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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6smFd5fjbv8zwBv5tPk5cPH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250277</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma Nova Era na Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Hipertens&#227;o: An&#225;lise N&#227;o Invasiva da Press&#227;o Central e das Ondas Intracranianas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6330-697X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia e Endocrinologia Rio Preto Ltda</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Endocrinologia Rio Preto Ltda, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#8211; Medicina - Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416. CEP <postal-code>15090-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>yugarjuan@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250277</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Forma de Onda Intracraniana</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Cerebrovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o arterial e fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral (FSC) tem sido extensivamente estudada devido ao papel que a press&#227;o arterial (PA) desempenha na manuten&#231;&#227;o de uma perfus&#227;o cerebral adequada. A autorregula&#231;&#227;o cerebral &#233; o mecanismo pelo qual o FSC permanece relativamente constante, apesar das varia&#231;&#245;es na press&#227;o de perfus&#227;o. Em indiv&#237;duos normotensos, a faixa de autorregula&#231;&#227;o situa-se aproximadamente entre press&#245;es arteriais m&#233;dias de 60 a 150 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em pacientes hipertensos, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que essa curva se desloca para valores mais altos, fazendo com que: a) O c&#233;rebro hipertenso tolere press&#245;es sangu&#237;neas mais altas antes que ocorra vasodilata&#231;&#227;o ou vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o; b) Por outro lado, quedas abruptas da PA podem resultar em hipoperfus&#227;o cerebral, uma vez que o limiar inferior para autorregula&#231;&#227;o pode ser maior.</p>
    <p>A hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica desencadeia uma s&#233;rie de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais nos vasos cerebrais que comprometem o fluxo sangu&#237;neo adequado. A remodela&#231;&#227;o vascular &#233; uma caracter&#237;stica marcante: art&#233;rias e arter&#237;olas cerebrais sob alta press&#227;o sofrem espessamento da parede muscular e estreitamento do l&#250;men, levando a um aumento na rela&#231;&#227;o parede/l&#250;men dos vasos, reduzindo a complac&#234;ncia vascular e dificultando a regula&#231;&#227;o do fluxo. Essa remodela&#231;&#227;o "para dentro" reduz o di&#226;metro interno dos vasos e aumenta a resist&#234;ncia cerebrovascular, o que pode limitar o fluxo, especialmente quando a perfus&#227;o &#233; cr&#237;tica (por exemplo, durante epis&#243;dios isqu&#234;micos).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudos indicam que essa remodela&#231;&#227;o &#233; impulsionada por fatores neuro-humorais elevados na hipertens&#227;o, incluindo a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona e o estresse oxidativo elevado, que promove a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas vasculares e a deposi&#231;&#227;o de matriz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, modelos experimentais de hipertens&#227;o demonstraram rarefa&#231;&#227;o microvascular, ou seja, redu&#231;&#227;o na densidade de arter&#237;olas e capilares cerebrais. Em modelos animais hipertensos, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; 25% a 50% no n&#250;mero de pequenas art&#233;rias piais e capilares intracerebrais, o que reduz a rede de perfus&#227;o dispon&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Do ponto de vista funcional, a hipertens&#227;o tamb&#233;m causa disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e altera&#231;&#227;o da reatividade vascular. Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, o endot&#233;lio libera fatores vasodilatadores e vasoconstritores, como o &#243;xido n&#237;trico, para ajustar o calibre arterial de acordo com as necessidades metab&#243;licas. Na hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico &#233; reduzida e h&#225; um desequil&#237;brio em outras vias vasodilatadoras, resultando em uma resposta vasodilatadora prejudicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As abordagens sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e FSC t&#234;m se beneficiado dos avan&#231;os nas t&#233;cnicas de imagem e m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o funcional, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica funcional para analisar a perfus&#227;o cerebral (ASL &#8211; Arterial Spin Labeling) e a reatividade cerebral a est&#237;mulos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o doppler transcraniano: que permite avaliar a velocidade do fluxo nas art&#233;rias cerebrais e estimar a autorregula&#231;&#227;o din&#226;mica;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e a tomografia por emiss&#227;o de p&#243;sitrons: que pode quantificar o metabolismo e a perfus&#227;o cerebral com maior precis&#227;o, mas &#233; mais custosa e menos dispon&#237;vel. Esses m&#233;todos ajudam a identificar altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas e estruturais decorrentes da hipertens&#227;o em est&#225;gios iniciais, permitindo interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas mais eficazes.