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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mXHc5fLy3bmtrcBL4nN9DwL</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00302</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240778</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o Invasiva da Press&#227;o Arterial Central e da Forma de Onda Intracraniana em Pacientes Hipertensos: Um Estudo Transversal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5784-9991</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inuzuka</surname>
            <given-names>Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0954-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Mikaelle Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins da</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Piza</surname>
            <given-names>Polyana Vulcano de Toledo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Frigieri</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brain4care</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brain4care, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de investiga&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica 62</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de investiga&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica 62, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">School of Health and Life Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Universitat Abat Oliba CEU</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">CEU Universities</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Barcelona</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="ES">Espanha</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Health and Life Sciences. Universitat Abat Oliba CEU, CEU Universities, Barcelona &#8211; Espanha</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, EBSERH, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Mikaelle Costa Correia &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; 1&#170; Avenida, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio. CEP 74605-050, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil E-mail: <email>mikaelleccorreia@gmail.com</email>, <email>mikaelle.pesquisa@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>Gustavo Frigieri declara ser o cofundador e diretor cient&#237;fico do Brain4Care.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240778</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> H&#225; uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre hipertens&#227;o e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, principalmente acidente vascular cerebral e d&#233;ficit cognitivo. Por&#233;m, os mecanismos dessa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Analisar a rela&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica, press&#227;o arterial central e da rigidez arterial, com a press&#227;o intracraniana (PIC) em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Indiv&#237;duos adultos foram consecutivamente inclu&#237;dos no estudo entre novembro de 2022 e agosto de 2023. O ponto de corte identificado para definir hipertens&#227;o intracraniana (HTIC) pela raz&#227;o de onda de pico (P2/P1) foi 1,2, e o ponto de corte para o tempo para o pico (TPP) foi 0,25. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 145 pacientes (32 homens e 113 mulheres) com hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica (m&#233;dia de tempo desde o diagn&#243;stico de 20 &#177; 12 anos) foram avaliados por um per&#237;odo de 10 meses. A idade mediana foi 69,0 (61,8 &#8211; 75,7) anos e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal mediano foi 29,0 (25,4 &#8211; 33,1) Kg/m<sup>2</sup>. O valor mediano da raz&#227;o P2/P1 para todas as cortes foi 1,4 (1,2 &#8211; 1,5) e do TPP 0,24 (0,21 &#8211; 0,29). A an&#225;lise foi realizada considerando presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de HTIC, e par&#226;metros da press&#227;o arterial central e da velocidade de onda de pulso. Observou-se valores mais altos de press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS), press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD), e PAD perif&#233;rica entre pacientes com HTIC com base na raz&#227;o P2/P1.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de PAS central est&#227;o mais relacionados com HTIC que valores de PAS perif&#233;rica medidos no consult&#243;rio, n&#227;o sendo observada tal diferen&#231;a na PAD. Esse achado levanta a quest&#227;o do m&#233;todo mais adequado de avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial em pacientes hipertensos com les&#227;o cerebral.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o N&#227;o Invasiva da Press&#227;o Arterial Central e da Forma de Onda Intracraniana em Pacientes Hipertensos: Um Estudo Transversal</title>
              <p>Monitoramento em tempo real n&#227;o invasivo por b4c da forma de onda da Press&#227;o Intracraniana. Todos os dados coletados s&#227;o imediatamente processados pelo programa anal&#237;tico b4c, resultando em registros quantitativos e qualitativos. A formas de onda apresentando padr&#245;es de normalidade [P2/P1 &lt; 1,1 e tempo para o pico (TPP) &lt; 0,20 segundos] e B: padr&#245;es alterados (P2/P1 &#8805; 1,2 e TPP &#8805; 0,25 segundos).<sup>7,8</sup></p>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/mXHc5fLy3bmtrcBL4nN9DwL/03fbed0553cd4388a7f74ab4196c2ab0fe5d16e8.tif"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Transtornos Cerebrovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Cognitiva</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Intracraniana</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico</funding-source>
          <award-id>313481/2020-2</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela Brain4Care. Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso declara receber aux&#237;lio &#224; pesquisa (313481/2020-2) do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico. Mikaelle Costa Correia e Matheus Martins da Costa s&#227;o alunos de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o e declaram receber bolsas da CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o (HT) ainda &#233; a principal causa de morte no mundo, e as doen&#231;as cerebrais, como acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e d&#233;ficit cognitivo, seguem como importantes problemas de sa&#250;de, afetando um em cada cinco americanos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existe uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre HT e doen&#231;as cerebrovasculares. Por&#233;m, os mecanismos dessa rela&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o completamente compreendidos, necessitando de mais estudos. J&#225; est&#225; bem estabelecido que a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial (PA) pode causar les&#227;o estrutural e funcional no leito arterial; mas em que n&#237;vel esse processo se inicia e a que extens&#227;o ele afeta o c&#233;rebro ainda precisa ser elucidado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um estudo recente avaliando a forma de onda da press&#227;o intracraniana (PIC) de maneira n&#227;o invasiva em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica encontrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 45,6% de hipertens&#227;o intracraniana (HTIC), levantando algumas quest&#245;es sobre a real capacidade de prote&#231;&#227;o da autorregula&#231;&#227;o cerebral e da barreira cerebral vascular nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, as consequ&#234;ncias da hemodin&#226;mica arterial puls&#225;til, incluindo valores mais altos e PA e rigidez arterial, emergiram como um dos importantes mecanismos que afetam a fun&#231;&#227;o e a estrutura do cora&#231;&#227;o. A presen&#231;a de pulsatilidade aumentada nas pequenas art&#233;rias cerebrais, bem como o estiramento mec&#226;nico c&#237;clico endotelial no c&#233;rebro tem o potencial de produzir dep&#243;sitos de amiloide e refor&#231;a o papel n&#227;o s&#243; do comportamento da PA perif&#233;rica como tamb&#233;m da PA central na sa&#250;de cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A autorregula&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica tem a capacidade de proteger o tecido e os vasos cerebrais, mas essa prote&#231;&#227;o pode estar alterada quando a hipertens&#227;o em longo prazo modifica a capacidade dos vasos cerebrais de adaptarem o fluxo ao aumento da PA. