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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">F3YFQfpKfLJC4ZD5c9zHr7z</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500206</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250295</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00206</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ecos do Passado: A Intrigante Liga&#231;&#227;o entre a Doen&#231;a de Chagas e a Insulina</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; EBSMP, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Alian&#231;a</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Marcia M. Noya-Rabelo &#8226;</bold> Hospital Alian&#231;a &#8211; Diretoria M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. Juracy Magalh&#227;es J&#250;nior, 2096. CEP <postal-code>41920-180</postal-code>, Rio Vermelho, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marcianoya@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>04</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250295</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; atualmente classificada como uma das v&#225;rias doen&#231;as tropicais negligenciadas e como uma das cinco infec&#231;&#245;es parasit&#225;rias negligenciadas priorizadas pela Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de e pelo Centro de Controle de Doen&#231;as para interven&#231;&#227;o em sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Isso ressalta o fato de que o agente causador da tripanossom&#237;ase americana existe h&#225; aproximadamente 9.000 anos, com amostras positivas datando de 7050 a.C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O ciclo de vida do Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) compreende diversas transforma&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas envolvendo hospedeiros mam&#237;feros e vetores, onde tr&#234;s diferentes est&#225;gios principais de desenvolvimento s&#227;o identificados: epimastigotas, tripomastigotas e amastigotas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Tradicionalmente, sabe-se que o T. cruzi tem como alvo o cora&#231;&#227;o e o trato gastrointestinal; no entanto, seu parasitismo tamb&#233;m resulta em altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e efeitos pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios no tecido adiposo e no p&#226;ncreas.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, um estudo longitudinal de Barbosa-Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> avaliaram os n&#237;veis de insulina, adiponectina e leptina antes e depois do tratamento da doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda com benznidazol. Vinte e oito indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois grupos: um grupo controle (15 indiv&#237;duos) e um grupo com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda (13 indiv&#237;duos). Os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de adiponectina e leptina entre os grupos. Em contraste, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de insulina foram menores no grupo com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda, tanto antes quanto depois do tratamento, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis de insulina foram menores na fase p&#243;s-tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; fase pr&#233;-tratamento.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos examinaram as consequ&#234;ncias da infec&#231;&#227;o por T. cruzi na fun&#231;&#227;o pancre&#225;tica em roedores. Lenzi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> usou camundongos BALB/c infectados com a cepa CL de T. cruzi e sacrificados 15 dias ap&#243;s a infec&#231;&#227;o. Havia pancreatite intersticial difusa associada a edema, infiltra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos e macr&#243;fagos, especialmente ao redor dos ductos intralobulares, e atrofia lobular, sugerindo perda de c&#233;lulas acinares. Por outro lado, outro grupo encontrou ninhos de amastigotas em ilhotas, bem como em ductos pancre&#225;ticos e &#225;cinos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de amastigotas no p&#226;ncreas end&#243;crino e ex&#243;crino foi confirmada em camundongos infectados em um estudo separado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O grupo de Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> empregando um modelo de hamster, investigou as consequ&#234;ncias da infec&#231;&#227;o por T. cruzi nas c&#233;lulas &#946; pancre&#225;ticas. Os n&#237;veis de glicose sangu&#237;nea e insulina circulantes foram coletados dos animais durante a fase aguda, bem como na fase cr&#244;nica. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de insulina foram significativamente menores em 6 dos 8 animais infectados, tanto na fase aguda quanto na cr&#244;nica, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os animais controle n&#227;o infectados, de modo que, em geral, os animais infectados apresentaram n&#237;veis de insulina mais baixos em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. A hipoinsulinemia j&#225; havia sido descrita por outros autores em modelos murinos, e as causas podem ser multifatoriais, como consequ&#234;ncia do parasitismo do p&#226;ncreas e da inflama&#231;&#227;o, fibrose e atrofia do par&#234;nquima subsequente; insulinite;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> ganglionite intrapancre&#225;tica;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> anormalidades na inerva&#231;&#227;o pancre&#225;tica, especialmente envolvendo o sistema nervoso parassimp&#225;tico;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e altera&#231;&#227;o do eixo enteroinsular relacionada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O papel do T. cruzi na regula&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina durante a infec&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas &#946; n&#227;o foi estudado extensivamente em humanos ou em modelos animais. A revis&#227;o dos estudos atuais em humanos sobre se a infec&#231;&#227;o por T. cruzi leva &#224; hiperglicemia e diabetes, por outro lado, &#233; inconclusiva. Al&#233;m disso, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina n&#227;o se correlacionou consistentemente com o aumento da preval&#234;ncia de hiperglicemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>At&#233; o momento, nossa compreens&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o hormonal em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas derivou principalmente de um n&#250;mero limitado de estudos cl&#237;nicos, muitos dos quais com amostras pequenas. Este artigo oferece novos insights sobre a complexa fisiopatologia da doen&#231;a de Chagas, adicionando informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os n&#237;veis de insulina durante a fase aguda em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Tamb&#233;m precisamos examinar em que medida a regula&#231;&#227;o e as a&#231;&#245;es do Trypanosoma cruzi s&#227;o redundantes ou &#250;nicas em diferentes &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. &#201; crucial avaliar se mecanismos de controle seletivo em diferentes tecidos est&#227;o envolvidos, exigindo coordena&#231;&#227;o em um n&#237;vel mais global. Por exemplo, considerar o papel da abund&#226;ncia e da sensibilidade &#224; insulina como mediadores de intera&#231;&#245;es hospedeiro-parasita de amplo alcance pode abrir caminho para novas estrat&#233;gias de controle parasit&#225;rio.