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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zSpRnctZzjm5dG6ZsYrYt6J</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240626</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Registro Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o Septal Alco&#243;lica em Pacientes com Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Obstrutiva Sintom&#225;tica &#8211; Registro BRASA</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-6997-3865</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jallad</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soliani</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marins</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga-Fernandez</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madrini</surname>
            <given-names>Vagner</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hbribeiro@gmail.com</email>, <email>henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>27</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240626</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A abla&#231;&#227;o septal alco&#243;lica (ASA) &#233; uma alternativa &#224; miectomia cir&#250;rgica para pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMHO) sintom&#225;tica e obstru&#231;&#227;o significativa da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE). Embora amplamente estudada em outros pa&#237;ses, ainda h&#225; poucos dados sobre os resultados da ASA no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da ASA em pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com CMHO, tratados com terapia medicamentosa otimizada, utilizando t&#233;cnicas atuais em diferentes centros brasileiros.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com CMHO e angina (classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic> [CCS]) ou dispneia (classifica&#231;&#227;o da <italic>New York Heart Association</italic> [NYHA]) em classe funcional acima de II, sem resposta ao tratamento medicamentoso otimizado. O desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia foi definido como a redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% no gradiente m&#225;ximo da VSVE em repouso, com valor final &lt;50 mmHg. Os pacientes foram classificados como responsivos ou n&#227;o responsivos. Um valor de p&lt;0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 41 pacientes (idade mediana de 66,4 anos; 73% mulheres) foi submetido &#224; ASA. No in&#237;cio, 93,2% estavam em classe funcional III/IV da NYHA ou CCS. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) m&#233;dia era de 66,4%, e o gradiente m&#233;dio da VSVE era de 88,4 mmHg. Ap&#243;s 12 meses, 92,8% apresentaram melhora para classe funcional I/II da NYHA ou CCS (p&lt;0,01). O gradiente m&#233;dio da VSVE caiu de 88,4 mmHg para 27,0 mmHg (p=0,003), e a espessura do septo interventricular (SIV) diminuiu de 19,3 mm para 14,7 mm (p=0,048). Pacientes responsivos apresentaram gradientes basais menores (73,4 vs 112,6 mmHg, p=0,04) e menos hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es (21,1% vs 82,4%, p=0,04). Bloqueio atrioventricular completo ocorreu em 16,7% dos casos, e 4,8% necessitaram de marcapasso. N&#227;o houve &#243;bitos durante o seguimento mediano de 394 dias. Na &#250;ltima avalia&#231;&#227;o presencial, 78,4% estavam em classe funcional I/II.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A ASA &#233; uma op&#231;&#227;o segura e eficaz para al&#237;vio dos sintomas em pacientes selecionados com CMHO. O procedimento reduz o gradiente da VSVE e a espessura septal. Pacientes com gradientes basais mais elevados apresentaram menor taxa de resposta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Registro Multic&#234;ntrico Brasileiro de Abla&#231;&#227;o Septal Alco&#243;lica em Pacientes com Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica Obstrutiva Sintom&#225;tica &#8211; Registro BRASA</title>
            </caption>
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      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
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  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em pacientes com cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva (CMHO), a obstru&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VSVE) tem papel central na origem dos sintomas, como angina, s&#237;ncope e dispneia. O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico &#233; amplamente utilizado e inclui betabloqueadores, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio e, mais recentemente, mavacamten.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, cerca de 10% dos pacientes n&#227;o respondem &#224; terapia medicamentosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Para esses casos, foram desenvolvidas terapias de redu&#231;&#227;o septal (p.ex., a miectomia cir&#250;rgica e a abla&#231;&#227;o septal alco&#243;lica [ASA]) com o objetivo de aliviar os sintomas e melhorar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A miectomia cir&#250;rgica ainda &#233; considerada o tratamento padr&#227;o-ouro para a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica obstrutiva, especialmente em pacientes mais jovens com gradientes basais elevados, hipertrofia septal acentuada ou outras indica&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas associadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, os avan&#231;os na t&#233;cnica de ASA (p.ex., o uso de ecocardiografia com contraste e t&#233;cnicas mais precisas de infus&#227;o de &#225;lcool) melhoraram os resultados do procedimento. Em pacientes selecionados, a ASA demonstrou taxas de mortalidade a longo prazo semelhantes (em torno de 1%) e menor incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es periprocedimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A miectomia costuma ser preferida em pacientes jovens, com baixo risco cir&#250;rgico e espessura septal superior a 25 mm. J&#225; a ASA &#233; frequentemente indicada para pacientes mais idosos, de alto risco, com anatomia adequada, por ser um procedimento menos invasivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes atuais reconhecem tanto a miectomia cir&#250;rgica quanto a ASA como op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas v&#225;lidas, mas a avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa por uma equipe especializada &#233; essencial. Essa an&#225;lise deve levar em conta o estado geral do paciente, os riscos espec&#237;ficos de cada procedimento e a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es na valva mitral ou outras particularidades anat&#244;micas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar da experi&#234;ncia acumulada mundialmente, ainda faltam dados atualizados sobre o uso da ASA no tratamento da CMHO no Brasil.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo &#233; avaliar a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia da ASA em uma s&#233;rie de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com CMHO, em uso de terapia medicamentosa otimizada, utilizando t&#233;cnicas atuais em diferentes centros brasileiros.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos, de forma retrospectiva, os pacientes submetidos &#224; ASA entre janeiro de 2014 e dezembro de 2023, registrados em um banco de dados espec&#237;fico. Os procedimentos foram realizados em quatro centros terci&#225;rios de refer&#234;ncia no Brasil: Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, Hospital S&#227;o Camilo e Hospital Samaritano Paulista. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local de cada centro participante.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados eleg&#237;veis os pacientes com 18 anos ou mais e diagn&#243;stico de CMHO confirmado por ecocardiografia bidimensional e/ou resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC). O diagn&#243;stico exigia espessura do septo interventricular (SIV) &#8805;15 mm ou &#8805;13 mm em pacientes com parente de primeiro grau adulto com diagn&#243;stico de CMHO, na aus&#234;ncia de outras doen&#231;as card&#237;acas ou sist&#234;micas associadas &#224; hipertrofia ventricular esquerda secund&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>A obstru&#231;&#227;o foi definida como gradiente de press&#227;o na VSVE &#8805;50 mmHg, em repouso ou ap&#243;s provoca&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes eleg&#237;veis tamb&#233;m deveriam estar sintom&#225;ticos e refrat&#225;rios &#224; terapia medicamentosa otimizada, incluindo pelo menos um agente cronotr&#243;pico negativo na dose m&#225;xima tolerada, e apresentar dispneia em classe funcional &gt;II da NYHA ou angina em classe &gt;II da CCS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, o mavacamten ainda n&#227;o estava dispon&#237;vel para os pacientes dessa coorte.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes deveriam ser considerados aptos para terapia de redu&#231;&#227;o septal com base em indica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e anatomia coronariana favor&#225;vel. Isso inclu&#237;a a presen&#231;a de um ramo septal acess&#237;vel &#8212; geralmente originado da art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ADA) &#8212; e aus&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na valva mitral ou de outras condi&#231;&#245;es que exigissem cirurgia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram aus&#234;ncia de dados de seguimento ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o inicial (como falta de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico ou ecocardiogr&#225;fico) e anatomia coronariana desfavor&#225;vel para a ASA, como aus&#234;ncia de ramo septal adequado, espessura septal &gt;30 mm ou necessidade de procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos concomitantes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Procedimento de ASA</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos seguiram a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o de ASA, realizados com aux&#237;lio de ecocardiografia com contraste, conforme previamente descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Os pacientes receberam seda&#231;&#227;o ou anestesia geral, com orienta&#231;&#227;o por ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica ou transtor&#225;cica com contraste. Ap&#243;s obten&#231;&#227;o dos acessos arterial e venoso, iniciou-se anticoagula&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica com heparina n&#227;o fracionada na dose de 100 UI/kg.</p>