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que, ap&#243;s uma exposi&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo &#224; HT, o mecanismo protetor vascular do c&#233;rebro esteja deficiente. Por isso, desenvolvemos um estudo transversal para explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o da PA central e perif&#233;rica e da rigidez arterial com a PIC em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Uma coorte de pacientes adultos consecutivos com HT, atendidos no Centro de Pesquisas de Doen&#231;as Cardiometab&#243;licas da Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o, Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, entre novembro de 2022 e agosto de 2023, foi inclu&#237;da na an&#225;lise transversal. O estudo foi conduzido de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 e foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica (70448823.1.0000.5078).</p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s exame f&#237;sico e avalia&#231;&#227;o de rotina da hist&#243;ria m&#233;dica, os seguintes par&#226;metros foram registrados: idade, sexo, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) em Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;ricas (PASp e PADp, respectivamente) (mmHg) de consult&#243;rio, PAS central (PASc) e PAD central (PADc) (mmHg), velocidade de onda de pulso (VOP) em m/s, &#237;ndice de aumento (IA) (%), hist&#243;ria de fatores de risco cardiovascular (CV) e doen&#231;a CV &#8211; infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), AVC, Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), e dislipidemia, bem como o n&#250;mero e a classe de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos. Todas essas vari&#225;veis foram coletadas no mesmo dia em que a forma de onda da PIC foi medida e foram organizadas usando a ferramenta de captura de dados eletr&#244;nicos REDCap.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial perif&#233;rica e central</title>
        <p>Os seguintes par&#226;metros: PASp, PADp, PASc, PADc, VOP e IA foram obtidos usando um dispositivo oscilom&#233;trico, o Mobil-O-Graph&#174; (IEM, Stolberg, Alemanha),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> com base em medidas em triplicata da VOP com calibra&#231;&#227;o C1 (m&#233;dia diast&#243;lica). Os dados foram processados com o algoritmo ARCSolver&#174; (<italic>Austrian Institute of Technology</italic>, Viena, &#193;ustria). As medidas foram tomadas no bra&#231;o esquerdo, com o paciente sentado com as pernas descruzadas, os p&#233;s com a planta inteira no ch&#227;o, e o bra&#231;o em repouso, apoiado sobre a mesa, ao n&#237;vel do cora&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes foram orientados a evitar a ingest&#227;o de bebida alco&#243;lica por 10 horas e de cafe&#237;na, tabagismo, e exerc&#237;cio por tr&#234;s horas antes das medidas, e descansarem por 10 minutos antes do procedimento. Foram obtidas tr&#234;s leituras da PA, e calculada a m&#233;dia das tr&#234;s medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o intracraniana</title>
        <p>Uma medida n&#227;o invasiva da PIC foi realizada com os pacientes deitados, e monitorados por sete minutos. O primeiro e o &#250;ltimo minuto foram descartados. O sensor validado brain4care (b4c)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> foi posicionado na cabe&#231;a dos pacientes, e a morfologia das ondas adquiridas por um sensor de deforma&#231;&#227;o que poderia detectar e monitorar deforma&#231;&#245;es nanom&#233;tricas do cr&#226;nio durante cada ciclo card&#237;aco.</p>
        <p>Pelas medidas tradicionais invasivas, a HTIC foi definida como PIC sustentada (&gt;5 minutos) por mais de 20 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Utilizando a avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva b4c, o ponto de corte identificado para definir HTIC pela raz&#227;o P2/P1 foi &#8805; 1,2, e o ponto de corte para o tempo para o pico (TPP) foi &#8805; 0,25 segundos. A raz&#227;o P2/P1 refere-se &#224; raz&#227;o entre a amplitude P1 (resultante da transmiss&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral sist&#243;lico) e a amplitude P2 (associada com complac&#234;ncia cerebral &#224; PIC); e o TPP &#233; definido como o tempo (em segundos) desde o in&#237;cio da forma de onda at&#233; P1. Os valores de P2/P1 entre 1,0 e 1,19, e os valores de TPP entre 0,20 e 0,24 foram considerados uma zona cinza de complac&#234;ncia intracraniana anormal, mas n&#227;o HTIC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram registrados na plataforma REDCap e analisados com o programa Jamovi, vers&#227;o 2.3.28. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncias e propor&#231;&#245;es. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram primeiramente analisadas em termos de distribui&#231;&#227;o, aplicando-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk; esses dados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana e intervalo interquartil, de acordo com a normalidade dos dados. Para comparar os valores de P2/P1 e de TPP entre as categorias das vari&#225;veis quantitativas, o teste de Mann-Whitney foi usado para an&#225;lises bivariadas e, para as correla&#231;&#245;es, o teste de Spearman foi usado. Um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de p&lt;0,05 foi adotado.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Uma coorte de 145 paciente foi inclu&#237;da no estudo. O tempo m&#233;dio desde o diagn&#243;stico de hipertens&#227;o foi de 20,0 &#177; 12,0 anos. Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas est&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos valores P2/P1 e TTP de acordo com os fatores de risco CVs, dados sociodemogr&#225;ficos e antropom&#233;tricos n&#227;o identificou diferen&#231;as, exceto pelo TPP entre homens e mulheres (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, comorbidades, n&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos, e par&#226;metros de press&#227;o arterial central e de press&#227;o intracraniana dos pacientes do estudo (n=145)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (p25 &#8211; p75%) ou n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">69,0 (61,8 &#8211; 75,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">113 (77,9%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">32 (22,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (n=136)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">29,0 (25,4 &#8211; 33,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">74 (51,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">129 (89,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</td>
                <td align="center">20 (13,8%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acidente vascular cerebral</td>
                <td align="center">17 (11,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">35 (24,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2-3</td>
                <td align="center">43 (29,7%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 3</td>
                <td align="center">57 (39,3%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASp (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">125,0 (115,0 &#8211; 139,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADp (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">79,0 (72,0 &#8211; 86,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASc (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">115,0 (160,0 &#8211; 129,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADc (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (73,0 &#8211; 87,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP (m/sec)</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IA (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (16,0 &#8211; 30,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Resist&#234;ncia vascular (s*mmHg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (1,3 &#8211; 1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Forma de onda da Press&#227;o Intracraniana</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P2/P1</td>
