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. SLGVE: strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de tercil, os indiv&#237;duos no grupo de tercil com pior SLGVE eram predominantemente homens e tinham taxas mais altas de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e obesidade, bem como pontua&#231;&#245;es mais altas de risco cardiovascular. Adicionalmente, esses participantes apresentaram maiores dimens&#245;es do VE e VD, maior massa do VE, maior espessura relativa da parede e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do VE. Ademais, pior SLGVE foi associado a par&#226;metros sist&#243;licos do VE e do VD mais desfavor&#225;veis, conforme avaliado por FEVE, FAC do VD e SLPLVD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos tercis de SLPLVD, os participantes com pior SLPLVD apresentaram maior &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), aumento da massa do VE e piores par&#226;metros sist&#243;licos ventriculares do VE e VD, conforme avaliados por FEVE, SLGVE e FAC do VD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> ilustra os fatores correlacionados com SLGVE e SLPLVD anormais. Os principais achados do nosso estudo s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tercis de strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">SLGVE</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Melhor &#8592;</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Pior &#8594;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tercil 1 (n = 350) 26,73% a 19,71%</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tercil 2 (n = 349) 19,71% a 17,64%</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tercil 3 (n = 349) 17,63% a 7,12%</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td>51,9 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td>52,1 &#177; 8,9</td>
                <td>51,9 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td>0,91</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mulheres, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>230 (65)</td>
                <td>191 (54)</td>
                <td>138 (39)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td>25,9 &#177; 4</td>
                <td>26,4 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td>27,4 &#177; 4,6</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>100 (28,5)</td>
                <td>114 (32,6)</td>
                <td>144 (41,2)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>40 (11,4)</td>
                <td>53 (15,1)</td>
                <td>73 (20,9)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo atual, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>37 (10,5)</td>
                <td>43 (12,3)</td>
                <td>46 (13,2)</td>
                <td>0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Obesidade, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>53 (15,1)</td>
                <td>59 (16,9)</td>
                <td>87 (24,9)</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>142 (40,5)</td>
                <td>146 (41,8)</td>
                <td>158 (45,2)</td>
                <td>0,42</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>24 (6,8)</td>
                <td>30 (8,5)</td>
                <td>38 (10,8)</td>
                <td>0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>3 (0,8)</td>
                <td>7 (2)</td>
                <td>5 (1,4)</td>
                <td>0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>4 (1,1)</td>
                <td>3 (0,8)</td>
                <td>3 (0,8)</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>3 (0,8)</td>
                <td>2 (0,5)</td>
                <td>9 (2,5)</td>
                <td>0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td>7 (2)</td>
                <td>7 (2)</td>
                <td>6 (1,7)</td>
                <td>0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td>1,95 [0,82 a 5,46]</td>
                <td>2,7[1,1 a 6,85]</td>
                <td>4 [1,4 a 9,3]</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume do AE, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td>47,8 &#177; 12,04</td>
                <td>47,9 &#177; 13,4</td>
                <td>48,3 &#177; 15,4</td>
                <td>0,92</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume do AE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td>27,3 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td>26,7 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td>25,9 &#177; 7,3</td>
                <td>0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td>4,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td>4,4 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td>4,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE, g</bold>
                </td>
                <td>126,8 &#177; 31,1</td>
                <td>132,1 &#177; 35,5</td>
                <td>147 &#177; 43,7</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE indexada &#224; ASC, g/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td>72,2 &#177; 14,7</td>
                <td>73,5 &#177; 16,1</td>
                <td>79,1 &#177; 19,3</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE/altura2,7, g/m2,7</bold>
                </td>
                <td>33,5 &#177; 7,4</td>
                <td>34 &#177; 8,3</td>
                <td>36,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico</td>
                <td>98 (28)</td>
                <td>95 (27,2)</td>
                <td>113 (32,3)</td>
                <td>0,27</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td>9 (2,6)</td>
                <td>15 (4,3)</td>
                <td>25 (7,2)</td>
                <td>0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td>20 (5,7)</td>
                <td>11 (3,1)</td>
                <td>17 (4,9)</td>
                <td>0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                </td>
                <td>0,39 &#177; 0,062</td>
                <td>0,4 &#177; 0,067</td>
                <td>0,42 &#177; 0,074</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td>7,4 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td>7,1 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td>7,3 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td>0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia do anel mitral e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td>10,6 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td>10,3 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td>9,3 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td>0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE (m&#233;todo de Simpson), %</bold>
                </td>
                <td>63,9 &#177; 5,1</td>
                <td>59,8 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td>54,7 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro basal do VD, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td>3,5 &#177; 0,3</td>
                <td>3,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td>3,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td>0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FAC do VD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td>44,1 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td>43,8 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td>43,4 &#177; 5,7</td>
                <td>0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLPLVD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td>28,7 &#177; 3</td>
                <td>28,1 &#177; 3,3</td>
                <td>27,8 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td>&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, mediana [intervalo interquartil] para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal e n (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando um teste t bilateral com vari&#226;ncia desigual para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal e teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SLG: strain longitudinal global; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Tercis de strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">SLPLVD</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Melhor</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Pior</th>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">&#8592;</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">&#8594;</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tercil 1 (n = 350) 48,8% a 29,37%</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tercil 2 (n = 349) 29,36% a 26,77%</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tercil 3 (n = 349) 23,76% a 17,96%</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade, anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 8,8</td>
                <td align="center">51,3 &#177; 8,2</td>
                <td align="center">51,7 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Mulheres, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">197 (56)</td>
                <td align="center">192 (55)</td>
                <td align="center">170 (48)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC, kg/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,1 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">110 (31,4)</td>
                <td align="center">125 (35,8)</td>
                <td align="center">123 (35,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">54 (15,4)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tabagismo atual, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">46 (13,1)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (10,9)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Obesidade, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">56 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (18,3)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">139 (39,7)</td>
                <td align="center">160 (45,8)</td>
                <td align="center">147 (42,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acidente vascular cerebral, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">2 (0,6)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,66</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (0,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4 (1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco de DCVA, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3,3 [1,1 a 7,6]</td>
                <td align="center">2,3 [1,1 a 6,1]</td>
                <td align="center">2,9 [1,1 a 6,9]</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="5">
                  <bold>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume do AE, mL</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48,6 &#177; 14,3</td>
                <td align="center">47,5 &#177; 12,4</td>
                <td align="center">47,9 &#177; 14,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Volume do AE indexado &#224; ASC, mL/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 7,2</td>
                <td align="center">26,3 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center">26,4 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, cm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,64</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE, g</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">133,1 &#177; 37,7</td>
                <td align="center">137,1 &#177; 38,8</td>
