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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">h3gq94vfDcJ8XsR7VYkxfhD</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250070</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>S&#237;ndrome Vasopl&#233;gica sob Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea: Tratamento Bem-Sucedido com Azul de Metileno</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7946-0266</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aydin</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0252-2174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Katlan</surname>
            <given-names>Banu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4746-6986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kesici</surname>
            <given-names>Selman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hacettepe University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiovascular Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hacettepe University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University - Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ahmet Aydin</bold> &#8226; Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Hacettepe Mahallesi, <postal-code>06230</postal-code>, Ankara - Turquia E-mail: <email>ahmetcamsu@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>05</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250070</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica &#233; um estado de hipotens&#227;o que se desenvolve devido &#224; baixa resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica e est&#225; associada a uma alta taxa de mortalidade. O azul de metileno &#233; conhecido por melhorar a hipotens&#227;o e reduzir os requisitos de vasopressores ao aumentar a resist&#234;ncia na vasoplegia pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase. Aqui, pretendemos relatar o uso e a efic&#225;cia do azul de metileno para tratar cinco casos de s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica gravemente hipotensivos, apesar da oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea. Conclu&#237;mos que o azul de metileno pode ser usado como um tratamento salva-vidas para a s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica refrat&#225;ria aos tratamentos de suporte padr&#227;o, incluindo a oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Vasoplegia</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Azul de Metileno</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="21"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome vasopl&#233;gica (SV) &#233; uma hipotens&#227;o arterial grave com alta mortalidade. As caracter&#237;sticas mais caracter&#237;sticas s&#227;o baixa resist&#234;ncia vascular sist&#234;mica (RVS) e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco (DC) normal ou alto. A redu&#231;&#227;o da RVS &#233; o principal mecanismo fisiopatol&#243;gico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Uma resposta inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica (RIS), caracterizada por hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o celular, defici&#234;ncia relativa de vasopressina com aumento dos n&#237;veis de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) induz&#237;vel, desempenha um papel na diminui&#231;&#227;o da RVS. Os fatores de risco conhecidos s&#227;o transfus&#227;o de sangue, circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC), trauma, transplante, queimadura, sepse e uso de medicamentos espec&#237;ficos, como inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina, bloqueadores dos canais de c&#225;lcio (CCB), antagonista da angiotensina II, heparina, amiodarona, aprotinina e protamina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Volume intravenoso e vasopressores, azul de metileno (AM) e hidroxocobalamina em altas doses s&#227;o usados no tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Sabe-se que aumenta a RVS pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da NO sintase e, consequentemente, melhora a hipotens&#227;o no SV e reduz as necessidades de vasopressores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, h&#225; informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas dispon&#237;veis sobre o tratamento da hipotens&#227;o refrat&#225;ria em pacientes submetidos &#224; oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO). Recentemente, tem havido um interesse crescente no uso de AM para o tratamento do SV que se desenvolve durante a ECMO. Neste contexto, apresentamos casos em que AM foi empregado para tratar efetivamente pacientes gravemente hipotensos, apesar do suporte de ECMO na presen&#231;a de SV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>S&#233;rie de casos</title>
      <p>Este estudo inclui dados de pacientes entre os anos de 2004 e 2013 que receberam AM devido a SV enquanto estavam em suporte de ECMO, e est&#225; em conformidade com a discuss&#227;o sobre as diretrizes e normas regulat&#243;rias de pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos; Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de, Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF. Resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012. (Hacettepe Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio, N&#250;mero de Aprova&#231;&#227;o: 2019/25-28 data: 22/10/2019). Todos os participantes forneceram consentimento informado.</p>
      <p>O AM foi administrado com Bluemet 100 mg/10 ml (Vem &#304;la&#231;, Istambul, Turquia).</p>
      <p>Os dados inclu&#237;ram idade, sexo, peso, diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio, fluxo de ECMO, dura&#231;&#227;o, sinais vitais, escore de inotr&#243;pico vasoativo (EIV) antes e depois do tratamento com AM, par&#226;metros laboratoriais (gases sangu&#237;neos e fun&#231;&#245;es org&#226;nicas) e resultado.</p>
      <p>O EIV &#233; calculado da seguinte forma:</p>
      <disp-formula id="eq1">
        <mml:math display="block" id="m1">
          <mml:menclose notation="box">
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mtable>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>dopamina</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>dobutamina</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>epinefrina</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>milrinona</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>norepinefrina</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtd>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mn>10.000</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>vasopressina</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>U</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
