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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">D6qFqNnYwhcmjKv3Db6BbKt</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00201</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250179</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial e Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. CEP 04026-000, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>rmspovoa@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250179</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>H&#225; alguns anos acreditava-se que o endot&#233;lio era simplesmente o revestimento interno dos vasos representando uma simples barreira mec&#226;nica. Hoje s&#227;o profundas as evid&#234;ncias da import&#226;ncia desta fina camada de c&#233;lulas na regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular, e em diversas outras fun&#231;&#245;es, principalmente no crescimento celular, intera&#231;&#227;o entre leuc&#243;citos, inflama&#231;&#227;o tecidual e s&#237;ntese de subst&#226;ncias vaso reguladoras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A regula&#231;&#227;o do t&#244;nus vascular envolve a via de sinaliza&#231;&#227;o do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) com fortes propriedades vasodilatadoras, anti-inflamat&#243;rias e antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um endot&#233;lio saud&#225;vel &#233; importante para uma boa homeostase vascular, visto que a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial desempenha um papel significativo na patog&#234;nese de muitas doen&#231;as tais como a hipertens&#227;o arterial e pulmonar, cardiomiopatias, vasculites e de forma bastante objetiva na forma&#231;&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A biodisponibilidade do NO &#233; considerada como um dos fatores cr&#237;ticos no paciente hipertenso, inclusive em fases iniciais da doen&#231;a e n&#227;o s&#243; no evento final da disfun&#231;&#227;o que &#233; a aterosclerose.</p>
    <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial est&#225; diretamente correlacionada com os eventos cardiovasculares, e a detec&#231;&#227;o e quantifica&#231;&#227;o se tornam necess&#225;rias. Atualmente, a recupera&#231;&#227;o da integridade vascular se tornou tamb&#233;m um novo alvo terap&#234;utico no vasto complexo do grupo de fatores de risco da aterosclerose. Assim, uma estrat&#233;gia para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode fornecer maiores detalhes na preven&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares. V&#225;rios m&#233;todos n&#227;o invasivos foram desenvolvidos, entre os quais a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (DMF) da art&#233;ria braquial, que &#233; a pr&#225;tica mais utilizada na cl&#237;nica podendo avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es desde as fases iniciais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste trabalho elegante de Tessier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> foi avaliada a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial utilizando a DMF em pacientes hipertensos e se compararam diversos par&#226;metros laboratoriais nos grupos de hipertensos resistentes e n&#227;o resistentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Encontraram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e positiva entre DMF com o LDL-colesterol e os triglicer&#237;deos. Este tipo de ideia &#233; bastante interessante, pois analisando uma mesma doen&#231;a, ou fator de risco bem pontual associado, podemos evidenciar outros par&#226;metros agravantes do risco cardiovascular. Al&#233;m do mais a avalia&#231;&#227;o da DMF da art&#233;ria braquial tem boa correla&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e quando comprometida se associa com a incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Isto foi estudado por Matsuzawa et al. em uma metan&#225;lise onde os diversos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial n&#227;o invasivos, inclusive a DMF previam significantemente eventos cardiovasculares, e todos com magnitude progn&#243;stica semelhante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Alguns estudos avaliaram a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial na hipertens&#227;o arterial, por&#233;m os mecanismos envolvidos s&#227;o bastante complexos devido &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as tamb&#233;m consideradas inflamat&#243;rias como a diabetes e as dislipidemias. Em todos estes processos patol&#243;gicos a rela&#231;&#227;o com o estresse oxidativo &#233; intensa, ocorrendo redu&#231;&#227;o do NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo de Tessier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> as altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas, com o encontro da rela&#231;&#227;o do LDL-colesterol e triglic&#233;rides com a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial refor&#231;a o conceito de que perturba&#231;&#245;es decorrentes destes est&#237;mulos se devem &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO e propor&#231;&#245;es desequilibradas de subst&#226;ncias vasodilatadoras/vasoconstritoras endoteliais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esses desvios s&#227;o precursores de aumento do risco cardiovascular e sinalizam o in&#237;cio da forma&#231;&#227;o da placa gordurosa. Diversos estudos j&#225; mostraram de forma bem evidente que esta lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade e os triglic&#233;rides s&#227;o fatores de risco bem estabelecidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es lip&#237;dicas induzem a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial ao intensificar a inflama&#231;&#227;o e o estresse oxidativo, que &#233; o passo inicial para a aterosclerose, e podem resultar nas complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares j&#225; bem estabelecidas como o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e o acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No paciente hipertenso seja resistente ou n&#227;o, a associa&#231;&#227;o destes outros fatores que agridem o endot&#233;lio podem ser o in&#237;cio ou acelerar um processo ateroscler&#243;tico inicial e evoluir para as grandes complica&#231;&#245;es vasculares. Apesar de n&#227;o ser simples as interrela&#231;&#245;es destes componentes lip&#237;dicos e hipertensivos, &#233; importante interromper este processo com o tratamento adequado das diversas comorbidades, atingindo as metas preconizadas nas diretrizes. Seguramente a via final comum da interven&#231;&#227;o &#233; a melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
