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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GR9TKnx6yGVFptdrcbyWzPm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240676</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A &#8220;Dupla Din&#226;mica&#8221;: O Novo Manejo no Tratamento Medicamentoso da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Levemente Reduzida ou Preservada</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7545-2683</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolf</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; Whitaker</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Finger</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Casadei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3799-9466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bruscky</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Ventura Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7909-5326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murta</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Yon&#225; Afonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albrecht</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1990-3798</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Jangelavicin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sassaki</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Mikio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blaas</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Noshang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4188-1799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Fernandes T&#225;vora</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortuna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda de Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-7061-0238</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Bemfica de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Refer&#234;ncia e Treinamento DST/Aids-SP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="city">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Refer&#234;ncia e Treinamento DST/Aids-SP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="state">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="city">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; Whitaker Wolf &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>Pjwwolf@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240676</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>O &#8220;Quarteto Fant&#225;stico&#8221;, termo criado em 2021 para se referir aos quatro pilares medicamentosos no tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (betabloqueadores, inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina e neprilisina, antagonistas do receptor de mineralocorticoide e inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose II, ou iSGLT2), apresenta excelente desempenho na redu&#231;&#227;o de morbimortalidade nesse cen&#225;rio. No entanto, no caso da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida ou preservada, os mesmos benef&#237;cios n&#227;o foram observados com esse tratamento em conjunto, restando, por muitos anos, apenas o uso de diur&#233;ticos e o controle de comorbidades como manejo recomendado nesse contexto. Contudo, recentemente, novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas demonstraram efic&#225;cia na redu&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos cardiovasculares nesse grupo espec&#237;fico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida ou preservada: a &#8220;Dupla Din&#226;mica&#8221; composta pelos iSGLT2 e Finerenona, al&#233;m despontamento da semaglutida como tratamento &#8220;coringa&#8221; para essa condi&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; obesidade. Embora ainda seja necess&#225;ria a busca por novas op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas que reduzam, de fato, a mortalidade geral nesse contexto, esses novos tratamentos impactaram efetivamente a diminui&#231;&#227;o da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e dos sintomas desses pacientes. Por isso, inicia-se uma nova era no manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>A &#8220;Dupla Din&#226;mica&#8221;: O Novo Manejo no Tratamento Medicamentoso da Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Levemente Reduzida ou Preservada</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/GR9TKnx6yGVFptdrcbyWzPm/764857bb7fff7f1bbb2f60d0962f88bdd4dca7d6.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores do Transportador 2 de S&#243;dio-Glicose</kwd>
        <kwd>Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) &#233; definida, de forma universal, como a presen&#231;a de sinais e/ou sintomas de IC causados por altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais ou funcionais card&#237;acas, associados a pelo menos um dos seguintes fatores: eleva&#231;&#227;o dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos ou evid&#234;ncia de congest&#227;o pulmonar ou sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Essa condi&#231;&#227;o apresenta uma expressiva preval&#234;ncia, atingindo em torno de 23 milh&#245;es de pessoas no mundo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> especialmente entre idosos, acometendo mais de 10% dos indiv&#237;duos acima dos 70 anos. Ressalta-se a elevada mortalidade da IC, que pode chegar a 67% em at&#233; cinco anos ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> apresentando, inclusive, pior progn&#243;stico em rela&#231;&#227;o a algumas neoplasias malignas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o da IC &#233; determinada de acordo com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) e sua import&#226;ncia se baseia nos diferentes progn&#243;sticos e tratamentos de cada grupo. Nesse sentido, a IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr) &#233; aquela com FE &#8804; 40%, enquanto a IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (ICFEp) e IC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada levemente reduzida (ICFElr) apresentam, respectivamente, FE &#8805; 50% e FE entre 41-49%. Quanto &#224; preval&#234;ncia, a ICFEr &#233; a mais comum (60%), seguida da ICFElr (24%) e ICFEp (16%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> J&#225; em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico, portadores de FEVE reduzida apresentam maior mortalidade anual (8,8%) se comparados &#224; FEVE preservada (6,3%).</p>
      <p>O tratamento medicamentoso reduziu, de forma significativa, a morbimortalidade nos indiv&#237;duos com IC. Contudo, por muito tempo, o benef&#237;cio medicamentoso modificador da doen&#231;a se restringiu &#224; ICFEr. Assim, a terapia medicamentosa baseada nos quatro pilares &#8212; (1) inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA)/bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina II (BRA)/inibidores da neprilisina e receptor da angiotensina II (INRA), (2) betabloqueadores (BB), (3) antagonistas de mineralocorticoides (ARM) e (4) inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose II (iSGLT2) &#8212; mudou expressivamente o curso da ICFEr, reduzindo em 64% a mortalidade cardiovascular (CV) e a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, o chamado &#8220;Quarteto Fant&#225;stico&#8221;, termo inicialmente mencionado em 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> e consagrado desde ent&#227;o, fez jus ao nome em pacientes com FEVE reduzida, o que n&#227;o se replicou de forma satisfat&#243;ria nos portadores de ICFElr e ICFEp, nos quais, por muitos anos, o tratamento medicamentoso careceu de benef&#237;cios consistentes na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, diante de novas evid&#234;ncias, a partir de 2021, sobretudo em rela&#231;&#227;o aos iSGLT2 e aos novos antagonistas de mineralocorticoides (Finerenona), houve, por fim, a concretiza&#231;&#227;o de um tratamento com efetiva redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC (&#224;s custas deste &#250;ltimo) nos pacientes com FEVE superior a 40% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>), levando ao surgimento de um novo termo: a &#8220;Dupla Din&#226;mica&#8221; da ICFElr e ICFEp (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Sugest&#227;o de manejo da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida ou preservada. BB: betabloqueador; BRAII: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; GLP-1: receptor de pept&#237;deo 1 semelhante ao glucagon; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; ICFElr: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e receptor da angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose II.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240676-40676-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Assim sendo, o presente artigo tem como o objetivo revisar, descrever e sugerir as recentes possibilidades terap&#234;uticas que mostraram benef&#237;cios concretos na IC com FEVE&gt;40%, demonstrando e analisando as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis na literatura, bem como explorando os poss&#237;veis mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Quarteto Fant&#225;stico: O tratamento da ICFEr e ICFElr/ICFEp</title>