        <p>Foi introduzido um eletrodo de marcapasso tempor&#225;rio (5F ou 6F) no ventr&#237;culo direito. Um cateter <italic>pigtail</italic> (5F ou 6F) foi posicionado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por um acesso secund&#225;rio, e um introdutor guia esquerdo de 6F (<italic>Judkins Left</italic> [JL] ou <italic>Extra-Backup</italic> [EBU]) foi inserido, por acesso prim&#225;rio, na aorta ascendente. O gradiente de press&#227;o na VSVE foi monitorado continuamente durante todo o procedimento.</p>
        <p>Foi realizada angiografia inicial para identificar a origem do ramo septal perfurante. Em seguida, um fio-guia de 0,014&#8221; foi avan&#231;ado at&#233; o ramo septal-alvo. Um bal&#227;o <italic>over-the-wire</italic> (1,5-2,5 mm &#215; 8-12 mm) foi ent&#227;o insuflado dentro do ramo selecionado. A perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica da &#225;rea-alvo foi avaliada por ecocardiografia com contraste. Em 58,5% dos casos, utilizou-se SonoVue (Bracco); nos demais, foi injetada uma mistura de soro fisiol&#243;gico com contraste atrav&#233;s do eixo do cateter-bal&#227;o, com ecocardiografia em tempo real.</p>
        <p>Se o bal&#227;o estivesse adequadamente posicionado, de 1 a 3 ml de etanol eram injetados lentamente &#224; taxa de 1 ml por minuto. Dez minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o, o bal&#227;o era desinsuflado, e nova angiografia coron&#225;ria era realizada para avaliar o resultado. O procedimento era considerado bem-sucedido quando havia redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50% no gradiente de press&#227;o da VSVE em rela&#231;&#227;o ao valor basal. Caso o resultado fosse insatisfat&#243;rio, o procedimento poderia ser repetido em outro ramo septal.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram monitorados em unidade de terapia intensiva ou unidade coronariana por um per&#237;odo de 24 a 48 horas ap&#243;s o procedimento. Os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de creatinofosfoquinase (CPK) total e de creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB (CK-MB) foram dosados antes do procedimento e a cada 6 horas nas 36 horas seguintes.</p>
        <p>As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas foram realizadas antes da ASA e repetidas 1 m&#234;s e 1 ano ap&#243;s o procedimento. Todas as medi&#231;&#245;es seguiram as recomenda&#231;&#245;es propostas pela <italic>American Society of Echocardiography.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es e desfechos do estudo</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia foi definido como uma redu&#231;&#227;o &gt;50% no gradiente m&#225;ximo da VSVE em repouso, com gradiente final &lt;50 mmHg. Esse crit&#233;rio foi utilizado para determinar o sucesso do procedimento e foi avaliado aos 1 e 12 meses ap&#243;s a ASA. Com base nesse par&#226;metro, os pacientes foram classificados como responsivos ou n&#227;o responsivos.</p>
        <p>A melhora dos sintomas card&#237;acos foi avaliada pela redu&#231;&#227;o de, no m&#237;nimo, uma classe funcional nas classifica&#231;&#245;es da NYHA ou da CCS ap&#243;s o procedimento.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio de seguran&#231;a foi a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo bloqueio atrioventricular completo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, implante de marcapasso definitivo ou desfibrilador cardioversor, tamponamento card&#237;aco, cirurgia card&#237;aca de emerg&#234;ncia ou morte cardiovascular.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o GraphPad vers&#227;o 10.2.2 e o Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas.</p>
        <p>A normalidade foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o, enquanto os dados sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressos como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ).</p>
        <p>Para comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre dois grupos independentes, utilizou-se o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado nos casos de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Mann-Whitney para distribui&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o normais. Para compara&#231;&#245;es envolvendo mais de dois momentos no tempo, foi utilizada a an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas quando os dados apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal.</p>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em amostras independentes foram comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. Para dados categ&#243;ricos dependentes, utilizou-se o teste Q de Cochran.</p>
        <p>As curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier foram analisadas com o teste de log-rank. Em todas as an&#225;lises, valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e procedimentos de ASA</title>
        <p>Um total de 46 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do no registro. No entanto, cinco foram exclu&#237;dos por aus&#234;ncia de dados de seguimento &#8212; dois sem informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e tr&#234;s sem dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 66 anos, e a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (73%). A principal indica&#231;&#227;o para a ASA foi dispneia aos esfor&#231;os. A maioria dos pacientes encontrava-se em classe funcional III/IV da NYHA (78,1%) ou da CCS (51,1%). Al&#233;m disso, 24,3% tinham hist&#243;ria de s&#237;ncope n&#227;o relacionada a arritmias. No total, 93,2% apresentavam sintomas avan&#231;ados.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>As comorbidades mais frequentes foram hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Alguns pacientes haviam sido submetidos previamente &#224; angioplastia coron&#225;ria ou apresentavam dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, como bloqueio de ramo esquerdo. Um n&#250;mero reduzido utilizava cardioversores desfibriladores implant&#225;veis (CDI). Todos os pacientes faziam uso de betabloqueadores ou bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio na linha de base, sendo os betabloqueadores mais utilizados. Uma propor&#231;&#227;o menor necessitava de amiodarona ou anticoagulantes orais. A RMC foi utilizada para avaliar a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica. A &#225;rea m&#233;dia de fibrose foi de 11,7%, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas/RMC na linha de base</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Total (n=41)</th>
                  <th>Responsivos (n=30)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o responsivos (n=11)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4&#177;5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">64,7&#177;6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">65,4&#177;7,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (73,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (80,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (65,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (70,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes melito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dispneia classe NYHA III/IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (78,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina classe CCS III/IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (51,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (50,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gradiente da VSVE em repouso (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,4&#177;23,0</td>
                  <td align="center">73,4&#177;23,4</td>
                  <td align="center">112,6&#177;40,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,4&#177;11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">65,3&#177;9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">68,2&#177;10,4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Espessura do SIV (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,3&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">15,3&#177;2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">16,5&#177;3,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (85,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (83,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (90,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueador de canal de c&#225;lcio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (26,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Amiodarona, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (14,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anticoagulante oral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrose por RMC (&#225;rea total, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,7&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">10,4&#177;3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1&#177;2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrose por RMC (gramas)</td>
