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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cBWyp5Q59WQLV5p7S36Z54k</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000600301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240505</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tend&#234;ncia Temporal das Interna&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca no Brasil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-842X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Monteiro de Lauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Venture Gibaile</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Alessandrini Lauriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Quick Louren&#231;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Cardiologia, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Maim&#243;nides</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Maim&#243;nides - Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Juiz de Fora</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>:  Jos&#233; Marcos Girardi &#8226; Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Diagn&#243;stica Cardiovascular Digital de Juiz de Fora &#8211; Sabincor &#8211; Rua Dr. Edgard Carlos Pereira, 600 (S1). CEP 36020-200, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jgirardi@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial Conflito de Interesse:</label>
          <p>Declaro n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240505</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; uma pandemia global e causa de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da qualidade de vida, com impacto nos gastos hospitalares, sendo importante conhecer a tend&#234;ncia temporal das interna&#231;&#245;es e mortalidade para tra&#231;ar estrat&#233;gias de enfrentamento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a tend&#234;ncia temporal das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e mortalidade durante as interna&#231;&#245;es entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foi realizado estudo de tend&#234;ncia temporal das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o e mortalidade durante interna&#231;&#245;es, utilizando-se dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de, por meio de regress&#227;o segmentada joinpoint. Foram calculadas as varia&#231;&#245;es percentuais anuais das taxas com os respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e n&#237;vel alfa de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram analisadas 2.851.437 interna&#231;&#245;es em homens e 2.749.424 em mulheres entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o percentual anual das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o em homens de 6,7% a 8,1% e, em mulheres, redu&#231;&#227;o de 7,5% a 8,3%. Observou-se aumento percentual anual das taxas de mortalidade em homens de 1,8% a 3,6% e, em mulheres, aumento de 3,1% a 3,5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e aumento das taxas de mortalidade em todas as faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas para ambos os sexos entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil. Estes resultados podem refletir melhor controle ambulatorial da doen&#231;a e interna&#231;&#227;o apenas para casos mais graves, mas ressaltamos a necessidade de abordagem continuada dos fatores de risco para a doen&#231;a.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Tend&#234;ncia Temporal das Interna&#231;&#245;es Hospitalares por Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca no Brasil</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/cBWyp5Q59WQLV5p7S36Z54k/09a488fc720f4e3340e81918040afbcee08dccc7.tif"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="6"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; definida como uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica na qual o cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; incapaz de bombear o sangue para atender &#224;s necessidades metab&#243;licas tissulares ou &#233; capaz de faz&#234;-lo apenas com elevadas press&#245;es de enchimento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As causas mais comuns de IC incluem cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica e valvopatias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A IC &#233; considerada uma pandemia global, tendo acometido em torno de 64 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo em 2017<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> e &#233; causa de redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da qualidade de vida, com impacto importante nos gastos hospitalares e atendimentos de urg&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nos Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica (EUA), embora o n&#250;mero absoluto de pacientes com IC tenha crescido, parcialmente como resultado do aumento do n&#250;mero de idosos, a incid&#234;ncia da IC diminuiu. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o das hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC nos EUA at&#233; 2012. Por&#233;m, observou-se aumento entre 2013 e 2017, tendo sido registradas 1,2 milh&#227;o de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC entre 924.000 pacientes com diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a em 2017, representando um aumento de 26,0% no per&#237;odo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nos EUA, aproximadamente 115 milh&#245;es de pessoas t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o arterial, 100 milh&#245;es t&#234;m obesidade, 26 milh&#245;es t&#234;m diabetes e 125 milh&#245;es t&#234;m doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) ateroscler&#243;tica. Esses s&#227;o fatores bastante conhecidos e de alto risco populacional atribu&#237;vel para o desenvolvimento de IC. Portanto, uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o pode ser categorizada como estando em risco para IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Na Am&#233;rica Latina, um perfil cl&#237;nico distinto &#233; encontrado, com potenciais fatores de risco resultantes de um baixo investimento na sa&#250;de, inadequado acesso ao atendimento e acompanhamento insuficiente nos servi&#231;os em n&#237;vel prim&#225;rio ou terci&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste contexto, no Brasil, dados anuais compilados e pesquisas sobre epidemiologia das DCV mostram que estas costumam ser a principal causa de morte, sendo a doen&#231;a de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria a causa n&#250;mero um, seguida por acidente vascular cerebral. Por&#233;m, em 2021, a COVID-19 tornou-se a principal causa em ambos os sexos. Esses dados epidemiol&#243;gicos, apontados pela Estat&#237;stica Cardiovascular &#8211; Brasil, revelam que diagn&#243;sticos autorreferidos de hipertens&#227;o arterial, de hipercolesterolemia e de diabetes mellitus ocorreram em adultos na ordem de 26,3% (2021), 14,6% (2019), e 9,1% (2021), respectivamente. Houve redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de casos de diabetes desconhecidos no Brasil, o que pode ter ocorrido devido &#224; maior taxa de rastreamento e maior acesso ao diagn&#243;stico em alguns segmentos da popula&#231;&#227;o. A obesidade em 2021 foi registrada em 22,4%, com tend&#234;ncia de aumento de 2006 a 2021. J&#225; a preval&#234;ncia de tabagismo nesse segmento populacional apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o de 0,7% entre 2019 e 2021 em ambos os sexos. Com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; atividade f&#237;sica, observa-se que, apesar do conhecimento crescente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares de uma pr&#225;tica regular e uma tend&#234;ncia &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o da inatividade f&#237;sica entre os brasileiros nos &#250;ltimos anos, quase metade da popula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o alcan&#231;a o n&#237;vel m&#237;nimo recomendado de atividade f&#237;sica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A despeito de avan&#231;os na terap&#234;utica da IC, a s&#237;ndrome mant&#233;m-se como uma patologia grave, cuja sobrevida ap&#243;s 5 anos de diagn&#243;stico pode chegar a apenas 35,0%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, a m&#225; ader&#234;ncia &#224; terap&#234;utica b&#225;sica para IC &#233; a principal causa de rehospitaliza&#231;&#245;es e da elevada taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a tend&#234;ncia temporal das interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por IC, bem como da mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil, analisando sua distribui&#231;&#227;o por faixas et&#225;rias.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipo de estudo e fontes dos dados</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo ecol&#243;gico de tend&#234;ncia temporal das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC e taxas de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil.</p>
        <p>Foram utilizados os dados do Departamento de Inform&#225;tica do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (DATASUS), o qual auxilia diretamente o Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de com provimento de suporte aos sistemas de informa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo e vari&#225;veis de interesse</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo abrangeu as interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares em ambos os sexos por IC entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil. O per&#237;odo foi escolhido com base na disponibilidade de dados de base populacional no DATASUS. Foram selecionadas as faixas et&#225;rias a partir de 40 anos de idade, tendo em vista que representaram mais de 95,0% das interna&#231;&#245;es por IC em adultos.</p>