                <td align="center">1,4 (1,2 &#8211; 1,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TPP</td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,21 &#8211; 0,29)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PADp: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica, PASc press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; IA: &#237;ndice de aumento; TPP: tempo para o pico. Goi&#226;nia, 2023.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Os autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o dos picos (P2/P1) e do tempo para o pico (TPP) com os par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos, sociodemogr&#225;ficos e antropom&#233;tricos (n=145)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">P2/P1</th>
                <th>TPP</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Mediana (p25 &#8211; p75%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>Mediana (p25 &#8211; p75%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (1,23-1,52)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (0,23-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 65 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (1,17-1,52)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,20-0,28)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,292</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,048</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (1,21-1,54)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (0,21-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,18-1,45)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (0,21-0,26)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sobrepeso (BMI&gt;25)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,929</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (1,19-1,52)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,22-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (1,22-1,49)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,23 (0,21-0,27)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Comorbidades</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,349</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,33 (1,20-1,49)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,21-0,27)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,39 (1,19-1,57)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (0,21-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,614</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,35 (1,19-1,52)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,21-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,43 (1,23-1,64)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,26 (0,20-0,28)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,744</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,234</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,34 (1,14-1,57)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,22 (0,20-0,28)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (1,21-1,52)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (0,22-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acidente vascular cerebral</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,890</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,993</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1,29 (1,15-1,58)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,20-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">1,36 (1,20-1,52)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,21-0,28)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>N&#250;mero de anti-hipertensivos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,855</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,481</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">1,37 (1,22-1,52)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (0,22-0,28)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">1,27 (1,18-1,47)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,24 (0,21-0,28)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 3</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (1,22-1,53)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (0,21-0,29)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>P2/P1: raz&#227;o entre a amplitude P1 (resultante da transmiss&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral sist&#243;lico) e a amplitude P2 (associada com complac&#234;ncia cerebral &#224; press&#227;o intracraniana); TPP: Tempo Para o Pico, isto &#233;, tempo (em segundos) desde o in&#237;cio da forma de onda at&#233; P1; Teste de Mann-Whitney. Goi&#226;nia, 2023.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Os autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Segundo resultados de estudos pr&#233;vios com P2/P1, definimos P2/P1 &lt;1,0 como normal, P2/P1 entre 1,0 e 1,19 como dist&#250;rbio da complac&#234;ncia intracraniana, e P2/P1 &#8805; 1,2 como HTIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o da HTIC com valores de PA central e VOP tamb&#233;m foi avaliada. Valores mais altos de PASc, PADc e PADp foram encontrados nos pacientes com HTIC, identificados pelo crit&#233;rio da raz&#227;o P2/P1. Nos pacientes com HTIC, identificados adotando-se o crit&#233;rio do TPP (&#8805;0,25 segundos), tanto a PAD central como perif&#233;rica foram mais altas nesses pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis de PIC e medidas de PA central.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise bivariada de P2/P1 e do Tempo para o Pico (TPP) de acordo com os par&#226;metros da press&#227;o arterial central e da velocidade de onda de pulso</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="3">P2/P1</th>
                <th colspan="3">TTP</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>&lt; 1,2</th>
                <th>&#8805; 1,2</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>&lt; 0,25</th>
                <th>&#8805; 0,25</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PASp</td>
                <td align="center">122,0 (112,0-133,0)</td>
                <td align="center">127,0 (116,0-139,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,068</td>
                <td align="center">123,0 (115,0-136,0)</td>
                <td align="center">128,0 (115,5-140,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,307</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADp</td>
                <td align="center">75,0 (70,0-81,0)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (74,0-86,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,030</td>
                <td align="center">77,0 (71,0-82,8)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (75,0-88,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,032</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASc</td>
                <td align="center">109,0 (103,0-117,0)</td>
                <td align="center">117,0 (107,8-131,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
                <td align="center">114,0 (106,0-123,0)</td>
                <td align="center">118,0 (107,0-131,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,117</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADc</td>
                <td align="center">76,0 (71,0-82,0)</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 (75,0-88,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
                <td align="center">78,5 (72,0-84,0)</td>
                <td align="center">81,0 (76,0-89,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP</td>
                <td align="center">10,1&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,8&#177;1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
                <td align="center">10,1&#177;2,0</td>
                <td align="center">9,7&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,149</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IA</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (17,0-28,0)</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (16,0-31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,572</td>
                <td align="center">25,0 (15,3-28,0)</td>
