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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wN5qvypQ9FjSmzg5RGzkQ8K</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240821</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Escore de Risco TIMI para Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria na Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco de Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Cr&#244;nica: Estudo de Valida&#231;&#227;o Externa</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3973-7523</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pinesi</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Trombini</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7404-2110</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Martelli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Henrique Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7574-757X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pitta</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Grunspun</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rached</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Hanna</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados;</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8501-9867</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8752-2175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Henrique Trombini Pinesi &#8226; Rua Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>htpinesi@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240821</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) &#233; desafiadora. O TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P) &#233; uma ferramenta simples de nove pontos desenvolvida para prever morte cardiovascular, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e acidente vascular cerebral isqu&#234;mico entre pacientes ap&#243;s IM. Nenhum estudo foi realizado sobre isso na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Validar o TRS2P em pacientes com SCC em um centro terci&#225;rio no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Este &#233; um estudo baseado em registro de pacientes com SCC, definido como tendo um procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;vio, IM pr&#233;vio ou estenose &#8805;50% em pelo menos uma art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE) em tr&#234;s anos (morte, IM ou acidente vascular cerebral). O risco predito foi conforme relatado no estudo de deriva&#231;&#227;o original. A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por meio de um gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o e do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por estat&#237;stica de concord&#226;ncia (C). Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05 foi adotado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A amostra do estudo consistiu em 515 pacientes. Havia 173 (34%) mulheres, 75 (15%) tinham idade superior a 75 anos, 298 (58%) apresentavam diabetes e 156 (30%) doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Durante o acompanhamento, 126 MACE foram documentados. A incid&#234;ncia estimada em tr&#234;s anos foi de 24% [intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% de 21%-28%], enquanto a incid&#234;ncia predita foi de 15%. Embora escores TRS2P mais altos estiveram associados a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de MACE, o modelo de escore de risco TRS2P subestimou a incid&#234;ncia de MACE em todos os estratos (p &lt; 0,01). A estat&#237;stica C foi de 0,64 (IC 95% 0,58-0,69).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O escore TRS2P identificou pacientes com um risco mais alto de eventos cardiovasculares, mas subestimou MACE e apresentou baixa discrimina&#231;&#227;o na coorte de paciente com SCC no Brasil.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>:Escore de Risco TIMI para Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria na Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco de Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Cr&#244;nica: Estudo de Valida&#231;&#227;o Externa</title>
              <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; MACE: major cardiovascular events; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/wN5qvypQ9FjSmzg5RGzkQ8K/ab2dab673fbf336b729a060f03af4d2197785c36.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/wN5qvypQ9FjSmzg5RGzkQ8K/fb3888a5dd124c04d12177551298dee381ead3c1.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/wN5qvypQ9FjSmzg5RGzkQ8K/0472bdb645d8235a9ff9ea32d97bd11caf281fe9.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Medi&#231;&#227;o de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o Secund&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) t&#234;m diferentes apresenta&#231;&#245;es: pode apresentar um longo per&#237;odo est&#225;vel, mas pode se tornar inst&#225;vel a qualquer momento, devido &#224; s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda causada por ruptura ou eros&#227;o da placa. Esse processo din&#226;mico resulta em v&#225;rias manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Apesar dos avan&#231;os no tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e nas estrat&#233;gias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, permanece um risco de eventos cardiovasculares. A incid&#234;ncia desses eventos varia de acordo com v&#225;rios fatores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco &#233; cr&#237;tica para identificar os pacientes com risco maior para eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE, <italic>Major Cardiovascular Events</italic>) realocar recursos, acompanhar de perto os pacientes com risco aumento para eventos adversos, e otimizar o tratamento cl&#237;nico desses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco &#233; a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de escores cl&#237;nicos para predizer o risco em longo prazo de MACE nos pacientes com SCC. Apesar de escores preditivos comumente usados, como o escore de risco de Framingham ou o escore SCORE (<italic>Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation</italic>) Score terem sido desenvolvidos e validados em indiv&#237;duos sem doen&#231;a cardiovascular, eles n&#227;o foram validados em popula&#231;&#245;es com SCC ou aterosclerose estabelecida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> H&#225; ainda uma necessidade de escores de risco validados na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