        <p>Foram utilizados os dados de morbidade hospitalar geral do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), por local de resid&#234;ncia, extra&#237;dos da ferramenta de consulta TABNET do DATASUS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Foram selecionadas as vari&#225;veis sexo, faixas et&#225;rias (agregadas em per&#237;odos de 10 anos) a partir de 40 anos de idade, n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es e taxas de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o para cada ano separadamente. Em lista de morbidades CID-10,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> foi selecionado o termo &#8220;insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca&#8221;. Os dados de popula&#231;&#227;o residente foram extra&#237;dos da se&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e econ&#244;micas da ferramenta TABNET, estratificados por sexo, faixas et&#225;rias e anos.</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel de desfecho taxa de mortalidade na interna&#231;&#227;o foi extra&#237;da diretamente da ferramenta TABNET, j&#225; calculada para cada 100 interna&#231;&#245;es. Trata-se da raz&#227;o entre a quantidade de &#243;bitos e o n&#250;mero de autoriza&#231;&#245;es de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar (AIH) aprovadas, computadas como interna&#231;&#245;es, no per&#237;odo, multiplicada por 100.</p>
        <p>A vari&#225;vel de desfecho taxa de interna&#231;&#227;o foi calculada da seguinte forma:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mfrac>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mtext> N&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por IC por faixa et&#225;ria, sexo e ano </mml:mtext>
                <mml:mstyle>
                  <mml:mspace/>
                </mml:mstyle>
                <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>10.000</mml:mn>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mtext> N&#250;mero de pessoas residentes da mesma faixa et&#225;ria, sexo e ano </mml:mtext>
            </mml:mfrac>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Para fins de corre&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es por causas mal definidas (CMD), foi realizado o ajuste proposto por Mathers et al. <italic>,</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> com base no qual foi calculado o percentual de interna&#231;&#245;es por causas mal definidas (PICMD):</p>
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                <mml:mo>&#160;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>&#231;</mml:mi>
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                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
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                <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
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                <mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
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                <mml:mo>&#160;</mml:mo>
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                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
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                <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
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                <mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
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                <mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
                <mml:mo>&#160;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
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            </mml:mfrac>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Ap&#243;s, foi calculado um fator de corre&#231;&#227;o (FC) por faixa et&#225;ria e ano, o qual foi multiplicado pelo n&#250;mero de interna&#231;&#245;es corrigidas:</p>
        <p>FC das interna&#231;&#245;es por CMD:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e3">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
            <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
            <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
            <mml:mfrac>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>M</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
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              <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
            </mml:mfrac>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>As referidas corre&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas para cada sexo, faixa et&#225;ria e ano. As causas mal definidas s&#227;o apresentadas na CID-10 no Cap&#237;tulo XVIII, entre os c&#243;digos R00 e R99. J&#225; as interna&#231;&#245;es por causas externas s&#227;o apresentadas diretamente na se&#231;&#227;o de morbidade hospitalar na ferramenta TABNET.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lises de dados</title>
        <p>A varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual (APC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>annual percentage change</italic> ) das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC e das taxas de mortalidade na interna&#231;&#227;o foram calculadas atrav&#233;s de modelagem pelo m&#233;todo de regress&#227;o <italic>joinpoint</italic> , utilizando o ano calend&#225;rio como vari&#225;vel independente, segundo faixas et&#225;rias. Tal m&#233;todo permite identificar os pontos de mudan&#231;a de tend&#234;ncia no tempo e, a partir da defini&#231;&#227;o do melhor modelo, s&#227;o calculadas as APC para cada segmento. Dessa forma, pode-se descrever e quantificar a tend&#234;ncia, avaliando se a mesma &#233; estatisticamente significativa.</p>
        <p>Como medida que sintetiza a tend&#234;ncia em todo o per&#237;odo, foi utilizada a varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual m&#233;dia (AAPC, do ingl&#234;s <italic>average annual percentage change</italic> ). Para APC e AAPC foram estimados intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e utilizado n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa igual a 0,05. Foram selecionadas as op&#231;&#245;es de homoscedasticidade, transforma&#231;&#227;o logar&#237;tmica da vari&#225;vel dependente e modelo de ajustamento de erros correlacionados baseado nos dados. Para as an&#225;lises de tend&#234;ncia, foram utilizados per&#237;odos de um ano e os resultados foram apresentados sob a forma de tabelas e gr&#225;ficos de regress&#227;o segmentada.</p>
        <p>Foram utilizados os programas Excel (Microsoft Office Home and Student 2019) para entrada dos dados e Joinpoint Regression Software vers&#227;o 4.9.0.0<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> para a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o segmentada.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram registradas 184.715 interna&#231;&#245;es por IC entre homens e 187.108 entre mulheres no ano de 2000 no Brasil, sendo que faixa et&#225;ria de 60 a 79 anos representou, respectivamente, 55,4% e 53,9% dos n&#250;meros absolutos de interna&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, as taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o foram maiores em indiv&#237;duos com 80 anos ou mais, 479,1 em homens e 421,9 em mulheres. As taxas de mortalidade na interna&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foram maiores nessa faixa et&#225;ria, 9,2 entre homens e 10,3 entre mulheres. J&#225; em 2021, foram registradas 81.744 interna&#231;&#245;es por IC entre homens e 75.016 entre mulheres. A faixa et&#225;ria de 60 a 79 anos representou 54,7% das interna&#231;&#245;es em homens e a faixa et&#225;ria de 70 anos ou mais representou 57,0% das interna&#231;&#245;es em mulheres. Os indiv&#237;duos de 80 anos ou mais apresentaram as maiores taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o, 88,7 em homens e 75,1 em mulheres, e de mortalidade, 20,0 em homens e 20,3 em mulheres (Tabela Suplementar).</p>
      <p>As taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em todas as faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas em ambos os sexos entre 2000 e 2021. As m&#233;dias de redu&#231;&#227;o percentual anual das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC em homens variaram de 6,7% para a faixa et&#225;ria de 40 a 49 anos a 8,1% para a faixa de 80 anos ou mais. Entre as mulheres, as referidas m&#233;dias apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de 7,5 entre 70 e 79 anos a 8,3% entre 50 e 59 anos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>As taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o variada conforme o per&#237;odo e a faixa et&#225;ria. No primeiro dec&#234;nio avaliado, as redu&#231;&#245;es anuais mais expressivas foram observadas nas faixas et&#225;rias de 80 anos ou mais (8,9% entre 2000 e 2007) e 60 a 69 anos (8,7% entre 2004 e 2008) para a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina. J&#225; entre as mulheres, foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es mais expressivas nas faixas et&#225;rias de 40 a 49 anos (10,6% entre 2000 e 2006), 50 a 59 anos (9,9% entre 2000 e 2007), 60 a 69 anos (9,0% entre 2000 e 2008) e 80 anos ou mais (10,5% entre 2000 e 2005). No segundo dec&#234;nio, em geral, as redu&#231;&#245;es das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC foram menores, exceto para homens de 50 a 59 anos (8,1% entre 2011 e 2014). Entretanto, as redu&#231;&#245;es mais acentuadas das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o foram observadas entre 2019 e 2021, superiores a 11,0% ao ano a partir de 60 anos de idade para os homens e 12,0% a partir de 50 anos para as mulheres ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores observados e estimados por modelo de regress&#227;o joinpoint das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em homens, por faixas et&#225;rias, entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil. Pontos: valores observados; linhas cont&#237;nuas: valores estimados. Valores de APC (varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a 95%: 40 a 49 anos: &#8211;7,6%* (&#8211;8,0; &#8211;7,3); &#8211;5,3%* (&#8211;7,1; &#8211;4,7); &#8211;6,8%* (&#8211;8,0; &#8211;6,4); &#8211;4,1%* (&#8211;5,0; &#8211;3,4); &#8211;8,6%* (&#8211;10,0; &#8211;6,8). 