              </mml:mtable>
            </mml:mrow>
          </mml:menclose>
        </mml:math>
      </disp-formula>
      <p>Cinco pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 45,8 &#177; 29,2 anos (13-91 anos). Tr&#234;s (60%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino. O diagn&#243;stico prim&#225;rio incluiu doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria (n: 1), doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca grave (n: 2), infec&#231;&#227;o por COVID-19 (n: 1) e intoxica&#231;&#227;o por CCB (n: 1). A indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO foi baixo DC em todos os pacientes. A dura&#231;&#227;o mediana do suporte de ECMO foi de 2,6 &#177; 1,8 dias (1-6 dias). Tr&#234;s pacientes foram desmamados do suporte de ECMO e 2 pacientes morreram. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente e resultados da ECMO com azul de metileno</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="16%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Paciente n&#176;.</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">1</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">2</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">3</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">4</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">5</th>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
              <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Idade/G&#234;nero</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62/M</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47/F</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">13 /F</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16 /M</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91/ M</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Peso</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70 kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62 kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45 kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">70 kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">81 kg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Diagn&#243;stico Primer</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">RM grave</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">MIS-C</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Intoxica&#231;&#227;o por CCBs.</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">EA cr&#237;tica</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOS p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOS p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOS</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOS p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Par&#226;metros ECMO</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Taxa de fluxo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,7 L/minuto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 L/minuto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,5 L/minuto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 L/minuto</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 L/minuto</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RPM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2500</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3000</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2500</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2500</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3000</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Fio2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Azul de metileno</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Dose</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 mg/kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 mg/kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 mg/kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 mg/kg</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 mg/kg</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Dose &#250;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Dose &#250;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 dose</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Dose &#250;nica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 doses</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Efeitos colaterais</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Nenhum</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Escore Inotr&#243;pico Vasoativo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Antes do AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">30 min de infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">60 min de infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">30 min ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">60 min ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4 horas ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">8 horas ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">12 horas ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">24 horas ap&#243;s a infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2 dias ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de AM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
            </tr>