      <p>O escore TIMI para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, ou TRS2P (<italic>TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention</italic>) &#233; um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o de risco simples baseado em nove vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Anteriormente, o TRS2P era usado para prever os desfechos cardiovasculares em tr&#234;s anos ap&#243;s um infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) recente em um grande ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado que testou o uso de Vorapaxar para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O escore TRS2P tamb&#233;m mostrou a capacidade de selecionar pacientes que se beneficiariam de uma intensifica&#231;&#227;o da terapia para dislipidemia com Ezetimibe. Esse escore j&#225; foi validado em popula&#231;&#245;es da Am&#233;rica do Norte, Israel e alguns pa&#237;ses europeus, mas n&#227;o h&#225; dados de popula&#231;&#245;es na Am&#233;rica do Sul. Nosso objetivo foi validar o uso do escore TRS2P para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco entre pacientes com SCC em um centro terci&#225;rio no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pontua&#231;&#227;o no escore TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Indicadores de risco do TRS2P</th>
                <th>Pontos</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &gt; 75</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bypass por CABG pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGe &lt; 60</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo do tipo coorte aninhado de acompanhamento, de um registro observacional prospectivo previamente publicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em resumo, entre janeiro de 2016 e maio de 2023, recrutamos pacientes com SCC est&#225;vel que estavam sendo acompanhados em nosso ambulat&#243;rio. Para serem considerados eleg&#237;veis, os pacientes deveriam ter um hist&#243;rico de cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio ou de interven&#231;&#227;o coronariana percut&#226;nea, ou presen&#231;a de les&#245;es &#8805; 50% na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria documentadas. Para este relat&#243;rio, restringimos a amostra a pacientes em que o escore TRS2P poderia ser calculado, e que tinham um acompanhamento completo de tr&#234;s anos. Como apenas um paciente tinha um escore TRS2P de sete ou mais, ele tamb&#233;m foi exclu&#237;do devido a considera&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas.</p>
      <p>A coleta de dados foi prospetiva e padronizada. Os pacientes foram acompanhados anualmente de prefer&#234;ncia, ou por telefone. Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento. O desfecho foi a incid&#234;ncia de MACE, um composto de morte por todas as causas, IM n&#227;o fatal ou acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) n&#227;o fatal, em tr&#234;s anos. O escore original<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> baseou-se em morte cardiovascular, no entanto, como os dados sobre a causa da morte n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis, optamos por usar a morte por todas as causas. Os eventos n&#227;o foram revisados; confiamos em registros de sa&#250;de, bancos de dados governamentais e relatos de pacientes. Como nosso centro &#233; uma refer&#234;ncia para o tratamento de SCC, muitos desses pacientes foram tratados em nossas instala&#231;&#245;es. Os demais pacientes foram solicitados a trazer registros de sa&#250;de de outros provedores.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram resumidos como porcentagens (%). O teste exato de Fisher foi usado para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o univariada entre vari&#225;veis e o desfecho. A incid&#234;ncia de MACE observada em tr&#234;s anos foi estimada usando o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier. As raz&#245;es de risco (<italic>hazard ratio</italic>, HR) dos fatores progn&#243;sticos foram estimadas usando modelagem de riscos proporcionais de Cox. A incid&#234;ncia prevista do desfecho foi conforme relatada no estudo de deriva&#231;&#227;o original. A calibra&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por um gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o e do teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. A discrimina&#231;&#227;o foi avaliada por meio da curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor (ROC) e da estat&#237;stica de concord&#226;ncia (C). Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o programa R vers&#227;o 4.3.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 1596 pacientes inscritos no registro, 515 foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). As caracter&#237;sticas basais e a incid&#234;ncia de cada componente do escore comparando a popula&#231;&#227;o com e sem um evento est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma do estudo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais, componentes individuais do TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P), e Eventos Cardiovasculares Maiores (MACE)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e AVC em tr&#234;s anos</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor p<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Sim, n = 126 n (%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">N&#227;o, n = 389 n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">47 (37%)</td>
                <td align="center">126 (32%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &gt; 75 anos</td>
                <td align="center">31 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de <bold>bypass</bold> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">49 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">127 (33%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea</td>