                <td align="center">26,0 (19,0-31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RV</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (1,30-1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (1,30-1,53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,588</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (1,30-1,54)</td>
                <td align="center">1,40 (1,30-1,50)</td>
                <td align="center">0,964</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>P2/P1: raz&#227;o entre a amplitude P1 (resultante da transmiss&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral sist&#243;lico) e a amplitude P2 (associada com complac&#234;ncia cerebral &#224; press&#227;o intracraniana); TPP: tempo para o pico, isto &#233;, tempo (em segundos) desde o in&#237;cio da forma de onda at&#233; P1; PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PADp: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica, PASc press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; IA: &#237;ndice de aumento; RV: resist&#234;ncia vascular; Teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
            <attrib>Fonte: Os autores.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o P2/P1 e do Tempo para o Pico (TPP) com par&#226;metros da velocidade de onda de pulso e da velocidade da onda de pulso (fonte: os autores)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">P2/P1</th>
                <th colspan="2">TPP</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
                <th>r</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PASp</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADp</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PASc</td>
                <td align="center">0,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,095</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PADc</td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,044</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VOP</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,767</td>
                <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,104</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IA</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,501</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RV</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,889</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,509</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>P2/P1: raz&#227;o entre a amplitude P1 (resultante da transmiss&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo cerebral sist&#243;lico) e a amplitude P2 (associada com complac&#234;ncia cerebral &#224; press&#227;o intracraniana); TPP: tempo para o pico, isto &#233;, tempo (em segundos) desde o in&#237;cio da forma de onda at&#233; P1; PASp: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica; PADp: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica, PASc: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica central; PADc: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica central; VOP: velocidade de onda de pulso; IA: &#237;ndice de aumento; RV: resist&#234;ncia vascular; Teste de Mann-Whitney.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A coorte do estudo foi composta de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o essencial cr&#244;nica com uma idade mediana de 69,0 (61,8 &#8211; 75,7) anos, uma alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos tais como DM2 (51,0%) e dislipidemia (89,0%), e doen&#231;a CV pr&#233;via tais como IM (13,8%) e AVC (11,7%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Embora a forte associa&#231;&#227;o entre HT e doen&#231;a cerebrovascular esteja bem estabelecida, especialmente AVC e d&#233;ficit cognitivo, os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos que envolvem dano cerebral induzido por hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o s&#227;o bem conhecidos. Parece que les&#227;o cerebral secund&#225;ria a dist&#250;rbios na barreira hematoencef&#225;lica e na autorregula&#231;&#227;o vascular ocorra antes da neurodegenera&#231;&#227;o, sendo importante um melhor entendimento dessa associa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> encontramos uma preval&#234;ncia inesperadamente alta (45,6%) de HTIP em pacientes hipertensos, principalmente entre as mulheres, apesar de n&#227;o termos observados diferen&#231;as entre pacientes hipertensos controlados e n&#227;o controlados por meio da avalia&#231;&#227;o da PA perif&#233;rica. Esses achados levaram &#224; hip&#243;tese de que, ap&#243;s uma exposi&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo &#224; HT, os mecanismos de prote&#231;&#227;o vascular do c&#233;rebro foram perdidos. Contudo, outra hip&#243;tese a ser considerada &#233; a de que as medidas de PA perif&#233;rica n&#227;o sejam t&#227;o precisas para detectar tais diferen&#231;as, e talvez as medidas de PA central seriam mais sens&#237;veis. A avalia&#231;&#227;o central n&#227;o invasiva reflete valores da PA de grandes art&#233;rias, tais como aorta ou car&#243;tida e, por isso, &#233; um marcador mais forte de morbidade e mortalidade CV que a PA perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Neste estudo, encontramos um valor mediano de 0,24 (0,21 &#8211; 0,29) segundos na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta valores de PA central e perif&#233;rica, e a an&#225;lise da VOP nessa popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa com alto risco, com uma alta preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e doen&#231;as CVs, e uma VOP mediana pr&#243;xima a 10 (9,9 &#177; 1,9) m/s, que caracteriza les&#227;o vascular de acordo com estudos e diretrizes pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ao analisar diferen&#231;as nos valores m&#233;dios da raz&#227;o P2/P1 e do TPP nas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas e sociodemogr&#225;ficas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>), a &#250;nica diferen&#231;a observada foi um TPP mais longo entre as mulheres. Outros autores, bem como nosso grupo de pesquisa, discutiram anteriormente que uma exposi&#231;&#227;o em longo prazo &#224; PA elevada poderia ser respons&#225;vel por dados importantes nos mecanismos neuroprotetores, e por uma perda da capacidade de se manter valores de ICP normais nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, mesmo quando a PA est&#225; bem controlada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Importante mencionar que a incid&#234;ncia de AVC e de dem&#234;ncia &#233; mais alta nas mulheres, e os resultados de um TPP mais longo, bem como uma raz&#227;o P2/P1 mais alta entre as mulheres em nosso estudo, corrobora a hip&#243;tese de que a capacidade autorregulat&#243;ria da PCI e a permeabilidade da barreira hematoencef&#225;lica sejam afetadas de maneira diferente em homens e mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Muitos mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos foram associados a IMC e HTIC elevados, e a obesidade &#233; reconhecida como um fator de risco para HTIC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Dados recentes sugerem a associa&#231;&#227;o da HTIC com resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica, DM2 e doen&#231;a CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup>No entanto, n&#227;o encontramos nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o do sobrepeso, da raz&#227;o P2/P1 ou do TPP com a presen&#231;a de DM2 ou dislipidemia, talvez devido ao pequeno tamanho da nossa amostra. Finalmente, na an&#225;lise considerando os pontos de corte de 1,2 e 0,25 segundos para P2/P1 e TPP, respectivamente, encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre PASc, PADc e PADp em detectar essas diferen&#231;as em P2/P1; a PADc e a PADp foram capazes de detectar essas diferen&#231;as no TPP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref>), e os mesmos par&#226;metros mant&#234;m uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa e moderada entre medidas de PA e as vari&#225;veis da PIC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. &#201; importante mencionar que esta &#233; uma an&#225;lise transversal da coorte, e estudos longitudinais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar outras caracter&#237;sticas em uma rela&#231;&#227;o de causa e efeito. A for&#231;a deste estudo &#233; mostrar, pela primeira vez, dados de avalia&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o invasivas da PA central e da PIC em pacientes hipertensos com doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, um aumento nos n&#237;veis de PASc e n&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de PASp parece estar mais intimamente associado &#224; HTIC. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; PAD, tanto os valores centrais como os valores perif&#233;ricos t&#234;m uma associa&#231;&#227;o similar com HTIC. Esses resultados levantam a quest&#227;o de qual seria a abordagem para avaliar a press&#227;o arterial no contexto das doen&#231;as cerebrais.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos a todos os autores e colaboradores deste trabalho, &#224; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES), o ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq) e a empresa Brain4Care por seu apoio.</p>