            <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o da ECMO</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 dias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1 dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6 dias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 dias</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4 horas</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                <bold>Resultado</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Descarregado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Descarregado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Descarregado</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Morte cerebral</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sa&#237;da</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>ECMO: oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea; AM: azul de metileno; CHD: doen&#231;a card&#237;aca coron&#225;ria; MR: regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral; MIS-C: s&#237;ndrome inflamat&#243;ria multissist&#234;mica em crian&#231;as; CCBs: bloqueadores de canais de c&#225;lcio; EA: estenose a&#243;rtica; RPM: revolu&#231;&#245;es por minuto.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Imediatamente ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico de SV ser considerado, AM foi iniciado em uma dose de 1-2 mg/kg/dose por infus&#227;o por 1 hora. Uma resposta r&#225;pida foi obtida em 4 pacientes. Nos primeiros 60 minutos de tratamento, a press&#227;o arterial p&#244;de ser medida, a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foi &gt;60 mm Hg, e a retirada do tratamento com inotr&#243;picos e vasopressores foi iniciada. Antes de AM ser administrado, o EIV m&#233;dio foi 50 sob ECMO e diminuiu para 20 na metade do tratamento com AM. Os pacientes n&#227;o precisaram de vasopressores e inotr&#243;picos na 12&#170; hora. Dois pacientes foram desmamados da ECMO em 24 horas. O paciente com RIS foi acompanhado em ECMO por 6 dias sem a necessidade de tratamentos com inotr&#243;picos e vasopressores ap&#243;s AM e foi desmamado com sucesso. O paciente com overdose de CCB deu uma resposta completa ao tratamento com AM, mas desenvolveu morte cerebral em 72 horas. A resposta parcial ao tratamento com AM foi obtida em nosso paciente de 91 anos que foi submetido a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e AVR. A press&#227;o arterial foi medida no final da infus&#227;o de AM, mas morreu 6 horas depois devido &#224; instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. O curso da press&#227;o arterial e EIV dos pacientes antes e depois de AM &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Press&#227;o arterial e evolu&#231;&#227;o do EIV dos pacientes ap&#243;s tratamento com AM. (EIV: Escore de Inotr&#243;pico Vasoativo; AM: Azul de Metileno; PA: Press&#227;o Arterial; PAM: Press&#227;o Arterial M&#233;dia; Antes do AM: Antes do In&#237;cio da Infus&#227;o de Azul de Metileno; 30 min em AM inf: 30 minutos em infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 60 min em AM inf: 60 minutos em infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 30 min ap&#243;s AM inf: 30 minutos ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 60 min ap&#243;s AM inf: 60 minutos ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 4 h ap&#243;s AM inf: 4 horas ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 8 h ap&#243;s AM inf: 8 horas ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 12 h ap&#243;s AM inf: 12 horas ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 24 h ap&#243;s AM inf: 24 horas ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de azul de metileno; 2 dias ap&#243;s AM inf: 2 dias ap&#243;s infus&#227;o de azul de metileno). (Barra horizontal: "mediana" do escore do inotr&#243;pico vasoativo e valores de press&#227;o arterial; Xs; as caixas, ou seja, intervalos interquartis s&#227;o os percentis 25 e 75 da pontua&#231;&#227;o do inotr&#243;pico vasoativo e valores de press&#227;o arterial; Extremo superior do whisker: o maior escore do inotr&#243;pico vasoativo e press&#227;o arterial (90&#176; percentil), excluindo valores discrepantes; Extremo inferior do whisker: o menor escore do inotr&#243;pico vasoativo e press&#227;o arterial (10&#176; percentil), excluindo valores discrepantes; Pontos: os maiores e menores valores discrepantes do escore do inotr&#243;pico vasoativo e press&#227;o arterial).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20250070-50070-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A SV &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o caracterizada por uma press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) baixa, DC normal ou alto e SVR baixa, n&#227;o responsiva a vasopressores em altas doses. A RIS caracterizada por hiperpolariza&#231;&#227;o celular, uma defici&#234;ncia relativa de vasopressina com um aumento no NO induz&#237;vel e os n&#237;veis de c-GMP desempenham um papel na diminui&#231;&#227;o da SVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A inibi&#231;&#227;o da superprodu&#231;&#227;o e atividade de NO e c-GMP desempenha um papel cr&#237;tico no tratamento da vasoplegia refrat&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No presente estudo, em 5 casos com SV, tr&#234;s pacientes foram p&#243;s-cardiotomia, um paciente teve intoxica&#231;&#227;o por CCB e um paciente teve RIS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Independentemente da etiologia, foi relatado que a taxa de mortalidade chega a 50% em pacientes com VS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> H&#225; dados m&#237;nimos dispon&#237;veis sobre o SV em pacientes submetidos &#224; ECMO. Mesmo que a indica&#231;&#227;o de ECMO do paciente n&#227;o seja uma das condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao SV mencionadas acima, o pr&#243;prio conjunto de ECMO pode causar inflama&#231;&#227;o e levar ao SV. No tratamento, catecolaminas s&#227;o usadas para aumentar a RVS. As op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento, al&#233;m das catecolaminas, s&#227;o limitadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos subjacentes &#224; vasoplegia refrat&#225;ria, a inibi&#231;&#227;o da superprodu&#231;&#227;o e atividade de NO e cGMP torna-se crucial. Portanto, o AM &#233; usado tanto em experimentos com animais quanto em humanos no tratamento, o que neutraliza o aumento da estimula&#231;&#227;o de NOS ao antagonizar a atividade endotelial de NOS e inibir a atividade da guanilato ciclase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O uso de AM para hipotens&#227;o foi relatado pela primeira vez em 1999 em um paciente com dificuldade de desmame da CEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Hoje, o AM &#233; usado em crian&#231;as e adultos no tratamento de choque s&#233;ptico, anafilaxia, CEC e cirurgia, e vasoplegia relacionada &#224; intoxica&#231;&#227;o por medicamentos, e resultados promissores s&#227;o relatados. A terapia com AM em SV reduz a necessidade de suporte inotr&#243;pico, possivelmente devido &#224; atenua&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o de isquemia/reperfus&#227;o, al&#233;m de uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos requisitos de vasopressores. Al&#233;m