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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vQ3Hj8YVphv3bjXdLcshxqS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000601001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240574</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">01001</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Imagem</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revelando o Gigante Oculto: Um Caso de Ectasia da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Direita e F&#237;stula para o Seio Coron&#225;rio numa Doente Assintom&#225;tica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7076-4724</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7908-4061</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8681-7457</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mano</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Branco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;dia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Santa Marta</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>In&#234;s Ferreira Neves</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; R. de Santa Marta, 50. <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>inessferreiraneves@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>06</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240574</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>F&#237;stula Arteriovenosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Seio Coron&#225;rio</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Uma mulher de 62 anos, assintom&#225;tica e sem hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico significativo, foi encaminhada para um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) de rotina. O ETT n&#227;o apresentou achados anormais, mas mostrou, em vista subcostal, tr&#234;s imagens redondas adjacentes &#224; parede lateral do &#225;trio direito. O Doppler colorido mostrou que estas estavam aparentemente vascularizadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, pain&#233;is A e B, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">v&#237;deos suplementares 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">2</xref>). Um ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico mostrou uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) gigante, aparentemente origin&#225;ria do &#243;stio da ACD, com fluxo turbulento em seu interior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>, painel C, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">v&#237;deo suplementar 3</xref>). N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel observar shunts ou f&#237;stulas nesta modalidade de imagem. Diante da suspeita de f&#237;stula para a ACD, foi realizada angiotomografia coron&#225;ria, que demonstrou ACD ect&#225;sica, de origem normal, di&#226;metro de 10,5 mm e trajet&#243;ria tortuosa, com fistula&#231;&#227;o para o seio coron&#225;rio em seu segmento final (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref> pain&#233;is D a F). O cateterismo card&#237;aco direito demonstrou shunt esquerda-direita n&#227;o significativo (rela&#231;&#227;o Qp: Qs de 1,60). A resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca n&#227;o apresentou evid&#234;ncias de defeitos de perfus&#227;o durante a hiperemia, excluindo assim o "fen&#244;meno do roubo" coron&#225;rio. Ap&#243;s discuss&#227;o em equipe multidisciplinar, como o paciente era assintom&#225;tico e a f&#237;stula n&#227;o apresentava signific&#226;ncia hemodin&#226;mica, nenhum tratamento invasivo foi realizado neste momento.</p>
    <fig id="f1">
      <label>Figura 1</label>
      <caption>
        <p>Ectasia da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Direita e F&#237;stula para o Seio Coron&#225;rio. Painel A: Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) em vista subcostal, mostrando estruturas peric&#225;rdicas redondas (setas amarelas). Painel B: ETT com Doppler, mostrando vasculariza&#231;&#227;o das estruturas (setas brancas). Painel C: Ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico mostrando uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita gigante (ACD) (seta verde) com fluxo turbulento em seu interior. Painel D: Angiografia coron&#225;ria por tomografia computadorizada (ATC) mostrando uma ACD ect&#225;sica com fistula&#231;&#227;o para o seio coron&#225;rio (SC) (seta vermelha). Painel E: Vista posterior da ATC mostrando o SC (seta azul), a ACD ect&#225;sica (seta roxa) e a localiza&#231;&#227;o da f&#237;stula (quadrado verde). Painel F: Vista anterior da ATC mostrando a ACD (seta roxa), a art&#233;ria descendente anterior (ponta de seta azul), uma art&#233;ria marginal (ponta de seta branca) e a art&#233;ria circunflexa (ponta de seta vermelha).</p>
      </caption>
      <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240574-40574-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    <fig id="f2">
      <label>V&#237;deo 1</label>
      <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vQ3Hj8YVphv3bjXdLcshxqS/da7748995c02b6cae1ee7752c9087c4de7d3a8ea.mp4">
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) em vista subcostal, mostrando estruturas peric&#225;rdicas arredondadas. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_1.mp4</ext-link></title>
        </caption>
      </media>
    </fig>
    <fig id="f3">
      <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vQ3Hj8YVphv3bjXdLcshxqS/dbdfc44b0457997ee32d21e8d6a1b53c6073693b.mp4">
        <label>V&#237;deo 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) com Doppler colorido, mostrando vasculariza&#231;&#227;o das estruturas. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_2.mp4</ext-link></title>
        </caption>
      </media>
    </fig>
    <fig id="f4">
      <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vQ3Hj8YVphv3bjXdLcshxqS/57bc804b39b6e18906dbf0dbfde2dce9ae4be62a.mp4">
        <label>V&#237;deo 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>O ecocardiograma transesof&#225;gico (ETE) mostrou uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD) gigante. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_3.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_3.mp4</ext-link></title>
        </caption>
      </media>
    </fig>
