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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kgySZMQvYNd8B7r9FmDsj8y</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240586</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anticoagulantes Orais Diretos versus Aspirina para Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria de Acidente Vascular Cerebral em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral Emb&#243;lico de Fonte Indeterminada: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise Atualizada de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2409-7675</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Talavera</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7714-7148</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Thomaz Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navalha</surname>
            <given-names>Denilsa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6231-216X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gibicoski</surname>
            <given-names>Tathiane Brum</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandez</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Healey</surname>
            <given-names>Jeffrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-875X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dagostin de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mount Sinai Medical Center</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Miami</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Miami &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campina Grande</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PB</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Colorado</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aurora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Colorado</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Nebraska</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Internal Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Omaha</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Nebraska</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Catholic University of Bolivia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">San Pablo Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santa Cruz</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BO">Bol&#237;via</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Catholic University of Bolivia San Pablo Faculty of Medicine, Santa Cruz &#8211; Bol&#237;via</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Population Health Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">McMaster University</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Hamilton</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Ontario</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CA">Canad&#225;</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario &#8211; Canad&#225;</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Arritmias Card&#237;acas e Eletrofisiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Arritmias Card&#237;acas e Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Juan Armando Talavera &#8226; Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine - 4300 Alton Road Miami 33140 &#8211; EUA E-mail: <email>talavera39@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240586</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="corrected">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r01" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250535" ext-link-type="doi"/>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) Emb&#243;lico de Fonte Indeterminada (ESUS, do ingl&#234;s embolic stroke of undetermined source) corresponde a cerca de 20% dos AVCs isqu&#234;micos. O tratamento ideal para a preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria do ESUS ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro. Realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) comparando a seguran&#231;a e a efic&#225;cia dos anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) versus aspirina em pacientes com ESUS. Foi realizada uma busca sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Cochrane e Web of Science para identificar ECRs eleg&#237;veis at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2024. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a recorr&#234;ncia de AVC, e os desfechos de seguran&#231;a inclu&#237;ram sangramento maior e sangramento clinicamente relevante n&#227;o maior (CRNMB, clinically relevant non-major bleeding). Foram calculadas raz&#245;es de chance (HRs) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs) de 95% para a an&#225;lise. Foram inclu&#237;dos quatro RCTs, envolvendo 13.970 pacientes, dos quais metade foi randomizada para o grupo de DOACs. Durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 16 meses, os DOACs n&#227;o reduziram significativamente a recorr&#234;ncia de AVC (HR: 0,95; IC 95%: 0,81-1,09; p=0,44), AVC isqu&#234;mico (HR: 0,91; IC 95%: 0,79-1,06; p=0,23), mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,11; IC 95%: 0,87-1,42; p=0,40) ou sangramento maior (HR: 1,56; IC 95%: 0,85%-2,86; p=0,15) em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; aspirina. No entanto, os DOACs foram associados a um risco significativamente maior de CRNMB (HR: 1,54; IC 95%: 1,23-1,92; p=0,0002). A an&#225;lise de subgrupos n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as significativas na recorr&#234;ncia de AVC entre pacientes com escores CHA<sub>2</sub>-DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc baixos ou altos. Os DOACs n&#227;o demonstraram efic&#225;cia superior &#224; aspirina na preven&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia de AVC em pacientes com ESUS e foram associados a um aumento do risco de CRNMB.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Anticoagulantes Orais Diretos versus Aspirina para Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria de Acidente Vascular Cerebral em Pacientes com Acidente Vascular Cerebral Emb&#243;lico de Fonte Indeterminada: Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise Atualizada de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos Randomizados</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CRNMB: sangramento clinicamente relevante n&#227;o maior; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; RR: raz&#227;o de risco.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kgySZMQvYNd8B7r9FmDsj8y/8770b487452746a7307ffdf599c433c70589472d.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kgySZMQvYNd8B7r9FmDsj8y/ebfb26bdfadf76b590bde572e31366bd0bb7348f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kgySZMQvYNd8B7r9FmDsj8y/d2613480c8e43647153dc38a1137bf04fa4cc236.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores da Agrega&#231;&#227;o Plaquet&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>AVC Emb&#243;lico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os acidentes vasculares cerebrais (AVCs) isqu&#234;micos representam aproximadamente 80% de todos os AVCs. A maioria surge da aterosclerose ou de embolia card&#237;aca, enquanto um ter&#231;o tem uma causa incerta, denominada criptog&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Dentro dessa categoria, o AVC Emb&#243;lico de Fonte Indeterminada (ESUS, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source</italic>) representa aproximadamente 20% dos AVCs isqu&#234;micos que n&#227;o s&#227;o nem lacunares nem associados &#224; estenose arterial proximal ou a uma fonte cardioemb&#243;lica conhecida, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) ou trombo ventricular esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A efic&#225;cia conhecida dos anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs, <italic>direct oral anticoagulants</italic>) na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC emb&#243;lico em pacientes com FA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> levou &#224; hip&#243;tese de que os anticoagulantes seriam mais eficazes do que a terapia com aspirina para prevenir recorr&#234;ncias de AVC em pacientes com ESUS recente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECRs) anteriores demonstraram que essa classe n&#227;o &#233; superior &#224; aspirina na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos recorrentes em pacientes com ESUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso conhecimento, existe apenas uma metan&#225;lise que avaliou essa compara&#231;&#227;o, com poder possivelmente limitado devido &#224; inclus&#227;o de apenas dois ECRs. Nesse contexto, buscamos realizar uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise atualizada de RCTs, incluindo os estudos mais recentes e dispon&#237;veis. Nosso objetivo foi comparar a efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da terapia anticoagulante com DOACs <italic>versus</italic> aspirina na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVCs secund&#225;rios em pacientes adultos com ESUS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise seguiu as diretrizes estabelecidas no <italic>Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses</italic> (PRISMA) e no Manual Cochrane de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas de Interven&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O protocolo do estudo foi registrado prospectivamente no <italic>International Prospective Register for Systematic Reviews</italic> (PROSPERO) sob o n&#250;mero CRD42024520640. Como este estudo envolveu a an&#225;lise de dados previamente publicados, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;ria aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica institucional nem consentimento informado dos pacientes para participa&#231;&#227;o no estudo.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de pesquisa e extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
        <p>Dois autores (A.T. e T.G.) realizaram independentemente uma busca sistem&#225;tica nas bases de dados PubMed, Embase, Cochrane e Web of Science desde sua cria&#231;&#227;o at&#233; mar&#231;o de 2024. Al&#233;m disso, realizamos uma abordagem &#8220;bola de neve&#8221; (&#8220;<italic>backward snowballing</italic>&#8221;), para buscar outros estudos eleg&#237;veis a partir das refer&#234;ncias de estudos inclu&#237;dos e publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores, incluindo metan&#225;lises.</p>
        <p>A estrat&#233;gia de busca completa est&#225; dispon&#237;vel no <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Material Suplementar</ext-link>. Nenhum filtro ou restri&#231;&#227;o de idioma foi aplicado &#224; pesquisa. Dois autores (A.T. e D.N.) conduziram a extra&#231;&#227;o de dados seguindo crit&#233;rios predefinidos e avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade. Caracter&#237;sticas do estudo, dados demogr&#225;ficos iniciais, caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria utilizada, tamanho da amostra, desfechos do estudo e o acompanhamento mais longo dispon&#237;vel foram extra&#237;dos diretamente dos artigos publicados informa&#231;&#245;es. Diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso e discuss&#227;o com o autor s&#234;nior (G.D.).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de eligibilidade</title>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos os estudos que atenderam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios: (1) ECR publicados em peri&#243;dicos revisados por pares, (2) comparando anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria, (3) incluindo pacientes com AVC criptog&#234;nico ou ESUS, e (4) relatando pelo menos um desfecho de interesse. N&#227;o exclu&#237;mos estudos com base no tamanho da amostra ou na dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento. Exclu&#237;mos estudos que (1) n&#227;o inclu&#237;am a popula&#231;&#227;o de interesse, (2) inclu&#237;am pacientes com Forame Oval Patente (FOP) no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, sem um subgrupo de pacientes que apresentassem somente AVC criptog&#234;nico ou ESUS; (3) n&#227;o relatavam nenhum dos desfechos de interesse, e (4) editoriais, levantamentos de bancos de dados nacionais, cartas ou resumos de congressos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade e risco de vi&#233;s</title>
        <p>Dois autores (L.T. e T.C.) realizaram independentemente a avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade dos ECRs utilizando a ferramenta da Colabora&#231;&#227;o Cochrane para avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s em estudos randomizados (RoB-2). Nessa abordagem, os estudos s&#227;o classificados como alto, baixo ou risco incerto de vi&#233;s em cinco dom&#237;nios &#8211; sele&#231;&#227;o, desempenho, detec&#231;&#227;o, atrito e vi&#233;s de relato.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> As diverg&#234;ncias foram resolvidas por consenso. Pequenos efeitos potenciais do estudo (vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o) foram avaliados por meio da an&#225;lise de gr&#225;ficos de funil, examinando a distribui&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica dos estudos com pesos semelhantes em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus erros padr&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio de interesse foi (1) recorr&#234;ncia de AVC. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios inclu&#237;ram: (2) o composto de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC ou embolia sist&#234;mica; (3) AVC isqu&#234;mico; (4) AVC hemorr&#225;gico; (5) mortalidade por todas as causas; (6) mortalidade cardiovascular; (7) Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio (IM); (8) sangramento maior; (9) sangramento clinicamente relevante n&#227;o maior (CRNMB, <italic>clinically relevant non-major bleeding</italic>); (10) AVC incapacitante.</p>
        <p>As defini&#231;&#245;es dos desfechos individuais est&#227;o detalhadas na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Tabela Suplementar 1</ext-link>. Tamb&#233;m realizamos uma an&#225;lise de subgrupos para o desfecho de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC em pacientes com baixo escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (definido como &#8804;4) e em pacientes com alto escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (definido como &#8805;5).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Calculamos as raz&#245;es de chance (HR) com intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% para os principais desfechos bin&#225;rios. Para as an&#225;lises de subgrupos, calculamos as raz&#245;es de risco (RR) com IC de 95% para desfechos bin&#225;rios. Todos os desfechos foram avaliados com base na abordagem inten&#231;&#227;o de tratar, conforme relatado no ECR original. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada utilizando o teste Q de Cochrane e a estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup>, com signific&#226;ncia estabelecida em p &gt; 0,10 e valores de I<sup>2</sup> &gt; 25%. Os modelos de efeito aleat&#243;rio de Der Simonian e Laird foram aplicados para todos os desfechos com heterogeneidade significativa; caso contr&#225;rio, utilizamos o modelo de efeitos fixos. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas utilizando o software Review Manager, vers&#227;o 5.4.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade para avaliar o impacto de estudos individuais, removendo sequencialmente cada ECR e reanalisando os dados restantes (an&#225;lise <italic>leave-one-out</italic>). A domin&#226;ncia do estudo foi determinada quando a remo&#231;&#227;o de um estudo alterou a signific&#226;ncia dos valores de p do tamanho do efeito agrupado, seja de significativo para n&#227;o significativo ou vice-versa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o e caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos</title>
        <p>Conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, nossa busca inicial resultou em 3107 registros. Ap&#243;s a remo&#231;&#227;o de registros duplicados e a triagem de t&#237;tulos e resumos, 17 estudos continuaram eleg&#237;veis para revis&#227;o completa do texto. Desses, quatro ECRs foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA do rastreamento e sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Vale destacar que, embora tenha sido realizada uma busca ampla sobre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o <italic>versus</italic> terapias antiplaquet&#225;rias, todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos compararam exclusivamente DOACs versus aspirina. Portanto, o presente estudo n&#227;o explorou outras formas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ou terapias antiplaquet&#225;rias. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume os principais achados deste artigo.</p>