        <p>A ICFEr apresenta uma complexa fisiopatologia, deflagrada ap&#243;s inj&#250;ria mioc&#225;rdica (prim&#225;ria e/ou secund&#225;ria), que ativa, por sua vez, o sistema neuro-hormonal, composto pelo sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) e pelo sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS). Se, por um lado, esse mecanismo adaptativo visa manter o d&#233;bito card&#237;aco &#224;s custas de inotropismo, cronotropismo e otimiza&#231;&#227;o da pr&#233;-carga em paralelo &#224; manuten&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o tecidual atrav&#233;s da vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, por outro, leva &#224; hipervolemia, inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, remodelamento adverso e progress&#227;o da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesse contexto, o &#8220;Quarteto Fant&#225;stico&#8221; atua justamente nas vias fisiopatol&#243;gicas da ICFEr, atenuando o ciclo progressivo da IC, reduzindo morbimortalidade e, portanto, apresenta recomenda&#231;&#227;o classe I pelas principais diretrizes, nacional e internacionais, para o manejo de FEVE reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No entanto, o tratamento medicamentoso na FEVE levemente reduzida ou preservada n&#227;o manteve o mesmo &#8220;hero&#237;smo&#8221; evidenciado na ICFEr, como destacado por muitos estudos falhos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Estudos randomizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o de tratamento espec&#237;fico para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o levemente reduzida ou preservada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudo (ano)</th>
                  <th>Droga (classe)</th>
                  <th>Amostra Seguimento (m&#233;dia ou mediana)</th>
                  <th>Inclus&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Morte CV e HR ou RR hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o IC (IC de 95%)</th>
                  <th>Morte geral HR (IC de 95%)</th>
                  <th>Morte Cardiovascular HR (IC de 95%)</th>
                  <th>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o IC HR ou RR (IC de 95%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metan&#225;lise Cleland et al. (2018)<sup>15</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">BB</td>
                  <td align="center">n=14.262 (ritmo sinusal)/15,3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Ritmo sinusal; IC; qualquer FE (n=575, FE-41-49%) (n=244, FE&#8805;50%)</td>
                  <td align="center">FE=40-49%: 0,83 (0,6-1,13) FE&#8805;50%: 0,66 (0,38-1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">FE=40-49%: 0,59 (0,34-1,03) FE&#8805;50%: 1,79 (0,78-4,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">FE=40-49%: 0,48 (0,24-0,97) FE&#8805;50%: 1,77 (0,61-5,14)</td>
                  <td align="center">FE=40-49%: 0,95 (0,68-1,32) FE&#8805;50%: 0,66 (0,37-1,18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PEP-CHF (2006)<sup>17</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Perindopril (ECA)</td>
                  <td align="center">n=850/26,2 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade&#8805;70 anos; IC sintom&#225;tica; uso de diur&#233;ticos; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica; aus&#234;ncia de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica</td>
                  <td align="center">0,92 (0,70-1,21)*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,09 (0,75-1,58)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98 (0,63-1,53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,61-1,20)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CHARM-Preserved (2003)<sup>18</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Candesartana (BRAII)</td>
                  <td align="center">n=3.023/36,6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">IC sintom&#225;tica; FE&#8805;40%; interna&#231;&#227;o por causa card&#237;aca pr&#233;via</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86 (0,74-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 (0,76-1,18)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,70-1,00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PARAGON-HF (2019)<sup>20</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Sacubitril/Valsartana (INRA)&#8224;</td>
                  <td align="center">n=4.822/35 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade&#8805;50 anos; IC sintom&#225;tica; uso de diur&#233;ticos; FE&#8805;45%; altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca; eleva&#231;&#227;o BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87 (0,75-1,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97 (0,84-1,13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,95 (0,79-1,16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,72-1,00)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TOPCAT (2014)<sup>22</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Espironolactona (ARM)</td>
                  <td align="center">n=3.445/39 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade&#8805;50 anos; IC sintom&#225;tica; FE&#8805;45%; eleva&#231;&#227;o BNP/NT pro-BNP ou hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es &#8804;12 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89 (0,77-1,04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,77-1,08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90 (0,73-1,12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,83 (0,69-0,99)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FINEARTS-HF (2024)<sup>37</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Finerenona (ARM n&#227;o esteroidal)</td>
                  <td align="center">n=6.001/32 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade&#8805;40 anos; IC sintom&#225;tica; uso de diur&#233;ticos, FE&#8805;40%; altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca; eleva&#231;&#227;o BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,74-0,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,83-1,06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93 (0,78-1,11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,71-0,94)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EMPEROR-Preserved (2021)<sup>29</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Empagliflozina (ISGLT2)</td>
                  <td align="center">n=5.988/26,2 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade&#8805;18 anos; IC sintom&#225;tica; FE&#8805;40%; altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca; eleva&#231;&#227;o BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79 (0,69-0,90)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,87-1,15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91 (0,76-1,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,71 (0,60-0,83)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DELIVER (2022)<sup>30</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Dapagliflozina (ISGLT2)</td>
                  <td align="center">n=6.263/27,6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade&#8805;40 anos; IC sintom&#225;tica; FE&#8805;40% ou melhorada; altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca; eleva&#231;&#227;o BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,82 (0,73-0,92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94 (0,83-1,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,88 (0,74-1,05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,77 (0,67-0,89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Metan&#225;lise Butler et al. (2024)<sup>44</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">Semaglutida (an&#225;logo GLP-1)</td>
                  <td align="center">n=1.145/13 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">Idade&#8805;18 anos; IMC&#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; IC sintom&#225;tica; FE&#8805;45%; KCCQ&#8804;90; TC6&#8805;100 m; aumento press&#245;es enchimento VE com altera&#231;&#227;o estrutural card&#237;aca e eleva&#231;&#227;o BNP/NT pro-BNP ou interna&#231;&#227;o por IC e uso de diur&#233;tico com BNP/NT pro-BNP elevado</td>