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      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240778i</article-id>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Non-Invasive Central Blood Pressure and Intracranial Waveform Assessment in Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
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          <name>
            <surname>Inuzuka</surname>
            <given-names>Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0954-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Mikaelle Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5487-4649</contrib-id>
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            <surname>Vitorino</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Valverde de Oliveria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>2</sup>
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        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Piza</surname>
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          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
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            <sup>3</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Frigieri</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
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          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
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            <sup>4</sup>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Luiza Lima</given-names>
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          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
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        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coca</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1265-1930</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barroso</surname>
            <given-names>Weimar Kunz Sebba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Unidade de Hipertens&#227;o Arterial &#8211; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Escola de Ci&#234;ncias Sociais e da Sa&#250;de, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brain4care, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Laborat&#243;rio de investiga&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica 62, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="ES">Spain</country>
        <institution content-type="original">School of Health and Life Sciences. Universitat Abat Oliba CEU, CEU Universities, Barcelona &#8211; Spain</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, EBSERH, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Mikaelle Costa Correia &#8226; Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; 1&#170; Avenida, Setor Leste Universit&#225;rio. Postal Code 74605-050, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: mikaelleccorreia@gmail.com, mikaelle.pesquisa@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>Gustavo Frigieri declares that he is the co-founder and scientific director of Brain4Care.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> There is a strong association between hypertension and cerebrovascular disease, mainly with stroke and cognitive impairment. However, but the mechanistic of this relationship are not completely understood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To analyze the relationship of central, peripheral blood pressure (BP) and arterial stiffness, with intracranial pressure (ICP) in long-term chronic hypertensive patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Adult individuals were consecutively included in the study from November 2022 to August 2023. The cut-off point identified to define intracranial hypertension (ICHT) by the wave peak (P2/P1) ratio was &gt; 1.2, and the cut-off for time to peak (TTP) was &gt; 0.25. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 145 patients (32 male, 113 female) with long-term hypertension (average of time since diagnoses 20 &#177; 12 years) were evaluated over a period of 10 months. The median age was 69.0 (61.8 &#8211; 75.7) years and median body mass index 29.0 (25.4 &#8211; 33.1) kg/m2. Median value of P2/P1 ratio for all cohort was 1.4 (1.2 &#8211; 1.5) and TTP 0.24 (0.21 &#8211; 0.29). The analysis was performed considering presence or not of ICHT, and parameters of central BP and pulse wave velocity. There was higher central systolic (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and peripheral DBP among patients with ICHT based on the P2/P1 ratio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Central SBP levels are more linked to ICHT than office peripheral SBP measurements, while DBP measurements are similar, raising questions about the most suitable BP assessment method for hypertensive patients with cerebrovascular damage.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Non-Invasive Central Blood Pressure and Intracranial Waveform Assessment in Hypertensive Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study</title>
              <p>The b4c noninvasive intracranial pressure waveform real-time monitoring. All data collected are immediately processed by the b4c analytical software resulting in quantitative and qualitative reports. A: waveforms depicting normal standards (P2/P1 &lt; 1.0 and time to peak [TTP] &lt; 0.20 seconds) and B: altered standards (P2/P1 &#8805; 1.2 and TTP &#8805; 0.25 seconds).<sup>7,8</sup></p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240778-40778-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Cerebrovascular Disorders</kwd>
        <kwd>Cognitive Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Intracranial Pressure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension (HT) remains as the leading cause of death around the globe, and brain diseases, such as stroke and cognitive decline as important health problems, affecting one in five Americans aged &#8805; 65 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is a strong association between HT and cerebrovascular diseases, but the mechanistic bases of this relationship are not completely understood and further investigation on the issue is warranted. It is well established that blood pressure (BP) elevation may cause structural and functional damage in the arterial bed, but to at level this process begins and to what extent it can affect the brain remains to be elucidated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent study assessing non-invasive intracranial pressure (ICP) waveform in chronic hypertensive patients has found a 45.6% prevalence of intracranial hypertension (ICHT), raising some questions about the real protection capacity of cerebral autoregulation and vascular brain barriers in this population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Lately, the consequences of pulsatile arterial hemodynamics, including higher central BP and arterial stiffness have appeared as one of the important mechanisms that affect the function and structure of the brain. The presence of increased pulsatility in the small cerebral arteries as well as the brain endothelial cyclic mechanical stretch has the potential to produce amyloid deposits and reinforces the role, not only of peripheral BP, but also of central BP behavior in brain health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Hemodynamic autoregulation has the capacity to protect the brain tissue and vessels, but this protection may be altered when long-term hypertension modifies the capacity of brain vessels to adapt the flow to the increase in BP. We hypothesized that, after a long-term exposure to HT, the vascular protective mechanism of the brain is impaired. For this reason, we designed a cross- sectional study to explore the relationship of peripheral and central blood BP, and arterial stiffness, with ICP in long-term chronic hypertensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Material and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Selection of patients</title>