        <p>Um total de 13 970 pacientes foi inclu&#237;do, dos quais 6989 (50%) foram randomizados para o grupo de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. O tempo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de 16 meses, e 39% dos pacientes eram do sexo feminino. As caracter&#237;sticas do estudo e dos participantes est&#227;o detalhadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>NAVIGATE ESUS<sup>11</sup></th>
                  <th>RE-SPECT ESUS<sup>10</sup></th>
                  <th>ATTICUS<sup>9</sup></th>
                  <th>ARCADIA<sup>8</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ano de publica&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2018</td>
                  <td align="center">2019</td>
                  <td align="center">2023</td>
                  <td align="center">2024</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Popula&#231;&#227;o, n (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">7213 (3609/3604)</td>
                  <td align="center">5390 (2695/2695)</td>
                  <td align="center">352 (178/174)</td>
                  <td align="center">1015 (507/508)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, m&#233;dia (DP) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,9 (9,8)/66,9 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">64,2 (11,4)/63,9 (11,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6 (10,5)/68,3 (48,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">67,8 (10,8)/68,2 (11,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino, n (%) (DOAC/aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">1377 (38,15)/ 1400 (38,84)</td>
                  <td align="center">1001(37,1)/ 986 (36,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (48,3)/ 85 (49,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">272 (53,7)/ 279 (54,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (DP) Kg/m<sup>2</sup> (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1 (4,9)/27,3 (5,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,2 (5)/27,3 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,7 (5,2)/27,7 (4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%) (DOAC/aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">2782 (77)/ 2803 (78)</td>
                  <td align="center">1996 (74,1)/ 1985 (73,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (86)/ 150 (86,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">396 (78,1)/ 388 (76,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes, n (%) (DOAC/aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">889 (25)/ 917 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">485 (21,7)/ 639 (23,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (29,2)/ 48 (27,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (30,8)/ 159 (31,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC ou AIT pr&#233;vio, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">620 (17,5)/643 (18)</td>
                  <td align="center">475 (17,6)/500 (18,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">24(13,5)/30 (17,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (19,1)100 (19,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana ou isqu&#234;mica, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">301 (11,2)/276 (10,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (6,7)/17 (9,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (11,4)/46 (9,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">117 (4,3)/ 124 (4,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (1,7)/ 4 (2,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (7,1)/35 (6,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo pr&#233;vio* ou atual, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">756 (21)/ 728 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center">458 (17)/ 433 (16,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (15,2)/ 26 (14,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">230 (45,4) /200 (39,4)*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3,9)/9 (5,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2,4)/ 7 (1,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FOP, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">NA</td>
                  <td align="center">319 (11.8)/361 (13.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (26.3)/24 (14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc m&#233;dio (DP) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (4&#8211;6)/5 (4-5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7 (1.3)/4.7 (1.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escore de AVC NIH, mediano (IIQ) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0&#8211;2)/1 (0-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0&#8211;2)/1 (0-2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0&#8211;3)1 (0-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0-3)/1 (0-3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dias entre AVC &#237;ndice &#224; randomiza&#231;&#227;o, mediana (IIQ) (DOAC/ aspirina)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,0 (15,0&#8211;89,0)/ 36 (14,0-86,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0 (21,0&#8211;82,0)/ 43,0 (20,0-78)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6&#8211;12)/ 8 (6-12)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (21-96)/ 53 (23-100)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; DP: desvio padr&#227;o; DOAC: anticoagulantes orais diretos; Forame Oval Patente (FOP); IIQ: intervalo interquartil; NIH: National Institutes of Health.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos relacionados ao AVC</title>
          <p>Comparados &#224; aspirina, os DOACs n&#227;o reduziram a incid&#234;ncia de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC (HR: 0,95; IC 95%: 0,83-1,09; p=0,44; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2A</xref>), do composto de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC ou embolia sist&#234;mica (HR: 1,03; IC 95%: 0,86-1,24; p=0,75; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>), e nem da incid&#234;ncia de AVC isqu&#234;mico recorrente (HR: 0,91; IC 95%: 0,79-1,06; p=0,23; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2C</xref>) ou AVC hemorr&#225;gico (HR: 2,21; IC 95%: 0,31-16,02; p=0,43; I<sup>2</sup>=78%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2D</xref>). O AVC incapacitante foi relatado apenas por dois estudos, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (HR: 0,91; IC 95%: 0,39-2,16; p=0,84; I<sup>2</sup>=84%; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Figura Suplementar 1</ext-link>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) e terapia com aspirina em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) emb&#243;lico de fonte indeterminada (ESUS) quanto &#224; (A) recorr&#234;ncia de AVC, (B) desfecho composto de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC ou embolia sist&#234;mica, (C) AVC isqu&#234;mico, (D) e AVC hemorr&#225;gico.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos de mortalidade</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos na incid&#234;ncia de mortalidade por todas as causas (HR: 1,11; IC 95%: 0,87-1,42; p=0,40; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>) e mortalidade cardiovascular (HR: 1,12; IC 95%: 0,75-1,66; p=0,58; I<sup>2</sup>=18%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) e terapia com aspirina em pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) emb&#243;lico de fonte indeterminada (ESUS) quanto &#224; (A) mortalidade por todas as causas; (B) mortalidade cardiovascular; e (C) infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</title>