                  <td align="center">0,31 (0,15-0,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">NR</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27 (0,12-0,56)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>*Desfecho de morte geral e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC; &#8224;Diferentemente dos outros estudos citados (que compararam o tratamento com placebo), o estudo PARAGON-HF comparou sacubitril/valsartana com valsartana; &#8225;Desfecho incluiu morte CV, Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e parada card&#237;aca abortada. ARM: antagonista receptor mineralocorticoide; BB: betabloqueador; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; BRAII: bloqueador do receptor de angiotensina II; CV: cardiovascular; FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; GLP-1: receptor de pept&#237;deo 1 semelhante ao glucagon; HR: hazard ratio; IC: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; INRA: inibidor da neprilisina e receptor da angiotensina; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose II; KCCQ: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; NR: n&#227;o registrado; NT pro-BNP: N-terminal do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo B; RR: rate ratio; TC6: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Inicialmente, os betabloqueadores, que reduziram em torno de 31-34% da mortalidade geral na FEVE reduzida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> nunca apresentaram a mesma consist&#234;ncia em FE superiores a 40%. Apesar de poucos estudos randomizados com BB nesse contexto, uma metan&#225;lise publicada em 2018, que avaliou o uso de BB em 14.262 pacientes portadores de IC em ritmo sinusal (com todos os espectros de FEVE), n&#227;o evidenciou redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade geral nos pacientes com FE de 40-49% (HR=0,59; IC de 95%: 0,34&#8211;1,03, p=0,066) e naqueles com FE preservada (HR=1,79; IC de 95%: 0,78&#8211;4,1, p=0,17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A inibi&#231;&#227;o do sistema renina-angiotensina II tamb&#233;m n&#227;o se mostrou t&#227;o favor&#225;vel como nos estudos randomizados em portadores de ICFEr, onde o IECA alcan&#231;ou redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade muito consider&#225;vel, na ordem de 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, em avalia&#231;&#227;o do perindopril nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (sem disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica) e necessidade de diur&#233;tico, a sobrevida n&#227;o se modificou nesse perfil de indiv&#237;duos (HR=0,919; IC de 95%: 0,700-1,208; p=0,545).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao BRA II, o conhecido estudo CHARM-Preserved tamb&#233;m falhou em demonstrar efic&#225;cia na redu&#231;&#227;o de morte e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em FEVE superior a 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ainda, os INRA, cujo ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado pr&#233;vio em pacientes com FEVE reduzida (PARADIGM-HF) demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade em 16% sobre o IECA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m foram decepcionantes no que diz respeito &#224; FE&#8805;45%, onde n&#227;o se obteve redu&#231;&#227;o de desfecho de morte/hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Seguindo ainda o roteiro de desfechos n&#227;o significativos no cen&#225;rio da ICFElr e ICFEp, os ARM, diferentemente do que demonstraram na ICFEr (onde reduziram em 30% a mortalidade geral)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m n&#227;o foram eficazes na redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho composto de morte cardiovascular/hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o/morte s&#250;bita abortada, quando avaliados na IC com FE&#8805;45%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Por isso, diante do insucesso do &#8220;Quarteto Fant&#225;stico&#8221; na conjuntura da ICFElr/ICFEp, as diretrizes recomendaram, para o tratamento da IC com FEVE preservada, por muitos anos, apenas o uso de diur&#233;ticos para sintomas e o controle das comorbidades, como a obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O fracasso est&#225; relacionado a profundas diferen&#231;as na fisiopatologia entre a ICFEr e a ICFEp. Isso porque, enquanto a primeira est&#225; intimamente relacionada ao baixo d&#233;bito e &#224; cascata neuro-hormonal, a segunda &#233; resultado de mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos complexos, heterog&#234;neos e ainda n&#227;o t&#227;o completamente compreendidos. Na verdade, os contrastes v&#227;o al&#233;m da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica, uma vez que ambas as altera&#231;&#245;es est&#227;o presentes, independente da FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Assim, a ICFEp &#233; resultado de intensas altera&#231;&#245;es fisiopatol&#243;gicas relacionadas, sobretudo, &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, altera&#231;&#245;es energ&#233;ticas do mioc&#225;rdio e volemia, reflexos esses da multimorbidade (obesidade, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes e s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fisiopatologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e os alvos terap&#234;uticos dos tratamentos atuais dispon&#237;veis. DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; GLP-1: receptor de pept&#237;deo 1 semelhante ao glucagon; HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; ICFEp: insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada; SAHOS: s&#237;ndrome da apneia e hipopneia obstrutiva do sono; iSGLT2: inibidores do cotransportador de s&#243;dio e glicose II.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240676-40676-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Portanto, na ICFEp, s&#227;o m&#250;ltiplas as consequ&#234;ncias encontradas pelos diversos mecanismos envolvidos na doen&#231;a, dentre eles: o enrijecimento ventricular (fibrose); constri&#231;&#227;o peric&#225;rdica (gordura epic&#225;rdica); aumento do volume plasm&#225;tico, volume estressado e da p&#243;s-carga; disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito; doen&#231;a vascular pulmonar e hipertens&#227;o pulmonar; disfun&#231;&#227;o atrial e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; disautonomia e d&#233;ficit cronotr&#243;pico; anormalidade da capacit&#226;ncia venosa e baixa sensibilidade dos barorreceptores. Fica compreens&#237;vel, dessa maneira, o quanto a complexa e singular fisiopatologia da ICFEp difere da ICFEr e, por isso, pode-se justificar diferen&#231;as em seus tratamentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Apesar de que, at&#233; pouco tempo, n&#227;o havia nenhum medicamento que reduzisse efetivamente o desfecho na IC com FEVE&gt;40%, a partir do ano de 2021 iniciou-se uma nova era no manejo da ICFElr/ICFEp com os iSGLT2 e, mais recentemente, em 2024, com os novos antagonistas de mineralocorticoides, a finerenona.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A dupla din&#226;mica: iSGLT2 e Finerenona</title>
        <sec>
          <title>iSGLT2:</title>
          <p>Os iSGLT2, representados mais comumente pela dapagliflozina e empagliflozina, atuam inibindo a reabsor&#231;&#227;o de glicose no t&#250;bulo contorcido proximal do n&#233;fron, causando glicos&#250;ria e, consequentemente, melhor controle glic&#234;mico, tendo sido desenvolvidos, inicialmente, para o tratamento de DM2. Em estudos de seguran&#231;a, notou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de interna&#231;&#227;o por IC em torno de 30%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> o que propiciou, em um primeiro momento, a publica&#231;&#227;o de estudos relacionados ao uso dos iSGLT2 no contexto espec&#237;fico de ICFEr, independente da DM2 (EMPEROR-Reduced e DAPA-HF representando, respectivamente, empagliflozina e dapagliflozina), que levou &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de 26% morte CV e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, al&#233;m de mortalidade geral em 13%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Posteriormente, foi avaliada a efic&#225;cia dos iSGLT-2 na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos de morte e interna&#231;&#227;o por IC no contexto de ICFElr/ICFEp, tamb&#233;m independentemente de DM2. Publicou-se, ent&#227;o, o EMPEROR-Preserved (2021), randomizado e placebo-controlado, que avaliou a empagliflozina em 5.988 indiv&#237;duos com IC e FEVE&gt;40%, durante 26,2 meses, e demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio em 21%, &#224;s custas, sobretudo, de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Apesar de n&#227;o ter apresentado impacto na mortalidade, foi o primeiro estudo que foi positivo na FEVE preservada. Um ano depois, em 2022, foi publicado estudo DELIVER, que randomizou 6.263 pacientes para avalia&#231;&#227;o da dapagliflozina no mesmo contexto, por 2,3 anos, e, como resultado, refor&#231;aram-se os mesmos achados da empagliflozina, tamb&#233;m reduzindo em 18% o composto de morte CV/hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em metan&#225;lise de ambos os estudos citados, houve redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho composto em 20% (HR=0,80, IC de 95%: 0,73&#8211;0,87) e de 26% na interna&#231;&#227;o por IC (HR=0,74, IC de 95%: 0,67&#8211;0,83).