          <p>A cohort of consecutive adult patients with hypertension seen in the Research Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases of the Hypertension Unit, Federal University of Goias, Brazil, from November 2022 to August 2023 were included in the cross-sectional analysis. The study was conducted in accordance with the resolution 466/2012 and was approved by the Ethic Committee number 70448823.1.0000.5078.</p>
          <p>After a routine medical history and physical examination, the following parameters were recorded: age, sex, body mass index (BMI) in Kg/m<sup>2</sup>, office peripheral systolic (pSBP) and diastolic (pDBP) blood pressure in mmHg, central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic (cDBP) blood pressure in mmHg, pulse wave velocity (PWV) in m/sec, augmentation index (AIx) in %, previous history of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and CV disease &#8211; myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, type 2 diabetes (DM2), and dyslipidemia, and the number and class of anti-hypertensive medications. All these variables were collected on the same day when the non-invasive ICP waveform was measured and were managed using the REDCap electronic data capture tool.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of peripheral and central Blood pressure</title>
          <p>The following parameters: pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, cDBP, PWV, and AIx were obtained using a validated oscillometric device, the Mobil-O-Graph&#174; (IEM, Stolberg, Germany),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> based on triplicate measurements of PWV with C1 calibration (diastolic mean). The data were processed with the ARCSolver&#174; algorithm (Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria). The measurements were performed on the left arm, with the patient in a seated position with the legs uncrossed, feet flat on the floor, and the arm resting at heart level on a table. Patients were instructed to avoid alcohol consumption for 10 hours, refrain from caffeine intake, smoking, and exercise for three hours prior to the measurement, and rest for 10 minutes before the procedure. Three readings of central BP were obtained, and the average of the three measurements was calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assessment of intracranial pressure</title>
          <p>A non-invasive ICP measurement was performed with patients in a lying position and monitored for seven minutes. The first and last minutes were discarded. The validated brain4care (b4c) sensor<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>was positioned on patient&#8217;s scalp, and the morphology of the waves was acquired through a strain sensor that could detect and monitor nanometric skull bone deformations during each cardiac cycle.</p>
          <p>By the traditional invasive measurements, ICHT has been defined as sustained (&gt; 5 min) IPC over 20 mmHg.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Using the b4c non-invasive evaluation, the cut-off point identified to define ICHT by the P2/P1 ratio was &#8805; 1.2, and the cut-off for time-to-peak (TTP) was &#8805; 0.25 seconds. The P2/P1 ratio stands for the ratio between P1 amplitude (resulting from transmission of systolic cerebral blood flow) and P2 amplitude (associated with brain compliance to intracranial pressure), and TTP refers to the time in seconds from the beginning of waveform inscription until P1. The values of P2/P1 from 1.0 to 1.19 and the TTP values from 0.20 to 0.24 seconds were considered a grey zone of abnormal intracranial compliance but not ICHT<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were recorded on the REDCap platform and analysed with Jamovi, version 2.3.28. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and proportions. Quantitative variables were firstly analysed in terms of distribution, applying the Shapiro-Wilk test; these data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median and interquartile range, according to the normality of the data. To compare P2/P1 and TTP values between the categories of quantitative variables, the Mann-Whitney test was used for bivariate analyses, and, for correlations, the Spearman test was used. It was adopted as significant at p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A cohort of 145 patients with long-term essential HT was included in the study. The mean time since the hypertension diagnosis was 20.0 &#177; 12.0 years. Sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical variables are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. The comparison of P2/P1 and TTP values according to CV risk factors, and sociodemographic and anthropometric data did not find differences, except for TTP among males and females (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sample description according to sociodemographic characteristics, body mass index, comorbidities, number of anti-hypertensives, central blood pressure parameters and intracranial pressure parameters, n = 145</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Mean &#177; SD or Median (p25 &#8211; p75%) or n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">69.0 (61.8 &#8211; 75.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">113 (77.9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (22.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Body Mass Index (n=136)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 (25.4 &#8211; 33.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (51.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (89.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Myocardial Infarction</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (13.8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Stroke</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (11.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of anti-hypertensives</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (24.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2-3</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (29.7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">57 (39.3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Blood Pressure Assessment</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pSBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">125.0 (115.0 &#8211; 139.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pDBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0 (72.0 &#8211; 86.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">115.0 (160.0 &#8211; 129.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cDBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0 (73.0 &#8211; 87.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV (m/sec)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aix (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0 (16.0 &#8211; 30.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Vascular resistance (s*mmHg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (1.3 &#8211; 1.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Intracranial Pressure Waveform</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P2/P1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4 (1.2 &#8211; 1.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TTP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.21 &#8211; 0.29)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; pDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure; cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure; Aix: Augmentation index; PWV: pulse wave velocity; TTP: time to peak. Goi&#226;nia, 2023. Source: Author.