                <td align="center">135,2 &#177; 37,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE indexada &#224; ASC, g/m2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 17,5</td>
                <td align="center">74,3 &#177; 16,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE/altura2,7, g/m2,7</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">34,2 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 &#177; 8,6</td>
                <td align="center">34,7 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,97</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricos do VE, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Remodelamento conc&#234;ntrico</td>
                <td align="center">91 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">103 (29,5)</td>
                <td align="center">112 (32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">17 (4,8)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertrofia exc&#234;ntrica</td>
                <td align="center">16 (4,6)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Espessura relativa da parede</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,40 &#177; 0,067</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,071</td>
                <td align="center">0,41 &#177; 0,066</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Rela&#231;&#227;o E/e&#8217; mitral</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,4 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,2 &#177; 1,8</td>
                <td align="center">7,1 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>M&#233;dia do anel mitral e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10,1 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FEVE (m&#233;todo de Simpson), %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">60,2 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">59,5 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">58,7 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SLGVE, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">18,6 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,3 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro basal do VD, mm</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35,2 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">34,9 &#177; 4,3</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>FAC do VD, %</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">45,6 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">44 &#177; 5,3</td>
                <td align="center">41,8 &#177; 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>Os n&#250;meros representam m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, mediana [intervalo interquartil] para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal e n (%) para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram comparadas usando um teste t bilateral com vari&#226;ncia desigual para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, o teste de postos sinalizados de Wilcoxon para dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal e teste qui-quadrado para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; ASC: &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal; DCVA: doen&#231;a cardiovascular ateroscler&#243;tica; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SLG: strain longitudinal global; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas associadas a pior SLGVE e SLPLVD na popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. DM: diabetes mellitus; FAC: varia&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea fracionada; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; HTN: hipertens&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SLGVE: strain longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SLPLVD: strain longitudinal da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre FEVE e SLGVE (r = &#8722;0,66, p &lt; 0,01), bem como entre SLPLVD e FAC do VD (r = &#8722;0,31, p &lt; 0,01) na popula&#231;&#227;o total. Associa&#231;&#245;es semelhantes foram observadas na popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel (r = &#8722;0,65, p &lt; 0,01; r = &#8722;0,32, p &lt; 0,01, respectivamente), conforme ilustrado na Figura Suplementar 2.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>At&#233; onde sabemos, esta &#233; a maior coorte brasileira usada para estimar valores de refer&#234;ncia para SLGVE e SLPLVD em uma popula&#231;&#227;o adulta multi&#233;tnica. Nossos achados indicam diferen&#231;as significativas em SLGVE e SLPLVD de acordo com o sexo, mas n&#227;o com a idade. Verificamos que os indiv&#237;duos com valores absolutos reduzidos de SLGVE eram predominantemente homens, com maiores taxas de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e obesidade; eles exibiam maiores dimens&#245;es ventriculares, pior hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do VE e piores par&#226;metros sist&#243;licos de FEVE e VD. Ademais, os participantes com valores absolutos reduzidos de SLPLVD tinham IMC e massa de VE mais altos, juntamente com pior FEVE e FAC do VD. Esses achados sugerem uma intera&#231;&#227;o complexa entre fatores demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos que influenciam o SLGVE e o SLPLVD.</p>
      <p>O valor m&#233;dio de refer&#234;ncia de SLGVE relatado em nosso estudo foi semelhante ao de outros estudos. Uma metan&#225;lise publicada, que incluiu mais de 2.500 participantes de 24 estudos, relatou um valor normal de SLGVE de 19,7% (IC 95%: 18,9% a 20,4%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> e um estudo transversal menor recente, incluindo participantes brasileiros saud&#225;veis (n = 77), apresentou 19% &#177; 2% como valor de refer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nosso valor m&#233;dio absoluto de refer&#234;ncia para o SLPLVD foi semelhante a alguns estudos,8 mas maior em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros. Em um estudo de coorte prospectivo dinamarqu&#234;s de pacientes sem doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ou fatores de risco, o valor m&#233;dio de SLPLVD foi de 26,7% &#177; 5,2%.17 Nyberg et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> publicaram valores de refer&#234;ncia para SLG em uma coorte norueguesa, mostrando um valor m&#233;dio de SLPLVD de 25,9% (IC 95%: 17,4% a 34,5%). Outro estudo em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis realizado na &#205;ndia demonstrou um valor m&#233;dio de SLPLVD de 23,6% &#177; 3,8%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Explica&#231;&#245;es potenciais para a disparidade nesses resultados podem ser atribu&#237;das a diferen&#231;as relacionadas &#224; etnia e &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o de software distinto para an&#225;lise de strain do VD. Nossos dados sugerem que os valores de refer&#234;ncia para essas medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas podem variar significativamente entre as popula&#231;&#245;es, e a aplica&#231;&#227;o de valores globais pode ser imprecisa.</p>
      <p>H&#225; evid&#234;ncias crescentes sobre o impacto do sexo e da idade no SLGVE,20 mesmo quando esse par&#226;metro foi obtido usando outros m&#233;todos, como resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.21 Em nosso estudo, o valor absoluto de SLGVE foi 1,3% maior em mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o aos homens, o que &#233; consistente com valores relatados anteriormente em uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular ou fatores de risco tradicionais.16 Ademais, reafirmamos o efeito do sexo na deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do VE expressa por uma menor preval&#234;ncia de mulheres no tercil mais baixo do SLGVE. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SLPLVD, observamos uma tend&#234;ncia a valores absolutos mais altos entre as mulheres em nossa amostra. As diferen&#231;as relacionadas ao sexo na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica podem ser explicadas por diferen&#231;as estruturais observadas em mulheres, caracterizadas por cavidades menores. No entanto, fatores neuro-hormonais e outros fatores biol&#243;gicos tamb&#233;m podem influenciar esse processo, particularmente entre mulheres com menos de 60 anos de idade.22 Os efeitos da idade na deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica continuam sendo um t&#243;pico de controv&#233;rsia. No estudo de coorte conduzido por Sengupta et al.,19 envolvendo volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, n&#227;o foi observada disparidade relacionada &#224; idade em SLGVE. Al&#233;m disso, de acordo com os achados do estudo de coorte de Espersen et al.,17 a idade n&#227;o teve uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente com SLPLVD na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear multivari&#225;vel. Dentro de nossa coorte, a idade n&#227;o demonstrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o significativa com o SLG. No entanto, vale notar que a faixa et&#225;ria relativamente estreita em nossa amostra pode ter limitado nossa capacidade de detectar diferen&#231;as em SLG em diversas faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo encontrou uma propor&#231;&#227;o significativamente maior de valores anormais de SLGVE em participantes com fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem tais fatores de risco. Em contraste, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na propor&#231;&#227;o de valores anormais de SLPLVD entre participantes com e sem fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Ademais, pior SLGVE foi associado a fatores de risco cardiovascular, como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e obesidade, semelhante aos achados relatados em outros estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Na hipertens&#227;o, foi descrita redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do SLGVE mesmo nos est&#225;gios iniciais do espectro da doen&#231;a, com diferen&#231;as detectadas entre pr&#233;-hipertens&#227;o e hipertens&#227;o est&#225;gio I (SLGVE 17,5% &#177; 2,5% versus 18,2% &#177; 2,4%, p = 0,03), conforme demonstrado em um estudo brasileiro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Indiv&#237;duos com diabetes tamb&#233;m apresentaram piores valores de SLGVE,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e um estudo recente mostrou que tratamento com hipoglicemiantes (inibidores do transportador de s&#243;dio-glicose 2) melhorou esse par&#226;metro, mesmo ap&#243;s um curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.26 Adicionalmente, a obesidade foi associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica medida pelo strain do VE e VD, mesmo em indiv&#237;duos sem qualquer doen&#231;a cardiovascular, e o grau de eleva&#231;&#227;o do IMC foi associado a um risco incremental de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Outros fatores de risco cardiovascular, al&#233;m do IMC, n&#227;o foram associados a pior SLPLVD. O comprometimento funcional do VD &#233; provavelmente multifatorial, atribu&#237;vel tanto &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es que levam &#224; sobrecarga de press&#227;o do VD devido &#224; press&#227;o pulmonar elevada quanto &#224; sobrecarga de volume resultante da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE, culminando em insufici&#234;ncia biventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Essa proposi&#231;&#227;o sugere que o strain do VD pode ter maior relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica em contextos espec&#237;ficos da doen&#231;a envolvendo predominantemente as c&#226;maras do lado direito, em vez de demonstrar utilidade na popula&#231;&#227;o geral com baixo risco cardiovascular.</p>