50 a 59 anos: &#8211;7,6%* (&#8211;7,9; &#8211;7,4); &#8211;4,2%* (&#8211;5,5; &#8211;3,7); &#8211;8,1%* (&#8211;8,7; &#8211;7,0); &#8211;5,7%* (&#8211;6,1; &#8211;4,5); &#8211;8,7%* (&#8211;10,4; &#8211;6,9). 60 a 69 anos: &#8211;6,3%* (&#8211;6,9; &#8211;4,7); &#8211;8,7%* (&#8211;9,8; &#8211;7,9); &#8211;5,9%* (&#8211;6,1; &#8211;5,6); &#8211;11,2%* (&#8211;12,7; &#8211;8,9). 70 a 79 anos: &#8211;4,0%* (&#8211;5,5; &#8211;0,8); &#8211;7,7%* (&#8211;9,2; &#8211;6,9); &#8211;6,1%* (&#8211;6,4; &#8211;5,3); &#8211;14,0%* (&#8211;16,1; &#8211;10,7). 80 anos ou mais: &#8211;8,9%* (&#8211;10,0; &#8211;8,2); &#8211;6,4%* (&#8211;6,7; &#8211;5,8); &#8211;14,8%* (&#8211;17,3; &#8211;10,9). *APC significativamente diferente de zero utilizando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa = 0,05. Elaborado pelos autores (2024).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores observados e estimados por modelo de regress&#227;o joinpoint das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em mulheres, por faixas et&#225;rias, entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil. Pontos: valores observados; linhas cont&#237;nuas: valores estimados. Valores de APC (varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a 95%: 40 a 49 anos: &#8211;10,6%* (&#8211;12,0; &#8211;9,6); &#8211;6,9%* (&#8211;7,1; &#8211;6,6). 50 a 59 anos: &#8211;9,9%* (&#8211;10,8; &#8211;9,2); &#8211;6,7%* (&#8211;6,9; &#8211;6,2); &#8211;12,6%* (&#8211;15,0; &#8211;9,3). 60 a 69 anos: &#8211;9,0%* (&#8211;9,9; &#8211;8,4); &#8211;6,6%* (&#8211;6,9; &#8211;5,8); &#8211;12,8%* (&#8211;15,6; &#8211;9,0). 70 a 79 anos: &#8211;6,7%* (&#8211;6,9; &#8211;6,5); &#8211;14,6%* (&#8211;17,4; &#8211;10,2). 80 anos ou mais: &#8211;10,5%* (&#8211;12,6; &#8211;8,7); &#8211;8,0%* (&#8211;11,0; &#8211;5,1); &#8211;6,1%* (&#8211;6,4; &#8211;5,0); &#8211;14,2%* (&#8211;16,7; &#8211;10,9). *APC significativamente diferente de zero utilizando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa = 0,05. Elaborado pelos autores (2024).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>As taxas de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o por IC apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em todas as faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas em ambos os sexos entre 2000 e 2021. As m&#233;dias de aumento percentual anual em homens variaram de 1,8% para a faixa et&#225;ria de 40 a 49 anos a 3,6% para a faixa de 80 anos ou mais. Entre as mulheres, as referidas m&#233;dias variaram de 3,1% para a faixa de 80 anos ou mais a 3,5% entre 60 e 79 anos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual m&#233;dia das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o e de mortalidade na interna&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em homens e mulheres, por faixas et&#225;rias, entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Faixa et&#225;ria/taxas</th>
                <th colspan="3">Homens</th>
                <th colspan="3">Mulheres</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>AAPC</th>
                <th>(IC95%)</th>
                <th>Tend&#234;ncia</th>
                <th>AAPC</th>
                <th>(IC95%)</th>
                <th>Tend&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>40 a 49 anos</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;6,7%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;6,8; &#8211;6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;8,0%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;8,2; &#8211;7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">1,8%*</td>
                <td align="center">(1,5; 2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
                <td align="center">3,4%*</td>
                <td align="center">(3,1; 3,8)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50 a 59 anos</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;6,9%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;7,0; &#8211;6,8)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;8,3%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;8,6; &#8211;8,1)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">2,7%*</td>
                <td align="center">(2,3; 2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
                <td align="center">3,4%*</td>
                <td align="center">(3,1; 3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60 a 69 anos</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;7,0%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;7,2; &#8211;6,9)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;8,1%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;8,4; &#8211;7,9)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">3,3%*</td>
                <td align="center">(2,9; 3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
                <td align="center">3,5%*</td>
                <td align="center">(3,0; 3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70 a 79 anos</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;7,0%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;7,2; &#8211;6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;7,5%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;7,8; &#8211;7,3)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">3,4%*</td>
                <td align="center">(3,1; 3,5)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
                <td align="center">3,5%*</td>
                <td align="center">(3,0; 3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80 anos ou mais</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Interna&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;8,1%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;8,3; &#8211;7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
                <td align="center">&#8211;8,2%*</td>
                <td align="center">(&#8211;8,4; &#8211;8,0)</td>
                <td align="center">Decrescente</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> Mortalidade</td>
                <td align="center">3,6%*</td>
                <td align="center">(3,4; 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
                <td align="center">3,1%*</td>
                <td align="center">(2,8; 3,3)</td>
                <td align="center">Crescente</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Interna&#231;&#227;o: taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por 10.000 habitantes; mortalidade: taxas de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o por 100 interna&#231;&#245;es. AAPC: varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual m&#233;dia (2000 a 2021); IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%. *AAPC significativamente diferente de zero utilizando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa = 0,05. Elaborado pelos autores (2024).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para a popula&#231;&#227;o masculina, observou-se aumento anual mais pronunciado das taxas de mortalidade na interna&#231;&#227;o nas faixas et&#225;rias de 60 a 69 anos (11,8%) e 70 a 79 anos (7,5%) entre 2019 e 2021. Entre as mulheres, o aumento anual mais expressivo foi registrado nas faixas et&#225;rias de 50 a 59 anos (7,6%), 60 a 69 anos (8,9%) e 70 a 79 anos (9,3%) no mesmo per&#237;odo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores observados e estimados por modelo de regress&#227;o joinpoint das taxas de mortalidade durante as interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em homens, por faixas et&#225;rias, entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil. Pontos: valores observados; linhas cont&#237;nuas: valores estimados. Valores de APC (varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a 95%: 40 a 49 anos: 1,8%* (1,5; 2,1). 50 a 59 anos: 2,3%* (1,2; 4,3); 5,9%* (2,3; 8,1). 60 a 69 anos: 2,7%* (2,4; 6,1); 0,9% (&#8211;0,9; 2,7); 11,8%* (6,2; 15,3). 70 a 79 anos: 2,9%* (2,6; 3,1); 7,5%* (3,5; 9,2). 80 anos ou mais: 3,6%* (3,4; 3,9). *APC significativamente diferente de zero utilizando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa = 0,05. Elaborado pelos autores (2024).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores observados e estimados por modelo de regress&#227;o joinpoint das taxas de mortalidade durante as interna&#231;&#245;es por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em mulheres, por faixas et&#225;rias, entre 2000 e 2021 no Brasil. Pontos: valores observados; linhas cont&#237;nuas: valores estimados. Valores de APC (varia&#231;&#227;o percentual anual) e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a 95%: 40 a 49 anos: 4,0%* (3,4; 5,3); &#8211;0,3% (&#8211;3,1; 2,1); 4,7%* (3,5; 8,4). 50 a 59 anos: 3,0%* (2,4; 3,2); 7,6%* (3,2; 10,3). 60 a 69 anos: 2,9%* (2,3; 3,2); 8,9%* (3,3; 11,7). 70 a 79 anos: 2,9%* (2,5; 3,1); 9,3%* (3,5; 11,4). 80 anos ou mais: 3,1%* (2,8; 3,3). *APC significativamente diferente de zero utilizando-se n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa = 0,05. Elaborado pelos autores (2024).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo constatou, entre 2000 e 2021, uma tend&#234;ncia decrescente das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC em todas as faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas tanto para homens (6,7% a 8,1%) quanto para mulheres (7,5% a 8,3%). J&#225; as taxas de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o mostraram tend&#234;ncia crescente no mesmo per&#237;odo em todas as faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas tanto para homens (1,8% a 3,6%) quanto para mulheres (3,1% a 3,5%).</p>