    <p>Infelizmente, a hipertens&#227;o arterial continua sendo uma crise de sa&#250;de global, ainda configurando o principal fator de risco modific&#225;vel no desenvolvimento e progress&#227;o das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Apesar de existirem diversas classes de anti-hipertensivos eficientes e seguros a maioria dos hipertensos n&#227;o atingem a meta press&#243;rica desej&#225;vel. Estrat&#233;gias destinadas ao diagn&#243;stico e preven&#231;&#227;o da disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e da redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de NO com certeza ter&#227;o um impacto positivo na sa&#250;de na maioria dos hipertensos.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p> Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial por Dilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (FMD) na Art&#233;ria Braquial em Hipertensos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250179i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endothelial Function and Arterial Hypertension</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4295-9151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>P&#243;voa</surname>
            <given-names>Rui</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Rui P&#243;voa &#8226; Rua Jos&#233; de Magalh&#227;es, 340. Postal Code 04026-000, Vila Clementino, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: rmspovoa@cardiol.br </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>A few years ago, it was believed that the endothelium was simply the inner lining of blood vessels, representing a simple mechanical barrier. Today, there is profound evidence of the importance of this thin layer of cells in the regulation of vascular tone and in several other functions, mainly in cell growth, interaction between leukocytes, tissue inflammation, and synthesis of vasoregulatory substances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The regulation of vascular tone involves the nitric oxide (NO) signaling pathway, which has strong vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A healthy endothelium is important for good vascular homeostasis since endothelial dysfunction plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as arterial and pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathies, vasculitis, and, quite objectively, in the formation of atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The bioavailability of NO is considered one of the critical factors in hypertensive patients, including in the early stages of the disease and not only in the final event of the dysfunction, which is atherosclerosis.</p>
      <p>Endothelial dysfunction is directly correlated with cardiovascular events, and detection and quantification are necessary. Currently, the recovery of vascular integrity has also become a new therapeutic target in the vast complex of atherosclerosis risk factors. Thus, a strategy for the evaluation of endothelial function can provide greater details in the prevention of cardiovascular events. Several noninvasive methods have been developed, among which flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, which is the most widely used practice in the clinic and can evaluate changes from the initial phases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this elegant work of Tessier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> endothelial function was assessed using FMD in hypertensive patients, and several laboratory parameters were compared in the groups of resistant and non-resistant hypertensive patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> They found a significant and positive correlation between FMD and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. This type of idea is quite interesting because by analyzing the same disease or a very specific associated risk factor, we can highlight other parameters that aggravate cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, the assessment of FMD of the brachial artery has a good correlation with the endothelial function of the coronary arteries and, when compromised, is associated with the incidence of coronary events in the long term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This was studied by Matsuzawa et al. in a meta-analysis where several noninvasive endothelial function tests, including FMD, significantly predicted cardiovascular events and all with similar prognostic magnitude.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Some studies have evaluated endothelial dysfunction in arterial hypertension, but the mechanisms involved are quite complex due to the association of diseases also considered inflammatory, such as diabetes and dyslipidemia. In all these pathological processes, the relationship with oxidative stress is intense, with a reduction in NO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>This study of Tessier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>lipid alterations, with the finding of the relationship between LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and endothelial dysfunction, reinforces the concept that disturbances resulting from these stimuli are due to decreased NO production and unbalanced proportions of endothelial vasodilator/vasoconstrictor substances.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> These deviations are precursors to increased cardiovascular risk and signal the beginning of the formation of fatty plaque. Several studies have already clearly shown that low-density lipoprotein and triglycerides are well-established risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Lipid alterations induce endothelial dysfunction by intensifying inflammation and oxidative stress, which is the initial step towards atherosclerosis and can result in well-established cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In hypertensive patients, whether resistant or not, the combination of these other factors that attack the endothelium can be the beginning or accelerate an initial atherosclerotic process and evolve into major vascular complications. Although the interrelationships between these lipid and hypertensive components are not simple, it is important to interrupt this process with the appropriate treatment of the various comorbidities, achieving the goals recommended in the guidelines. Surely, the final common route of intervention is the improvement of endothelial function.</p>
      <p>Unfortunately, hypertension remains a global health crisis and is still the main modifiable risk factor for the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Although there are several classes of effective and safe antihypertensive drugs, most hypertensive patients do not achieve the desired blood pressure target. Strategies aimed at diagnosing and preventing endothelial dysfunction and reducing NO production will certainly have a positive impact on the health of most hypertensive patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Endothelial Function by Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) in the Brachial Artery in Hypertensive Patients</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