                <td align="center">48 (38%)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (48%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,051</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">71 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">250 (64%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">38 (30%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (21%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">122 (97%)</td>
                <td align="center">374 (96%)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">80 (63%)</td>
                <td align="center">218 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,15</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">57 (45%)</td>
                <td align="center">99 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">51 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore TRS2P</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (14%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">29 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (31%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">35 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">122 (31%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">32 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (14%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">16 (13%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (5,9%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>6</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (1,3%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p><sup>1</sup> Teste exato de Fisher; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s tr&#234;s anos de acompanhamento, 126 MACEs foram documentados: 104 mortes, 14 IMs n&#227;o fatais e oito acidentes vasculares cerebrais n&#227;o fatais. Idade &gt; 75 anos (p &lt; 0,001), insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (p = 0,03), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (p &lt; 0,001) e escore TRS2P (p &lt; 0,001) foram associados a MACE na an&#225;lise n&#227;o ajustada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Um modelo de regress&#227;o de Cox de todos os componentes do escore mostrou que idade, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, tabagismo atual e cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG) pr&#233;via foram independentemente associados a MACE, em ordem decrescente de raz&#245;es de risco (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figure 2 </label>
          <caption>
            <title>- Curva de Kaplan-Meyer mostrando a incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares maiores (MACE) estratificada pelo escore TRS2 (TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o de Cox dos componentes do TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>HR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">1,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,93, 1,84</td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,04</td>
                <td align="center">0,42, 2,56</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade &gt; 75 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,92</td>
                <td align="center">1,32, 2,80</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">1,25</td>
                <td align="center">0,90, 1,73</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AVC pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">1,33</td>
                <td align="center">0,73, 2,42</td>
                <td align="center">0,4</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de <italic>bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">1,41</td>
                <td align="center">1,04, 1,92</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
                <td align="center">1,70</td>
                <td align="center">0,98, 2,95</td>
                <td align="center">0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">1,67</td>
                <td align="center">1,21, 2,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo atual</td>
                <td align="center">1,58</td>
                <td align="center">1,04, 2,40</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>HR: hazard ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia estimada de MACE em tr&#234;s anos foi 24% (IC95% 21-28%), enquanto a incid&#234;ncia prevista foi de 15% (IC 95% 10-22%). Embora escores TRS2P mais altos estiveram associados a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de MACE, o modelo de escore de risco TRS2P subestimou a incid&#234;ncia de MACE em todas as estratifica&#231;&#245;es (p &lt; 0,01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> mostra a curva ROC demonstrando a discrimina&#231;&#227;o do TRS2P. A estat&#237;stica C foi 0,64 (IC95%: 0,58-0,69).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de calibra&#231;&#227;o mostrando a incid&#234;ncia observada e a prevista de eventos cardiovasculares maiores em cada estrato do TRS2 (TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva ROC mostrando a discrimina&#231;&#227;o do TRS2 (TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention) na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva 0,64 (IC95%: 0,58-0,69).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo mostrou que o escore TRS2P p&#244;de avaliar o risco de eventos em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, mas subestimou MACE e apresentou discrimina&#231;&#227;o moderada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com SCC &#233; desafiadora e muito importante. Nesse cen&#225;rio, h&#225; uma falta de escores cl&#237;nicos dispon&#237;veis. Portanto, modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco devem ser desenvolvidos e validados em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es. A avalia&#231;&#227;o precisa do risco pode levar a um cuidado mais eficaz ao paciente com a implementa&#231;&#227;o adequada de interven&#231;&#245;es preventivas.</p>