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of P2/P1 and time to peak (TTP) across different clinical, sociodemographic and anthropometric parameters (n = 145)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">P2/P1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">TTP</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Median (p25 &#8211; p75%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>Median (p25 &#8211; p75%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.949</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 65 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 (1.23-1.52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 (0.23-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 65 years</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37 (1.17-1.52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.20-0.28)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.292</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.048</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37 (1.21-1.54)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 (0.21-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.18-1.45)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.23 (0.21-0.26)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Overweight (BMI&gt;25)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.929</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.225</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (1.19-1.52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.22-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (1.22-1.49)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.23 (0.21-0.27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Comorbidities</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.349</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.33 (1.20-1.49)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.21-0.27)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1.39 (1.19-1.57)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 (0.21-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.334</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.614</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.35 (1.19-1.52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.21-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1.43 (1.23-1.64)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.26 (0.20-0.28)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Myocardial infarction</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.744</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.234</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34 (1.14-1.57)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.22 (0.20-0.28)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (1.21-1.52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 (0.22-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stroke</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.890</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.993</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.29 (1.15-1.58)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.20-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36 (1.20-1.52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.21-0.28)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Number of anti-hypertensives</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.855</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.481</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">1.37 (1.22-1.52)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 (0.22-0.28)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.27 (1.18-1.47)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.24 (0.21-0.28)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (1.22-1.53)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 (0.21-0.29)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>P2/P1 ratio: ratio between P1 amplitude (resulting from transmission of systolic cerebral blood flow) and P2 amplitude (associated with brain compliance to intracranial pressure). TTP: measurement in seconds of the beginning of waveform inscription until P1; TTP: time to peak; Mann-Whitney test. Goi&#226;nia, 2023. Source: Author.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>According to the results of previous studies with P2/P1, we defined P2/P1 &lt; 1.0 as normal, P2/P1 1.0 &#8211; 1.19 as intracranial compliance disturbance and P2/P1 &#8805; 1.2 as ICHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The association of ICHT with central BP and PWV values was also evaluated. Higher cSBP, cDBP, and pDBP values were found in patients with ICHT, identified by the P2/P1 ratio criterion. In ICHT patients, identified by adopting the TTP criterion (&#8805; 0.25 seconds), both central and peripheral DBPs were higher in these patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the correlation analysis of ICP variables and central BP measurements.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Bivariate analysis of P2/P1 and time to peak (TTP) according to the central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">P2/P1</th>
                  <th colspan="3">TTP</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>&lt; 1.2</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 1.2</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>&lt; 0.25</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 0.25</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>pSBP</td>
                  <td align="center">122.0 (112.0-133.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">127.0 (116.0-139.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  <td align="center">123.0 (115.0-136.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">128.0 (115.5-140.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.307</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pDBP</td>
                  <td align="center">75.0 (70.0-81.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0 (74.0-86.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.030</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0 (71.0-82.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0 (75.0-88.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP</td>
                  <td align="center">109.0 (103.0-117.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">117.0 (107.8-131.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  <td align="center">114.0 (106.0-123.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">118.0 (107.0-131.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.117</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cDBP</td>
                  <td align="center">76.0 (71.0-82,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0 (75.0-88.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  <td align="center">78.5 (72.0-84.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.0 (76.0-89.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.039</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1&#177;2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8&#177;1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.438</td>
                  <td align="center">10.1&#177;2.0</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.149</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aix</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0 (17.0-28.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0 (16.0-31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.572</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0 (15.3-28.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">26.0 (19.0-31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (1.30-1.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40 (1.30-1.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.588</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (1.30-1.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 (1.30-1.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.964</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>P2/P1 ratio: ratio between P1 amplitude (resulting from transmission of systolic cerebral blood flow) and P2 amplitude (associated with brain compliance to intracranial pressure). TTP: measurement in seconds of the beginning of waveform inscription until P1. pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; pDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure, cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; Aix: Augmentation index; VR: vascular resistance. Results obtained after use of the Mann-Whitney test. Source: Author.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis of P2/P1 and time to peak (TTP) with central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity assessments</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">P2/P1</th>