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis de Insulina em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Aguda na Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira Tratados com Benznidazol</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250295i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Echoes of the Past: The Intriguing Link between Chagas Disease and Insulin</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6800-8100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Noya-Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcia M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto D&#8217;Or de Ensino e Pesquisa (IDOR), Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; EBSMP, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Alian&#231;a, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Marcia M. Noya-Rabelo &#8226;</bold> Hospital Alian&#231;a &#8211; Diretoria M&#233;dica &#8211; Av. Juracy Magalh&#227;es J&#250;nior, 2096. Postal Code <postal-code>41920-180</postal-code>, Rio Vermelho, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>marcianoya@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Insulin</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Chagas Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chagas disease is currently classified as one of several neglected tropical diseases and as one of the five neglected parasitic infections prioritized by the World Health Organization and the Center for Disease Control for public health intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This underscores the fact that the causative agent of American trypanosomiasis has existed for approximately 9.000 years, with positive samples dating back to 7050 B.C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The life cycle of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi)</italic> comprises several morphological transformations involving both mammalian and vector hosts, where three different major developmental stages are identified: epimastigotes, trypomastigotes, and amastigotes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Traditionally, <italic>T. cruzi</italic> is known to target the heart and gastrointestinal tract; however, its parasitism also results in structural changes and pro-inflammatory effects in adipose tissue and the pancreas.</p>
      <p>In this edition of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, a longitudinal study by Barbosa-Ferreira et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> evaluated the levels of insulin, adiponectin, and leptin before and after treatment of acute Chagas disease with benznidazole. Twenty-eight subjects were divided into two groups: a control group (15 subjects) and an acute Chagas disease group (13 subjects). The authors found no significant differences in serum levels of adiponectin and leptin between the groups. In contrast, serum levels of insulin were lower in the acute Chagas group, both before and after treatment, compared to the control group. Additionally, insulin levels were lower in the post-treatment phase compared to the pre-treatment phase.</p>
      <p>Several studies have examined the consequences of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection on pancreatic function in rodents. Lenzi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> infected BALB/c mice with the CL strain of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> and sacrificed 15 days post-infection. There was diffuse interstitial pancreatitis associated with edema, infiltration of monocytes and macrophages, especially around intralobular ducts, and lobular atrophy, suggesting acinar cell loss. On the other hand, another group found amastigote nests in islets as well as pancreatic ducts and acini.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Presence of amastigotes in both the endocrine and exocrine pancreas was confirmed in infected mice in a separate study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The Santos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> group, employing a hamster model, investigated the consequence of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection on pancreatic &#946; cells. Blood glucose and insulin levels in circulation were sampled in the animals during the acute phase as well as in the chronic phase. Plasma insulin concentrations were significantly lower in 6 out of 8 infected animals during both acute and chronic infection compared to uninfected control animals, so that overall, infected animals displayed lower insulin levels compared to controls. Hypoinsulinemia had already been described by other authors in murine models, and the causes may be multifactorial, such as a consequence of parasitism of the pancreas and of inflammation, fibrosis and atrophy of the subsequent parenchyma; insulinitis;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> intrapancreatic ganglionitis;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> abnormalities in pancreatic innervation, especially involving the parasympathetic nervous system;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and alteration of the enteroinsular axis related to autonomic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The role of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> in regulating insulin secretion during infection of &#946; cells has not been studied extensively in either humans or animal models. Review of the current human studies as to whether <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection leads to hyperglycemia and diabetes, on the other hand, is inconclusive. In addition, decreased insulin secretion did not consistently correlate with increased prevalence of hyperglycemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To date, our understanding of hormone secretion in patients with Chagas disease has primarily been derived from a limited number of clinical studies, many of which have small sample sizes. This article offers new insights into the complex pathophysiology of Chagas disease by adding information on insulin levels during the acute phase in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>We also need to examine the extent to which the regulation and actions of <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> are either redundant or unique across different target organs. It is crucial to address whether selective control mechanisms in various tissues are involved, requiring coordination on a more global level. For instance, considering the role of insulin abundance and sensitivity as mediators of broad-range host-parasite interactions could pave the way for new strategies in parasitic control.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Decreased Insulin Levels in Patients with Acute Chagas Disease from Brazilian Amazon treated with Benznidazole</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