      <p>H&#225; uma grande variedade de escores de avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco validados para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria em s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por outro lado, os escores de risco para pacientes com SCC n&#227;o s&#227;o t&#227;o desenvolvidos. A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco poderia oferecer aos m&#233;dicos uma estrat&#233;gia pr&#225;tica para identificar os pacientes que poderiam mais se beneficiar de terapia preventiva secund&#225;ria intensiva, e tamb&#233;m aqueles que se beneficiaram quanto aos custos, efeitos colaterais e polifarm&#225;cia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Isso &#233; particularmente verdadeiro considerando as novas terapias para redu&#231;&#227;o de risco e direcionamento de risco residual na SCC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O escore ideal deve ser pr&#225;tico, simples de usar e, de prefer&#234;ncia, com vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. O escore SMART foi desenvolvido na popula&#231;&#227;o europeia para prever o risco de eventos cardiovasculares em 10 anos em pacientes com doen&#231;a cardiovascular pr&#233;via.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este escore utiliza 11 vari&#225;veis e necessita de uma calculadora, enquanto o escore TRS2P &#233; mais simples, usando somente nove vari&#225;veis de valor compar&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Um dos motivos pelos quais o escore TRS2P tenha subestimado MACE neste artigo est&#225; ligado ao fato de que usamos morte por todas as causas, e n&#227;o morte cardiovascular espec&#237;fica, como no artigo de deriva&#231;&#227;o. Isso foi feito porque os dados sobre a causa da morte n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis. Segundo, usamos uma coorte da vida real, enquanto o escore foi derivado de um ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado. Popula&#231;&#245;es de ensaios cl&#237;nicos tendem a ser altamente selecionadas e podem representar indiv&#237;duos mais jovens e sadios. Os participantes de ensaios cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m podem ter acesso mais f&#225;cil aos cuidados de sa&#250;de, o que poderia contribuir a uma incid&#234;ncia de MACE mais baixa. Por exemplo, menos de 30% de nossos pacientes tinham um LDL-c de menos de 70 mg/dL durante o acompanhamento de dois anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cerca de um ter&#231;o de nossos pacientes havia se submetido &#224; cirurgia de CABG, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 13,6% no estudo original.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Outra diferen&#231;a chave &#233; que o escore foi originalmente derivado de uma popula&#231;&#227;o com evento ateroscler&#243;tico recente (IM, AVC isqu&#234;mico ou doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica sintom&#225;tica). Em contraste, nosso estudo incluiu qualquer paciente com SCC (cerca de 60% tinham IM pr&#233;vio em qualquer momento). Essas mesmas raz&#245;es podem explicar a discrimina&#231;&#227;o moderada.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser consideradas. Somente 32% de nossa coorte preencheram os mesmos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o do estudo original, o que pode introduzir um vi&#233;s potencial. Al&#233;m disso, nossa taxa de eventos &#233; alta, refletindo a gravidade da doen&#231;a em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Apesar disso, a incid&#234;ncia de IM &#233; baixa, particularmente em compara&#231;&#227;o com as taxas de mortalidade. Essa discrep&#226;ncia pode ser atribu&#237;da a desafios na confirma&#231;&#227;o de MI, j&#225; que nosso registro depende de dados extra&#237;dos de registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos.</p>
      <p>O escore TRS2P tamb&#233;m foi testado em outras coortes da vida real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Um exemplo &#233; o estudo conduzido por Williams et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> que usou o escore em duas coortes ap&#243;s IM nos EUA, totalizando 9 618 pacientes, mostrando uma discrimina&#231;&#227;o de risco consistente. Contudo, as taxas de eventos foram consistentemente mais altas nas coortes fora de ensaios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Zafrir et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> aplicaram o escore a 13 593 pacientes encaminhados para angiografia para avaliar ou tratar a doen&#231;a coronariana em Israel, e encontraram tamb&#233;m que o escore subestimou a incid&#234;ncia de MACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora o escore TRS2P tenha subestimado a incid&#234;ncia de MACE, observamos uma correla&#231;&#227;o linear entre um escore mais alto e uma maior incid&#234;ncia de MACE, particularmente com um escore de tr&#234;s, mostrando que o escore &#233; uma ferramenta potencial de rastreamento para pacientes que t&#234;m um risco residual mais alto e que poderiam se beneficiar da otimiza&#231;&#227;o do tratamento cl&#237;nico, como alvos de LDL-c mais baixos, um tratamento antitromb&#243;tico mais intenso ou o uso de medicamentos anti-inflamat&#243;rios para reduzir o risco ateroscler&#243;tico residual. Nesse contexto, a ado&#231;&#227;o do TRS2P na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica pode melhorar o tratamento de pacientes individuais com SCC, contribuindo para a redu&#231;&#227;o na incid&#234;ncia de MACE.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O escore TRS2P identifica pacientes com um risco maior de eventos cardiovasculares. No entanto, o escore subestimou a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE e apresentou fraca discrimina&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes com SCC em um centro terci&#225;rio no Brasil. Esses resultados demonstram os desafios da estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na SCC e a necessidade de novas ferramentas para aprimorar a predi&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <article-title>TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention to Risk Stratify Chronic Coronary Syndrome Patients: External Validation Study</article-title>
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          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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          </xref>
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            <sup>1</sup>