                  <td align="center">13,9&#177;3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">13,4&#177;4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8&#177;4,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia (DP) ou como n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual, conforme apropriado. CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; NYHA: New York Heart Association; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; SIV: septo interventricular; VSVE: via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A ecocardiografia Doppler basal confirmou a presen&#231;a de CMHO grave, caracterizada por gradiente elevado de press&#227;o na VSVE e aumento da espessura do SIV. A maioria dos pacientes (92,6%) apresentava fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada, e o &#225;trio esquerdo encontrava-se moderadamente dilatado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). A mediana de tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 6 dias, variando de 3 a 15 dias. Os exames laboratoriais mostraram valores est&#225;veis de hemoglobina, hemat&#243;crito e creatinina durante todo o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Refratariedade ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico foi observada em 18,2% dos pacientes. Esses indiv&#237;duos estavam em uso combinado de betabloqueadores e bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio, mas continuavam a apresentar gradientes elevados na VSVE, mesmo com manejo medicamentoso otimizado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>O procedimento de ASA foi realizado com um volume mediano de etanol de 1,9 cc por paciente. A maioria dos pacientes (n=36) foi submetida &#224; ASA de um &#250;nico ramo septal, enquanto cinco necessitaram do tratamento de dois segmentos septais no mesmo procedimento. Os n&#237;veis p&#243;s-procedimento de pico de CK-MB e troponina estavam elevados, mas permaneceram dentro da faixa esperada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A art&#233;ria radial foi utilizada como via de acesso preferencial em 73,1% dos casos, e a maior parte dos procedimentos foi realizada com cateter 6F (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o septal alco&#243;lica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas do procedimento</th>
                  <th>Total (n=41)</th>
                  <th>Responsivos (n=30)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o responsivos (n=11)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero m&#233;dio de ramos septais tratados por paciente</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12&#177;0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13&#177;0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09&#177;0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Um ramo septal tratado, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (87,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (86,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (90,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dois ramos septais tratados, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume de etanol por paciente (ml), mediana [IIQ]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,9 [1,6-2,4]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,8 [1,6-2,3]</td>
                  <td align="center">2,0 [1,8-2,4]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de CK-MB (ng/ml), mediana [IIQ]</td>
                  <td align="center">157 [126-254]</td>
                  <td align="center">152 [113-286]</td>
                  <td align="center">169 [129-304]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de troponina (ng/l), mediana [IIQ]</td>
                  <td align="center">10,860 [9,576-12,239]</td>
                  <td align="center">10,539 [9,284-12,482]</td>
                  <td align="center">11,285 [9,896-12,129]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acesso arterial prim&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Radial</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (73,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (76,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (63,6)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Femoral</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (23,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro do cateter, n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,63</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6F</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (92,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (93,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (90,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5F</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual, m&#233;dia (DP) ou mediana [IIQ], conforme apropriado. CK-MB: creatinofosfoquinase fra&#231;&#227;o MB; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos de efic&#225;cia</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento de ASA, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero de pacientes classificados como classe funcional III/IV da NYHA. Em 1 m&#234;s, 26,8% ainda se encontravam nessas classes avan&#231;adas, propor&#231;&#227;o que caiu para 17,0% aos 12 meses. Foi observada melhora semelhante na classifica&#231;&#227;o da CCS, com 12,1% e 9,7% dos pacientes permanecendo em classe III/IV aos 1 e 12 meses, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). As avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o expressiva no gradiente de press&#227;o da VSVE, que passou de 88,4 mmHg para 27,0 mmHg. A espessura do SIV tamb&#233;m apresentou queda, de 19,3 mm para 14,7 mm aos 12 meses ap&#243;s o procedimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Seguimento cl&#237;nico. CCS: Cardiovascular Canadian Society; NYHA: New York Heart Association; Pr&#233;: antes do procedimento.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ao longo do tempo. CCS: Cardiovascular Canadian Society; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SAM: movimento sist&#243;lico anterior; SIV: septo interventricular.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O movimento sist&#243;lico anterior (SAM) da valva mitral, que reflete o efeito Venturi causado pela obstru&#231;&#227;o da VSVE, tamb&#233;m apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa &#8212; de 51,2% antes do procedimento para 19,5% aos 12 meses. Vale destacar que a incid&#234;ncia de SAM continuou a diminuir entre o primeiro e o d&#233;cimo segundo m&#234;s ap&#243;s a ASA, caindo de 34,1% para 19,5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>Com base na redu&#231;&#227;o de pelo menos 50% no gradiente de press&#227;o da VSVE e em um valor absoluto final &lt;50 mmHg, os pacientes foram classificados em dois grupos: responsivos (30 pacientes, 73,0%) e n&#227;o responsivos (11 pacientes, 27,0%). Pacientes responsivos apresentaram gradiente basal da VSVE menor em compara&#231;&#227;o aos n&#227;o responsivos (73,4&#177;23,4 mmHg vs 112,6&#177;40,2 mmHg) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa na espessura basal do SIV entre os grupos, conforme medi&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica (15,3&#177;2,2 mm vs 16,5&#177;3,9 mm) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). A an&#225;lise da curva ROC (<italic>receiver operating characteristic</italic>) identificou um gradiente basal de 105 mmHg como ponto de corte ideal para prever a resposta &#224; ASA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Durante o seguimento mediano de 394 dias, a an&#225;lise de Kaplan-Meier mostrou que pacientes n&#227;o responsivos apresentaram taxas significativamente maiores de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o aos responsivos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes responsivos e n&#227;o responsivos (par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos na linha de base).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de responsivos e n&#227;o responsivos ap&#243;s procedimento abla&#231;&#227;o septal alco&#243;lica (ASA).v</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Dois pacientes n&#227;o responsivos foram submetidos &#224; miectomia cir&#250;rgica ap&#243;s a ASA. Ambos apresentavam gradientes residuais na VSVE &gt;50 mmHg. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, o gradiente n&#227;o foi mais identificado nas avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas, e nenhum evento adverso foi registrado durante o procedimento ou no seguimento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos de seguran&#231;a</title>