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Portanto, de maneira surpreendente, ap&#243;s muitos anos sem que houvesse um tratamento espec&#237;fico com impacto na ICFEp, os iSGLT2 foram incorporados na diretrizes internacionais com recomenda&#231;&#227;o forte para o tratamento da ICFElr e ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Ap&#243;s in&#250;meros estudos negativos, questiona-se qual seria o racional do impacto dos iSGLT2 na IC com FEVE&gt;40%. Atribui-se, de in&#237;cio, aos mecanismos convencionais que podem, em parte, justificar a melhoria cardiovascular, como aumento da diurese, otimiza&#231;&#227;o da hemoglobina glicada, aumento de hemat&#243;crito, discreta perda de peso e da press&#227;o arterial. Entretanto, outros tratamentos (antidiab&#233;ticos, diur&#233;ticos e anti-hipertensivos) podem levar a tais efeitos, sem que levassem aos desfechos positivos apresentados, inferindo, assim, que demais mecanismos, n&#227;o convencionais, pudessem estar associados ao impacto nos desfechos apresentados. Dentre eles, est&#227;o a redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura epic&#225;rdica, a autofagia de organelas danificadas, a redu&#231;&#227;o de inflama&#231;&#227;o e do estresse oxidativo, o aumento do c&#225;lcio intracelular (e consequente aumento da contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca), a otimiza&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica mioc&#225;rdica, melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e da efici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Desse modo, conhecendo-se tais benef&#237;cios que atuam diretamente em v&#225;rios aspectos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da ICFEp, pode-se compreender melhor o impacto positivo dos iSGLT2 nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Antagonistas receptor mineralocorticoides (Finerenona):</title>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m parte do &#8220;Quarteto Fant&#225;stico&#8221;, os ARM apresentaram previamente resultados lim&#237;trofes quanto ao benef&#237;cio na ICFElr/ICFEp, apresentando, na atualidade, algum grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o nesse contexto (IIb), pela diretriz Americana de IC publicada em 2022.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Isso porque o estudo TOPCAT (2014), que apesar de n&#227;o ter apresentado desfecho prim&#225;rio positivo na avalia&#231;&#227;o do uso da espironolactona em pacientes portadores de IC com FEVE&#8805;45% (amostra total de 3.445), conforme citado previamente, possui algumas observa&#231;&#245;es pertinentes.</p>
      <p>Primeiramente, quanto &#224; an&#225;lise do desfecho secund&#225;rio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 17% (HR=0,83, IC de 95%: 0,69&#8211;0,99; p=0,04) o que, no cen&#225;rio de elevada morbidade e perda de qualidade de vida na IC, j&#225; se aponta como um resultado favor&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda, em an&#225;lise post hoc, foi verificado que no subgrupo dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo provenientes do continente Americano (Estados Unidos, Canad&#225;, Brasil e Argentina, correspondente a 51% amostral), houve redu&#231;&#227;o do desfecho prim&#225;rio (morte CV, hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC e morte s&#250;bita abortada) em 18% (HR=0,82; IC de 95%: 0,69&#8211;0,98, p=0,026), da hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em 18% (HR=0,82; IC de 95%: 0,67&#8211;0,99, p=0,042) e, tamb&#233;m, na mortalidade CV em 26% (HR=0,74; IC de 95%: 0,57&#8211;0,97, p=0,027). Entretanto, ele n&#227;o foi observado em parte da amostra oriunda da R&#250;ssia/Ge&#243;rgia (49% amostral), onde n&#227;o existiu qualquer benef&#237;cio nos desfechos prim&#225;rio ou secund&#225;rios. Dentre as hip&#243;teses que poderiam justificar tais resultados, destacam-se: diferen&#231;a significativa das caracter&#237;sticas basais das duas popula&#231;&#245;es analisadas (idade, preval&#234;ncia de comorbidades, FEVE, dentre outros); maior n&#250;mero de eventos prim&#225;rios ocorridos na popula&#231;&#227;o da Am&#233;rica (29,5% contra 8,9% na R&#250;ssia/Ge&#243;rgia); n&#250;mero superior de pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo pelo crit&#233;rio relacionado &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o de BNP na popula&#231;&#227;o americana (45%), quando comparado a outra popula&#231;&#227;o (11%), que foi, em sua maioria, inclu&#237;da no estudo devido ao crit&#233;rio de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via (possibilidade de inclus&#227;o n&#227;o acurada de portadores de ICFEp).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Por fim, em outra an&#225;lise publicada em 2017, a partir 366 indiv&#237;duos participantes TOPCAT, notou-se que houve uma propor&#231;&#227;o superior de pacientes com dosagem indetect&#225;vel de canrenona (metab&#243;lito ativo da espironolactona) nos pacientes da R&#250;ssia, quando comparado aos Estados Unidos (30% e 3%, respectivamente, p&lt;0,001), evidenciando que o uso real do ARM variou de acordo com a origem amostral, podendo ter alterado o desfecho final.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Diante de tais achados lim&#237;trofes quanto &#224; efic&#225;cia da espironolactona em pacientes com ICFElr/ICFEp, uma nova classe de ARM n&#227;o esteroidal, a Finerenona, foi avaliada nessa conjuntura (estudo FINEARTS-HF). Sabidamente, esse medicamento apresenta algumas vantagens sobre os demais ARMs, visto ter maior pot&#234;ncia e seletividade sobre o receptor mineralocorticoide, aus&#234;ncia penetra&#231;&#227;o no sistema nervoso central ou efeitos colaterais sexuais, menor meia-vida e efeito sobre a press&#227;o arterial. Al&#233;m disso, demonstrou benef&#237;cio na redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cardiovasculares e renais, com seguran&#231;a, em pacientes com DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O FINEARTS-HF (2024), estudo que avaliou a Finerenona (20-40 mg) em uma amostra de 6.001 pacientes portadores de IC com FEVE&#8805;40% em um seguimento de 32 meses, apresentou desfecho positivo na redu&#231;&#227;o de morte CV e piora de IC (hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o/passagem urgente em pronto-socorro) em 16% (RR=0,84; IC de 95%: 0,74&#8211;0,95, p=0,007), sobretudo &#224;s custas de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o (diminui&#231;&#227;o em 18%). Apesar do estudo n&#227;o ter apresentado impacto na mortalidade, seu resultado &#233; bastante favor&#225;vel, haja vista que seu desfecho prim&#225;rio foi positivo, inclusive, independentemente do uso pr&#233;vio de iSGLT2, de forma segura e em uma amostra de pacientes bastante sintom&#225;ticos (87% em uso de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Finerenona, portanto, &#233; o segundo tratamento que demonstrou impacto significativo na ICFElr/ICFEp, refor&#231;ando o manejo dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de alta morbimortalidade. De fato, em se tratando dos efeitos dos ARM (atuando na redu&#231;&#227;o da congest&#227;o, reten&#231;&#227;o de s&#243;dio, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, inflama&#231;&#227;o, fibrose e hipertrofia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup>), parecem ser justific&#225;veis as consequ&#234;ncias positivas desse antagonista de mineralocorticoide na ICFEp, principalmente diante de sua atua&#231;&#227;o em v&#225;rias vias fisiopatol&#243;gicos espec&#237;ficas desse padr&#227;o singular da IC. Somado a isso, avalia&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias j&#225; haviam mostrado o papel dos ARMs na revers&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais (remodelamento reverso) e na fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Semaglutida como tratamento emergente &#8220;coringa&#8221; no fen&#243;tipo da ICFElr/ICFEp e obesidade:</title>