          <p>O IM foi relatado em tr&#234;s estudos. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (HR: 0,94; IC 95%: 0,61-1,44; p=0,77; I<sup>2</sup>=17%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3C</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos de sangramento</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos na incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior (HR: 1,56; IC 95%: 0,85-2,86; p=0,15; I<sup>2</sup>=64%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4A</xref>). No entanto, comparados &#224; aspirina, os DOACs aumentaram significativamente a incid&#234;ncia de CRNMB (HR: 1,54; IC 95%: 1,23-1,92; p=0,0002; I<sup>2</sup>=8%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4B</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria, os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) aumentaram significativamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de (A) sangramento clinicamente relevante n&#227;o maior; n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos quanto a (B) sangramento maior.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf04.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lises de subgrupos</title>
          <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas na recorr&#234;ncia de AVC entre DOACs e terapia com aspirina tanto no subgrupo de pacientes com baixo escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc (definido como &#8804;4) (RR: 0,87; IC 95%: 0,67-1,13; p=0,28; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Figura Suplementar 2A</ext-link>) como no de pacientes com escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc elevado (definido como &#8805;5) (RR: 0,83; IC 95%: 0,65-1,07; p=0,16; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Figura Suplementar 2B</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de qualidade e an&#225;lise de sensibilidade</title>
          <p>Conforme ilustrado na <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Figura Suplementar 3</ext-link>, todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos foram considerados de baixo risco de vi&#233;s.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade <italic>leave-one-out</italic> para o desfecho de CRNMB apresentou resultados consistentes, sem evid&#234;ncia de domin&#226;ncia de estudo (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Figura Suplementar 4</ext-link>). A an&#225;lise do gr&#225;fico de funil do desfecho de CRNMB n&#227;o demonstrou efeito potencial de estudo pequeno, exibindo uma distribui&#231;&#227;o gr&#225;fica sim&#233;trica dos estudos com pesos similares em rela&#231;&#227;o aos seus erros padr&#227;o (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Figura Suplementar 5</ext-link>).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise de quatro ECRs, DOACs foram comparados &#224; aspirina em 13970 pacientes com hist&#243;rico de ESUS. Os principais achados foram: n&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos quanto &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de AVC, aos desfechos compostos de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC ou embolia sist&#234;mica, AVC isqu&#234;mico, AVC hemorr&#225;gico, mortalidade por todas as causas, mortalidade cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, sangramento maior ou AVC incapacitante. No entanto, os pacientes tratados com DOACs apresentaram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de CRNMB em compara&#231;&#227;o a aqueles tratados com aspirina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A premissa de que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral &#233; mais eficaz do que a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVCs relacionados &#224; FA est&#225; bem estabelecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Dado o alto &#237;ndice de detec&#231;&#227;o de FA, que pode chegar a 16% em pacientes com AVC criptog&#234;nico durante tr&#234;s a 12 meses de monitoramento card&#237;aco cont&#237;nuo, o racional para explorar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o nesse contexto &#233; inquestion&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os primeiros estudos comparando DOACs com aspirina n&#227;o demonstraram uma superioridade clara da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ESUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Essas descobertas levaram a novos estudos para investigar subgrupos de pacientes com ESUS, incluindo aqueles com maior risco de FA e cardioembolismo, como indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em um estudo importante,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> essa abordagem deu origem ao conceito de &#8220;ESUS enriquecido&#8221;, distinguindo-se da popula&#231;&#227;o de &#8220;ESUS n&#227;o selecionado&#8221; que participou de estudos anteriores. Apesar desses esfor&#231;os para estratificar os pacientes com ESUS de forma mais precisa, estudos subsequentes refletiram os achados iniciais de que a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o era superior &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um subestudo do ensaio ARTESIA demonstrou que o escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc basal ajuda a identificar e orientar a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral em pacientes com FA subcl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Para um escore CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc &gt; 4, os benef&#237;cios do tratamento com apixabana na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC emb&#243;lico foram maiores do que os riscos. N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; recorr&#234;ncia de AVC no subgrupo de pacientes com escores CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc baixos e altos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em uma metan&#225;lise publicada anteriormente de dois ECRs, a terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o reduziu a recorr&#234;ncia de AVC nem aumentou os eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, incluindo sangramento maior e eventos CRNMB, quando comparada &#224; terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em alinhamento com esses resultados, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a significativa na efic&#225;cia dos DOACs para o manejo do ESUS. No entanto, nossos achados sugerem que essa modalidade terap&#234;utica pode aumentar o risco de CRNMB para essa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Considerando esses achados coletivos, nossa metan&#225;lise destaca a aus&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio evidente da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com ESUS, independentemente dos perfis de risco. Apesar da justificativa convincente para a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com base nas taxas de detec&#231;&#227;o de FA e nas considera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas te&#243;ricas, os dados dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o demonstraram que a terapia com DOACs seja superior &#224; aspirina na redu&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia de AVCs em pacientes com ESUS.</p>
      <p>Em nosso conhecimento, esta &#233; uma das maiores metan&#225;lises restritas a ECRs comparando DOACs &#224; aspirina em pacientes com ESUS. Ao reunir um conjunto de dados mais amplo, nossos resultados aumentam o poder estat&#237;stico, oferecendo uma perspectiva valiosa sobre o debate cont&#237;nuo em torno do manejo e das estrat&#233;gias de preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC. Al&#233;m disso, nosso estudo apresenta pontos fortes consider&#225;veis, pois a avalia&#231;&#227;o rigorosa determinou que todos os ensaios inclu&#237;dos tinham baixo risco de vi&#233;s. A maioria desses estudos tinha um delineamento duplo-cego,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> juntamente com adjudicadores cegos de desfechos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> o que reduz significativamente o potencial de vi&#233;s.</p>
      <p>Embora forne&#231;a <italic>insights</italic> valiosos, nosso estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiro, observamos varia&#231;&#245;es entre os estudos nas defini&#231;&#245;es de comorbidades, nos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o dos ensaios e na dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento. Segundo, as estimativas de dura&#231;&#227;o do acompanhamento foram baseadas em m&#233;dias relatadas, o que pode ter negligenciado benef&#237;cios significativos do tratamento sugeridos por diverg&#234;ncias tardias nas curvas de Kaplan&#8211;Meier, como observado no estudo RE-SPECT ESUS. Al&#233;m disso, identificamos uma heterogeneidade moderada a alta no desfecho de sangramento maior, o que pode refletir as varia&#231;&#245;es mencionadas entre os estudos. Para mitigar essa influ&#234;ncia na an&#225;lise agrupada, utilizamos um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios. Por fim, embora tenha sido realizada uma ampla busca por estudos comparando terapia anticoagulante com terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria, todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos compararam exclusivamente DOACs com aspirina. Consequentemente, nossa an&#225;lise p&#243;s-busca foi especificamente direcionada para DOACs <italic>versus</italic> aspirina, excluindo compara&#231;&#245;es com outras formas de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o ou tratamentos antiplaquet&#225;rios. Assim, os desfechos de nossa metan&#225;lise podem n&#227;o ser amplamente aplic&#225;veis a outros regimes anticoagulantes ou antiplaquet&#225;rios.</p>