        <p>Bloqueio atrioventricular completo ocorreu no per&#237;odo periprocedimento em sete pacientes (17%). Dentre esses, dois (4,8%) retornaram ao ritmo sinusal em at&#233; 24 horas, e tr&#234;s (7,3%) em at&#233; 48 horas. O implante de marcapasso definitivo foi necess&#225;rio em dois pacientes (4,8%). Durante o estudo, foi adotado um per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o de cinco dias antes da decis&#227;o pelo implante do marca-passo. Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular ocorreu durante o procedimento em quatro pacientes (9,7%), mas foi revertida com sucesso em todos os casos, com boa recupera&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria. N&#227;o houve casos de tamponamento card&#237;aco, cirurgia card&#237;aca de emerg&#234;ncia ou &#243;bitos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram registrados &#243;bitos durante o seguimento mediano de 394 dias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos de seguran&#231;a do procedimento de abla&#231;&#227;o septal alco&#243;lica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Desfechos de seguran&#231;a</th>
                  <th>Total (n=41)</th>
                  <th>Responsivos (n=30)</th>
                  <th>N&#227;o responsivos (n=11)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio atrioventricular completo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (16,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (18,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante de novo marcapasso, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (3,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (9,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tamponamento card&#237;aco</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia card&#237;aca de urg&#234;ncia</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como n&#250;mero absoluto e percentual.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados deste estudo foram: i) houve melhora cl&#237;nica significativa ap&#243;s o procedimento de ASA, com menos de 20% dos pacientes permanecendo em classe funcional III/IV da CCS ou da NYHA aos 12 meses; ii) a avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o evidente do gradiente de press&#227;o da VSVE, acompanhada de diminui&#231;&#227;o da espessura do SIV e redu&#231;&#227;o marcada do SAM da valva mitral; iii) 73% dos pacientes apresentaram resposta positiva &#224; ASA, o que se associou a menor n&#250;mero de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es no seguimento, sendo o gradiente intraventricular basal &lt;105 mmHg o melhor preditor de resposta; iv) a ASA mostrou-se um procedimento seguro nesta coorte, com baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es e aus&#234;ncia de mortalidade.</p>
      <p>A CMHO &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o heterog&#234;nea e com alta preval&#234;ncia em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Embora a maioria dos pacientes permane&#231;a est&#225;vel com tratamento medicamentoso, cerca de 10% eventualmente requerem terapias de redu&#231;&#227;o septal, como miectomia cir&#250;rgica ou ASA. Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, a t&#233;cnica de ASA evoluiu e incorporou melhorias, como o uso da ecocardiografia com contraste e volumes menores de inje&#231;&#227;o de &#225;lcool. No entanto, ainda h&#225; escassez de dados avaliando pacientes consecutivos tratados com ASA em nossa regi&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Nossa coorte, embora limitada a 41 pacientes, incluiu indiv&#237;duos com CMHO em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado, caracterizada por elevada carga de sintomas &#8212; 78% estavam em classe funcional III/IV da NYHA e 51% em classe III/IV da CCS &#8212; e extens&#227;o m&#233;dia de fibrose de 11,7%. O tamanho reduzido da amostra provavelmente reflete uma baixa taxa de encaminhamento para terapias de redu&#231;&#227;o septal, seja por miectomia cir&#250;rgica ou ASA, em pacientes com CMHO.</p>
      <p>Durante a ASA, a redu&#231;&#227;o aguda do gradiente da VSVE provavelmente ocorre devido ao atordoamento ou infarto septal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e a altera&#231;&#245;es na din&#226;mica de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Esses fatores podem contribuir para o al&#237;vio dos sintomas no curto prazo. Conforme descrito na literatura, o afinamento progressivo do septo e o remodelamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo s&#227;o os principais respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o sustentada do gradiente observada aos 12 meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Essa melhora cont&#237;nua &#233; refor&#231;ada pela redu&#231;&#227;o persistente dos sintomas e pela queda progressiva do gradiente da VSVE ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o foi encontrada associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a espessura do septo e o sucesso do procedimento. Esse achado contrasta com estudos anteriores que sugerem que espessura do SIV &gt;30 mm pode reduzir a efic&#225;cia da ASA, tornando a miectomia a abordagem preferencial nesses casos. No entanto, os resultados cir&#250;rgicos em pacientes com septos muito espessados tamb&#233;m costumam ser sub&#243;timos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Vale destacar que nosso estudo n&#227;o incluiu pacientes com espessura de SIV &gt;30 mm. Isso pode refletir um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que esses pacientes provavelmente foram encaminhados diretamente para tratamento cir&#250;rgico.</p>
      <p>O procedimento de ASA foi bem-sucedido &#8212; definido como redu&#231;&#227;o superior a 50% no gradiente da VSVE e valor absoluto final &lt;50 mmHg &#8212; em 73% dos pacientes da nossa coorte (n=30), resultado compat&#237;vel com estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Conforme tamb&#233;m relatado na literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> os pacientes que responderam &#224; ASA apresentaram melhora cl&#237;nica, com cerca de 50% alcan&#231;ando classe funcional I da NYHA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A maioria dos pacientes responsivos apresentava gradientes basais de VSVE &lt;100 mmHg antes do procedimento.</p>
      <p>Dados recentes de uma coorte com 1.346 pacientes submetidos &#224; ASA, acompanhados por uma m&#233;dia de 5,8&#177;4,7 anos, mostraram que indiv&#237;duos com gradiente basal de VSVE &#8805;100 mmHg apresentaram maiores gradientes residuais e maior probabilidade de necessitar de nova ASA ou miectomia complementar, em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com gradientes &lt;100 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> No nosso estudo, foi observada uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre o gradiente basal da VSVE e os desfechos da ASA. Identificamos um poss&#237;vel ponto de corte de 105 mmHg como preditor de sucesso do procedimento. Esse achado refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o do gradiente basal da VSVE na sele&#231;&#227;o de candidatos &#224; ASA, embora ainda seja necess&#225;ria confirma&#231;&#227;o em estudos com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, a ASA foi realizada com t&#233;cnicas contempor&#226;neas por equipes experientes em centros terci&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O uso da ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica associada &#224; inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste aumentou a precis&#227;o do procedimento. Al&#233;m disso, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de bal&#245;es intracoronarianos para a inje&#231;&#227;o seletiva de &#225;lcool no ramo septal-alvo contribuiu para maior seguran&#231;a. Esses avan&#231;os t&#233;cnicos colaboraram para a baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es observada em nossa coorte. O implante de marca-passo definitivo foi necess&#225;rio em apenas 4,8% dos pacientes, representando uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa em compara&#231;&#227;o com taxas relatadas em estudos anteriores. Marca-passos tempor&#225;rios foram utilizados em 17% dos casos, o que refor&#231;a a import&#226;ncia do monitoramento intensivo nas primeiras 48 horas para avaliar a necessidade de implante definitivo. A recupera&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal nesse per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o pode depender de diversos fatores, como a extens&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico, as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e a t&#233;cnica utilizada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, trata-se de uma an&#225;lise retrospectiva com uma amostra pequena de 41 pacientes submetidos a um &#250;nico procedimento, o que pode ter introduzido vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o. Em segundo lugar, a aus&#234;ncia de testes de esfor&#231;o ap&#243;s o procedimento representa uma limita&#231;&#227;o na avalia&#231;&#227;o da melhora dos sintomas. N&#227;o foi utilizado um question&#225;rio padronizado; os dados sobre sintomas basearam-se nas classifica&#231;&#245;es da NYHA e da CCS, a partir dos relatos subjetivos dos pacientes durante consultas cl&#237;nicas de rotina. Al&#233;m disso, a s&#237;ncope como indica&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria para realiza&#231;&#227;o da ASA n&#227;o foi registrada em nosso banco de dados, impossibilitando a avalia&#231;&#227;o de sua preval&#234;ncia nesta coorte. Por fim, houve perda de dados cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ap&#243;s 