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        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Henrique Trombini Pinesi &#8226; Rua Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: htpinesi@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Risk stratification in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients is challenging. TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P) is a simple nine-point tool developed to predict cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction (MI), and ischemic stroke among post-MI patients. No studies have been conducted on it in the Brazilian population.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> Validate the TRS2P score among CCS patients at a tertiary center in Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is a registry-based study of patients with CCS, defined as having a previous revascularization procedure, previous MI, or &#8805;50% stenosis in at least one epicardial coronary artery. The primary outcome was the three-year incidence of MACE (death, MI or stroke). The predicted risk was as reported in the original derivation study. Calibration was assessed through a calibration plot and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Discrimination was evaluated through the concordance (C)-statistic. A significance level of 0.05 was adopted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study sample consisted of 515 patients. There were 173 (34%) women, 75 (15%) aged over 75 years, 298 (58%) had diabetes, and 156 (30%) had chronic kidney disease. During follow-up, 126 MACE were documented. The estimated three-year incidence was 24% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21%-28%), whereas the predicted incidence was 15%. Although higher TRS2P scores were associated with higher MACE incidence, the TRS2P risk score model underestimated MACE incidence at every strata (p &lt; 0.01). The C-statistic was 0.64 (95% CI 0.58-0.69).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The TRS2P score identifies patients with a higher risk of cardiovascular events but it underestimated MACE and presented poor discrimination in a Brazilian CCS cohort.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention to Risk Stratify Chronic Coronary Syndrome Patients: External Validation Study</title>
              <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PAD: peripheral artery disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Assessment</kwd>
        <kwd>Secondary Prevention</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) can have different presentations: it can have a long stable period, but it can also become unstable at any time, due to acute coronary syndrome caused by plaque rupture or erosion. This dynamic process results in various clinical manifetations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Despite advances in pharmacological treatment and revascularization strategies, there remains a risk of cardiovascular events. The incidence of these events varies according to several factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this scenario, risk assessment is critical to identify the patients at higher risk of major cardiovascular events (MACE), relocate resources, closely follow patients with an elevated risk of adverse events, and optimize clinical treatment of these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One risk assessment method is applying clinical scores to predict the long-term risk of MACE in patients with CCS. Although commonly used prediction scores such as the Framingham Risk Score or the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) score have been developed and validated in individuals without cardiovascular disease, they have not been validated in populations with CCS and established atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> There is also a need for validated risk scores in the Brazilian population.</p>
        <p>The TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P) is a simple risk-scoring system based on nine clinical variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Previously, TRS2P was used to predict three-year cardiovascular outcomes after a recent myocardial infarction (MI) in a large randomized clinical trial that tested the use of Vorapaxar for secondary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The TRSP2 score also showed the ability to select patients with a net clinical benefit of intensifying the lipid target therapy with Ezetimibe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This score has already been validated in the North American and Israeli populations and in some European countries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> but there are no data on the South American population. We aimed to validate the use of the TRSP2 score for risk assessment among patients with CCS at a tertiary center in Brazil.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P) score points</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">TRS2P risk indicators</th>
                  <th>Points</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Congestive Heart Failure</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &gt; 75</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior CABG</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR &lt; 60</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PAD: peripheral artery disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and methods</title>
        <p>This is a nested cohort follow-up study in a previously published prospective observational registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In brief, from January 2016 until May 2023 we enrolled patients with stable CCS that were being followed at our outpatient clinic. Patients must have had a history of coronary artery bypass surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention, or documented coronary artery lesions &#8805; 50% to be eligible. For this report, we restricted the sample to patients in whom the TRS2P score could be calculated and had a complete three-year follow-up. As only one patient had a TRS2P score of seven or more, he was also excluded due to statistical considerations.</p>