      <p>Considerando os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, nosso estudo revelou que pior SLGVE e SLPLVD estavam associados &#224; hipertrofia do VE, conforme indicado pelo aumento da massa do VE, refor&#231;ando a hip&#243;tese de que a hipertrofia do VE pode induzir uma altera&#231;&#227;o progressiva nas fibras mioc&#225;rdicas subendoc&#225;rdicas e subepic&#225;rdicas, inicialmente caracterizada pela atenua&#231;&#227;o do strain longitudinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29 </xref></sup>Ademais, maiores dimens&#245;es ventriculares estavam associadas a pior SLGVE, sugerindo uma maior suscetibilidade da camada endoc&#225;rdica a les&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas. Yoshida et al. prop&#245;em v&#225;rios mecanismos para explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o SLG e a disfun&#231;&#227;o do AE e do VD. Um mecanismo proposto &#233; a microcircula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria prejudicada, que pode afetar negativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e atrial. Adicionalmente, intera&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas podem explicar essas rela&#231;&#245;es. A fun&#231;&#227;o do VE modula a fun&#231;&#227;o do reservat&#243;rio do AE por meio do movimento descendente sist&#243;lico da base do VE. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular, o VE e o VD compartilham miofibras que circundam ambos os ventr&#237;culos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o strain do VE e do VD e outros par&#226;metros tradicionais da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e do VD (FEVE e FAC do VD) destaca a interdepend&#234;ncia ventricular e a forte conex&#227;o entre as c&#226;maras do VE e do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Algumas limita&#231;&#245;es da presente an&#225;lise devem ser observadas. As imagens ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram adquiridas entre 2008 e 2010, seguindo as diretrizes em vigor na &#233;poca. A an&#225;lise de strain n&#227;o foi inicialmente prevista ou incorporada ao protocolo original. Como resultado, nossa an&#225;lise de SLGVE foi baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o offline de janelas apicais de 4 e 2 c&#226;maras. Consequentemente, usamos o modelo de 12 segmentos para an&#225;lise do SLGVE, que era comumente aplicado em outras popula&#231;&#245;es de grande escala.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Ademais, nossos achados de strain devem ser interpretados considerando que as imagens foram analisadas usando software independente de fornecedor, e os valores normais relatados podem n&#227;o ser diretamente transfer&#237;veis para medidas realizadas usando software espec&#237;fico do fornecedor. Embora a ecocardiografia tridimensional com speckle-tracking tenha o potencial para uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais precisa da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> o protocolo do ELSA-Brasil exigiu apenas imagens bidimensionais. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo &#233; o baixo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse interobservador para as medidas de SLGVE e SLPLVD, semelhante a estudos anteriores que podem refletir a curva de aprendizado da an&#225;lise de strain, especialmente para strain do VD. A variabilidade interobservador, particularmente para SLGVE, tem sido documentada na literatura e pode resultar de diferen&#231;as na experi&#234;ncia do observador, qualidade da imagem e uso de software. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo est&#225; sujeito a potencial vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o devido ao uso de uma coorte de servidores p&#250;blicos de universidades e institui&#231;&#245;es de pesquisa, que pode n&#227;o ser totalmente representativa da popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira em geral. Finalmente, nossa estreita faixa et&#225;ria pode limitar a generaliza&#231;&#227;o desses achados para outras faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo dentro da grande popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira, de meia-idade e multi&#233;tnica da coorte ELSA-Brasil fornece conhecimentos valiosos sobre os valores de refer&#234;ncia de SLG para o VE e o VD. Ademais, fomos capazes de demonstrar que o SLGVE e o SLPLVD reduzidos estavam associados a comorbidades cardiovasculares, estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, usando par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos frequentemente empregados, especialmente SLGVE.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2013.07.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Luis SA, Yamada A, Khandheria BK, Speranza V, Benjamin A, Ischenko M, et al. Use of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography for Quantitative Assessment of Global Left Ventricular Function: A Comparative Study to Three-Dimensional Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(3):285-91. doi: 10.1016/j.echo.2013.11.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Luis</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamada</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Khandheria</surname>
              <given-names>BK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Speranza</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ischenko</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Use of Three-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography for Quantitative Assessment of Global Left Ventricular Function: A Comparative Study to Three-Dimensional Echocardiography</article-title>
          <source>J Am Soc Echocardiogr</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>285</fpage>
          <lpage>291</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.echo.2013.11.002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Full texts in English - <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://abccardiol.org/en/">https://abccardiol.org/en/</ext-link> </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Eduardo Gatti Pianca pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Por se tratar de um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, o protocolo de pesquisa do ELSA-Brasil foi aprovado n&#227;o apenas pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica de cada institui&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m pelo Comit&#234; Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa.</p>
        <p>O estudo foi aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica e pesquisa de cada local, conforme segue: Bahia, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do ISC da UFBA, protocolo n&#250;mero 0017.1.069.000-06, 027/07, aprovado em 25 de maio de 2006; Rio de Janeiro, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da FIOCRUZ, protocolo n&#250;mero 0058.0.011.000-07, 343/06, aprovado em 18 de setembro de 2006; S&#227;o Paulo, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio USP, protocolo n&#250;mero 0016.1.198.000-06, 659/06, aprovado em 19 de maio de 2006; Minas Gerais, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG, protocolo n&#250;mero 0186.1.203.000-06, 186/06, aprovado em 28 de junho de 2006; Esp&#237;rito Santo, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFES, protocolo n&#250;mero 08 1096 12.7.2003 5060, 041/06, aprovado em 31 de maio de 2006; Rio Grande do Sul, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, protocolo n&#250;mero 0017.1.069.000-06, 194/06, aprovado em 15 de maio de 2006.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os dados n&#227;o podem ser disponibilizados publicamente. O estudo pertence a coorte Elsa-Brazil. As informa&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o arquivadas sem identifica&#231;&#227;o nominal e utilizadas exclusivamente para fins de investiga&#231;&#227;o cient&#237;fica, sendo permitido o acesso apenas a pesquisadores envolvidos na investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01">
        <label>*Material suplementar:</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0634_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente trabalho foi apoiado pelo Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Departamento de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia), Minist&#233;rio da Ci&#234;ncia, Tecnologia e Inova&#231;&#227;o (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, bolsas 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 060300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP e 01 06 0071.00 RJ) e o Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240634i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left and Right Ventricular Strain in an Adult Brazilian Population from ELSA-Brasil Study: Reference Values and their Determinants</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pianca</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gatti</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Foppa</surname>
            <given-names>Murilo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Schmitz</surname>
            <given-names>Giulia Bevilacqua</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ca&#241;on-Monta&#241;ez</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Duncan</surname>
            <given-names>Bruce Bartholow</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2493-0547</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Barreto Santiago</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Cardiologia e Ci&#234;ncias Cardiovasculares, Faculdade de Medicina, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="CO">Colombia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad de Antioquia &#8211; Faculty of Nursing, Medellin &#8211; Colombia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Angela Barreto Santiago Santos &#8226; Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Sala 2061. Postal Code 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: abssantos@hcpa.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Impaired left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular functions are important predictors of cardiovascular risk. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) provides superior sensitivity for assessing systolic function compared to traditional parameters, enhancing diagnostic accuracy in various cardiac conditions. However, GLS reference values in diverse populations are lacking.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To establish reference values for LVGLS and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) in a Brazilian multiethnic population without cardiovascular risk factors or disease. We also explore how clinical and echocardiographic factors influence GLS distribution, addressing a gap in global guidelines that often rely on data from homogeneous or geographically distant populations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We included 1,048 participants from the ELSA-Brasil cohort who underwent echocardiography with GLS analysis. A healthy subsample (n = 527) was defined by excluding individuals with cardiovascular or renal disease, hypertension, or diabetes to establish GLS reference ranges. The prevalence of abnormal GLS was assessed, and factors associated with reduced LVGLS and RVFWLS were identified. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> In the healthy subsample (mean age 50.2 years, 59% female), mean LVGLS was 19.0% (95% confidence interval: 14.3 to 23.8) and RVFWLS was 28.3% (95% confidence interval: 22.3 to 34.3). Females exhibited higher LVGLS and RVFWLS values than males, with no significant age-related differences. Abnormal LVGLS and RVFWLS were observed in 3.8% and 1.6% of participants, respectively. Lower LVGLS was associated with obesity, hypertension, and diabetes; reduced RVFWLS correlated with higher body mass index and LV mass.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> We propose reference values for LVGLS and RVFWLS in a large Brazilian cohort, highlighting associations with cardiovascular comorbidities and ventricular structure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Left and Right Ventricular Strain in an Adult Brazilian Population from ELSA-Brasil Study: Reference Values and their Determinants</title>