      <p>Marcadores de cardiopatia atrial, como o &#237;ndice de volume do &#225;trio esquerdo e os n&#237;veis de NT-pro-BNP, mostram potencial para estratificar os desfechos de ESUS. No entanto, devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de dados individuais, esta metan&#225;lise n&#227;o p&#244;de explorar tais subgrupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos individuais, o ensaio ARCADIA n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a significativa na recorr&#234;ncia de AVC entre apixabana e aspirina em pacientes com NT-pro-BNP &gt;250 pg/mL ou um &#237;ndice de di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo &gt;1,8 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>No entanto, outros ensaios, incluindo ATTICUS, NAVIGATE ESUS e RE-SPECT ESUS, n&#227;o relataram an&#225;lises de subgrupos para esses marcadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>Pesquisas futuras que integrem marcadores de cardiopatia atrial podem identificar melhor os subgrupos que se beneficiam da terapia anticoagulante.</p>
      <p>Portanto, ao selecionar estrat&#233;gias de tratamento para pacientes com ESUS, os profissionais de sa&#250;de devem pesar cuidadosamente os benef&#237;cios potenciais dos DOACs contra os riscos associados de sangramento. De modo geral, nossos resultados indicam que a terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria com aspirina pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o mais segura para pacientes com ESUS. No entanto, &#233; importante mencionar que seu uso ainda apresenta um risco substancial de recorr&#234;ncia de AVC nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, o que ressalta a import&#226;ncia de explorar outras abordagens. Assim, pesquisas futuras s&#227;o essenciais para identificar estrat&#233;gias alternativas de manejo e melhorar os desfechos para pacientes com ESUS.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nesta metan&#225;lise de quatro ECRs, constatamos que o uso de DOACs n&#227;o foi superior &#224; aspirina na preven&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia de AVC em pacientes com ESUS. Al&#233;m disso, houve um aumento estatisticamente significativo na ocorr&#234;ncia de CRNMB no grupo tratado com DOACs, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo tratado com aspirina, apesar de n&#227;o haver diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
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        <label>*</label>
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      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240586i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Direct Oral Anticoagulants versus Aspirin for Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0008-2409-7675</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Talavera</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Armando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0000-7714-7148</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Thomaz Alexandre</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Navalha</surname>
            <given-names>Denilsa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0005-6231-216X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gibicoski</surname>
            <given-names>Tathiane Brum</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandez</surname>
            <given-names>Nicole</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Healey</surname>
            <given-names>Jeffrey</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-875X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dagostin de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Miami &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University of Nebraska Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Catholic University of Bolivia San Pablo Faculty of Medicine, Santa Cruz &#8211; Bolivia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="CA">Canada</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario &#8211; Canada</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Arritmias Card&#237;acas e Eletrofisiologia, Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Juan Armando Talavera &#8226; Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine - 4300 Alton Road Miami 33140 &#8211; USA E-mail: talavera39@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) accounts for around 20% of ischemic strokes. The ideal treatment for secondary prevention in ESUS remains unclear. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) versus aspirin in patients with ESUS. A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases was conducted for eligible trials until March 2024. The primary outcome was recurrent stroke, while safety outcomes included major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for analysis. Four RCTs were included, involving 13,970 patients, half of whom were randomized to the DOACs group. Over a mean follow-up of 16 months, DOACs did not significantly reduce recurrent stroke (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.81-1.09; p=0.44), ischemic stroke (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79-1.06; p=0.23), all-cause mortality (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.87-1.42; p=0.40), or major bleeding (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.85%-2.86; p=0.15) compared to aspirin. However, DOACs were associated with a significantly higher risk of CRNMB (HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.23-1.92; p=0.0002). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant differences in stroke recurrence among patients with low or high CHA<sub>2</sub>-DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores. DOACs did not demonstrate superior efficacy over aspirin in preventing recurrent stroke among ESUS patients and were linked to an increased risk of CRNMB.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Direct Oral Anticoagulants versus Aspirin for Secondary Stroke Prevention in Patients with Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>CRNMB: Clinically relevant non-major bleeding; RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolic Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <related-article related-article-type="correction-forward" id="r01_en" xlink:href="10.36660/abc.20250535i" ext-link-type="doi"/>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ischemic strokes account for roughly 80% of all strokes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The majority arises from atherosclerosis or heart embolism, while one-third has an unclear cause, termed cryptogenic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Within this category, embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) represents approximately 20% of ischemic strokes that are neither lacunar nor associated with proximal arterial stenosis or a recognized cardioembolic source, such as consequent of atrial fibrillation (AF) or a left ventricular thrombus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The known efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) for the prevention of embolic stroke in patients with AF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> led us to hypothesize that anticoagulants would be more effective than aspirin therapy for the prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with recent ESUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, previous randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have demonstrated non-superiority of this class in preventing recurrent ischemic events in patients with ESUS when compared to aspirin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, there is only one meta-analysis assessing this comparison, with potentially limited power due to the inclusion of only two RCTs. In this context, we aimed to conduct an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs, including the latest and most current studies available. Our goal was to compare the efficacy and safety of anticoagulation therapy with DOACs versus aspirin in preventing secondary strokes in adult patients with ESUS. </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis followed the guidelines outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) and the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>The study protocol was prospectively registered in the (PROSPERO) under protocol number CRD42024520640. As this study involved the analysis of previously published data, Institutional Review Board approval and informed patient consent for study participation were not required.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy and data extraction</title>