      <p>A semaglutida, da classe de medicamentos agonistas do receptor de pept&#237;deo 1 semelhante ao glucagon (GLP-1), j&#225; &#233; muito bem estabelecida e recomendada no tratamento DM2, com redu&#231;&#227;o associada de 26% nos desfechos CV na dose de 1,0 mg/semana (morte CV, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular encef&#225;lico).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Posteriormente, os an&#225;logos de GLP-1 ganharam destaque tamb&#233;m no tratamento da obesidade, na dose alvo de 2,4 mg/semanal, com diminui&#231;&#227;o consider&#225;vel de peso nesse perfil de pacientes, sobretudo no que diz respeito &#224; semaglutida, que proporcionou perda de 12,7 kg em 17 meses,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> sendo mantido o benef&#237;cio em 26 meses (perda de 12,9 kg), em pacientes sem diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Inclusive, o uso desse an&#225;logo de GLP-1 em obesos (mesmo sem DM2) demonstrou, ainda, associado ao emagrecimento, atenua&#231;&#227;o em 20% dos desfechos CV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sabe-se que o sobrepeso/obesidade, conforme previamente descrito, apresenta &#237;ntima rela&#231;&#227;o com a IC com FEVE preservada, principalmente devido &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica consequente dessa comorbidade, estando presente em at&#233; 80% dos portadores de ICFEp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, o tratamento dessa IC com a semaglutida, em portadores de &#237;ndice de massa corp&#243;rea (IMC) elevada, parece ser racionalmente ben&#233;fico, o que &#233; refor&#231;ado ao compreender que esse medicamento est&#225; associado &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e inj&#250;ria isqu&#234;mica mioc&#225;rdicas, com aumento da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e melhora da produ&#231;&#227;o energ&#233;tica atrav&#233;s da glicose) e vascular (redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o endotelial, da prolifera&#231;&#227;o do muscular lisa e da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, paralelamente &#224; otimiza&#231;&#227;o da vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, do fluxo sangu&#237;neo e da prote&#231;&#227;o endotelial), atuando, portanto, de forma significativa em mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da ICFEp.</p>
      <p>Avaliou-se, nesse contexto, em estudo randomizado e duplo-cego (STEP-HFpEF, publicado em 2023), a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da semaglutida 2,4 mg/semana em pacientes portadores de IC com FEVE&#8805;45% e IMC&#8805;30 (n=529), sem DM, por 52 semanas. Observou-se redu&#231;&#227;o de 10,7% do peso corporal, associado &#224; melhoria de qualidade de vida e ao aumento da dist&#226;ncia no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6). De interesse, houve redu&#231;&#227;o em 39% da prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), inferindo redu&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, e queda de 16% dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (BNP), sugerindo compensa&#231;&#227;o da IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Um ano depois, foi publicado ensaio cl&#237;nico com desenho semelhante, por&#233;m com amostra composta por 616 pacientes diab&#233;ticos (STEP-HFpEF DM), que tendem a apresentar maior gravidade de IC, perdem menos peso na vig&#234;ncia dos an&#225;logos de GLP-1 e utilizam, com maior frequ&#234;ncia, os iSGLT-2 (35% na amostra). Novamente, apesar de 40% a menos em rela&#231;&#227;o ao estudo pr&#233;vio, ainda assim houve perda de 6,4% de peso, mantendo incremento da qualidade de vida, da capacidade funcional (TC6), associado a queda de BNP e PCR, mesmo naqueles em uso dos iSGLT-2.</p>
      <p>Apesar dos desfechos prim&#225;rios avaliados terem sido a perda de peso e qualidade de vida, em metan&#225;lise, contendo amostra de ambos os estudos (n=1145), incluindo pacientes com e sem DM, percebe-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de morte CV e eventos por IC (hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o e passagem urgente por IC) em 69% a favor do uso da semaglutida (HR=0,31, IC de 95%: 0,15&#8211;0,62, p=0,0008), com expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o isolada de eventos por IC (HR=0,27, IC de 95%: 0,12&#8211;0,56, p=0,0004). O benef&#237;cio foi mais expressivo naqueles pacientes com BNP mais elevado, em uso de diur&#233;ticos e em portadores de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, ou seja, naqueles com IC clinicamente mais relevante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Portanto, a hip&#243;tese &#233; de que o efeito da semaglutida seja independente apenas da perda de peso, atuando na fisiopatologia da ICFEp, reduzindo a inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica (queda de PCR) e compensando a IC objetivamente, o que se reflete na queda dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (sendo que a perda de peso isolada tende a elevar o BNP, como se v&#234; em estudos com pacientes em p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia bari&#225;trica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Assim, a ICFEp, na vig&#234;ncia da obesidade, parece ter a semaglutida como tratamento &#8220;coringa&#8221; e eficaz.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Por tudo isso, ap&#243;s muitos anos sem tratamento espec&#237;fico de impacto na ICFElr/ICFEp, dois medicamentos recentemente est&#227;o mudando o rumo do manejo dessa condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, os iSGLT2 e a Finerenona, a &#8220;Dupla din&#226;mica&#8221; que, de forma an&#225;loga ao &#8220;Quarteto Fant&#225;stico&#8221; na ICFEr, ter&#227;o recomenda&#231;&#227;o conjunta institu&#237;da pelas diretrizes na terapia de IC com FEVE&gt;40%. A semaglutida, por sua vez, parece apresentar benef&#237;cios nesse contexto associado &#224; obesidade, podendo ser, assim, indicada.</p>
      <p>Apesar de animador, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rias novas publica&#231;&#245;es almejando tratamentos que apresentem impacto definitivo na mortalidade. Entretanto, diante de uma condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica que, por muitos anos, n&#227;o apresentava redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos perante o principal arsenal terap&#234;utico existente, a &#8220;Dupla Din&#226;mica&#8221; representa uma reviravolta no combate &#224; morbimortalidade desse espectro particular da IC.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Declara&#231;&#227;o de Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240676i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>&#8220;The Dynamic Duo&#8221;: The New Management of Drug Treatment for Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7545-2683</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wolf</surname>
            <given-names>Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; Whitaker</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Edileide Barros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rossi</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Manoel</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Finger</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aurelio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Carolina Casadei</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcellos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3799-9466</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bruscky</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Ventura Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7909-5326</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Murta</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Yon&#225; Afonso</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Albrecht</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiano Castro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1990-3798</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Jangelavicin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sassaki</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Mikio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Blaas</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Noshang</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-4188-1799</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arruda</surname>
            <given-names>Bianca Fernandes T&#225;vora</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fortuna</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda de Brito</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0009-7061-0238</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mattos</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Bemfica de Mello</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Refer&#234;ncia e Treinamento DST/Aids-SP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Pl&#237;nio Jos&#233; Whitaker Wolf &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Av. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: Pjwwolf@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review</label>