disso, estudos relataram que a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia e a RVS aumentaram, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca diminuiu e o CO e a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar n&#227;o mudaram em pacientes que receberam AM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>SV pode ocorrer comumente em pacientes submetidos a CEC. V&#225;rios fatores contribuem, incluindo hemodilui&#231;&#227;o aguda, administra&#231;&#227;o de citrato, RIS e aumento da atividade de NO. Estudos existentes destacaram a aplica&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida de AM antes, durante ou ap&#243;s CEC para prevenir e/ou tratar VS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foi relatado que um paciente com vasoplegia grave, n&#227;o responsivo ao tratamento convencional ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, apresentou par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos normalizados ap&#243;s receber um &#250;nico bolus intravenoso de 2 mg/kg de AM. Em outro caso envolvendo um paciente com transplante card&#237;aco, AM foi efetivamente usado para restaurar a estabilidade hemodin&#226;mica no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio quando a infus&#227;o de norepinefrina n&#227;o produziu os resultados desejados. Da mesma forma, SVR e PAM mais altos, requisitos reduzidos de vasopressores e uma menor incid&#234;ncia de SV no grupo AM foram documentados em um estudo comparativo que investigou o efeito hemodin&#226;mico da administra&#231;&#227;o de AM no in&#237;cio do CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O uso de AM foi relatado recentemente no tratamento de SV sob ECMO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Ortoleva et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> investigaram o uso de AM em 45 pacientes de ECMO com SV, relatando uma resposta positiva em mais de 50% dos pacientes, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o na dosagem de norepinefrina observada dentro de uma a duas horas ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de AM. Al&#233;m disso, uma tend&#234;ncia para melhor sobreviv&#234;ncia at&#233; a alta foi observada.</p>
      <p>Relatamos 5 casos que desenvolveram SV resistente a vasopressores e inotr&#243;picos, apesar de ECMO ter recebido AM para tratamento. Nossos pacientes adultos foram p&#243;s-cardiotomia. Os diagn&#243;sticos de nossos outros dois pacientes adolescentes foram envenenamento por CCB e RIS associada &#224; COVID-19. Nesses pacientes cujo DC foi garantido com ECMO, um diagn&#243;stico de SV foi conclu&#237;do. Eles estavam recebendo infus&#227;o de NA em altas doses e infus&#227;o de adrenalina e dopamina em altas doses. Como nossos casos, foi relatado na s&#233;rie de casos que a resposta hemodin&#226;mica ao AM come&#231;ou a ser obtida nas primeiras horas.</p>
      <p>Gillman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> destacou potenciais efeitos colaterais, incluindo metemoglobinemia, hem&#243;lise, n&#225;usea, v&#244;mito, dor abdominal, dor no peito, edema pulmonar, arritmia card&#237;aca, toxicidade do sistema nervoso central, interferem com ox&#237;metros de pulso, especialmente em uma dose &gt; 4 mg / kg. N&#227;o observamos nenhum efeito colateral em nossos pacientes, exceto a colora&#231;&#227;o da urina em azul, que &#233; o efeito colateral mais comum. O efeito do AM por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o do NO pode ser importante em termos de desencadear hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. No entanto, doses terap&#234;uticas n&#227;o afetam a RVP. Da mesma forma, os achados cl&#237;nicos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o se desenvolveram em nossos pacientes. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa do uso do AM &#233; crucial.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>AM tem sido usado como um tratamento salva-vidas para SV, apesar dos tratamentos de suporte padr&#227;o. SV pode se desenvolver apesar do suporte de ECMO, e AM deve ser mantido em mente em tais casos. At&#233; onde sabemos, os casos atuais s&#227;o os primeiros casos de uso efetivo de AM em ECMO para SV. A opini&#227;o de que AM &#233; uma bala m&#225;gica no tratamento de SV enfatizada em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores foi confirmada por nossos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hacettepe University Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2019/25-28. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</label>
        <p>Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
      <label>Disponibilidade de Dados</label>
      <p>Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
    </sec>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250070i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Vasoplegic Syndrome under Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Successful Treatment with Methylene Blue</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7946-0266</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aydin</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0252-2174</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Katlan</surname>
            <given-names>Banu</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4746-6986</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kesici</surname>
            <given-names>Selman</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University - Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">T&#252;rkiye</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hacettepe University - Department of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ahmet Aydin</bold> &#8226; Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery Hacettepe Mahallesi, <postal-code>06230</postal-code>, Ankara - T&#252;rkiye E-mail: <email>ahmetcamsu@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>A vasoplegic syndrome is a state of hypotension that develops due to low systemic vascular resistance and is associated with a high mortality rate. Methylene blue is known to improve hypotension and reduce vasopressor requirements by increasing resistance in vasoplegia by inhibiting nitric oxide synthase. Here, we aimed to report on the use and effectiveness of methylene blue to treat severely hypotensive five vasoplegic syndrome cases despite extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. We concluded that Methylene blue can be used as a lifesaving treatment for vasoplegic syndrome refractory to standard supportive treatments, including ECMO.