          <p>Two authors (A.T. and T.G.) independently performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science databases from inception through March 2024. Additionally, we performed a &#8220;backward snowballing&#8221; searching for additional eligible studies through review of references of included studies and prior publications, including meta-analyses.</p>
          <p>The complete search strategy is available in the Supplemental Material. No filters or language limitations were applied to our search. Two authors (A.T. and D.N.) conducted the data extraction following predefined criteria and quality assessment. Study characteristics, baseline demographics, clinical characteristics, antiplatelet therapy used, sample size, study outcomes, and the longest available follow-up were extracted directly from the published articles. Disagreements were resolved through consensus and discussion with the senior author (G.D.).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Eligibility criteria</title>
          <p>Studies that met the following criteria were included: (1) RCTs published in peer review journals, (2) comparing oral anticoagulation with antiplatelet therapy, (3) enrolling patients with cryptogenic stroke or ESUS, and (4) reporting at least one endpoint of interest. We did not exclude studies based on sample size or follow-up duration. We excluded studies that (1) did not include the population of interest, (2) included patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO) in the interventional group when a subgroup of patients with only cryptogenic stroke or ESUS was not available; (3) studies not reporting any of the outcomes of interest, and (4) editorials, national database surveys, letters, or conference abstracts.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality assessment, risk of bias</title>
          <p>Two authors (L.T. and T.C.) independently conducted the quality assessment of RCTs using the Cochrane Collaboration&#8217;s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomized trials (RoB-2), in which studies are graded as high, low, or unclear risk of bias in five domains &#8211; selection, performance, detection, attrition, and reporting biases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Small potential study effects (publication bias) were evaluated by funnel plots analysis of the graphical distribution of studies with similar weights against their standard errors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <p>The primary endpoint of interest was (1) stroke recurrence. Secondary endpoints included (2) the composite of recurrent stroke or systemic embolism; (3) ischemic stroke; (4) hemorrhagic stroke; (5) all-cause mortality; (6) cardiovascular mortality; (7) myocardial infarction (MI); (8) major bleeding; (9) clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB); and (10) disabling stroke.</p>
          <p>The definitions for the individual outcomes are detailed in the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Supplementary Table 1</ext-link>. We also performed a subgroup analysis for the outcome of stroke recurrence for patients with low CHA<sub>2</sub>-DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score (defined as &#8804;4) and for patients with high CHA<sub>2</sub>-DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score (defined as &#8805; 5).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>We computed hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the main binary outcomes. For subgroup analyses, we computed risk ratios (RR) with 95% CI for binary outcomes. All outcomes were assessed based on intention-to-treat, as reported in the original RCT. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochrane Q-test and I<sup>2</sup> statistics, with significance set at p values &gt; 0.10 and I<sup>2</sup> values &gt; 25%. Der Simonian and Laird random-effect models were applied for all outcomes with a significant heterogeneity; otherwise we used fixed-effects model. Statistical analyses were conducted using Review Manager software, version 5.4.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, we performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of individual studies by sequentially removing each RCT and reanalyzing the remaining data (leave-one-out analysis). Study dominance was determined when removing a study changed the significance of the pooled effect size p-values, either from significant to non-significant or vice versa.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection and characteristics</title>
          <p>As depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>, our initial search yielded 3,107 results. After removing duplicate records and conducting title and abstract screening, 17 studies remained eligible for full-text review. Of these, four RCTs were included.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; PRISMA flowchart of study screening and selection for systematic review and meta-analysis.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Of note, although a broad search was applied for anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapies, all included studies exclusively compared DOACs <italic>versus</italic> aspirin. Therefore, the present study did not explore other forms of anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapies. The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main findings of this paper.</p>
          <p>A total of 13,970 patients were included, of whom 6,989 (50%) were randomized to the anticoagulation group. The mean follow up was 16 months and 39% of patients were female. Study and participant characteristics are further detailed on <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of included studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>NAVIGATE ESUS<sup>11</sup></th>
                    <th>RE-SPECT ESUS<sup>10</sup></th>
                    <th>ATTICUS<sup>9</sup></th>
                    <th>ARCADIA<sup>8</sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Year of Publication</td>
                    <td align="center">2018</td>
                    <td align="center">2019</td>
                    <td align="center">2023</td>
                    <td align="center">2024</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Population, n (DOAC/ASA)</td>
                    <td align="center">7213 (3609/3604)</td>
                    <td align="center">5390 (2695/2695)</td>
                    <td align="center">352 (178/174)</td>
                    <td align="center">1015 (507/508)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, mean (SD) (DOAC/ASA)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.9 (9.8)/66.9 (9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">64.2 (11.4)/63.9 (11.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.6 (10.5)/68.3 (48.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">67.8 (10.8)/68.2 (11.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female, n (%) (DOAC/aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">1377 (38.15)/ 1400 (38.84)</td>
                    <td align="center">1001(37.1)/ 986 (36.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (48.3)/ 85 (49.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">272 (53.7)/ 279 (54.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (SD) Kg/m<sup>2</sup> (DOAC/aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.1 (4.9)/27.3 (5.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.2 (5)/27.3 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.7 (5.2)/27.7 (4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">2782 (77)/ 2803 (78)</td>