              <p>BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RV: right ventricle; RVFAC: right ventricular fractional area change; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; SD: standard deviation.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Global Longitudinal Strain</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Ventricles</kwd>
        <kwd>Cohort Studies</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Impaired left ventricular (LV) systolic function is a well-known predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality,1 and it is usually reported and categorized by the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, LVEF has recognized reproducibility and standardization limitations, decreasing the detection of subtle abnormalities in LV function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> LV contractility assessment through myocardial strain using speckle tracking has overcome most of these restrictions. Furthermore, this technique is resilient to variations in acquisition planes and direction of muscle movement, thus allowing the evaluation in regular bidimensional echocardiographic images.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Particularly, global longitudinal strain (GLS) analysis has been shown a robust measure to detect early systolic dysfunction and a prognostic parameter beyond LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Right ventricular (RV) failure is also emerging as a prognostic parameter in scenarios such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Nonetheless, the assessment of RV function through conventional echocardiography such as tricuspid lateral annular peak systolic velocity by pulsed tissue Doppler imaging (s&#8217;) and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) is limited due to the complex shape of this chamber and the evaluation restricted to the basal segments rather than the entire RV. To address this challenge, emerging parameters such as RV strain have proven to be reliable and accurate with the advantage of being less affected by angle dependency than traditional function parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Moreover, RV longitudinal strain has enhanced diagnostic accuracy across various heart conditions, including pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and arrhythmogenic RV dysplasia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Additionally, it aids in further stratifying the prognosis among patients with heart failure, acute coronary syndromes, and heart transplantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Despite its strengths, LVGLS and right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) measurements have several limitations that should be considered when interpreting results in both clinical practice and research. These limitations primarily stem from issues related to image quality (such as patient body habitus, poor acoustic windows, or motion artifacts, all of which can significantly impair strain analysis), heart rate variability (where very high or low heart rates can affect the timing of myocardial contraction and strain measurement, potentially distorting the results), and software variability (as different commercial software platforms may employ slightly different algorithms for strain calculation, leading to variability in GLS measurements). Additionally, RVFWLS is inherently more challenging to assess due to the complex anatomy and function of the RV. Understanding these limitations is essential for accurate interpretation of strain measurements and for preventing over-interpretation of results, particularly in patients with borderline or subtle abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Echocardiography have established standard reference values for echocardiography measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, these data may not accurately represent diverse world populations, as already shown in previous studies including LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although global populations may serve as a starting point, the genetic, social, and environmental variations between countries and continents suggest that universal reference values might be imprecise for clinical diagnosis. The need for local reference values becomes even more relevant in countries with a multiethnic population, like Brazil, where genetic and behavioral characteristics can vary considerably between different ethnic groups. To ensure a more accurate assessment of ventricular function in patients from this population, it is crucial to define reference values specific to Brazil, based on the characteristics of the local population. The ELSA-Brasil Study presents a unique opportunity to establish reference limits for GLS parameters from a large Brazilian adult sample, allowing better interpretation of echocardiography results in our population while the implementation of these parameters happens in daily clinical practice. Based on a middle-aged Brazilian multiethnic population, we aimed to: 1) describe reference values for LVGLS and RVFWLS in a subsample free of cardiovascular disease and risk factors; 2) describe the prevalence of abnormal GLS in this occupational cohort, using the healthy subsample cutoff; 3) evaluate the influence of clinical and echocardiographic factors on GLS distribution within this occupational cohort.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) is a prospective epidemiologic study designed to investigate cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 15,105 participants who are civil servants from universities or research institutions in 6 Brazilian cities (S&#227;o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Vit&#243;ria, Salvador, and Porto Alegre). All active or retired employees aged 35 to 74 years were eligible for the study. The details of the study, including design, eligibility criteria, sources and methods of recruitment, and measurements obtained have been described elsewhere.10,11 The present investigation was a cross-sectional study of the ELSA-Brasil during the first visit (August 2008 to December 2010), from a predefined random subsample comprising 10% of the total sample. From this sample, we included participants who underwent an echocardiographic exam with suitable LV and RV analysis and were in sinus rhythm during the examination. The analysis for the definition of LVGLS and RVFWLS reference values was restricted to a subsample of &#8220;healthy&#8221; participants composed of those free of hypertension; diabetes; renal disease, defined as a glomerular filtration rate &lt; 60 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> or urine albumin/creatinine ratio &#8805; 30 mg/g; and preexisting cardiovascular conditions, which were defined as history of stroke, heart failure, or myocardial infarction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the study. DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The ELSA-Brasil Study was approved by the research and ethics committees of the institutions involved, and all participants provided written informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>All transthoracic echocardiograms were obtained at the first study visit at 6 different centers. Images were acquired on identically configured echocardiography machines (Aplio XG, Toshiba) with a 2.5 MHz sector transducer, and the frame rate for the acquisition ranged from 40 to 60 frames per second, according to standard protocols. These protocols included the parasternal long and short axis views, as well as the apical 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. The exams were recorded in digital format and transferred to the ELSA-Brasil Echo reading center in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Standard echocardiographic and Doppler parameters were analyzed using an offline workstation (ComPACS 10.5 workstation; Medimatic SrL, Italy). All measurements were made in triplicate following the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography,8 including LV diameters, LV wall thickness, LV mass, LVEF, left atrium (LA) volume, early and late diastolic mitral inflow velocities, mitral annular velocities, RV diameter, RV diastolic and systolic areas, and RV fractional area change (FAC).</p>
          <p>To evaluate the parameters of early systolic dysfunction, we followed current guidelines and recommendations.12 The LV and RV myocardial deformation function was measured using a previously validated and commercially available software dedicated to LV and RV analysis (2D Cardiac Performance Analysis&#169;, TomTec-ArenaTM 1.2 Imaging Systems, Unterschlei&#223;heim, Germany). For LV strain evaluation, the endocardial borders were traced at the end-diastolic frame of 2-dimensional images acquired from the apical 2- and 4-chamber views. End-diastole was defined by the QRS complex, or as the frame after the mitral valve closure. End-systole was defined by the visualization of the frame before the mitral valve opening in the parasternal long axis view. Speckles were tracked frame by frame within the LV myocardium throughout 1 cardiac cycle; basal, mid, and apical regions of interest were then created. Each image was carefully inspected and the segments that failed to track were manually adjusted. If more than 1 segment could not be tracked, or if there was a lack of a full cardiac cycle or significant LV foreshortening, the measurements were considered unreliable, and the patient was excluded from the analysis. LVGLS was calculated as the average longitudinal strain across the apical 2- and 4-chamber views. For the evaluation of RV longitudinal strain, the end-diastole was manually defined by the QRS complex, whereas end-systole was defined as a tricuspid valve opening from the 4-chamber view. The RV free wall and interventricular septum were both divided into 3 segments (apical, mid, and basal). RVFWLS is the average value from 3 RV free wall segments. All GLS values are presented as absolute values and were obtained during the peak contraction phase of the cardiac cycle (peak systolic strain).</p>