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, um fen&#244;meno bastante estudado, mas pouco valorizado na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, &#233; a forma de onda da press&#227;o intracraniana (PIC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Varia&#231;&#245;es na PIC foram demonstradas de acordo com altera&#231;&#245;es no volume e press&#227;o intracranianos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recentemente, foi desenvolvida uma t&#233;cnica n&#227;o invasiva que avalia deforma&#231;&#245;es microm&#233;tricas do cr&#226;nio ao longo do ciclo card&#237;aco e &#233; capaz de reproduzir a PIC, com forte correla&#231;&#227;o com a morfologia invasiva da forma de onda da PIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A correla&#231;&#227;o entre os valores da PIC m&#233;dia e a rela&#231;&#227;o P2/P1 &#233; linear de acordo com estudos publicados por Moraes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e Brasil et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No trabalho, intitulado " Avalia&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o Invasiva da Press&#227;o Arterial Central e da Forma de Onda Intracraniana em Pacientes Hipertensos: Um Estudo Transversal",<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> os autores estudaram pacientes hipertensos utilizando um novo m&#233;todo de mensura&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva da press&#227;o intracraniana. Esse m&#233;todo foi realizado com os pacientes em dec&#250;bito dorsal e monitorados por sete minutos. Utilizando a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva b4c, o ponto de corte identificado para definir a hipertens&#227;o intracraniana (HTIC) pela raz&#227;o P2/P1 foi &#8805; 1,2, enquanto o ponto de corte para tempo para o pico (TPP) foi &#8805; 0,25 segundos. Os valores de P2/P1 de 1,0 a 1,19 e os valores de TPP de 0,20 a 0,24 segundos foram considerados zona cinzenta de complac&#234;ncia intracraniana anormal, mas n&#227;o HTIC.</p>
    <p>Foi realizada uma an&#225;lise para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre HTIC e valores centrais de PA e velocidade de onda de pulso. Valores mais elevados de cPAS (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica), cPAD (press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) e pPAD foram encontrados em pacientes com HTIC, avaliados pelo crit&#233;rio da raz&#227;o P2/P1. Ao definir o HTIC por TPP &#8805; 0,25 segundos, tanto a PAD central quanto a perif&#233;rica foram maiores nesses pacientes. Neste estudo, os autores encontraram uma mediana da raz&#227;o P2/P1 de 1,4 (1,2-1,5) e um valor mediano de TPP de 0,24 (0,21-0,29) segundos na popula&#231;&#227;o analisada.</p>
    <p>Os autores n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as nos valores m&#233;dios da raz&#227;o P2/P1 e TPP nas vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas registradas, exceto pela diferen&#231;a feminina observada quanto a um maior TPP na popula&#231;&#227;o feminina. Um ponto importante &#233; que a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral e dem&#234;ncia &#233; maior entre as mulheres, e os achados de maior TPP neste estudo, bem como a maior raz&#227;o P2/P1, apoiam a hip&#243;tese de que a capacidade autorregulat&#243;ria da press&#227;o intracraniana e a permeabilidade da barreira hematoencef&#225;lica s&#227;o afetadas de forma diferente em homens e mulheres.</p>
    <p>Por fim, na an&#225;lise considerando os pontos de corte de 1,2 e 0,25 seg para P2/P1 e TPP, os autores encontraram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica da cPAS, cPAD e pPAD na detec&#231;&#227;o dessas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o a P2/P1; A cPAD e a pPAD foram capazes de detectar essas diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o ao TPP, e os mesmos par&#226;metros mantiveram uma correla&#231;&#227;o moderada e significativa entre as medidas de PA e as vari&#225;veis da PIC.</p>
    <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o dessas tecnologias pode transformar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, tornando-a mais acess&#237;vel e menos desconfort&#225;vel para os pacientes. No entanto, desafios como custo e treinamento especializado ainda precisam ser superados para que essas ferramentas sejam amplamente adotadas. O futuro da medicina parece promissor com avan&#231;os como esse, que priorizam a seguran&#231;a e o bem-estar do paciente.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o Invasiva da Press&#227;o Arterial Central e da Forma de Onda Intracraniana em Pacientes Hipertensos: Um Estudo Transversal</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250277i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A New Era of Hypertension Assessment: Non-Invasive Central and Intracranial Waveform Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6583-6536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
            <given-names>Juan Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6330-697X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Heitor</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia e Endocrinologia Rio Preto Ltda, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo</bold> &#8226; Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto &#8211; Medicina - Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416. Postal Code <postal-code>15090-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP - Brazil E-mail: <email>yugarjuan@uol.com.br</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Forma de Onda Intracraniana</kwd>
        <kwd>Circula&#231;&#227;o Cerebrovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The relationship between arterial hypertension and cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been extensively studied due to the role that blood pressure plays in maintaining adequate cerebral perfusion. Cerebral autoregulation is the mechanism by which cerebral blood flow remains relatively constant despite variations in perfusion pressure. In normotensive individuals, the autoregulation range is approximately between mean arterial pressures of 60 to 150 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In hypertensive patients, there is evidence that this curve shifts to higher values, causing: a) The hypertensive brain to tolerate higher blood pressures before vasodilation or vasoconstriction occurs; b) On the other hand, abrupt drops in blood pressure can result in cerebral hypoperfusion, since the lower threshold for autoregulation may be higher.</p>