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Vasoplegia</kwd>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Methylene Blue</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Vasoplegic syndrome (VS) is a serious arterial hypotension with high mortality. The most characteristic features are low systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and normal or high cardiac output (CO). The reduction of SVR is the main pathophysiological mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A systemic inflammatory response (SIRS), characterized by cellular hyperpolarization, a relative vasopressin deficiency with an increase in inducible nitric oxide (NO) levels, plays a role in decreasing SVR. Known risk factors are blood transfusion, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), trauma, transplantation, burn, sepsis, and use of specific drugs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers (CCBs), angiotensin-II antagonist, heparin, amiodarone, aprotinin and protamine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Iv volume and vasopressors, methylene blue (MB), and high-dose hydroxocobalamin are used in the treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is known to increase SVR by inhibiting NO synthase and consequently improve hypotension in VS and reduce vasopressor requirements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, limited information is available on the management of refractory hypotension in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Recently, there has been growing interest in the using of MB for the management of VS that develops during ECMO. In this context, we present cases in which MB was employed to effectively treat severely hypotensive patients despite ECMO support in the presence of VS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case series</title>
        <p>This study includes data of patients between the years 2004 and 2013 who received MB due to VS while undergoing ECMO support, and It complies with discussion on the guidelines and regulatory standards of research involving human beings; National Health Council, Ministry of Health, Brasilia, DF. Resolution 466/2012. (Hacettepe University Hospital Ethical Committee, Approval Number: 2019/25-28 date: 22/10/2019). All participants provided informed consent.</p>
        <p>Given MB was Bluemet 100 mg/10 ml (Vem &#304;la&#231;, &#304;stanbul, Turkey).</p>
        <p>The data included age, gender, weight, primary diagnosis, ECMO flow, duration, vital signs, vasoactive inotrope score (VIS) before and after MB treatment, laboratory parameters (blood gases and organ functions), and outcome.</p>
        <p>VIS is calculated as follows:</p>
        <disp-formula id="eq2">
          <mml:math display="block" id="m2">
            <mml:menclose notation="box">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mtable>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mtext>dopamine</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mtext>dobutamine</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>epinephrine</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>milrinone</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>norepinephrine</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>mcg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                  <mml:mtr>
                    <mml:mtd>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mn>10.000</mml:mn>
                        <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>vasopressin</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>U</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mtext>kg</mml:mtext>
                        <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mi>min</mml:mi>
                        <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mtd>
                  </mml:mtr>
                </mml:mtable>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:menclose>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Five patients were included in the study. The mean age was 45.8&#177;29.2 years (13-91 years). Three (60%) patients were male. Primary diagnosis included coronary heart disease (n: 1), severe heart valve disease (n:2), COVID-19 infection (n:1), and CCB intoxication (n:1). The ECMO indication was low CO in all patients. The median duration of ECMO support was 2.6 &#177;1.8 days (1-6 days). Three patients were weaned from ECMO support, and 2 patients died. Demographic characteristics of patients are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patient Characteristics and ECMO Outcomes with Methylene Blue</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr style="background-color:#76B4CF;">
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Patient No.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">1</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">2</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">3</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">4</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">Patients Characteristics</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Age/ Gender</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62/M</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47/F</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">13 /F</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16 /M</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91/ M</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Weight</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">70 kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">81 kg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Primer Diagnosis</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Postop</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Severe MR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">MIS-C</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CCBs intox.