          <p>Intra- and inter-observer reproducibility for LVGLS and RVFWLS measurements were previously assessed in 50 randomly selected cases from the ELSA-Brasil cohort. For LVGLS, the intra- and inter-observer coefficients of variation were 5.4% and 7.4%, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.73 to 0.90) and 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61 to 0.86), respectively.13 For RVFWLS, the coefficients of variation were 5.1% and 8.3%, with ICC values of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.67 to 0.89) and 0.54 (95% CI: 0.34 to 0.74), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analyses</title>
          <p>Continuous normally distributed data were presented as mean and standard deviation. Continuous abnormally distributed data were displayed as median and interquartile range, and categorical data were shown as total and proportion. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous variables were compared using a 2-sided t test with unequal variance for normally distributed data, the Wilcoxon signed rank test for abnormally distributed data, and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. We presented the mean values and corresponding 95% CI for LVGLS and RVFWLS, defining absolute values below this cutoff in the healthy sample as abnormal. We categorized the sample into tertiles according to the severity of LV and RV systolic function measured by GLS, and applied trend tests (2-sided t test with unequal variance, Wilcoxon signed rank test, and chi-squared tests) to illustrate the association of GLS with demographic characteristics and echocardiographic measurements of cardiac structure and function. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association between LVEF and LVGLS, as well as between RVFWLS and RVFAC.</p>
          <p>All analyses were performed with the STATA software package (version 13, Stata Corp, College Station, Texas, United States). All tests were 2-sided, and p values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Our total population (n = 1,048) had a mean age of 52 years and included 559 (53%) females. The largest recruitment center was S&#227;o Paulo (26.7%), followed by Belo Horizonte (22.6%), Porto Alegre (16.6%), Salvador (13.7%), Rio de Janeiro (13.1%), and Vit&#243;ria (7.1%). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the clinical characteristics of this study population stratified by sex. Age did not differ between sexes, whereas male subjects had higher body surface area, more prevalent hypertension, diabetes, and current smoking status, as well as worse cardiovascular risk scores. Regarding echocardiographic parameters, females had smaller cavities (LA, LV, and RV diameters), lower LV mass and relative wall thickness, and a higher E/e&#8217; ratio compared to males. Systolic function and myocardial deformation parameters for both LV and RV were higher in females than in males, including higher LVEF, LVGLS, RVFAC, and RVFWLS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical characteristics in the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Overall (n = 1,048)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Male (n = 489)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Female (n = 559)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">51.9 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">52.1 &#177; 8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Self-identified skin color, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">523 (49.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">248 (49.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">277 (50.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">184 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (16.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (18.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown (pardo)</td>
                  <td align="center">293 (27.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (29.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (26.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asian</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Height, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">165.3 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">172.1 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">159.4 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA, m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.8 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.92 &#177; 0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.6 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">358 (34.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">167 (29.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">166 (15.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (20.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Current smoker, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">126 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (12.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (11.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesity, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">199 (18.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (20.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">446 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">231 (47.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">215 (38.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart failure, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous myocardial infarction, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">20 (3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">92 (8.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (6.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stroke, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (1.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.28</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ASCVD risk score (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 [1.1 a 6.8]</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 [2.4 a 11]</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 [0.7 a 3.7]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, median [interquartile range] for continuous variables with abnormal distribution, and n (%) for categorical variables. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic parameters in the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Overall (n = 1,048)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Male (n = 489)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Female (n = 559)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">51.1 &#177; 14.6</td>
                  <td align="center">45.5 &#177; 12.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LA volume index, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 6.7</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV diastolic diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV systolic diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV end-diastolic volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">91 &#177; 18.5</td>
                  <td align="center">99.7 &#177; 18.2</td>
                  <td align="center">83.8 &#177; 15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV end-diastolic volume, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51.6 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">53.9 &#177; 11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">49.7 &#177; 9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV end-systolic volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30.8 &#177; 10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">35.2 &#177; 12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV end-systolic volume, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17.1 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.4 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">16.1 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV mass, g/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">74.9 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">82.7 &#177; 17.3</td>
                  <td align="center">69.2 &#177; 14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV mass/height2.7, g/m2.7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34.7 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">36.2 &#177; 8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">33.4 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV geometric patterns, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric remodeling</td>
                  <td align="center">306 (29.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (28.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">165 (29.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (4.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (5.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.068</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 0.069</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.068</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mitral E to e&#8217; ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.5 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean mitral annulus e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RV basal diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF (Simpson method), %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">59.5 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVGLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.6 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>White (n = 523)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.6 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">19.3 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Black (n = 184)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.4 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7 &#177; 2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Brown (pardo) (n = 293)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.4 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Indigenous (n = 13)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.7 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Asian (n = 28)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7 &#177; 2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">18.9 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFAC, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">43.8 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">43.1 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFWLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White (n = 523)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.6 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black (n = 184)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown (pardo) (n = 293)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous (n = 13)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">29.9 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asian (n = 28)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation. BSA: body surface area; EF: ejection fraction; FAC: fractional area change; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Among the 527 participants classified as healthy (50.2 years; 59% females), the mean LVGLS was 19.0% (95% CI: 14.3% to 23.8%), while the mean value of RVFWLS was 28.3% (95% CI: 22.3% to 34.3%). Females exhibited higher absolute values of both LVGLS and RVFWLS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). However, there were no differences in LVGLS and RVFWLS values across different age groups or in sex-stratified analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> presents the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of this healthy subsample stratified by sex.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Reference values of longitudinal strain in the healthy subsample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">n</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Mean &#177; SD</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Limits of normal (95% CI)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVGLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overall</td>