12 meses, o que limitou a an&#225;lise dos desfechos em longo prazo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Quando realizada com indica&#231;&#245;es adequadas e t&#233;cnicas avan&#231;adas (p.ex., a ecocardiografia com contraste), a ASA &#233; um procedimento seguro e eficaz, com baixa taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es. Proporciona melhora significativa nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente da VSVE e da espessura do SIV, resultando em al&#237;vio dos sintomas. Este estudo identificou um gradiente basal da VSVE &lt;105 mmHg como poss&#237;vel preditor de desfechos favor&#225;veis com a ASA. Esses achados refor&#231;am a import&#226;ncia da sele&#231;&#227;o criteriosa dos pacientes e da utiliza&#231;&#227;o de t&#233;cnicas contempor&#226;neas para otimizar os resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Perspectivas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>O registro BRASA destaca o papel crescente da ASA como tratamento seguro e eficaz para pacientes com CMHO sintom&#225;tica que n&#227;o respondem &#224; terapia medicamentosa. O estudo demonstra que a ASA promove al&#237;vio dos sintomas e melhora dos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, incluindo a redu&#231;&#227;o do gradiente da VSVE e da espessura do SIV, refor&#231;ando seu potencial para melhorar a qualidade de vida em pacientes selecionados.</p>
        <p>Um gradiente basal da VSVE &lt;105 mmHg foi identificado como poss&#237;vel preditor de desfechos favor&#225;veis, refor&#231;ando sua utilidade na sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. O estudo tamb&#233;m destaca o valor das t&#233;cnicas contempor&#226;neas de ASA &#8212; como a ecocardiografia com contraste e a infus&#227;o precisa do &#225;lcool &#8212; que contribuem para maior seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do procedimento. As baixas taxas de complica&#231;&#245;es, especialmente a menor necessidade de implante de marcapasso, ressaltam a import&#226;ncia da padroniza&#231;&#227;o t&#233;cnica e da experi&#234;ncia das equipes envolvidas. Novos estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para confirmar esses achados, definir melhor o papel da ASA em compara&#231;&#227;o a terapias emergentes, como o mavacamten, e esclarecer sua posi&#231;&#227;o na linha de cuidado da CMHO.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240626i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Brazilian Multicenter Registry of Alcohol Septal Ablation for Patients with Symptomatic Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy &#8211; BRASA Registry</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0006-6997-3865</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jallad</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soliani</surname>
            <given-names>Marilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marins</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Henrique Almeida</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga-Fernandez</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Madrini</surname>
            <given-names>Vagner</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lemos</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Abizaid</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6260-9626</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio S&#226;ndoli de</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1273-1823</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44, Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: hbribeiro@gmail.com, henrique.ribeiro@hc.fm.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Alcohol septal ablation (ASA) is an alternative to surgical myectomy for patients with symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and significant left ventricular (LV) outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Although widely studied worldwide, data on ASA outcomes in Brazil are still limited.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To assess the safety and effectiveness of ASA in symptomatic HOCM patients receiving optimal medical therapy using current techniques across multiple centers in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Patients with HOCM and angina (classified by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society [CCS]) or dyspnea (classified by the New York Heart Association [NYHA]) class &gt;II who did not respond to optimal medical treatment were included. The primary efficacy endpoint was defined as a reduction of more than 50% in the maximum resting LVOT gradient, with a final gradient &lt;50 mmHg. Patients were classified as responders or nonresponders. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 41 patients (median age 66.4 years; 73% female) underwent ASA. At baseline, 93.2% were in NYHA class III/IV or CCS class III/IV. The mean LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was 66.4%, and the mean LVOT gradient was 88.4 mmHg. After 12 months, 92.8% had improved to NYHA class I/II or CCS class I/II (p&lt;0.01). The mean LVOT gradient dropped from 88.4 mmHg to 27.0 mmHg (p=0.003), and interventricular septum (IVS) thickness decreased from 19.3 mm to 14.7 mm (p=0.048). Responders had lower baseline gradients (73.4 vs 112.6 mmHg, p=0.04) and fewer hospitalizations (21.1% vs 82.4%, p=0.04). Complete atrioventricular block occurred in 16.7% of patients, and 4.8% required pacemakers. No deaths were reported during a median follow-up of 394 days. At the last in-person evaluation, 78.4% were in functional class I/II.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> ASA is a safe, effective option for relieving symptoms in selected HOCM patients. It reduces LVOT gradient and septal thickness. Patients with higher baseline gradients were less likely to respond to the procedure.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Brazilian Multicenter Registry of Alcohol Septal Ablation for Patients with Symptomatic Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy &#8211; BRASA Registry</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular (LV) outflow tract (LVOT) plays a major role in causing symptoms such as angina, syncope, and dyspnea. Pharmacological treatment is commonly used and includes beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, and, more recently, mavacamten.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, about 10% of patients do not respond to medical therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> For these individuals, septal reduction therapies (eg, surgical myectomy and alcohol septal ablation [ASA]) have been developed to relieve symptoms and improve clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Surgical myectomy is still considered the gold-standard treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, especially in younger patients with high baseline gradients, marked septal hypertrophy, or additional surgical needs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, advances in ASA (eg, contrast-enhanced echocardiography and more precise alcohol delivery) have improved its outcomes. In selected patients, ASA has shown similar long-term mortality rates (around 1%) and fewer periprocedural complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Myectomy is generally preferred for younger, low-risk patients with septal thickness greater than 25 mm. In contrast, ASA is often recommended for older, high-risk patients with suitable anatomy because it is less invasive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current guidelines recognize both surgical myectomy and ASA as valid treatment options, but careful evaluation by a heart team is essential. This assessment should take into account the patient&#8217;s overall condition, the specific risks of each procedure, and the presence of mitral valve abnormalities or other anatomical considerations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite global experience, there is a lack of up-to-date data on the use of ASA for treating HOCM in Brazil.</p>
        <p>The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of ASA in a series of symptomatic HOCM patients on optimal medical therapy using current techniques across multiple Brazilian centers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Patients who underwent ASA between January 2014 and December 2023 were retrospectively recorded in a dedicated database. Procedures were performed at four tertiary referral centers in Brazil: Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor-HCFMUSP), Hospital S&#237;rio-Liban&#234;s, Hospital S&#227;o Camilo, and Hospital Samaritano Paulista. The study was approved by the local ethics committee at each participating center.</p>
          <p>Patients were eligible if they were 18 years or older and had a diagnosis of HOCM confirmed by 2-dimensional echocardiography and/or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Diagnosis required an interventricular septum (IVS) thickness &#8805;15 mm, or &#8805;13 mm in patients with a first-degree adult relative diagnosed with HOCM in the absence of other cardiac or systemic diseases associated with secondary LV hypertrophy.</p>