      <p>A IC &#233; um fardo econ&#244;mico e de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica crescente para todo o mundo, principalmente devido ao envelhecimento populacional. A IC e o acidente vascular encef&#225;lico foram as causas mais frequentes de interna&#231;&#245;es hospitalares por doen&#231;as do aparelho circulat&#243;rio em ambos os sexos em 2021 no Brasil, cada uma representando aproximadamente 17,0% do total. Dentre as interna&#231;&#245;es por todas as causas, foram atribu&#237;dos &#224; IC 2,6% dos casos no mesmo ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com o DATASUS, foram registradas 3.454.570 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IC de 2008 a 2021, mais de um ter&#231;o do total de admiss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relacionadas a condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares. Entretanto, houve redu&#231;&#227;o no n&#250;mero de admiss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas por IC, que passou de 298.474 (157 por 100.000) em 2008 para 181.441 (85 por 100.000) em 2021, sendo tal redu&#231;&#227;o uniforme ao longo dos anos, o que n&#227;o se correlacionou com redu&#231;&#227;o de custos assistenciais. O n&#250;mero reduzido de admiss&#245;es e as despesas aumentadas representaram maiores custos por admiss&#227;o no per&#237;odo observado (de R$ 912 em 2008 para R$ 1.787 em 2021).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os fatores precipitantes mais comuns para a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda da IC compreendem a s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e outras arritmias, doen&#231;a card&#237;aca superposta (como endocardite), infec&#231;&#245;es agudas (pneumonia, infec&#231;&#227;o do trato urin&#225;rio), n&#227;o ader&#234;ncia &#224; dieta ou medica&#231;&#227;o, anemia, hiper ou hipotireoidismo, medicamentos com aumento da reten&#231;&#227;o s&#243;dica (como os anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroidais) e medicamentos com efeito inotr&#243;pico negativo (por exemplo, o verapamil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Observamos em nossos resultados uma redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC, o que poderia ser interpretado como resultado de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de bem sucedidas no pa&#237;s. Ressalta-se, entretanto, que a presen&#231;a dos fatores de risco cl&#225;ssicos (hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, dislipidemia, obesidade, sedentarismo, tabagismo, diabetes mellitus e hist&#243;rico familiar de DCV) aumenta a probabilidade de DCV, notadamente de etiologia isqu&#234;mica, enfatizando a import&#226;ncia da preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria. Em estudo brasileiro realizado entre 2011 e 2012, a etiologia isqu&#234;mica da IC predominou nos pacientes provenientes das regi&#245;es Sul (33,6%), Sudeste (32,6%) e Nordeste (31,9%). Na regi&#227;o Norte, predominou a etiologia hipertensiva (37,2%) e, no Centro-Oeste, a doen&#231;a de Chagas (42,4%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica mant&#233;m-se como a principal causa de &#243;bitos em ambos os sexos no Brasil, apesar do decl&#237;nio da preval&#234;ncia e incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a nos &#250;ltimos 20 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> As maiores taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica foram atribu&#237;veis &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica em 2021 no Brasil, em torno de 37,6 por 100.000 habitantes, seguido das taxas atribu&#237;veis a n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos elevados de LDL ( <italic>low-density lipoprotein</italic> ) colesterol, com 26,7 por 100.000 habitantes. Entretanto, as referidas taxas mantiveram-se est&#225;veis entre 1990 e 2021. J&#225; as taxas de mortalidade por doen&#231;a card&#237;aca hipertensiva tiveram como principais fatores de risco associados a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica (13,3 por 100.000 habitantes) e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal elevado (7,5 por 100.000 habitantes), por&#233;m, com aumento da mortalidade de, respectivamente, 17,0% e 36,0% entre 1990 e 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; doen&#231;a de Chagas, fatores socioecon&#244;micos e ambientais, condi&#231;&#245;es de habita&#231;&#227;o e saneamento ainda s&#227;o elementos que impactam na transmiss&#227;o da doen&#231;a no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Assim, embora alguns fatores de risco mostrem-se estabilizados, outros apresentaram eleva&#231;&#227;o com impacto na mortalidade por doen&#231;as card&#237;acas que levam &#224; s&#237;ndrome da IC.</p>
      <p>Outro aspecto importante a ser considerado &#233; o advento de f&#225;rmacos capazes de modificar o curso cl&#237;nico da s&#237;ndrome, reduzindo o risco de interna&#231;&#227;o. O tratamento da IC at&#233; 1987 inclu&#237;a dieta hiposs&#243;dica, diur&#233;ticos para as manifesta&#231;&#245;es de congest&#227;o, digoxina e repouso. Entretanto, nenhuma destas recomenda&#231;&#245;es possu&#237;a fundamenta&#231;&#227;o epidemiol&#243;gica-cl&#237;nica, mas eram apenas baseadas no conhecimento fisiopatol&#243;gico &#224; &#233;poca, no efeito farmacol&#243;gico das medica&#231;&#245;es e no bom-senso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em 1987, iniciou-se uma nova era no tratamento da IC, com a publica&#231;&#227;o do primeiro ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado utilizando o enalapril. Esta nova droga teria a capacidade de inibir o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, um eixo hormonal envolvido na causa, manuten&#231;&#227;o e incremento de risco da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em 1996, foram identificados os betabloqueadores como a segunda classe de drogas capazes de mudar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em 1999, a espironolactona em baixas doses, explorando mais seu efeito hormonal do que o efeito diur&#233;tico, foi a pr&#243;xima droga a mostrar benef&#237;cio definitivamente comprovado sobre o progn&#243;stico da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Seguiram-se os inibidores da neprilisina e receptores da angiotensina em 2014<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e os inibidores do co-transportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2 em 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> </sup> considerados f&#225;rmacos inovadores no tratamento da IC por terem demonstrado importantes redu&#231;&#245;es no risco de hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es em torno de 40,0% a 45,0% e 30,0%, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Atualmente, est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no SUS diversas medica&#231;&#245;es para tratamento da IC, inclusive aqueles com impacto na sobrevida, como inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, betabloqueadores e antagonistas da aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, tamb&#233;m foram observadas redu&#231;&#245;es mais expressivas das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC entre 2019 e 2021, fato que pode ter sido decorrente da pandemia por SARS-CoV-2. Medidas visando reduzir a transmiss&#227;o da COVID-19 afetaram a organiza&#231;&#227;o dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, com redu&#231;&#227;o dos atendimentos presenciais e recomenda&#231;&#227;o para que a popula&#231;&#227;o procurasse o servi&#231;o somente em casos de extrema necessidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Constatamos em nosso estudo que houve aumento das taxas de mortalidade na interna&#231;&#227;o por IC entre 2000 e 2021 no pa&#237;s, o que poderia refletir o fato de que apenas casos mais graves foram internados ou a alta frequ&#234;ncia de comorbidades, principalmente em indiv&#237;duos idosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> No Brasil, observou-se taxas de &#243;bito intra-hospitalar por IC duas vezes maiores em rela&#231;&#227;o a registros americanos e europeus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As mortes atribu&#237;veis a doen&#231;as card&#237;acas t&#234;m aumentado globalmente devido, em parte, ao aumento do reconhecimento, diagn&#243;stico e documenta&#231;&#227;o de cardiomiopatias espec&#237;ficas e de casos de cardiotoxicidade.</p>