</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Critical AR</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>ECMO Indication</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOSCHD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Postop LCOS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">LCOS</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Postop LCOS</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>ECMO Parametres</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Flow Rate</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,7 L/minute</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 L/minute</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4,5 L/minute</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5,5 L/minute</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 L/minute</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RPM</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2500</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3000</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2500</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2500</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fio2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">90</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anticoagulation</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20 U/kg/h</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Methylene blue</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 mg/kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 mg/kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 mg/kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 mg/kg</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 mg/kg</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Time</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Single dose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Single dose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 doses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Single dose</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 doses</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Side effects</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">None</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">None</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">None</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">None</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">None</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Vasoactive Inotrop Score</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Before MB</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">30 min into MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">60 min into MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">30 min after MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">60 min after MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4 hrs after MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">8 hrs after MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">12 hrs after MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">24 hrs after MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2 days after MB infusion</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr style="background-color:#C7DFEC;">
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>ECMO duration</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 days</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1 day</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 days</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 days</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4 hrs</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Outcome</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Discharged</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Discharged</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Discharged</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Brain death</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Exitus</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; MB: methylene blue; CHD: coronary heart disease; MR: mitral regurgitation; MIS-C: multi-system &#305;nflammatory syndrome in children; CCBs: Ca channel blockers; AR: aort stenosis; RPM: revolutions per minute.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Immediately after diagnosis of VS was considered, MB was initiated at a dose of 1-2 mg/kg/dose by infusion for 1 hour. A rapid response was obtained in 4 patients. Within the first 60 minutes of treatment, blood pressure could be measured, mean arterial pressure was &gt;60 mm Hg, and withdrawal from inotrope and vasopressor treatment was initiated. Before MB was given, the mean VIS was 50 under ECMO and decreased to 20 in half of the MB treatment. The patients did not need vasopressor and inotropes at the 12th hour. Two patients were weaned from ECMO within 24 hours. The patient with SIRS was followed up at ECMO for 6 days without the need for inotropes and vasopressor treatments after MB and was successfully weaned. The patient with CCB overdose gave a complete response to MB treatment but developed brain death at 72 hours. Partial response to MB treatment was obtained in our 91-year-old patient who underwent CABG and AVR. Blood pressure was measured at the end of MB infusion, but died 6 hours later due to hemodynamic instability. The course of patients&#8217; blood pressure and VIS before and after MB is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Patients&#8217; blood pressure and VIS course following MB treatment. (VIS: Vasoactive Inotrop Score; MB: Methylene blue; BP: Blood pressure; MAP: Mean arterial pressure; Before MB: Before Methylene Blue Infusion Initiation; 30 min into MB inf: 30 minutes into methylene blue infusion; 60 min into MB inf: 60 minutes into methylene blue infusion; 30 min after MB inf: 30 minutes after methylene blue infusion; 60 min after MB inf: 60 minutes after methylene blue infusion; 4 hrs after MB inf: 4 hours after methylene blue infusion; 8 hrs after MB inf: 8 hours after methylene blue infusion; 12 hrs after MB inf: 12 hours after methylene blue infusion; 24 hrs after MB inf: 24 hours after methylene blue infusion; 2 days after MB inf: 2 days after methylene blue infusion). (Horizontal bar: "median" vasoactive inotrope score and blood pressure values; Xs; the boxes, i.e., interquartile intervals are 25th and 75th percentile vasoactive inotrope score and blood pressure values; Upper extreme of whisker: the highest vasoactive inotrope score and blood pressure (90th percentile), excluding outliers; Lower extreme of whisker: the lowest vasoactive inotrope score and blood pressure (10th percentile), excluding outliers; Dots: the largest and smallest outliers vasoactive inotrope score and blood pressure values).