          <p>Obstruction was defined as a LVOT pressure gradient of &#8805;50 mmHg either at rest or after provocation. Eligible patients also had to be symptomatic and refractory to optimized medical therapy, including at least one negative chronotropic agent at the maximum tolerated dose, and present with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class &#8805; II dyspnea or Canadian Cardiac Society (CCS) class &#8805; II angina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> During the study period, mavacamten was not yet available to patients in this cohort.</p>
          <p>In addition, patients had to be considered suitable for septal reduction therapy based on clinical indication and favorable coronary anatomy. This included having an accessible septal branch &#8212; typically originating from the left anterior descending (LAD) artery &#8212; and no significant intrinsic abnormalities of the mitral valve or other conditions that would require cardiac surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included the absence of follow-up data beyond the index hospitalization (eg, missing clinical or echocardiographic follow-up) and unfavorable coronary anatomy for ASA, including the absence of a suitable septal branch, septal thickness &gt;30 mm, or the need for concomitant surgical procedures.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ASA procedure</title>
          <p>All procedures followed the standard ASA technique, performed under contrast-enhanced echocardiography as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Patients received either sedation or general anesthesia, with either contrast-enhanced transesophageal or transthoracic echocardiography guidance. After arterial and venous access were obtained, systemic anticoagulation was initiated with unfractionated heparin at 100 IU/kg.</p>
          <p>A temporary pacemaker lead (5F or 6F) was placed in the right ventricle. A 5F or 6F pigtail catheter was positioned in the left ventricle via secondary access, and a 6F left guiding catheter (Judkins Left [JL] or Extra-Backup [EBU]) was introduced through primary access into the ascending aorta. The LVOT pressure gradient was continuously monitored throughout the procedure.</p>
          <p>Initial angiography was performed to identify the origin of the septal perforator branch. A 0.014&#8221; guidewire was then advanced into the target septal branch. Afterward, an over-the-wire balloon (1.5-2.5 mm &#215; 8-12 mm) was inflated within the selected branch. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography was used to assess myocardial perfusion of the target area. In 58.5% of cases, SonoVue (Bracco) was used; in the remaining cases, regular saline mixed with contrast was injected through the balloon catheter shaft during real-time echocardiographic recording.</p>
          <p>If the balloon was correctly positioned, 1 to 3 mL of ethanol was slowly injected at a rate of 1 mL per minute. Ten minutes after the injection, the balloon was deflated, and coronary angiography was repeated to assess the result. A successful procedure was defined as a reduction of at least 50% in the LVOT pressure gradient compared to baseline. If the outcome was unsatisfactory, the procedure could be repeated in a different septal branch.</p>
          <p>All patients were monitored in an intensive care or coronary care unit for 24 to 48 hours after the procedure. Plasma creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels were measured before the procedure and every 6 hours for 36 hours afterward.</p>
          <p>Echocardiographic evaluations were performed before ASA, and again at 1 month and 1 year after the procedure. All measurements followed the recommendations proposed by the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions and study endpoints</title>
          <p>The primary efficacy endpoint was defined as a reduction of &gt;50% in the resting maximum LVOT gradient, with a final gradient &lt;50 mmHg. This was used to determine procedural success and was assessed at 1 and 12 months after ASA. Based on this criterion, patients were classified as responders or nonresponders.</p>
          <p>Improvement in cardiac symptoms was evaluated by a reduction of at least one functional class in either the NYHA or CCS classification following the procedure.</p>
          <p>The primary safety endpoint was the occurrence of complications, including complete atrioventricular block, ventricular fibrillation, implantation of a permanent pacemaker or cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac tamponade, emergency cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad version 10.2.2 and Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington). Categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies.</p>
          <p>Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Data with normal distribution are reported as mean&#177;standard deviation, while non-normally distributed data are expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR).</p>
          <p>To compare continuous variables between two independent groups, the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was used for normally distributed data, and the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for non-normally distributed data. For comparisons involving more than two time points, repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used when data were normally distributed.</p>
          <p>Categorical variables in independent samples were compared using the Chi-square test. For dependent categorical data, Cochran&#8217;s Q test was applied.</p>
          <p>Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analyzed using the log-rank test. In all analyses, a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics and ASA procedures</title>
          <p>A total of 46 patients were included in the registry. However, five were excluded due to missing follow-up data &#8212; two lacked clinical information, and three had no echocardiographic data (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The mean age was 66 years, and most patients were female (73%). The main indication for ASA was exertional dyspnea. Most patients were classified as NYHA class III/IV (78.1%) or CCS class III/IV (51.1%). Additionally, 24.3% had a history of syncope not related to arrhythmias. In total, 93.2% of patients presented with advanced symptoms.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the studied population.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Common comorbidities included hypertension, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and coronary artery disease. Some patients had undergone prior coronary angioplasty or presented with conduction abnormalities, such as left bundle branch block. A small number had implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). All patients were on beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers at baseline, with beta-blockers being more frequently used. A smaller proportion required amiodarone or oral anticoagulants. CMR was used to assess myocardial fibrosis. The average fibrosis area was 11.7%, with no significant differences between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline clinical and echocardiographic/CMR characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variable</th>
                    <th>Baseline (n=41)</th>
                    <th>Responders (n=30)</th>
                    <th>Nonresponders (n=11)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.4&#177;5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">64.7&#177;6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">65.4&#177;7.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female sex, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (73.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (80.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.81</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (65.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (70.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.74</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary artery disease, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (17.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (36.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous PCI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (21.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (23.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA dyspnea class III/IV, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (78.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCS angina III/IV, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (51.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (50.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (9.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bundle branch block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVOT gradient at rest (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">88.4&#177;23.0</td>
                    <td align="center">73.4&#177;23.4</td>