      <p>Observamos tamb&#233;m eleva&#231;&#227;o mais expressiva das taxas de mortalidade na interna&#231;&#227;o por IC na faixa et&#225;ria de 60 a 79 anos entre 2019 e 2021. Em 2020, verificou-se redu&#231;&#227;o do n&#250;mero absoluto de &#243;bitos por DCV no Brasil, por&#233;m com aumento da mortalidade hospitalar em todas as regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s, a qual pode estar relacionada a diversos fatores. Mudan&#231;as no sistema de sa&#250;de durante a pandemia, como redirecionamento de equipes para atender pacientes com COVID-19, implicaram em redu&#231;&#227;o de consultas e cirurgias eletivas. Ademais, a demora na busca por atendimento m&#233;dico e os efeitos prejudiciais da infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2 no sistema cardiovascular podem ter contribu&#237;do para o aumento da descompensa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de pacientes cardiopatas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com a pandemia, pesquisadores est&#227;o obtendo melhores informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a infec&#231;&#227;o e a les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica relacionada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o e miocardite. Com o aumento da capacidade de detectar les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos bioqu&#237;micos e de imagem, al&#233;m de uma crescente conscientiza&#231;&#227;o sobre os padr&#245;es de cardiotoxicidade e inj&#250;ria, incluindo inflama&#231;&#227;o, a incid&#234;ncia da IC provavelmente continuar&#225; a aumentar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No contexto do controle dos fatores de risco, diagn&#243;stico precoce, ader&#234;ncia ao tratamento da IC e a aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria &#224; sa&#250;de do SUS desempenham um papel fundamental em virtude de seu car&#225;ter longitudinal do cuidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de pol&#237;ticas de sa&#250;de, como o est&#237;mulo aos h&#225;bitos de vida saud&#225;veis, medidas de preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria e secund&#225;ria e o acesso ao tratamento de eventos cardiovasculares, constitui fator essencial para o controle das DCV em todo o mundo.</p>
      <p>Dentre as limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo, destaca-se que a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da IC na base de dados do DATASUS pode estar subestimada, uma vez que a interna&#231;&#227;o pode ter sido decorrente da doen&#231;a de base que levou &#224; IC ou outra comorbidade e, portanto, ser registrada com c&#243;digo CID-10 diverso. Al&#233;m disto, atenta-se para a possibilidade de subnotifica&#231;&#227;o, pois o diagn&#243;stico de IC pode n&#227;o identificar adequadamente todos os casos, uma vez que as an&#225;lises de imagem e bioqu&#237;micas n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis em todos os servi&#231;os e regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s.</p>
      <p>Apesar das limita&#231;&#245;es inerentes ao uso de dados secund&#225;rios, ressaltamos a import&#226;ncia da abordagem da IC numa perspectiva ecol&#243;gica no presente estudo em rela&#231;&#227;o ao dimensionamento do impacto da doen&#231;a no SUS. A an&#225;lise das interna&#231;&#245;es como um dos desfechos da IC fornece dados relevantes para adequa&#231;&#227;o das estrat&#233;gias de controle ambulatorial da doen&#231;a.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo constatou tend&#234;ncia decrescente das taxas de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC e crescente das taxas de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o em todas as faixas et&#225;rias avaliadas, para ambos os sexos, no per&#237;odo de 22 anos (2000 a 2021).</p>
      <p>Os dados refletem a tend&#234;ncia temporal das interna&#231;&#245;es por IC no Brasil durante o per&#237;odo analisado, permitindo que especialistas, gestores e epidemiologistas em sa&#250;de, com base nesse cen&#225;rio, desenvolvam estrat&#233;gias para a abordagem da doen&#231;a e seus fatores de risco nas pr&#243;ximas d&#233;cadas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>37</fpage>
          <lpage>45</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210468</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Aquino EML, Silveira IH, Pescarini JM, Aquino R, Souza-Filho JA, Rocha AS, et al. Social Distancing Measures to Control the COVID-19 Pandemic: Potential Impacts and Challenges in Brazil. Cien Saude Colet. 2020; 25(Suppl 1):2423-46. doi: 10.1590/1413-81232020256.1.10502020.</mixed-citation>
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          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>EML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silveira</surname>
              <given-names>IH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pescarini</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aquino</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Souza-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocha</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Social Distancing Measures to Control the COVID-19 Pandemic: Potential Impacts and Challenges in Brazil</article-title>
          <source> Cien Saude Colet </source>
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        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o Acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica e Consentimento Informado:</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Declara&#231;&#227;o de Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn id="fn1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0505_tabela_suplementar.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0505_tabela_suplementar.pdf</ext-link> <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-suppl01.pdf"/> </p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de Financiamento:</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240505i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Temporal Trends of Hospital Admissions Due to Heart Failure in Brazil</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-842X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Isadora Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Clara Silva</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Daniel Monteiro de Lauro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Luisa Venture Gibaile</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Alessandrini Lauriano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Sarah Quick Louren&#231;o de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Girardi</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Cardiologia, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Ci&#234;ncias M&#233;dicas e da Sa&#250;de de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Maim&#243;nides - Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jose Marcos Girardi &#8226; Centro de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Diagn&#243;stica Cardiovascular Digital de Juiz de Fora &#8211; Sabincor &#8211; Rua Dr. Edgard Carlos Pereira, 600 (S1). Postal Code 36020-200, Juiz de Fora, MG &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jgirardi@cardiol.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential Conflict of Interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Heart failure is a global pandemic that causes a significant reduction in quality of life, with an impact on hospital expenses. It is important to know the temporal trends of hospitalizations and mortality in order to outline coping strategies.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The objective of this study was to describe the temporal trends of hospitalizations due to heart failure and mortality during hospitalizations between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We conducted a study on temporal trends in the rates of hospitalization and mortality during hospitalization, using data from the Department of Information Technology of the Brazilian Unified Health System, by means of joinpoint regression. We calculated the annual percentage change of the rates with respective 95% confidence intervals and alpha significance level of 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>We analyzed 2,851,437 hospitalizations in men and 2,749,424 hospitalizations in women between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil. Regarding hospitalization rates, there was an annual percentage decrease of 6.7% to 8.1% in men and a decrease of 7.5% to 8.3% in women. With respect to mortality rates, there was an annual percentage increase of 1.8% to 3.6% in men and an increase of 3.1% to 3.5% in women.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>We observed a decrease in the rates of hospitalization due to heart failure and an increase in the mortality rates in all age ranges assessed, in both sexes, between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil. These findings may reflect better disease control and hospitalization only for more severe cases, but we emphasize the need for continued management of risk factors for the disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Temporal Trends of Hospital Admissions Due to Heart Failure in Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is defined as a clinical syndrome in which the heart is not able to pump blood to meet tissue metabolic needs or is able to do so only at high filling pressures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>The most common causes of HF include ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, systemic arterial hypertension, and valvular heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>HF is considered a global pandemic, having affected approximately 64 million people worldwide as of 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>It causes a significant reduction in quality of life, with a significant impact on hospital expenses and emergency care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>In the United States, although the absolute number of patients with HF has increased, partially as a result of the increased number of elderly people, the incidence of HF has decreased. There was a decrease in hospitalizations due to HF up until 2012 in the United States. However, an increase was observed between 2013 and 2017, with 1.2 million hospitalizations due to HF recorded among 924,000 patients diagnosed with HF in 2017, representing a 26.0% increase during the period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the United States, approximately 115 million people have hypertension; 100 million have obesity; 26 million have diabetes, and 125 million have atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). These are well-known and high population attributable risk factors for the development of HF. Therefore, a large proportion of the population can be categorized as being at risk for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>In Latin America, a distinct clinical profile is found, with potential risk factors resulting from low investment in health, inadequate access to health care, and insufficient follow-up in primary or tertiary services.