          <p>Nat&#225;lia Olivetti</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>The &#8220;Fantastic Four,&#8221; a term coined in 2021 to refer to the four key drug pillars in the treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin system and neprilysin inhibitors, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, or SGLT2 inhibitors), has demonstrated excellent performance in reducing morbidity and mortality in this setting. However, in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction, the same benefits were not observed with this combined treatment where, for many years, management in this context was limited to diuretics and comorbidity control. Recently, however, new therapeutic options have emerged, demonstrating effectiveness in reducing cardiovascular outcomes in this specific group: the &#8220;Dynamic Duo&#8221;&#8212;comprising SGLT2 inhibitors and Finerenone&#8212;has shown promising results, alongside the introduction of semaglutide as a potential &#8220;wild card&#8221; treatment for patients with obesity. Despite the ongoing need for therapies that significantly reduce overall mortality, these new treatments have effectively lowered hospitalization rates and improved symptoms in such patients. As a result, a new era in heart failure management is beginning.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: &#8220;The Dynamic Duo&#8221;: The New Management of Drug Treatment for Heart Failure with Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240676-40676-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is universally defined as the presence of signs and/or symptoms caused by structural or functional cardiac abnormalities, along with at least one of the following: elevated natriuretic peptides or evidence of pulmonary or systemic congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> This condition has a significant global prevalence, affecting approximately 23 million people around the world,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> particularly older people, with more than 10% of individuals over 70 years of age being impacted. Notably, HF has a high mortality rate, reaching 67% within five years of diagnosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> and has a worse prognosis of some malignant neoplasms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>HF is classified based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which is essential for determining prognosis and treatment. In this sense, HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is defined by EF &#8804; 40%, while HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) correspond to EF &#8805; 50% and EF between 41&#8211;49%, respectively. Regarding prevalence, HFrEF is the most frequent (60%), followed by HFmrEF (24%) and HFpEF (16%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In relation to prognosis, patients with reduced LVEF have a higher annual mortality rate (8.8%) compared to those with preserved LVEF (6.3%).</p>
        <p>Drug treatment has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in individuals with HF. However, for a long time, the disease-modifying benefits of drugs were limited to HFrEF. Thus, drug therapy based on four pillars&#8212;(1) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI)/angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)/angiotensin II receptor neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs), (2) beta-blockers (BBs), (3) mineralocorticoid antagonists (MRAs) and (4) sodium-glucose cotransporter II inhibitors (SGLT2 inhibitor)&#8212;has significantly changed the course of HFrEF, reducing cardiovascular (CV) mortality and hospitalization for HF in these patients by 64%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In this sense, the so-called &#8220;Fantastic Four,&#8221; a term initially coined in 2021<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> and consecrated since then, lived up to its name in those patients with reduced LVEF, which was not satisfactorily replicated in those with HFmrEF and HFpEF, where drug treatment lacked, for many years, consistent benefits in terms of reducing mortality and hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Since 2021, new evidence, particularly regarding SGLT2 inhibitors and mineralocorticoid antagonists (Finerenone), has led to a breakthrough in treating patients with LVEF &gt;40% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>). These therapies have demonstrated a meaningful reduction in the composite outcome of cardiovascular death and HF-related hospitalizations (primarily by reducing hospitalizations), which has given rise to the &#8220;Dynamic Duo&#8221; for managing HFmrEF and HFpEF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Suggested management of heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. BB: beta-blocker; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; HFmrEF: heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; SGLT2 inhibitors: sodium-glucose cotransporter II inhibitors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240676-40676-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Therefore, this article aims to review, describe and suggest recent therapeutic possibilities that have shown solid benefits in HF with LVEF&gt;40% by demonstrating and analyzing the evidence available in the literature, as well as exploring the possible pathophysiological mechanisms involved.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Fantastic Four: The treatment of HFrEF and HFmrEF/HFpEF</title>
          <p>HFrEF presents a complex pathophysiology triggered by myocardial injury (primary and/or secondary) that activates, in turn, the neurohormonal system, composed of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). If, on the one hand, such an adaptive mechanism aims to maintain cardiac output at the expense of inotropism, chronotropism and preload optimization in parallel with the maintenance of tissue perfusion through vasoconstriction, on the other hand, it leads to hypervolemia, systemic inflammation, adverse remodeling, and progression of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this setting, the &#8220;Fantastic Four&#8221; targets the pathophysiological mechanisms of HFrEF, interrupting the progressive HF cycle and reducing morbidity and mortality, thus holding a Class I recommendation in major national and international guidelines for managing reduced LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>However, drug treatment in mildly reduced or preserved LVEF did not maintain the same &#8220;heroism&#8221; demonstrated in HFrEF, as highlighted by many unsuccessful studies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Randomized studies evaluating specific treatment for Heart Failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Study (year)</th>
                    <th>Drug (class)</th>
                    <th>Sample Follow-up (mean or median)</th>
                    <th>Inclusion</th>
                    <th>CV death and HR or RR hospitalization HF (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>Overall death HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>Cardiovascular death HR (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>HF Hospitalization HR or RR (95% CI)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cleland et al. meta-analysis (2018)<sup>15</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">BB</td>
                    <td align="center">n=14,262 (sinus rhythm)/ 15.3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Sinus rhythm; HF; any EF (n=575, EF-41-49%) (n=244, EF&#8805;50%)</td>
                    <td align="center">EF=40-49%: 0.83 (0.6-1.13) EF &#8805;50%: 0.66 (0.38-1.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">EF= 40-49%: 0.59 (0.34-1.03) EF &#8805;50%: 1.79 (0.78-4.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">EF= 40-49%: 0.48 (0.24-0.97) EF&#8805;50%: 1.77 (0.61-5.14)</td>
                    <td align="center">EF= 40-49%: 0.95 (0.68-1.32) EF &#8805;50%: 0.66 (0.37-1.18)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PEP-CHF (2006)<sup>17</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Perindopril (ACEI)</td>
                    <td align="center">n=850/26.2 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Age&#8805;70 years; symptomatic HF; use of diuretics; diastolic dysfunction; absence of systolic dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">0.92 (0.70-1.21)*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.09 (0.75-1.58)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98 (0.63-1.53)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.61-1.20)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CHARM-Preserved (2003)<sup>18</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Candesartan (BRAI)</td>
                    <td align="center">n=3,023/ 36.6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Symptomatic HF; EF&#8805;40%; hospitalization for previous cardiac cause</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86 (0.74-1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95 (0.76-1.18)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 (0.70-1.00)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PARAGON-HF (2019)<sup>20</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Sacubitril/Valsartan (ARNI)&#8224;</td>
                    <td align="center">n=4,822/35 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Age &#8805;50 years; Symptomatic HF; use of diuretics; EF&#8805;45%; cardiac structural alteration; elevated BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87 (0.75-1.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97 (0.84-1.13)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.95 (0.79-1.16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85 (0.72-1.00)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TOPCAT (2014)<sup>22</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Spironolactone (MRA)</td>