                    <td align="center">112.6&#177;40.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.4&#177;11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">65.3&#177;9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">68.2&#177;10.4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IVS thickness (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.3&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">15.3&#177;2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">16.5&#177;3.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta&#8208;blocker, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (85.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (83.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (90.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Calcium&#8208;channel blocker, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (26.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Amiodarone, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (14.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Oral anticoagulant, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (13.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrosis by CMR (total area, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.7&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">10.4&#177;3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">12.1&#177;2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrosis by CMR (grams)</td>
                    <td align="center">13.9&#177;3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">13.4&#177;4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8&#177;4.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Data are expressed as mean (SD) or as absolute number and percentage as appropriate. CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; CMR: cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; IVS: interventricular septum; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVOT: left ventricular outflow tract; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Baseline Doppler echocardiography confirmed the presence of severe HOCM, characterized by a high LVOT pressure gradient and increased IVS thickness. Most patients (92.6%) had preserved LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and the left atrium was moderately enlarged (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The median length of hospital stay was 6 days, with a range of 3 to 15 days. Laboratory tests showed stable values for hemoglobin, hematocrit, and creatinine throughout hospitalization. Refractoriness to pharmacological treatment was observed in 18.2% of patients. Such individuals were on combined therapy with beta-blockers and calcium channel blockers but continued to show elevated LVOT gradients despite optimal medical management (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>The ASA procedure was performed using a median ethanol volume of 1.9 cc per patient. Most patients (n=36) underwent ASA of a single septal branch, while five required the treatment of two septal segments during the same procedure. Post-procedural levels of peak CK-MB and troponin were elevated but remained within the expected range (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). The radial artery was used as the preferred access site in 73.1% of cases, and most procedures were performed with a 6F catheter (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Alcohol septal ablation procedural characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Procedural characteristics</th>
                    <th>Baseline (n=41)</th>
                    <th>Responders (n=30)</th>
                    <th>Nonresponders (n=11)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mean number of septal branches treated per patient</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12&#177;0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13&#177;0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09&#177;0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>One septal branch treated, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (87.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (86.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (90.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Two septal branches treated, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (12.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (13.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ethanol volume per patient (mL), median [IQR]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.9 [1.6-2.4]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.8 [1.6-2.3]</td>
                    <td align="center">2.0 [1.8-2.4]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak CK-MB (ng/mL), median [IQR]</td>
                    <td align="center">157 [126-254]</td>
                    <td align="center">152 [113-286]</td>
                    <td align="center">169 [129-304]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak troponin (ng/L), median [IQR]</td>
                    <td align="center">10.860 [9.576-12.239]</td>
                    <td align="center">10.539 [9.284-12.482]</td>
                    <td align="center">11.285 [9.896-12.129]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Primary arterial access, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Radial</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (73.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (76.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (63.6)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Femoral</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (26.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (23.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Catheter diameter, n (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.63</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>6F</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (92.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (93.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (90.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>5F</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>Data are expressed as absolute number and percentage, mean (SD) or median [IQR], as appropriate. CK-MB: creatine kinase-MB; IQR: interquartile range; SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Efficacy outcomes</title>
          <p>Following the ASA procedure, there was a significant reduction in the number of patients classified as NYHA class III/IV. At 1 month, 26.8% remained in these advanced classes, and this dropped further to 17.0% at 12 months. A similar improvement was seen in CCS classification, with 12.1% and 9.7% of patients remaining in class III/IV at 1 month and 12 months, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Echocardiographic assessments showed a substantial reduction in the LVOT pressure gradient, decreasing from 88.4 mmHg to 27.0 mmHg. IVS thickness also decreased, from 19.3 mm to 14.7 mm at 12 months after the procedure (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical follow-up. CCS: Cardiovascular Canadian Society; NYHA: New York Heart Association; Pre: prior to the procedure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic changes over time. CCS: Cardiovascular Canadian Society; NYHA: New York Heart Association; SAM: systolic anterior motion; IVS: interventricular septum.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve, which reflects the Venturi effect caused by LVOT obstruction, also showed a significant reduction&#8212;from 51.2% before the procedure to 19.5% at 12 months. Notably, the incidence of SAM continued to decline between the 1<sup>st</sup> and 12<sup>th</sup> month after ASA, dropping from 34.1% to 19.5% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>Based on a reduction of at least 50% in the LVOT pressure gradient and a final absolute value &lt;50 mmHg, patients were classified into two groups: responders (30 patients, 73.0%) and nonresponders (11 patients, 27.0%). The responder group had a lower baseline LVOT pressure gradient compared to the non-responder group (73.4&#177;23.4 mmHg vs 112.6&#177;40.2 mmHg) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). However, there was no significant difference in baseline IVS thickness between the two groups, as measured by echocardiography (15.3&#177;2.2 mm vs 16.5&#177;3.9 mm) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis identified a baseline LVOT gradient of 105 mmHg as the optimal cutoff to predict response to ASA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). During a median follow-up of 394 days, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that nonresponders had significantly higher rates of hospitalization compared to responders (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison between responders vs nonresponders (baseline echocardiographic parameters). ASA: alcohol septal ablation; IVS: interventricular septum.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison between responders vs nonresponders hospitalization after alcohol septal ablation (ASA) procedure.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240626-40626-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Two patients from the nonresponder group underwent surgical myectomy after ASA. Both had residual LVOT gradients &gt;50 mmHg. Following surgery, the gradient was no longer present on echocardiographic evaluation, and no complications were reported during the procedure or follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety outcomes</title>
          <p>Complete atrioventricular block occurred peri-procedurally in seven patients (17%). Among these, two patients (4.8%) returned to sinus rhythm within 24 hours, and three patients (7.3%) did so within 48 hours. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in two patients (4.8%). During the study period, a five-day observation window was maintained before deciding on pacemaker implantation. Ventricular fibrillation occurred during the procedure in four patients (9.7%) but was successfully reversed in all cases, with favorable postoperative recovery. There were no cases of cardiac tamponade, emergent cardiac surgery, or in-hospital mortality. No deaths were reported during the median mid-term follow-up of 394 days (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Safety outcomes of the alcohol septal ablation procedure</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Safety outcomes</th>