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this context, in Brazil, annual data compiled and research on the epidemiology of CVDs have shown that they tend to be the leading cause of death, coronary artery disease being the number one cause, followed by stroke. However, in 2021, COVID-19 became the leading cause in both sexes. These epidemiological data, reported by Cardiovascular Statistics &#8211; Brazil, revealed that self-reported diagnoses of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus occurred in 26.3% (2021), 14.6% (2019), and 9.1% (2021) of adults, respectively. There was a decrease in the number of cases of unknown diabetes in Brazil, which may have occurred due to the higher screening rate and greater access to diagnosis in some segments of the population. In 2021, obesity was recorded in 22.4%, with an increasing trend from 2006 to 2021. The prevalence of smoking in this population segment showed a 0.7% decrease between 2019 and 2021 in both sexes. With respect to physical activity, the survey observed that, in spite of the growing knowledge about the cardiovascular benefits of regular practice and a trend towards reducing physical inactivity among Brazilians in recent years, almost half of the population did not reach the minimum recommended level of physical activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In spite of advances in HF treatment, the syndrome remains a serious pathology, whose survival 5 years after diagnosis may reach only 35.0%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>In Brazil, poor adherence to basic therapy for HF is the main cause of rehospitalizations and the elevated in-hospital mortality rate.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to describe the temporal trends of hospital admissions due to HF, as well as mortality during hospitalization, between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil, analyzing their distribution by age ranges.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study type and data sources</title>
          <p>This was an ecological study of temporal trends in HF hospitalization rates and mortality rates during hospitalization between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil.</p>
          <p>We used data from the Department of Information Technology of the Brazilian Unified Health System (DATASUS, acronym in Portuguese), which directly assists the Brazilian Ministry of Health by providing support to information systems.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population and variables of interest</title>
          <p>The study population included HF hospitalizations in patients of both sexes between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil. This period was chosen based on the availability of population-based data in DATASUS. Age ranges 40 years and older were selected, seeing that they accounted for more than 95.0% of HF hospitalizations in adults.</p>
          <p>We used overall hospital morbidity data from the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS, acronym in Portuguese), by place of residence, extracted from the DATASUS TABNET consultation tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>The variables sex, age ranges (grouped in 10-year intervals) 40 years of age and older, number of hospitalizations, and mortality rates during hospitalization were selected for each year separately. In the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) morbidity list,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup>the term &#8220;heart failure&#8221; was selected. Data on the resident population were extracted from the demographic and economic variables section of the TABNET tool, stratified by sex, age range, and years.</p>
          <p>The outcome variable of mortality rate during hospitalization was extracted directly from the TABNET tool, where it was already calculated per every 100 hospitalizations. This is the ratio between the number of deaths and the number of approved hospital admission authorizations, calculated as hospitalizations, during the period, multiplied by 100.</p>
          <p>The outcome variable of hospitalization rate was calculated as follows:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mtext>Number of HF hospitalizations by age range, sex, and year</mml:mtext>
                  <mml:mstyle>
                    <mml:mspace/>
                  </mml:mstyle>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>10.000</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mtext>Number of residents in the same age range, sex, and year</mml:mtext>
              </mml:mfrac>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>For the purpose of correcting the number of hospitalizations due to ill-defined causes (IDC), the adjustment proposed by Mathers et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>was performed, based on which the percentage of hospitalizations due to ill-defined causes (PHIDC) was calculated, as follows:</p>
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                  <mml:mo>&#160;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mfrac>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Subsequently, a correction factor (CF) was calculated by age range and year, which was multiplied by the number of corrected hospitalizations:</p>
          <p>CF of hospitalizations due to IDC:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e3001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>CF</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
              <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>PHIDC</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
              </mml:mfrac>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>These corrections were performed for each sex, age range, and year. IDC are listed in ICD-10 in Chapter XVIII, between codes R00 and R99. Hospitalizations due to external causes are listed directly in the hospital morbidity section of the TABNET tool.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>We calculated the annual percentage change (APC) in HF hospitalization rates and in-hospital mortality rates by means of joinpoint regression modeling, using the calendar year as an independent variable, according to age ranges. This method makes it possible to identify trend change points over time and, based on the definition of the best model, APCs are calculated for each segment. Accordingly, the trend can be described and quantified, assessing whether it is statistically significant.</p>
          <p>As a measure that summarizes the trend over the entire period, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) was used. For APC and AAPC, 95% confidence intervals were estimated, and an alpha significance level of 0.05 was applied. We selected the options of homoscedasticity, logarithmic transformation of the dependent variable, and a model for adjusting correlated errors based on the data. For trend analyses, 1-year periods were used, and the results were presented in the form of joinpoint regression graphs and tables.</p>
          <p>Excel (Microsoft Office Home and Student 2019) was used for data entry, and Joinpoint Regression Software, version 4.9.0.0<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>was used for joinpoint regression analysis.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>In the year 2000 in Brazil, 184,715 HF hospitalizations were registered among men and 187,108 among women, and the age range from 60 to 79 years represented, respectively, 55.4% and 53.9% of the absolute numbers of hospitalizations. However, hospitalization rates were higher in patients age 80 years or older, 479.1 in men and 421.9 in women. Mortality rates during hospitalization were also higher in this age range, 9.2 among men and 10.3 among women. In 2021, 81,744 HF hospitalizations were registered among men and 75,016 among women. The age range from 60 to 79 years represented 54.7% of hospitalizations in men, and the age range 70 years or older represented 57.0% of hospitalizations in women. Patients age 80 years or older had the highest hospitalization rates, 88.7 in men and 75.1 in women, as well as the highest mortality rates, 20.0 in men and 20.3 in women (Supplementary Table).</p>
        <p>HF hospitalization rates showed a statistically significant decrease in all age ranges assessed in both sexes between 2000 and 2021. The averages for annual percentage decrease in HF hospitalization rates in men ranged from 6.7% for the age range between 40 and 49 years to 8.1% for the age range 80 years or older. Among women, these averages showed a 7.5% decrease in the age range between 70 and 79 years and an 8.3% decrease in the age range between 50 and 59 years (Central Figure and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Average annual percentage change in the rates of hospitalization and mortality during hospitalization for heart failure in men and women, by age range, between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Age range/rates</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Men</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Women</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>AAPC</th>
                  <th>(95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Trend</th>
                  <th>AAPC</th>
                  <th>(95% CI)</th>