                  <td align="center">527</td>
                  <td align="center">19.0 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">14 a 24</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">215</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">14 a 23</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">312</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">15 a 24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFWLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overall</td>
                  <td align="center">527</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">22 a 34</td>
                  <td>-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">215</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">22 a 34</td>
                  <td rowspan="2">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">312</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">23 a 34</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; LVGLS: left ventricle global longitudinal strain; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Values of LVGLS and RVFWLS across ages in males and females in the healthy subsample. LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical and echocardiographic characteristics in the healthy subsample</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Overall (n = 527)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Male (n = 215)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Female (n = 312)</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">50.2 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">49.6 &#177; 8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">50.6 &#177; 7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Self-identified skin color, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">291 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center">175 (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown (pardo)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (29)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (23.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asian</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Height, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">164.9 &#177; 9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">172.9 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">159.4 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA, m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.76 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.91 &#177; 0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67 &#177; 0.15</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25.7 &#177; 3.99</td>
                  <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 3.76</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5 &#177; 4.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47.5 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3 &#177; 13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">45.2 &#177; 12.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LA volume, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.8 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">26.9 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV diastolic diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV systolic diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2.8 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV end-diastolic volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">89.9 &#177; 18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">83 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV end-diastolic volume, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 10.2</td>
                  <td align="center">54.4 &#177; 10.9</td>
                  <td align="center">49.9 &#177; 9.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV end-systolic volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.6 &#177; 8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">33.4 &#177; 9.9</td>
                  <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV end-systolic volume, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17.2 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">18.5 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">16.3 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV mass, g/m<sup>2</sup></bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">70.8 &#177; 14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">77.4 &#177; 13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4 &#177; 13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV mass/height2.7, g/m2.7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">32.4 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">33.6 &#177; 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">31.6 &#177; 7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.05</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mitral E to e&#8217; ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.8 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">6.5 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean mitral annulus e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10.8 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RV basal diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF (Simpson method), %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">59.4 &#177; 6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">60.7 &#177; 6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVGLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19.0 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White (n = 291)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black (n = 75)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown (pardo) (n = 137)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">19.7 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous (n = 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asian (n = 13)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.2 &#177; 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">20.2 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFAC, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">43.8 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">42.8 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">44.5 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFWLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White (n = 291)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.8 &#177; 3.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black (n = 75)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown (pardo) (n = 137)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Indigenous (n = 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.3 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">29.2 &#177; 2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Asian (n = 13)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation. BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; EF: ejection fraction; FAC: fractional area change; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Abnormal LVGLS (&lt; 14%) was detected in 3.8% of all participants, while abnormal RVFWLS (&lt; 22%) was found in 1.6%. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0634_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Figure 1</ext-link> shows the distribution of LVGLS and RVFWLS among the study population. Higher rates of abnormal LVGLS, but not RVFWLS, were observed in participants with hypertension and obesity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0634_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of abnormal LVGLS and RVFWLS among different clinical characteristics in the study population. LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the tertile analysis, individuals in the worst LVGLS tertile group were predominantly males, and they had higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, as well as higher cardiovascular risk scores. Additionally, these participants exhibited larger LV and RV dimensions, higher LV mass, increased relative wall thickness and higher LV concentric hypertrophy proportion. Moreover, worse LVGLS was associated with poorer LV and RV systolic parameters, as assessed by LVEF, RVFAC, and RVFWLS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). Regarding RVFWLS tertiles, participants with worse RVFWLS had higher body mass index (BMI), increased LV mass, and poorer LV and RV ventricular systolic parameters as assessed by LVEF, LVGLS, and RVFAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> illustrates the factors correlated with abnormal LVGLS and RVFWLS. The primary findings of our study are presented in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tertiles of left ventricle global longitudinal strain in the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">LVGLS</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Better</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Worse</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">&#8592;</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">&#8594;</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tertile 1 (n = 350) 26.73% to 19.71%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tertile 2 (n = 349) 19.71% to 17.64%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tertile 3 (n = 349) 17.63% to 7.12%</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Demographic parameters</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">51.9 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">52.1 &#177; 8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">51.9 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">230 (65)</td>
                  <td align="center">191 (54)</td>
                  <td align="center">138 (39)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">100 (28.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (32.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">144 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40 (11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (20.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Current smoker, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">37 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (12.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (13.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesity, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53 (15.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (24.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">142 (40.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (41.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">158 (45.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">24 (6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stroke, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart failure, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous myocardial infarction, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ASCVD risk score, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1.95 [0.82 a 5.46]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7[1.1 a 6.85]</td>