                    <td align="center">1996 (74.1)/ 1985 (73.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">153 (86)/ 150 (86.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">396 (78.1)/ 388 (76.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes, n (%) (DOAC/ASA)</td>
                    <td align="center">889 (25)/ 917 (25)</td>
                    <td align="center">485 (21.7)/ 639 (23.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">52 (29.2)/ 48 (27.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">156 (30.8)/ 159 (31.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior stroke or TIA, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">620 (17.5)/643 (18)</td>
                    <td align="center">475 (17.6)/500 (18.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">24(13.5)/30 (17.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">97 (19.1)100 (19.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic or coronary artery disease, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                    <td align="center">301 (11.2)/276 (10.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (6.7)/17 (9.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (11.4)/46 (9.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                    <td align="center">117 (4.3)/ 124 (4.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (1.7)/ 4 (2.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (7.1)/35 (6.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior* or current tobacco use, n (%) (DOAC/ aspirin A)</td>
                    <td align="center">756 (21)/ 728 (20)</td>
                    <td align="center">458 (17)/ 433 (16.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (15.2)/ 26 (14.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">230 (45.4) /200 (39.4)*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peripheral arterial disease, n (%) (DOAC/aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3.9)/9 (5.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (2.4)/ 7 (1.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PFO, n (%) (DOAC/aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">NA</td>
                    <td align="center">319 (11.8)/361 (13.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (26.3)/24 (14.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score, mean (SD) (DOAC/aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                    <td align="center">N/A</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (4&#8211;6)/5 (4-5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.7 (1.3)/4.7 (1.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NIH Stroke Scale score, median (IQR) (DOAC/ aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0&#8211;2)/1 (0-2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0&#8211;2)/1 (0-2)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0&#8211;3)1 (0-3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0-3)/1 (0-3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Days from index stroke to randomization, median (IQR) (DOAC/aspirin)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.0 (15.0&#8211;89.0)/ 36 (14.0-86.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0 (21.0&#8211;82.0)/ 43.0 (20.0-78)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (6&#8211;12)/ 8 (6-12)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (21-96)/ 53 (23-100)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>BMI: body mass index; DOAC: direct oral anticoagulants; IQR: interquartile range; NIH: National Institutes of Health; PFO: patent foramen ovale; TIA: transient ischemic accident; SD: standard deviation.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outcomes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Stroke-related outcomes</title>
            <p>Compared with aspirin, DOACs did not decrease the incidence of recurrent stroke (HR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.83-1.09; p=0.44; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2A</xref>), the composite of recurrent stroke or systemic embolism (HR: 1,03; 95% CI: 0.86-1.24; p=0.75; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>), recurrent ischemic stroke (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.79-1.06; p=0.23;I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2C</xref>), and hemorrhagic stroke (HR: 2.21; 95%CI: 0.31-16.02; p=0.43; I<sup>2</sup>=78%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2D</xref>). Disabling stroke was reported only by 2 studies and there were no significant differences between groups (HR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.39-2.16; p=0.84; I<sup>2</sup>=84%; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Supplemental Figure 1</ext-link>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f03001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; There were no significant differences between direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and aspirin therapy in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) regarding (A) recurrent stroke; (B) the composite outcome of recurrent stroke or systemic embolism; (C) ischemic stroke; and (D) hemorrhagic stroke.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Mortality outcomes</title>
            <p>There were no significant differences between groups in the incidence of all-cause mortality (HR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.87-1.42; p=0.40; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>) and cardiovascular mortality (HR: 1.12; 95%CI: 0.75-1.66; p=0.58; I<sup>2</sup>=18%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f04001">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; There were no significant differences between direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and antiplatelet therapy in patients with embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) regarding (A) all-cause mortality; (B) cardiovascular mortality; and (C) myocardial infarction.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Myocardial infarction</title>
            <p>MI was reported by three studies. No significant differences were observed between groups (HR: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.61-1.44; p=0.77; I<sup>2</sup>= 17%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3C</xref>).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Bleeding outcomes</title>
            <p>There were no significant differences between groups in the incidence of major bleeding (HR: 1.56; 95%CI: 0.85-2.86; p=0.15; I<sup>2</sup>=64%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4A</xref>). However, compared with aspirin, DOACs significantly increased the incidence of CRNMB (HR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.23-1.92; p=0.0002; I<sup>2</sup>=8%; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4B</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f05001">
                <label>Figure 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Compared with antiplatelet therapy, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) significantly increased the incidence of (A) clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB); there were no significant differences between groups in (B) major bleeding.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240586-40586-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Subgroup analyses</title>
            <p>There were no significant differences in stroke recurrence between DOAC and aspirin therapy in both the subgroup of patients with low CHA<sub>2</sub>-DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score (defined as &#8804;4) (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.67-1.13; p=0.28; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Supplementary Figure 2A</ext-link>) and the subgroup of patients with high CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score (defined as &#8805; 5) (RR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.65-1.07; p=0.16; I<sup>2</sup>=0%; <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Supplementary Figure 2B</ext-link>).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Quality assessment and sensitivity analysis</title>