                  <th>Trend</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>40 to 49 years</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;6.7%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;6.8; &#8211;6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8.0%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;8.2; &#8211;7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(1.5; 2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.1; 3.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50 to 59 years</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;6.9%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;7.0; &#8211;6.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8.3%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;8.6; &#8211;8.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.3; 2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.1; 3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60 to 69 years</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;7.0%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;7.2; &#8211;6.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8.1%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;8.4; &#8211;7.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.9; 3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.0; 3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70 to 79 years</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;7.0%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;7.2; &#8211;6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;7.5%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;7.8; &#8211;7.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.1; 3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.0; 3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>80 years or older</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospitalization</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8.1%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;8.3; &#8211;7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8211;8.2%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(&#8211;8.4; &#8211;8.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">Decreasing</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(3.4; 3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1%*</td>
                  <td align="center">(2.8; 3.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">Increasing</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Hospitalization: rates of hospitalization per 10,000 inhabitants; mortality: rates of mortality during hospitalization per 100 hospitalizations. AAPC: average annual percentage change (2000 to 2021); CI: confidence interval. *Significantly different AAPC applying alpha significance level = 0.05. Prepared by the authors (2024).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>HF hospitalization rates showed a decrease that varied according to the period and age range. During the first decade assessed, the most pronounced annual decreases were observed in the age ranges 80 years or older (8.9% between 2000 and 2007) and 60 to 69 years (8.7% between 2004 and 2008) for the male population. Among women, the most significant decreases were observed in the age ranges from 40 to 49 years (10.6% between 2000 and 2006), 50 to 59 years (9.9% between 2000 and 2007), 60 to 69 years (9.0% between 2000 and 2008), and 80 years or older (10.5% between 2000 and 2005). During the second decade, in general, the decreases in HF hospitalization rates were smaller, except for in men from 50 to 59 years (8.1% between 2011 and 2014). However, the most pronounced decreases in hospitalization rates were observed between 2019 and 2021, exceeding 11.0% per year from the age ranges 60 years and older for men and 12.0% from the age ranges 50 years and older for women ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Mortality rates during HF hospitalization showed a statistically significant increase in all age ranges assessed in both sexes between 2000 and 2021. The average annual percentage increase in men ranged from 1.8% for the age range between 40 and 49 years to 3.6% for the age range 80 years or older. Among women, these means ranged from 3.1% for the age range 80 years or over to 3.5% for those between 60 and 79 years ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Observed and estimated joinpoint regression values for hospitalization due to heart failure in men, by age ranges, between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil. Dots: observed values; solid lines: estimated values. Annual percentage change (APC) values with respective 95% confidence intervals: 40 to 49 years: &#8211;7.6%* (&#8211;8.0; &#8211;7.3); &#8211;5.3%* (&#8211;7.1; &#8211;4.7); &#8211;6.8%* (&#8211;8.0; &#8211;6.4); &#8211;4.1%* (&#8211;5.0; &#8211;3.4); &#8211;8.6%* (&#8211;10.0; &#8211;6.8). 50 to 59 years: &#8211;7.6%* (&#8211;7.9; &#8211;7.4); &#8211;4.2%* (&#8211;5.5; &#8211;3.7); &#8211;8.1%* (&#8211;8.7; &#8211;7.0); &#8211;5.7%* (&#8211;6.1; &#8211;4.5); &#8211;8.7%* (&#8211;10.4; &#8211;6.9). 60 to 69 years: &#8211;6.3%* (&#8211;6.9; &#8211;4.7); &#8211;8.7%* (&#8211;9.8; &#8211;7.9); &#8211;5.9%* (&#8211;6.1; &#8211;5.6); &#8211;11.2%* (&#8211;12.7; &#8211;8.9). 70 to 79 years: &#8211;4.0%* (&#8211;5.5; &#8211;0.8); &#8211;7.7%* (&#8211;9.2; &#8211;6.9); &#8211;6.1%* (&#8211;6.4; &#8211;5.3); &#8211;14.0%* (&#8211;16.1; &#8211;10.7). 80 years or older: &#8211;8.9%* (&#8211;10.0; &#8211;8.2); &#8211;6.4%* (&#8211;6.7; &#8211;5.8); &#8211;14.8%* (&#8211;17.3; &#8211;10.9). *Significantly different APC applying alpha significance level = 0.05. Prepared by the authors (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Observed and estimated joinpoint regression values for hospitalization due to heart failure in women, by age ranges, between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil. Dots: observed values; solid lines: estimated values. Annual percentage change (APC) values with respective 95% confidence intervals: 40 to 49 years: &#8211;10.6%* (&#8211;12.0; &#8211;9.6); &#8211;6.9%* (&#8211;7.1; &#8211;6.6). 50 to 59 years: &#8211;9.9%* (&#8211;10.8; &#8211;9.2); &#8211;6.7%* (&#8211;6.9; &#8211;6.2); &#8211;12.6%* (&#8211;15.0; &#8211;9.3). 60 to 69 years: &#8211;9.0%* (&#8211;9.9; &#8211;8.4); &#8211;6.6%* (&#8211;6.9; &#8211;5.8); &#8211;12.8%* (&#8211;15.6; &#8211;9.0). 70 to 79 years: &#8211;6.7%* (&#8211;6.9; &#8211;6.5); &#8211;14.6%* (&#8211;17.4; &#8211;10.2). 80 years or older: &#8211;10.5%* (&#8211;12.6; &#8211;8.7); &#8211;8.0%* (&#8211;11.0; &#8211;5.1); &#8211;6.1%* (&#8211;6.4; &#8211;5.0); &#8211;14.2%* (&#8211;16.7; &#8211;10.9). *Significantly different APC applying alpha significance level = 0.05. Prepared by the authors (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For the male population, a more pronounced annual increase in hospitalization mortality rates was observed in the age ranges 60 to 69 years (11.8%) and 70 to 79 years (7.5%), between 2019 and 2021. Among women, the most pronounced annual increase was recorded in the age ranges 50 to 59 years (7.6%), 60 to 69 years (8.9%), and 70 to 79 years (9.3%) during the same period ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figures 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Observed and estimated joinpoint regression values for mortality during hospitalization for heart failure in men, by age ranges, between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil. Dots: observed values; solid lines: estimated values. Annual percentage change (APC) values with respective 95% confidence intervals: 40 to 49 years: 1.8%* (1.5; 2.1). 50 to 59 years: 2.3%* (1.2; 4.3); 5.9%* (2.3; 8.1). 60 to 69 years: 2.7%* (2.4; 6.1); 0.9% (&#8211;0.9; 2.7); 11.8%* (6.2; 15.3). 70 to 79 years: 2.9%* (2.6; 3.1); 7.5%* (3.5; 9.2). 80 years or older: 3.6%* (3.4; 3.9). *Significantly different APC applying alpha significance level = 0.05. Prepared by the authors (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Observed and estimated joinpoint regression values for mortality during hospitalization for heart failure in women, by age ranges, between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil. Dots: observed values; solid lines: estimated values. Annual percentage change (APC) values with respective 95% confidence intervals: 40 to 49 years: 4.0%* (3.4; 5.3); &#8211;0.3% (&#8211;3.1; 2.1); 4.7%* (3.5; 8.4). 50 to 59 years: 3.0%* (2.4; 3.2); 7.6%* (3.2; 10.3). 60 to 69 years: 2.9%* (2.3; 3.2); 8.9%* (3.3; 11.7). 70 to 79 years: 2.9%* (2.5; 3.1); 9.3%* (3.5; 11.4). 80 years or older: 3.1%* (2.8; 3.3). *Significantly different APC applying alpha significance level = 0.05. Prepared by the authors (2024).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study found a decreasing trend in HF hospitalization rates between 2000 and 2021 in all age ranges assessed, for both men (6.7% to 8.1%) and women (7.5% to 8.3%). Mortality rates during hospitalization showed an increasing trend during the same period in all age ranges assessed, for both men (1.8% to 3.6%) and women (3.1% to 3.5%).</p>