                  <th colspan="2">TTP</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>pSBP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pDBP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cSBP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.095</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>cDBP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.044</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PWV</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.767</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.104</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aix</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.501</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VR</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.889</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.509</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>P2/P1 ratio: ratio between P1 amplitude (resulting from transmission of systolic cerebral blood flow) and P2 amplitude (associated with brain compliance to intracranial pressure). TTP: measurement in seconds of the beginning of waveform inscription until P1. pSBP: peripheral systolic blood pressure; pDBP: peripheral diastolic blood pressure; cSBP: central systolic blood pressure, cDBP: central diastolic blood pressure; PWV: pulse wave velocity; Aix: Augmentation index; VR: vascular resistance Spearman correlation test. Source: Author.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The study cohort was composed of patients with chronic essential hypertension patients with a median age of 69.0 (61.8 &#8211; 75.7) years, a high prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors such as DM2 (51.0%) and dyslipidemia (89.0%), and previous CV disease such as MI (13.8%) and stroke (11.7%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Although the strong association between HT and cerebrovascular disease is well established, particularly stroke and cognitive impairment, the pathophysiological mechanisms involving hypertension-induced brain damage are not well known. It seems that cerebral damage due to blood-brain barrier (BBB) and vascular autoregulation disorders occurs before neurodegeneration, and a better understanding of this link is of utmost importance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> we found an unexpectedly high prevalence (45.6%) of ICHT in hypertensive patients, mainly in women, although no differences were observed between controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patients using peripheral BP assessment. These findings have raised the hypothesis that after a long-term exposure to HT, the vascular protective mechanisms of the brain have been lost. However, another hypothesis to be considered is that peripheral BP measurements are not so accurate to detect these differences, and perhaps central BP measurements would have higher sensitivity. Noninvasive central assessments reflect BP values of large arteries such as aorta or carotids and, for this reason, are a stronger marker of CV morbidity and mortality than peripheral BP <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>. Another important point is that central BP has a stronger association with target organ damage than peripheral BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In this study, we found a median value of P2/P1 ratio of 1.4 (1.2 &#8211; 1.5), and a TTP median value of 0.24 (0.21 &#8211; 0.29) seconds in the study population. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows values of peripheral and central BP values, and PWV analysis in this well-controlled high-risk hypertensive population featuring a high prevalence of CV risk factors and diseases as well as a median PWV close to 10 (9.9 &#177; 1.9) m/sec, which characterizes vascular damage according to previous studies and guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>When looking for differences in mean P2/P1 ratio and TTP in the sociodemographic, anthropometric, and clinical variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>), the only difference found was a longer TTP among females. Others authors, as well as our research group, have discussed that a long-term exposure to high BP could be responsible for important damage to neuroprotective mechanisms and a loss of capacity to maintain normal ICP values in this population, even when BP is well controlled.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>It is important to mention that the incidence of stroke and dementia is higher among females, and the findings of a longer TTP, as well as a greater P2/P1 ratio among women in this study, support the hypothesis that the autoregulatory capacity of ICP and BBB permeability are differently affected in male and female.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms have been associated with elevated BMI and ICHT, and obesity is recognized as a risk factor for the development of ICHT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Recent data suggest the association of ICHT with insulin resistance, DM2, and CV disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> However, we did not find any relationship of overweight, P2/P1 ratio or TTP with the presence of DM2 or dyslipidemia, perhaps due to the small study sample. Finally, in the analysis considering the cut-offs of 1.2 and 0.25 seconds for P2/P1 and TTP, respectively, we have found significant differences between cSBP, cDBP, and pDBP in detecting these differences concerning P2/P1; cDBP and pDBP were able to detect these differences concerning TTP (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">table 3</xref>), and the same parameters maintain a moderate and significant correlation between the BP measurements and ICP variables (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>Our study has some limitations. It is important to note that it is a cross-sectional analysis of the cohort, and longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate other features in a cause-and-effect relationship. The strength of this study is to show for the first time data of non-invasive central BP and ICP assessments in hypertensive patients with chronic disease.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, an increase in cSBP rather than pSBP levels seems to be more closely associated with ICHT. Concerning DBP, both central and peripheral values have a similar association with ICHT. These findings raise the question of what approach is most appropriate for assessing blood pressure in the setting of brain disorders.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We thank all the authors and collaborators of this work, as well as the funding agencies CAPES (the Brazilian Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education), the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development and the company Brain4Care for their support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Mikaelle Costa Correia, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Faculdade de Medicina - UFG.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s under the protocol number 70448823.1.0000.5078. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data and Other Materials:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>This study was partially funded by pela Brain4Care. Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso declares that he receives research funding from is a Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development Researcher (grant/award number: 313481/2020- 2. Mikaelle Costa Correia e Matheus Martins da Costa are postgraduate students and they declare they receive grants from CAPES (the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