            <p>As depicted in the <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Supplementary Figure 3</ext-link>, all included studies were deemed to have a low risk of bias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>The leave-one-out sensitivity analysis for the outcome of CRNMB yielded consistent results, showing no study dominance (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Supplementary Figure 4</ext-link>). The funnel plot analysis of the outcome CRNMB did not demonstrate any potential small study effect with a symmetric graphical distribution of studies with similar weights against their standard errors (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">Supplementary Figure 5</ext-link>).</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this meta-analysis of four RCTs, DOACs were compared to aspirin in 13,970 patients with a history of ESUS. The key findings were as follows: we observed no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of recurrent stroke, composite outcomes of recurrent stroke or systemic embolism, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality, myocardial infarction, major bleeding, or disabling stroke. However, patients treated with DOACs exhibited a higher incidence of CRNMB compared to those managed with aspirin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The premise that oral anticoagulation is more effective than antiplatelet therapy in preventing strokes related to AF is well-established.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Given the high rate of AF detection, which may range up to 16% in patients with cryptogenic stroke during 3 to 12 months of continuous cardiac monitoring, the rationale for exploring anticoagulation in this context is compelling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Early trials comparing DOACs with aspirin demonstrated no clear superiority of anticoagulation in patients with ESUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> These findings prompted further trials to investigate certain subsets of ESUS patients, including those with increased risk of AF and cardioembolism, such as individuals with atrial cardiopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In a pivotal study<sup>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>, this approach gave rise to the concept of &#8220;enriched ESUS&#8221;, as distinguished from the &#8220;unselected ESUS&#8221; population that participated in previous studies. Despite these efforts to stratify ESUS patients more precisely, subsequent trials mirrored the initial findings of no superiority of anticoagulation over antiplatelet therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A sub-study of the ARTESIA trial has shown that the baseline CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score helps to identify and guide oral anticoagulation in patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> For CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc score &gt; 4, the benefits of treatment with apixaban in preventing embolic stroke was greater than the risks. We found no significant differences between the groups regarding stroke recurrence in the subgroup of patients with low and high CHA<sub>2</sub>DS<sub>2</sub>-VASc scores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a previous published meta-analysis of two RCTs, anticoagulation therapy neither decreased the recurrence of stroke nor escalated bleeding events, including major bleeding and CRNMB events when compared to antiplatelet therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>In alignment with these results, we found no significant difference in the efficacy of DOACs for the management of ESUS. However, our findings suggest that this therapy modality might increase the risk of CRNMB for this population.</p>
        <p>Considering these collective findings, our meta-analysis underscores the absence of discernible benefit from anticoagulation in ESUS patients across various risk profiles. Despite the compelling rationale for anticoagulation based on AF detection rates and the theoretical pathophysiological considerations,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> available data failed to demonstrate that therapy with DOACs is superior to aspirin in reducing the recurrence of strokes among ESUS patients.</p>
        <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the largest meta-analysis restricted to RCTs comparing DOACs with aspirin in patients with ESUS. By pooling a larger dataset, our results provide increased statistical power, offering a valuable perspective into the ongoing debate surrounding stroke management and prevention strategies. Moreover, our study has considerable strengths as rigorous assessment determined that all included trials had a low risk of bias. Most of these trials utilized a double-blind design,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> along with blinded outcome adjudicators,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which significantly mitigates the potential for bias.</p>
        <p>Although it provides valuable insights, our study has limitations. First, we observed variations between studies with regards to comorbidity definitions, trial selection criteria, and in follow-up durations. Second, the follow-up duration estimates were based on reported averages, potentially overlooking significant treatment benefits suggested by late divergence in Kaplan&#8211;Meier curves, as observed in RE-SPECT ESUS. Moreover, we observed a moderate to high heterogeneity in the major bleeding outcome, which might reflect the above-mentioned variations between studies. This was approached by using a random-effects analysis to mitigate its influence in the pooled analysis. Lastly, although a broad search was performed for studies comparing anticoagulation therapy with antiplatelet therapy, all the included studies exclusively compared DOACs to aspirin. Consequently, our post-search analysis was specifically narrowed to DOACs versus aspirin, excluding comparisons with other forms of anticoagulation or antiplatelet treatments. Thus, the outcomes of our meta-analysis may not be broadly applicable to alternative anticoagulant or antiplatelet regimens.</p>
        <p>Atrial cardiopathy markers such as left atrial volume index (LAVI) and NT-pro-BNP levels show potential for stratifying ESUS outcomes. However, due to absence of patient-level data, this meta-analysis could not explore such subgroups. Regarding individual studies, the ARCADIA trial found no significant difference in stroke recurrence between apixaban and aspirin in patients with NT-pro-BNP &gt;250 pg/mL or a left atrial diameter index &gt;1.8 cm<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, other trials, including ATTICUS, NAVIGATE ESUS, and RE-SPECT ESUS, did not report subgroup analyses for these markers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Future research integrating atrial cardiopathy markers may better identify subgroups that benefit from anticoagulation therapy.</p>
        <p>Therefore, in selecting treatment strategies for patients with ESUS, healthcare providers must carefully weigh the potential benefits of DOACs against its associated bleeding risks. Overall, our results support that antiplatelet therapy with aspirin might be a safer option for patients with ESUS. However, it is important to mention that its use remains with a substantial risk of recurrent stroke in the ESUS population, which highlights the importance of exploring other approaches. Thus, future research is vital for identifying alternative management strategies and enhancing outcomes for ESUS patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In this meta-analysis of four RCTs, we found that DOACs use was not superior to aspirin in preventing recurrent stroke in patients with ESUS. Moreover, there was a statistically significant increase in CRNMB events in the DOACs group as compared with the aspirin group, despite a not significant difference in the incidence of major bleeding.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*</label>
          <p>Supplemental Materials For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0586_AR_Supplemental_Material_ESUS_meta.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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