        <p>HF is a growing economic and public health burden worldwide, mainly due to population aging. In Brazil, HF and stroke were the most frequent causes of hospitalizations due to circulatory system diseases in both sexes in 2021, each accounting for approximately 17.0% of the total. Among hospitalizations for all causes, 2.6% of cases were attributed to HF in the same year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to DATASUS, 3,454,570 HF hospitalizations were recorded from 2008 to 2021, more than a third of the total clinical admissions related to cardiovascular conditions. However, there was a decrease in the number of clinical admissions for HF, which went from 298,474 (157 per 100,000) in 2008 to 181,441 (85 per 100,000) in 2021. This decrease was uniform over the years, and it was not correlated with a reduction in healthcare costs. The decreased number of admissions and increased expenses represented higher costs per admission during the observed period (from 912 Brazilian reals in 2008 to 1,787 Brazilian reals in 2021).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most common precipitating factors for hospitalization of patients with acute decompensation of HF include acute coronary syndrome, atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias, superimposed cardiac disease (such as endocarditis), acute infections (such as pneumonia or urinary tract infection), non-adherence to diet or medication, anemia, hyper- or hypothyroidism, medications that increase sodium retention (such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), and medications with negative inotropic effects (for example, verapamil).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We observed a decrease in HF hospitalization rates, which could be interpreted as a result of successful health policies in Brazil. It is worth underscoring, however, that the presence of classic risk factors (systemic arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and family history of CVD) increases the likelihood of CVD, especially of ischemic etiology, emphasizing the importance of primary and secondary prevention. In a Brazilian study conducted between 2011 and 2012, the ischemic etiology of HF predominated in patients from the South (33.6%), Southeast (32.6%), and Northeast (31.9%) Regions. In the North Region, hypertensive etiology predominated (37.2%), and in the Center-West Region, Chagas disease (42.4%) predominated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of death in both sexes in Brazil, despite the decline in the prevalence and incidence of the disease over the past 20 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup>In 2021 in Brazil, the highest mortality rates due to ischemic heart disease were attributable to systemic arterial hypertension, around 37.6 per 100,000 inhabitants, followed by rates attributable to high serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 26.7 per 100,000 inhabitants. However, these rates remained stable between 1990 and 2021. Regarding the rates of mortality due to hypertensive heart disease, the main associated risk factors were systemic arterial hypertension (13.3 per 100,000 inhabitants) and elevated body mass index (7.5 per 100,000 inhabitants), however, with a 17.0% and 36.0% increase in mortality, respectively, between 1990 and 2021.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>Regarding Chagas disease, socioeconomic and environmental factors, housing conditions, and sanitation are still elements that impact the transmission of the disease in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>Thus, although some risk factors have shown to be stabilized, others have increased, with an impact on mortality due to heart diseases that lead to the syndrome of HF.</p>
        <p>Another important aspect to consider is the advent of drugs capable of modifying the clinical course of the syndrome, reducing the risk of hospitalization. Until 1987, the treatment of HF included a low-sodium diet, diuretics for manifestations of congestion, digoxin, and rest. However, none of these recommendations had an epidemiological or clinical basis; rather, they were based merely on the pathophysiological knowledge at that time, the pharmacological effects of the medications, and common sense.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>In 1987, a new era in HF treatment began, with the publication of the first randomized clinical trial using enalapril. This new drug was able to inhibit the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormonal axis involved in the cause, maintenance, and increased risk of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>In 1996, betablockers were identified as the second class of drugs capable of changing the natural history of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>In 1999, low-dose spironolactone, exploring its hormonal effect more than its diuretic effect, was the next drug to demonstrate a definitively proven benefit for HF prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>It was followed by angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors in 2014<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in 2019,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> </sup>which were considered innovative drugs in HF treatment because they demonstrated significant reductions in the risk of hospitalizations of approximately 40.0% to 45.0% and 30.0%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>Various medications are currently available through the SUS for HF treatment, including those with an impact on survival, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, betablockers, and aldosterone antagonists.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, more pronounced decreases in HF hospitalization rates were also observed between 2019 and 2021, which may have been due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Measures with the aim of reducing the transmission of COVID-19 affected the organization of health services, with reduced in-person care and recommendations that the population seek services only in cases of extreme necessity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> </sup></p>
        <p>In our study, there was an increase in mortality rates during HF hospitalizations between 2000 and 2021 in Brazil, which could reflect the fact that only more severe cases were hospitalized or the high frequency of comorbidities, especially in elderly patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>In Brazil, in-hospital mortality rates for HF were observed to be twice as high compared to records from the United States and Europe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>Deaths attributable to heart diseases have increased globally, in part due to increased recognition, diagnosis, and documentation of specific cardiomyopathies and cases of cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <p>We also observed a more pronounced increase in the rates of mortality during HF hospitalization in the age ranges from 60 to 79 years between 2019 and 2021. In 2020, we found a decrease in the absolute number of deaths due to CVD in Brazil, albeit with an increase in hospital mortality in all regions of the country, which may be related to several factors. Changes in the health system during the pandemic, for example, redirecting teams to care for patients with COVID-19, resulted in a reduction in consultations and elective surgeries. Furthermore, the delay in seeking medical care and the harmful effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the cardiovascular system may have contributed to increased clinical decompensation of patients with heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>With the pandemic, researchers have obtained better information about infection and myocardial injury related to inflammation and myocarditis. With the increasing ability to detect myocardial injury using biochemical and imaging diagnostic methods, in addition to a growing awareness of patterns of cardiotoxicity and injury, including inflammation, the incidence of HF will likely continue to increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the context of controlling risk factors, early diagnosis, adherence to HF treatment, and primary health care by the SUS play a fundamental role due to the longitudinal nature of care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>Furthermore, the implementation of health policies, for example, encouraging healthy lifestyle habits, primary and secondary prevention measures, and access to treatment for cardiovascular events, is an essential factor for controlling CVD worldwide.</p>
        <p>Regarding the limitations of this study, it is worth highlighting that the characterization of HF in the DATASUS database may be underestimated, given that some hospitalizations may have been due to the underlying disease that led to HF or other comorbidities and, therefore, may have been recorded under a different ICD-10 code. Moreover, the possibility of underreporting warrants attention, as diagnosis of HF may not adequately identify all cases, given that imaging and biochemical analyses are not available in all services and regions of Brazil.</p>
        <p>In spite of the limitations inherent to the use of secondary data, we emphasize the importance of approaching HF from an ecological perspective in this study with respect to measuring the impact of the disease on the SUS. The analysis of hospitalizations as one of the outcomes of HF provides relevant data for adapting outpatient disease control strategies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study found a decreasing trend in HF hospitalization rates and an increasing trend in mortality rates during hospitalization in all age ranges assessed, for both sexes, over the 22-year period (2000 to 2021).</p>
        <p>These data reflect the temporal trend of HF hospitalizations in Brazil during the period analyzed, allowing health specialists, managers, and epidemiologists, based on this scenario, to develop strategies to manage the disease and its risk factors in the coming decades.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study Association:</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p>For additional information, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0505_tabela_suplementar.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12206/2024-0505_tabela_suplementar.pdf</ext-link> <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en" mimetype="application" mime-subtype="pdf" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-06-e20240505-40505-suppl01-en.pdf"/> </p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of Funding:</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