                    <td align="center">n=3,445/39 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Age&#8805;50 years; symptomatic HF; EF&#8805;45%; elevated BNP/NT pro-BNP or hospitalizations &#8804;12 months</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89 (0.77-1.04)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.77-1.08)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90 (0.73-1.12)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.83 (0.69-0.99)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FINEARTS-HF (2024)<sup>37</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Finerenone (non-steroidal MRA)</td>
                    <td align="center">n=6,001/32 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Age&#8805;40 years; symptomatic HF; use of diuretics; EF&#8805;40%; cardiac structural alteration, elevated BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84 (0.74-0.95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.83-1.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93 (0.78-1.11)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 (0.71-0.94)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EMPEROR-Preserved (2021)<sup>29</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Empagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitors)</td>
                    <td align="center">n=5,988/ 26.2 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Age &#8805;18 years; IC: EF&#8805;40%; cardiac structural alteration; elevated BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79 (0.69-0.90)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.87-1.15)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91 (0.76-1.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.71 (0.60-0.83)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DELIVER (2022)<sup>30</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Dapagliflozin (SGLT2 inhibitors)</td>
                    <td align="center">n=6,263/ 27.6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Age&#8805;40 years; symptomatic HF; EF&#8805;40% &#959;r improved; cardiac structural alteration; elevated BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.82 (0.73-0.92)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94 (0.83-1.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.88 (0.74-1.05)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.77 (0.67-0.89)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Butler et al. meta-analysis (2024)<sup>44</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">Semaglutide (GLP-1 agonist)</td>
                    <td align="center">n=1,145/13 months</td>
                    <td align="center">Age &#8805;18 years; BMI&#8805;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; symptomatic HF; EF&#8805;45%; KCCQ&#8804;90; 6MWT&#8805;100 m; increased LV filling pressures with cardiac structural alteration and elevated BNP/NT pro-BNP or hospitalization for HF and use of diuretic with elevated BNP/NT pro-BNP</td>
                    <td align="center">0.31 (0.15-0.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">NR</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27 (0.12-0.56)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p><sup>*</sup>Outcome of overall death and hospitalization for HF; <sup>&#8224;</sup>Unlike the other referenced studies (which compared treatment with placebo), the PARAGON-HF study compared sacubitril/valsartan with valsartan; <sup>&#8225;</sup>Outcome included CV death, hospitalization due to HF, and aborted cardiac arrest. MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; BB: beta-blocker; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; ARBs: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CV: cardiovascular; EF: ejection fraction; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; HR: hazard ratio; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor; SGLT2 inhibitors: sodium-glucose cotransporter II inhibitors; KCCQ: Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire; NR: not recorded; NT pro-BNP: N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide; RR: rate ratio; 6MWT: 6-minute walk test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Initially, beta-blockers, which reduced the overall mortality by around 31-34% in reduced LVEF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> never showed the same consistency in EFs above 40%. Despite few randomized studies with BB in this context, a meta-analysis published in 2018, evaluating the use of BB in 14,262 patients with HF in sinus rhythm (with all LVEF spectrums), did not show a reduction in overall mortality in patients with EF of 40-49% (HR=0.59; 95% CI: 0.34&#8211;1.03, p=0.066) and in those with preserved EF (HR=1.79; 95% CI: 0.78&#8211;4.1, p=0.17).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin II system was also not as favorable as in randomized studies in patients with HFrEF, where ACEI achieved a very considerable reduction in mortality, in the order of 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In this sense, an evaluation of perindopril in patients with diastolic dysfunction (without systolic dysfunction) and need for diuretics revealed that survival did not change in this profile of individuals (HR=0.919; 95% CI: 0.700-1.208; p=0.545).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Additionally, in relation to ARB II, the well-known CHARM-Preserved study also failed to demonstrate efficacy in reducing death and hospitalization in LVEF greater than 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Furthermore, the NRAs, whose previous randomized clinical trial in patients with reduced LVEF (PARADIGM-HF) demonstrated a 16% reduction in mortality compared to ACEI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> were also disappointing with regard to EF&#8805;45%, where no reduction in the outcome of death/hospitalization was obtained.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Following the path of non-significant outcomes in the scenario of HFmrEF and HFpEF, the MRAs, unlike what was demonstrated in HFrEF (where they reduced the overall mortality by 30%),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> were also not effective in reducing the composite outcome of cardiovascular death/hospitalization/aborted sudden death when evaluated in HF with EF&#8805;45%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Therefore, given the limited success of the &#8220;Fantastic Four&#8221; in HFmrEF/HFpEF, guidelines for many years recommended only symptomatic relief with diuretics and comorbidity management&#8212;addressing conditions such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, and myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>This limitation stems from fundamental differences in the pathophysiology of HFrEF and HFpEF. This is because, while the former is closely related to low output and the neurohormonal cascade, the latter is the result of complex, heterogeneous and not yet fully understood pathophysiological mechanisms. In fact, the contrasts go beyond systolic and diastolic dysfunction since both alterations are present, regardless of LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Thus, HFpEF is the result of intense pathophysiological changes primarily related to systemic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, myocardial energy changes, and volemia, which are reflections of multimorbidity (obesity, hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and therapeutic targets of current treatments available. CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; OSAHS: obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome; SGLT2 inhibitors: sodium-glucose cotransporter II inhibitors.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240676-40676-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Therefore, HFpEF encompasses multiple consequences found by the various mechanisms involved in the disease, including ventricular stiffening (fibrosis); pericardial constriction (epicardial fat); increased plasma volume, stressed volume and afterload; right ventricular dysfunction; pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension; atrial dysfunction and atrial fibrillation; dysautonomia and chronotropic deficit; abnormality of venous capacitance and low baroreceptor sensitivity. It is, therefore, understandable how much the complex and unique pathophysiology of HFpEF differs from HFrEF and, therefore, can justify differences in their treatments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Until recently, no medication had effectively improved outcomes in patients with LVEF &gt;40%. However, the landscape shifted in 2021 with the introduction of SGLT2 inhibitors and, more recently, in 2024, with the addition of the new mineralocorticoid antagonist Finerenone.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>The dynamic duo: SGLT2 inhibitors and Finerenone</title>