                    <th>Overall (n=41)</th>
                    <th>Responders (n=30)</th>
                    <th>Nonresponders (n=11)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complete atrioventricular block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (17)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (16.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (18.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>New pacemaker implantation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (3.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ventricular fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (9.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (10)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac tamponade</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urgent heart surgery</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                    <td align="center">&#8212;</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Data are expressed as absolute number and percentage</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of this study are as follows: i) there was significant clinical improvement after the ASA procedure, with fewer than 20% of patients remaining in CCS class III/IV or NYHA class III/IV at 12 months; ii) echocardiographic evaluation showed a clear reduction in the LVOT pressure gradient, along with a decrease in IVS thickness and a marked reduction in SAM of the mitral valve; iii) 73% of patients showed a positive response to ASA, which was associated with fewer hospitalizations during follow-up, with a baseline intraventricular gradient &lt;105 mmHg being the best predictor of response; iv) ASA proved to be a safe procedure in this cohort, with a low complication rate and no reported mortality.</p>
        <p>HOCM is a heterogeneous condition with high prevalence in our population. Although most patients remain stable with medical therapy, around 10% may eventually require septal reduction procedures such as surgical myectomy or ASA. Over the past decades, the ASA technique has evolved and incorporated improvements such as contrast-enhanced echocardiography and lower volumes of alcohol injection. However, there is still a lack of data evaluating consecutive patients treated with ASA in our region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Our cohort, though limited to 41 patients, included individuals with advanced HOCM, characterized by a high symptom burden &#8212; 78% were in NYHA class III/IV and 51% in CCS class III/IV &#8212; and a mean fibrosis extent of 11.7%. The small sample size likely reflects a low referral rate for septal reduction therapies, whether surgical myectomy or ASA, in patients with HOCM.</p>
        <p>During ASA, the acute reduction in the LVOT gradient is likely due to septal stunning or infarction<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and changes in LV ejection dynamics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> These factors may contribute to short-term symptom relief. As reported in literature, progressive septal thinning and left ventricular remodeling are the main drivers of the longer-term reduction in gradient observed at 12 months.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> This sustained improvement is further supported by the continued reduction in symptoms and the decline in LVOT gradient over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No significant association was found between septal thickness and procedural success. This contrasts with previous studies suggesting that IVS thickness &gt;30 mm may reduce the effectiveness of ASA, making myectomy the preferred approach in such cases. However, surgical outcomes in patients with very thick septa are also often suboptimal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Notably, our study did not include any patients with IVS thickness &gt;30 mm. This may reflect a selection bias since such patients were likely referred directly for surgical intervention.</p>
        <p>A successful ASA procedure &#8212; defined as a reduction of more than 50% in the LVOT gradient and a final absolute value &lt;50 mmHg &#8212; was achieved in 73% of our patients (n=30), consistent with findings from previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> As also reported in literature,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> patients who responded to ASA showed clinical improvement, with about 50% reaching NYHA class I.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Most of these responders had baseline LVOT gradients &lt;100 mmHg prior to the procedure.</p>
        <p>Recent data from a cohort of 1,346 patients who underwent ASA followed for an average of 5.8&#177;4.7 years showed that individuals with a baseline LVOT gradient &#8805;100 mmHg had higher residual gradients and were more likely to require repeat ASA or additional myectomy, compared to those with baseline gradients &lt;100 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In our study, a negative correlation was observed between baseline LVOT gradient and ASA outcomes. We identified a potential cutoff of 105 mmHg as a predictor of procedural success. This finding highlights the importance of assessing baseline LVOT gradient when selecting candidates for ASA, although confirmation in larger studies is still needed.</p>
        <p>In the present study, ASA was performed using contemporary techniques by experienced teams at tertiary centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The use of transthoracic echocardiography combined with contrast injections improved the accuracy of the procedure. Additionally, the use of intracoronary balloons for selective alcohol injection into the target septal branch increased procedural safety. These technical advancements contributed to the low complication rate observed in our cohort. Permanent pacemaker implantation was required in only 4.8% of patients, representing a significant reduction compared to rates reported in earlier studies. Temporary pacemakers were used in 17% of cases, emphasizing the need for close monitoring during the first 48 hours to assess whether permanent implantation is necessary. Recovery of sinus rhythm during this observation period may depend on several factors, including the extent of myocardial damage, patient characteristics, and procedural technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study has some limitations. First, it was a retrospective analysis with a small sample size of 41 patients who underwent a single procedure. As a result, selection bias may be present. Second, the absence of post-procedure stress testing introduces a potential limitation in the assessment of symptom improvement. No standardized questionnaire was used; instead, symptom data were based on NYHA and CCS classifications, relying on patients&#8217; subjective reports during routine clinical visits. Additionally, syncope as a primary indication for ASA was not recorded in our database, so its prevalence in this cohort could not be assessed. Finally, there was a loss of clinical and echocardiographic follow-up data after 12 months, which limited the evaluation of long-term outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>When performed with proper indications and advanced techniques (eg, contrast-enhanced echocardiography) ASA is a safe, effective procedure with a low complication rate. It results in significant improvements in echocardiographic parameters, including reductions in LVOT gradient and IVS thickness, leading to symptom relief. This study identified a baseline LVOT gradient &lt;105 mmHg as a potential predictor of favorable ASA outcomes. These findings underscore the critical importance of meticulous patient selection and the use of contemporary ASA techniques to optimize clinical results.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical perspectives</title>
          <p>The BRASA registry highlights the growing role of ASA as a safe, effective treatment for patients with symptomatic HOCM who do not respond to medical therapy. The study shows ASA leads to symptom relief and echocardiographic improvements, including reductions in LVOT gradient and IVS thickness, reinforcing its potential to improve quality of life in selected patients.</p>
          <p>A baseline LVOT gradient &lt;105 mmHg was identified as a possible predictor of favorable outcomes, supporting its use in guiding patient selection. The study also emphasizes the value of contemporary ASA techniques&#8212;such as contrast-enhanced echocardiography and precise alcohol delivery&#8212;which contribute to improved safety and efficacy. Low complication rates, particularly reduced pacemaker implantation, underscore the importance of standardized techniques and experienced operators. Further research is needed to confirm these findings, better define the role of ASA compared to emerging therapies such as mavacamten, and clarify its position in the HOCM treatment pathway.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