        <p>Data collection was standardized and prospective. Patients were followed yearly in person preferentially, or via phone contact otherwise. All patients provided signed consent. The endpoint was the incidence of MACE, a composite of all-cause death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke, at three years. The original score<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> was derived based on cardiovascular death, however as the cause of death data was unavailable, we opted to use all-cause death instead. The events were not adjudicated; we relied on health records, governmental databases, and patient reports. Since our center is a referral center for the treatment of CCS, many of those patients were treated at our facilities. If not, the patients were asked to bring health records from other providers.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data was summarized as percentages (%). Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to assess the univariate association between variables and the endpoint. The observed three-year MACE incidence was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Hazard ratios (HR) of prognostic factors were estimated using Cox proportional hazards modeling. The predicted endpoint incidence was as reported in the original derivation study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Calibration was assessed through a calibration plot and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. Discrimination was assessed through the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and concordance (C)-statistic. Values of p &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
          <p>Analysis was conducted with R version 4.3.1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Out of the 1,596 currently enrolled patients in the registry, 515 were included in the analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The baseline characteristics and the incidence of each component of the score comparing the population with and without an event are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the study.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics, individual Components of TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P) and Major Cardiovascular Events (MACE)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 3 years</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value<sup><bold>1</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Yes, n = 126 n (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">No, N = 389 n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (37%)</td>
                  <td align="center">126 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &gt; 75 years</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery bypass graft surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (33%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Percutaneous coronary intervention</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (38%)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (48%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.051</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">250 (64%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (30%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (21%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (97%)</td>
                  <td align="center">374 (96%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (63%)</td>
                  <td align="center">218 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">99 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRS2P score</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (14%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (31%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (31%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (14%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (5.9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (1.3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p><sup>1</sup> Fisher&#8217;s exact test.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>At three years of follow-up, 126 MACEs were documented: 104 deaths, 14 nonfatal MIs, and eight nonfatal strokes. Age &gt; 75 years (p &lt; 0.001), heart failure (p = 0.03), chronic kidney disease (p &lt; 0.001), and TRS2P score (p &lt; 0.001) were associated with MACE on unadjusted analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). A Cox regression model with all score components showed that age, chronic kidney disease, current smoking and previous CABG were independently associated with MACE, in decreasing order of hazard ratios (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meyer showing the incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) stratified by the TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Cox regression of the TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P) score components</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>HR</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93, 1.84</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>High blood pressure</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42, 2.56</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age &gt; 75 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32, 2.80</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90, 1.73</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73, 2.42</td>
                  <td align="center">0.4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary artery bypass graft surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04, 1.92</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral artery disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98, 2.95</td>
                  <td align="center">0.059</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">1.67</td>
                  <td align="center">1.21, 2.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">1.58</td>