      <p>Chronic hypertension triggers a series of structural and functional changes in cerebral vessels that compromise adequate blood flow. Vascular remodeling is a striking feature: cerebral arteries and arterioles under high pressure undergo thickening of the muscular wall and narrowing of the lumen, leading to an increase in the wall/lumen ratio of the vessels, reducing vascular compliance and making flow regulation difficult. This "inward" remodeling reduces the internal diameter of the vessels and increases cerebrovascular resistance, which can limit flow, especially when perfusion is critical (for example, during ischemic episodes).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Studies indicate that this remodelling is driven by elevated neurohumoral factors in hypertension, including activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and elevated oxidative stress, which promotes vascular cell proliferation and matrix deposition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition, experimental models of hypertension have shown microvascular rarefaction &#8211; that is, a reduction in the density of cerebral arterioles and capillaries. In hypertensive animal models, up to 25&#8211;50% decrease in the number of small pial arteries and intracerebral capillaries has been observed, which reduces the available perfusion network.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> From a functional point of view, hypertension also causes endothelial dysfunction and altered vascular reactivity. Under normal conditions, the endothelium releases both vasodilatory and vasoconstrictor factors, such as nitric oxide, to adjust arterial caliber according to metabolic needs. In chronic hypertension, nitric oxide bioavailability is reduced, and there is an imbalance in other vasodilatory pathways, resulting in an impaired vasodilatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The approaches to the relationship between hypertension and cerebral blood flow have benefited from advances in imaging techniques and functional assessment methods, such as Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to analyze cerebral perfusion (ASL &#8211; Arterial Spin Labeling) and brain reactivity to stimuli;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Transcranial Doppler (TCD): which makes it possible to assess flow velocity in cerebral arteries and estimate dynamic autoregulation;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and PET (Positron Emission Tomography): which can quantify cerebral metabolism and perfusion with greater precision, but is more costly and less available. These methods help to identify hemodynamic and structural changes resulting from hypertension in the early stages, allowing more effective preventive interventions.</p>
      <p>However, a well-studied phenomenon but little valued in clinical practice is the intracranial pressure (ICP) waveform.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Variations in ICP have been demonstrated according to changes in intracranial volume and pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Recently, a non-invasive technique was developed that evaluates micrometric deformations of the skull throughout the cardiac cycle and is capable of reproducing ICP, with a strong correlation with the invasive morphology of the ICP waveform.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The correlation between mean ICP values and the P2/P1 ratio is linear according to studies published by Moraes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and Brasil et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the work entitled "Non-Invasive Central Blood Pressure and Intracranial Waveform Assessment in Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study" the authors studied hypertensive patients using a new method for non-invasive intracranial pressure measurement. This method was performed with patients in a lying position and monitored for seven minutes. Using the b4c non-invasive evaluation, the cut-off point identified to define intracranial hypertension (ICHT) by the P2/P1 ratio was &#8805; 1.2, while the cut-off for TTP was &#8805; 0.25 seconds. The values of P2/P1 from 1.0 to 1.19 and the TTP values from 0.20 to 0.24 seconds were considered a grey zone of abnormal intracranial compliance but not ICHT.</p>
      <p>Analysis was performed to study the association between ICHT and central BP and PWV values. Higher cSBP, cDBP, and pDBP were found in patients with ICHT assessed by the P2/P1 ratio values criterion. When ICHT was defined by TTP &#8805; 0.25 seconds, both central and peripheral DBP were higher in these patients. In this study, the authors found a median P2/P1 ratio of 1.4 (1.2 &#8211; 1.5) and a median TTP value of 0.24 (0.21 &#8211; 0.29) seconds in the analyzed population.</p>
      <p>The authors found no differences in the mean values of the P2/P1 ratio and TTP in the recorded sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical variables except for the female difference observed regarding a greater TTP in the female population. An important point is that the incidence of stroke and dementia is higher among females, and the findings of greater TTP in this study, as well as the greater P2/P1 ratio, support the hypothesis that the autoregulatory capacity of intracranial pressure and BBB permeability are differently affected in males and females.</p>
      <p>Finally, in the analysis considering the cut-offs of 1.2 and 0.25 sec for P2/P1 and TTP, the authors found the statistical significance of cSBP, cDBP, and pDBP in detecting these differences concerning P2/P1; cDBP and pDBP were able to detect these differences concerning TTP, and the same parameters maintained a moderate and significant correlation between the BP measurements and ICP variables.</p>
      <p>The implementation of these technologies can transform clinical practice, making it more accessible and less uncomfortable for patients. However, challenges such as cost and specialized training still need to be overcome for these tools to be widely adopted. The future of medicine looks promising with advances like this, which prioritize patient safety and well-being.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Non-Invasive Central Blood Pressure and Intracranial Waveform Assessment in Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