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20250070-50070-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>VS is a condition characterized by a low MAP, normal or high CO, and low SVR unresponsive to high-dose vasopressors. SIRS characterized by cellular hyperpolarization, a relative vasopressin deficiency with an increase in inducible NO, and c-GMP levels play a role in decreasing SVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Inhibition of both NO and c-GMP overproduction and activity plays a critical role in the treatment of refractory vasoplegia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In the present study, in 5 cases with VS, three patients were post-cardiotomy, one patient had CCB intoxication, and one patient had SIRS (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). Regardless of the etiology, it has been reported that the mortality rate reaches 50% in patients with VS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> There is minimal data available regarding the VS in patients undergoing ECMO. Even if the ECMO indication of the patient is not one of the above-mentioned VS-related conditions, the ECMO set itself may cause inflammation and lead to VS. In treatment, catecholamines are used to increase SVR. Treatment options, in addition to catecholamines, are limited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering pathophysiological mechanisms underlying refractory vasoplegia, the inhibition of both NO and cGMP overproduction and activity becomes crucial. Therefore, MB is used in both animal experiments and humans in the treatment, which counteracts increased NOS stimulation by antagonizing endothelial NOS activity and inhibiting guanylate cyclase activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The use of MB for hypotension was first reported in 1999 in a patient with difficulty in weaning from CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Today, MB is used in both children and adults in the treatment of septic shock, anaphylaxis, CPB and surgery, and drug intoxication-related vasoplegia, and promising results are reported. MB therapy in VS reduces the need for inotropic support, possibly due to attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury, in addition to a reduction in vasopressor requirements. Moreover, studies have reported that mean arterial pressure and SVR increased, heart rate decreased, and CO and pulmonary vascular resistance did not change in patients given MB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>VS may commonly occur in patients undergoing CPB. Various factors contribute, including acute hemodilution, citrate administration, SIRS, and increased NO activity. Existing studies have highlighted the successful application of MB before, during, or after CPB to prevent and/or treat VS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> It was reported that a patient with severe vasoplegia, unresponsive to conventional treatment after cardiac surgery, experienced normalized hemodynamic parameters after receiving a single 2 mg/kg intravenous bolus of MB. In another case involving a heart transplant patient, MB was effectively used to restore hemodynamic stability postoperatively when the infusion of norepinephrine did not yield the desired results. Similarly, higher SVR and MAP, reduced vasopressor requirements, and a lower incidence of VS in the MB group were documented in a comparative study investigating the hemodynamic effect of MB administration at the initiation of CPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The use of MB has recently been reported in the treatment of VS under ECMO.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Ortelova et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> investigated the use of MB in 45 ECMO patients with VS, reporting a positive response in over 50% of patients, with a reduction in norepinephrine dosage observed within one to two hours after MB administration. Additionally, a trend towards improved survival to discharge was noted.</p>
        <p>We reported 5 cases who developed VS resistant to vasopressors and inotropes despite ECMO given MB for treatment. Our adult patients were post-cardiotomy. The diagnoses of our other two adolescent patients were CCB poisoning and COVID-19-associated SIRS. In these patients whose CO was guaranteed with ECMO, a diagnosis of VS was concluded. They were receiving high-dose NA infusion and high-dose adrenaline and dopamine infusion. Like our cases, it has been reported in the case series that hemodynamic response to MB started to be obtained within the first hours.</p>
        <p>Gillman<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> highlighted potential side effects, including methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, chest pain, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmia, central nervous system toxicity, interfere with pulse oximeters, especially on a dose &gt; 4 mg / kg. We did not see any side effects in our patients except staining the urine color blue, which is the most common side effect. The effect of MB through NO inhibition could be important in terms of triggering pulmonary hypertension. However, therapeutic doses do not affect PVR. Similarly, clinical findings of pulmonary hypertension did not develop in our patients. Therefore, careful evaluation of MB usage is crucial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>MB has been used as a lifesaving treatment for VS despite the standard supportive treatments. VS may develop despite ECMO support, and MB must be kept in mind in such cases. To our knowledge, the current cases are the first cases of effective use of MB in ECMO for VS. The opinion that MB is a magic bullet in the treatment of VS emphasized in previous publications has been confirmed by our patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn5">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn7">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hacettepe University Hospital under the protocol number 2019/25-28. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn8">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <sec sec-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Data Availability</label>
        <p>The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
      </sec>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