                  <td align="center">1.04, 2.40</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The estimated three-year incidence of MACE was 24% (95%CI 21-28%), whereas the predicted incidence was 15% (95% CI 10-22%). Although higher TRS2P scores were associated with higher MACE incidence, the TRS2P risk score model underestimated MACE incidence at every strata (p &lt; 0.01) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> shows the ROC curve demonstrating the discrimination of the TRS2P. The C-statistic was 0.64 (95%CI: 0.58-0.69).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Calibration plot showing the observed and the predicted incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) in each TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRSP2) strata.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; ROC curve demonstrating the discrimination of the TIMI Risk Score for Secondary Prevention (TRS2P) in the study population. Area under the curve (AUC) 0.64 (95% CI: 0.58-0.69).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240821-40821-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our study showed that the TRS2P score could assess the risk of events in our population, but it underestimated MACE and presented moderate discrimination (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). Risk stratification in CCS patients is challenging and very important. In this scenario, there is a lack of clinical scores available. Therefore, risk prediction models must be developed and validated in different populations. Accurate risk assessment may lead to more effective patient care with appropriate implementation of preventive interventions.</p>
        <p>A wide variety of risk assessment scores are validated for primary prevention in acute coronary syndromes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-</sup> On the other hand, risk scores for CCS patients are not as developed. Risk stratification could offer physicians a practical strategy to identify those patients who would most benefit from intensive secondary preventive therapy, and also those who would benefit in terms of costs, side effects, and polypharmacy. This is particularly true considering the novel therapies for risk reduction and residual risk in CCS.<sup>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The ideal score must be practical, simple to use, and, preferably, with clinical variables available in the day-to-day practice. The SMART risk score was developed in the European population to predict the 10-year risk of cardiovascular events in patients with previous cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This score uses 11 variables and needs a calculator, whereas the TRS2P score is simpler, using only nine equally valued variables.</p>
        <p>One of the reasons why the TRS2P score underestimated MACE in this paper is linked to the fact that we used all-cause death, instead of cardiovascular specific as in the derivation paper. It was done so because the cause of death data was unavailable. Second, we used a real-life cohort, whereas the score was derived from a randomized clinical trial. Clinical trial populations tend to be highly selected and may represent younger and healthier individuals. Clinical trial participants may also have easier access to healthcare, which could contribute to a lower MACE incidence rate. For example, less than 30% of our patients had an LDL-c of less than 70 mg/dL during the two-year follow-up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> About a third of our patients had undergone CABG surgery, compared to 13.6% in the original study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Another key difference is that the score was originally derived from a population with recent atherosclerotic event (MI, ischemic stroke, or symptomatic peripheral artery disease). In contrast, our study included any CCS patient (about 60% had previous MI at any time). These same reasons may account for the moderate discrimination.</p>
        <p>Our study has several limitations that should be noted. Only 32% of our cohort met the same inclusion criteria as the original study, which may introduce potential bias. Additionally, our event rate is high, reflecting the severity of illness in our population. Despite this, the incidence of MI is low, particularly in comparison to mortality rates. This discrepancy could be attributed to challenges in confirming MI, as our registry relies on data extracted from electronic medical records.</p>
        <p>The TRS2P score was also tested in other real-life cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> One example is the study conducted by Williams et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> which used the score in two post-MI cohorts in the US, totaling 9,618 patients, showing a consistent risk discrimination. However, event rates were consistently higher in the non-trial cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Zafrir et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> applied the score to 13,593 patients referred to angiography in Israel to assess or treat coronary disease and also found that the score underestimated MACE incidence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>While the TRS2P score underestimated the incidence of MACE, we observed a linear correlation between a higher score and a higher MACE, particularly with a score of three, showing that the score is a potential screening tool for patients that have a higher residual risk and could benefit from clinical treatment optimization, such as lower LDL-c targets, a more intense antithrombotic or the use of anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce the residual atherosclerotic risk. In this context, the adoption of TRS2P in the clinical practice may enhance the treatment of individual patients with CCS, contributing to a reduction in the incidence of MACE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The TRS2P score identifies patients at a higher risk of cardiovascular events. However, it underestimated MACE and presented poor discrimination among patients with CCS at a tertiary center in Brazil. These results demonstrate the challenges of risk stratification in CCS and the need for novel tools to further enhance risk prediction.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number 4371/16/037. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence</label>
          <p>The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author Henrique Trombini Pinesi.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