    <p>As f&#237;stulas arteriovenosas coron&#225;rias s&#227;o raras, com incid&#234;ncia de 0,002%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A maioria delas &#233; cong&#234;nita<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e assintom&#225;tica na apresenta&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O roubo coron&#225;rio pode levar a v&#225;rias complica&#231;&#245;es, incluindo isquemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A abordagem do tratamento permanece controversa. A presen&#231;a de sintomas, shunt esquerda-direita significativo e f&#237;stula grande s&#227;o as indica&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes para abordagem percut&#226;nea ou cir&#250;rgica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Sa&#250;de da ULSS Jos&#233; sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 1655/2025. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240574i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Image</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Silent Giant: Right Coronary Artery Ectasia with a Hidden Fistula to the Coronary Sinus in an Asymptomatic Patient</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0004-7076-4724</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neves</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7908-4061</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>In&#234;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8681-7457</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mano</surname>
            <given-names>T&#226;nia Branco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;dia de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Lisboa</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Santa Marta, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>In&#234;s Ferreira Neves</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Santa Marta &#8211; R. de Santa Marta, 50. <postal-code>1169-024</postal-code>, Lisboa &#8211; Portugal E-mail: <email>inessferreiraneves@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Nuno Bettencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Congenital Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Arteriovenous Fistula</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Sinus</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A 62-year-old woman, asymptomatic and without significant medical history, was referred to a routine transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). The TTE had no abnormal findings but showed, in subcostal view, three round images adjacent to the lateral wall of the right atrium. Color Doppler showed that these were apparently vascularized (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>, panels A and B, supplemental <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">videos 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">2</xref>). A transesophageal echocardiogram showed a giant right coronary artery (RCA), apparently originating from the RCA ostium, with turbulent flow inside (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>, panel C, supplemental <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">video 3</xref>). It was not possible to observe shunts or fistulae in this imaging modality. Given the suspicion of a fistula to the RCA, computed tomography coronary angiography was performed, showing an ectatic RCA with a normal origin, a diameter of 10,5 mm, and a tortuous trajectory, with fistulation to the coronary sinus in its final segment (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref> panels D to F). Right heart catheterization demonstrated a non-significant left-to-right shunt (Qp: Qs ratio of 1.60). Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) had no evidence of perfusion defects during hyperemia, thus excluding the coronary "steal phenomenon". After a multidisciplinary team discussion, since the patient was asymptomatic and the fistula had no hemodynamic significance, no invasive treatment was performed at this time.</p>
      <fig id="f5">
        <label>Figure 1</label>
        <caption>
          <p>Right Coronary Artery Ectasia and Fistula to the Coronary Sinus. Panel A: Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) in subcostal view, showing round pericardial structures (yellow arrows). Panel B: TTE with Doppler, showing vascularization of the structures (white arrows). Panel C: Transesophageal echocardiogram showing a giant right coronary artery (RCA) (green arrow) with turbulent flow inside. Panel D: Computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) showing an ectatic RCA with fistulation to the coronary sinus (CS) (red arrow). Panel E: CTCA Posterior view showing the CS (blue arrow), the ectatic RCA (purple arrow), and the location of the fistula (green square). Panel F: CTCA Anterior view showing the RCA (purple arrow), the anterior descending artery (Blue arrowhead), a marginal artery (white arrowhead), and the circumflex artery (red arrowhead).</p>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240574-40574-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f6">
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vQ3Hj8YVphv3bjXdLcshxqS/da7748995c02b6cae1ee7752c9087c4de7d3a8ea.mp4">
          <label>Video 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) in subcostal view, showing round pericardial structures. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_1.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_1.mp4</ext-link></title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </fig>
      <fig id="f7">
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vQ3Hj8YVphv3bjXdLcshxqS/dbdfc44b0457997ee32d21e8d6a1b53c6073693b.mp4">
          <label>Video 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) with color Doppler, showing vascularization of the structures. Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_2.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_2.mp4</ext-link></title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </fig>
      <fig id="f8">
        <media mime-subtype="mp4" mimetype="video" xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/vQ3Hj8YVphv3bjXdLcshxqS/57bc804b39b6e18906dbf0dbfde2dce9ae4be62a.mp4">
          <label>Video 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) showed a giant right coronary artery (RCA). Em: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_3.mp4">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12203/2024-0574_IM_Supplemental_Video_3.mp4</ext-link></title>
          </caption>
        </media>
      </fig>
      <p>Coronary arteriovenous fistulas are rare, with an incidence of 0.002%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The majority of these are congenital<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and asymptomatic at presentation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Coronary steal can lead to several complications, including ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The treatment approach remains controversial. The presence of symptoms, significant left-right shunt, and large fistula are the most frequent indications for percutaneous or surgical approach.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Sa&#250;de da USLL Jos&#233; under the protocol number 1655/2025. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