                  <td align="center">4 [1.4 a 9.3]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">47.8 &#177; 12.04</td>
                  <td align="center">47.9 &#177; 13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">48.3 &#177; 15.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LA volume, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27.3 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV diastolic diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV mass, g</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">126.8 &#177; 31.1</td>
                  <td align="center">132.1 &#177; 35.5</td>
                  <td align="center">147 &#177; 43.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV mass, g/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">72.2 &#177; 14.7</td>
                  <td align="center">73.5 &#177; 16.1</td>
                  <td align="center">79.1 &#177; 19.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV mass/height2.7, g/m2.7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">33.5 &#177; 7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">34 &#177; 8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">36.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV geometric patterns, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric remodeling</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">95 (27.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (32.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (4.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (7.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (5.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.39 &#177; 0.062</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4 &#177; 0.067</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42 &#177; 0.074</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mitral E to e&#8217; ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean mitral annulus e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10.6 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.3 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF (Simpson method), %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">63.9 &#177; 5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">59.8 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">54.7 &#177; 5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RV basal diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFAC, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">44.1 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">43.8 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">43.4 &#177; 5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFWLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, median [interquartile range] for continuous variables with abnormal distribution, and n (%) for categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared using a 2-sided t test with unequal variance for normally distributed data, the Wilcoxon signed rank test for abnormally distributed data, and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; EF: ejection fraction; FAC: fractional area change; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Tertiles of right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain in the study population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">RVFWLS</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Better</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Worse</th>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">&#8592;</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">&#8594;</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tertile 1 (n = 350) 26.73% to 19.71%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tertile 2 (n = 349) 19.71% to 17.64%</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Tertile 3 (n = 349) 17.63% to 7.12%</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Demographic parameters</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age, years</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 8.8</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  <td align="center">51.7 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">197 (56)</td>
                  <td align="center">192 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI, kg/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">110 (31.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (35.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">123 (35.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">54 (15.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Current smoker, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">46 (13.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (10.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Obesity, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">56 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (18.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (22.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">139 (39.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 (45.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">147 (42.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic kidney disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stroke, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Heart failure, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Previous myocardial infarction, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ASCVD risk score, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">3.3 [1.1 a 7.6]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.3 [1.1 a 6.1]</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9 [1.1 a 6.9]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Echocardiographic parameters</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA volume, mL</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48.6 &#177; 14.3</td>
                  <td align="center">47.5 &#177; 12.4</td>
                  <td align="center">47.9 &#177; 14.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LA volume, mL/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3 &#177; 6</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV diastolic diameter, cm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV mass, g</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">133.1 &#177; 37.7</td>
                  <td align="center">137.1 &#177; 38.8</td>
                  <td align="center">135.2 &#177; 37.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BSA-indexed LV mass, g/m2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">74.3 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 17.5</td>
                  <td align="center">74.3 &#177; 16.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV mass/height2.7, g/m2.7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34.2 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">35.2 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">34.7 &#177; 8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV geometric patterns, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric remodeling</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (29.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Concentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eccentric hypertrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (4.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Relative wall thickness</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.40 &#177; 0.067</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 0.071</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41 &#177; 0.066</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mitral E to e&#8217; ratio</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.4 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.2 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean mitral annulus e&#8217;, cm/s</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10.1 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEF (Simpson method), %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">60.2 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">58.7 &#177; 6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVGLS, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">18.6 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RV basal diameter, mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35.2 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">34.9 &#177; 4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RVFAC, %</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">45.6 &#177; 5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">44 &#177; 5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">41.8 &#177; 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>Numbers represent mean &#177; standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, median [interquartile range] for continuous variables with abnormal distribution, and n (%) for categorical variables. Continuous variables were compared using a 2-sided t test with unequal variance for normally distributed data, the Wilcoxon signed rank test for abnormally distributed data, and chi-squared tests for categorical variables. ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI: body mass index; BSA: body surface area; EF: ejection fraction; FAC: fractional area change; GLS: global longitudinal strain; LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics associated with worse LVGLS and RVFWLS in the study population. BMI: body mass index; DM: diabetes mellitus; HTN: hypertension; LV: left ventricle; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVGLS: left ventricular global longitudinal strain; RV: right ventricle; RVFAC: right ventricular fractional area change; RVFWLS: right ventricular free wall longitudinal strain.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240634-40634-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regression analysis revealed a significant association between LVEF and LVGLS (r = &#8722;0.66, p &lt; 0.01), as well as between RVFWLS and RVFAC (r = &#8722;0.31, p &lt; 0.01) in the total population. Similar associations were observed in the healthy population (r = &#8722;0.65, p &lt; 0.01; r = &#8722;0.32, p &lt; 0.01, respectively), as illustrated in <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0634_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">Supplementary Figure 2</ext-link>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest Brazilian cohort used to estimate reference values for LVGLS and RVFWLS in a multiethnic adult population. Our findings indicate significant differences in LVGLS and RVFWLS according to sex, but not age. We found that individuals with reduced absolute values of LVGLS were predominantly males, with higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity; they exhibited larger ventricular dimensions, worse LV concentric hypertrophy, as well as worse LVEF and RV systolic parameters. Additionally, participants with reduced absolute RVFWLS values had higher BMI and LV mass, along with worse LVEF and RVFAC. These findings suggest a complex interplay between demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic factors influencing LVGLS and RVFWLS.</p>
        <p>The average reference value of LVGLS reported in our study was similar to other studies. A published meta-analysis, which included more than 2,500 participants from 24 studies, reported a normal LVGLS value of 19.7% (95% CI: 18.9% to 20.4%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> and a recent smaller cross-sectional study, including healthy Brazilian participants (n = 77), presented 19% &#177; 2% as the reference value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Our mean absolute reference RVFWLS value was similar to some studies,8 but higher compared to others. In a Danish prospective cohort study of patients without cardiovascular diseases or risk factors, the mean value of RVFWLS was 26.7% &#177; 5.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Nyberg et al. published reference values for GLS in a Norwegian cohort,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> showing a mean RVFWLS value of 25.9% (95% CI: 17.4% to 34.5%). Another study in healthy individuals conducted in India demonstrated a mean RVFWLS value of 23.6% &#177; 3.8%.19 Potential explanations for the disparity in these results may be attributed to ethnicity-related differences and the utilization of distinct software for RV strain analysis. Our data suggest that reference values for these echocardiographic measures can vary significantly across populations, and the application of global values may be inaccurate.</p>
        <p>There is increasing evidence about the impact of sex and age on LVGLS,20 even when this parameter was obtained using other methods such as cardiac magnetic resonance.21 We found a 1.3% higher LVGLS absolute value in females compared to males, which is consistent with previously reported values in a general population without cardiovascular disease or traditional risk factors.16 Moreover, we reaffirmed the effect of sex on LV myocardial deformation expressed by a lower prevalence of females in the lowest tertile of LVGLS. Regarding RVFWLS, we observed a tendency towards higher absolute values among females within our sample. Sex differences in systolic function may be explained by structural differences observed in females, characterized by smaller cavities. However, neurohormonal and other biological factors can also influence this process, particularly among females under 60 years of age.22 The effects of age on myocardial deformation remain a topic of controversy. In the cohort study conducted by Sengupta et al.,19 involving healthy volunteers, no age-related disparity in LVGLS was observed. Furthermore, as per the findings of Espersen et al.,17 in their cohort study, age did not have an independent association with RVFWLS in multivariable linear regression analysis. Within our cohort, age did not demonstrate a significant association with GLS. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the relatively narrow age range in our sample might have limited our ability to detect differences in GLS across various age groups.</p>
        <p>Our study found a significantly higher proportion of abnormal LVGLS values in participants with cardiovascular disease risk factors compared to those without such risk factors. In contrast, there was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of abnormal RVFWLS values between participants with and without cardiovascular disease risk factors. Furthermore, worse LVGLS was associated with cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, similar to findings reported in other studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In hypertension, a reduction in LVGLS values was described even at the early stages of the disease spectrum, with differences detected between prehypertension and stage I hypertension (LVGLS 17.5% &#177; 2.5% versus 18.2% &#177; 2.4%, p = 0.03), as shown in a Brazilian study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Individuals with diabetes also presented worse LVGLS values,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>5 and a recent study showed that treatment with hypoglycemic drugs (sodium&#8211;glucose transporter 2 inhibitors) improved this parameter, even after a short follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Additionally, obesity was linked with subclinical reduction in myocardial deformation measured by LV and RV strain, even in individuals without any cardiovascular disease, and the degree of BMI elevation was associated with an incremental risk of subclinical myocardial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Other cardiovascular risk factors, besides BMI, were not associated with worse RVFWLS. RV functional impairment is most likely multifactorial, attributable both to conditions leading to RV pressure overload due to elevated pulmonary pressure and to volume overload resulting from LV dysfunction, culminating in biventricular failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This premise suggests that RV strain may hold greater clinical relevance in disease-specific contexts predominantly involving right-side chambers, rather than demonstrating utility within the general population with low cardiovascular risk.</p>
        <p>Considering echocardiographic findings, our study revealed that worse LVGLS and RVFWLS were associated with LV hypertrophy, as indicated by increased LV mass, reinforcing the hypothesis that LV hypertrophy may induce a progressive alteration in subendocardial and subepicardial myocardial fibers, initially characterized by attenuation of longitudinal strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Furthermore, larger ventricular dimensions were associated with worse LVGLS, suggesting a greater susceptibility of the endocardial layer to hemodynamic insults. Yoshida et al. propose several mechanisms to explain the independent association between GLS and LA and RV dysfunction. One proposed mechanism is impaired coronary microcirculation, which can negatively affect both ventricular and atrial function. Additionally, anatomical interactions might explain these relationships. LV function modulates LA reservoir function through the systolic downward motion of the LV base. Regarding ventricular interdependence, the LV and RV share myofibers that encircle both ventricles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The association between LV and RV strain and other traditional parameters of LV and RV function (LVEF and RVFAC) highlights the ventricular interdependence and the strong connection between LV and RV chambers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Some limitations of this analysis should be noted. The echocardiographic images were acquired between 2008 and 2010, following the guidelines in effect at that time. Strain analysis was not initially anticipated or incorporated into the original protocol. As a result, our analysis of LVGLS was based on offline assessment of apical 4- and 2-chamber views. Consequently, we used the 12-segment model for LVGLS analysis, which was commonly applied in other large-scale populations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Furthermore, our strain findings should be interpreted considering that images were analyzed using vendor-independent software, and the reported normal values may not be directly transferable to measures performed using vendor-specific software. Although 3-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography has the potential for a more accurate assessment of myocardial function,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> the protocol of the ELSA-Brasil required only 2-dimensional images. Another limitation of the present study is the low inter-observer ICC for both LVGLS and RVFWLS measurements, similar to previous studies that can reflect the learning curve of strain analysis, especially for RV strain. Inter-observer variability, particularly for LVGLS, has been documented in the literature and may result from differences in observer experience, image quality, and software usage. Additionally, the study is subject to potential selection bias due to the use of a cohort of civil servants from universities and research institutions, which may not be fully representative of the general Brazilian population. Finally, our narrow age range can limit the generalizability of these findings to other age groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study within the large, middle-aged, Brazilian, multiethnic population from the ELSA-Brasil cohort provides valuable insights into the reference values of GLS for both left and right ventricles. Additionally, we were able to demonstrate that reduced LVGLS and RVFWLS were associated with cardiovascular comorbidities, cardiac structure, and function, using frequently employed echocardiographic parameters, especially LVGLS.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Eduardo Gatti Pianca, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics statement:</label>
          <p> This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Because it is a multicenter study, ELSA-Brasil&#8217;s research protocol was approved not only by the ethics committee of each institution but also by the National Research Ethics Committee. This study was approved by the local ethics and research committees at each site, as follows: Bahia, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do ISC da UFBA, document number 0017.1.069.000-06, 027/07, approved on May 25, 2006; Rio de Janeiro, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da FIOCRUZ, document number 0058.0.011.000-07, 343/06, approved on September 18, 2006; S&#227;o Paulo, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Universit&#225;rio USP, document number 0016.1.198.000-06, 659/06, approved on May 19, 2006; Minas Gerais, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFMG, document number 0186.1.203.000-06, 186/06, approved on June 28, 2006; Esp&#237;rito Santo, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da UFES, document number 08 1096 12.7.2003 5060, 041/06, approved on May 31, 2006; Rio Grande do Sul, Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, document number 0017.1.069.000-06, 194/06, approved on May 15, 2006.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-not-available">
          <label>Data Availability</label>
          <p> The data cannot be made publicly available. The study belongs to the Elsa-Brazil cohort. The information is archived without any identification of names and used exclusively for scientific research purposes, with access being permitted only to researchers involved in the investigation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="suppl01-en">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials:</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0634_AO_Supplementary-material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Funding source</label>
          <p> This work was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Science and Technology Department), the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, grant numbers 01 06 0010.00, 01 10 0643.00 RS, 01 06 0212.00 BA, 01 060300.00 ES, 01 06 0278.00 MG, 01 06 0115.00 SP, and 01 06 0071.00 RJ), and the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, acronym in Portuguese).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