          <sec>
            <title>SGLT2 inhibitors:</title>
            <p>SGLT2 inhibitors, most commonly represented by dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, act by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron, causing glycosuria and consequently better glycemic control, having been initially developed for the treatment of DM2. In safety studies, a 30% reduction in HF-related hospitalizations was observed,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> prompting the publication of studies on SGLT2 inhibitors use specifically in HFrEF, regardless of DM2 (EMPEROR-Reduced and DAPA-HF representing, respectively, empagliflozin and dapagliflozin), which led to a 26% reduction in cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization, in addition to an overall mortality reduction of 13%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Subsequent research assessed the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors in reducing the outcomes of death and hospitalization due to HF in the context of HFmrEF/HFpEF, also regardless of DM2 EMPEROR-Preserved (2021), a randomized, placebo-controlled study, was then published, evaluating empagliflozin in 5,988 individuals with HF and LVEF &gt;40% for 26.2 months, and demonstrated a 21% reduction in the primary outcome, mainly at the expense of hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Although it did not show an impact on mortality, it was the first study that was positive in preserved LVEF. One year later, in 2022, the DELIVER study was published, which randomized 6,263 patients to evaluate dapagliflozin in the same context for 2.3 years, and, as a result, the same findings of empagliflozin were reinforced, also reducing the composite of CV death/hospitalization by 18%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In a meta-analysis of both studies, there was a 20% reduction in the composite outcome (HR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.73&#8211;0.87) and 26% in hospitalization for HF (HR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.67&#8211;0.83).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Therefore, surprisingly, after many years without a specific treatment with an impact on HFpEF, SGLT2 inhibitors were incorporated into international guidelines with a strong recommendation for the treatment of HFmrEF and HFpEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
            <p>After numerous negative studies, the question arises as to what would be the rationale for the impact of SGLT2 inhibitors in HF with LVEF &gt;40%. Initially, it is attributed to conventional mechanisms that may, in part, justify cardiovascular improvement, such as increased diuresis, optimization of glycated hemoglobin, increased hematocrit, and slight weight loss and blood pressure. However, other treatments (antidiabetic, diuretic, and antihypertensive) may lead to such effects without positive outcomes, thus inferring that other unconventional mechanisms may be associated with the impact on the outcomes presented. Such mechanisms include the reduction of epicardial fat, autophagy of damaged organelles, reduction of inflammation and oxidative stress, increase in intracellular calcium (and consequent increase in cardiac contraction), optimization of myocardial energy, and improvement of endothelial function and cardiac efficiency.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Thus, knowing these benefits, which act directly on several pathophysiological aspects of HFpEF, it is possible to better understand the positive impact of SGLT2 inhibitors on these patients.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (Finerenone):</title>
        <p>Also, as part of the &#8220;Fantastic Four,&#8221; MRAs have previously shown borderline results regarding the benefit in HFmrEF/HFpEF, currently presenting some degree of recommendation in this context (IIb) by the American HF guideline published in 2022.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> This is because the TOPCAT study (2014), despite not having presented a positive primary outcome in the evaluation of the use of spironolactone in patients with HF with LVEF&#8805;45% (total sample of 3,445), as previously mentioned, has some pertinent observations.</p>
        <p>Firstly, regarding the analysis of the secondary outcome of hospitalization, there was a reduction of 17% (HR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.69&#8211;0.99; p=0.04), which, in the scenario of high morbidity and loss of quality of life in HF, is already seen as a favorable result.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, a post hoc analysis revealed in the subgroup of patients included in the study from the American continent (United States, Canada, Brazil and Argentina, corresponding to 51% of the sample), there was a reduction in the primary outcome (CV death, hospitalization for HF and aborted sudden death) by 18% (HR=0.82; 95% CI: 0.69&#8211;0.98, p=0.026), in hospitalization by 18% (HR=0.82; 95% CI: 0.67&#8211;0.99, p=0.042) and also in CV mortality by 26% (HR=0.74; 95% CI: 0.57&#8211;0.97, p= 0.027). However, the same was not observed in part of the sample from Russia/Georgia (49% of the sample), where there was no benefit in the primary or secondary outcomes. The justifications for such results include the following: significant difference in the characteristics baseline data of the two populations analyzed (age, prevalence of comorbidities, LVEF, among others); a higher number of primary events occurred in the American population (29.5% versus 8.9% in Russia/Georgia); a higher number of patients included in the study by the criterion related to elevated BNP in the American population (45%) when compared to another population (11%), which was mostly included in the study due to the criterion of previous hospitalization (possibility of inaccurate inclusion of patients with HFpEF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Finally, in another analysis published in 2017, based on 366 individuals participating in TOPCAT, it was noted that there was a higher proportion of patients with undetectable dosages of canrenone (active metabolite of spironolactone) in patients from Russia when compared to the United States (30% and 3%, respectively, p&lt;0.001), showing that the actual use of MRAs varied according to the sample origin, which may have altered the final outcome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given such borderline findings regarding the efficacy of spironolactone in patients with HFmrEF/HFpEF, a new class of non-steroidal MRA, Finerenone, was evaluated in this context (FINEARTS-HF study). This drug is known for having some advantages over other MRAs, such as greater potency and selectivity on the mineralocorticoid receptor, lack of penetration into the central nervous system or sexual side effects, shorter half-life and effect on blood pressure. Additionally, it has demonstrated benefits in reducing cardiovascular and renal outcomes safely in patients with DM2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>FINEARTS-HF (2024), a study evaluating Finerenone (20-40 mg) in a sample of 6,001 patients with HF and LVEF&#8805;40% over a 32-month follow-up, showed a positive outcome in reducing CV death and worsening of HF (hospitalization/urgent emergency room visit) by 16% (RR=0.84; 95% CI: 0.74&#8211;0.95, p=0.007), mainly at the expense of hospitalization (decrease by 18%). Despite not showing an impact on mortality, the study results are quite favorable, given that its primary outcome was positive, including regardless of prior use of SGLT2 inhibitors, safely and in a sample of very symptomatic patients (87% using loop diuretics).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finerenone is, therefore, the second treatment that has demonstrated a significant impact on HFpEF/HFpEF, reinforcing the management of this clinical condition with high morbidity and mortality. In fact, when it comes to the effects of MRAs (acting to reduce congestion, sodium retention, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, fibrosis, and hypertrophy),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> the positive consequences of this mineralocorticoid antagonist in HFpEF seem to be justifiable, especially given its action on several specific pathophysiological pathways of this unique pattern of HF. In addition, previous evaluations have already shown the role of MRAs in reversing structural changes (reverse remodeling) and in cardiac diastolic function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Semaglutide as an emerging &#8220;wild card&#8221; treatment for the HFmrEF/HFpEF phenotype and obesity:</title>
        <p>Semaglutide, a member of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist class of drugs, is already very well established and recommended for the treatment of T2DM, with an associated reduction of 26% in cardiovascular outcomes at a dose of 1.0 mg/week (CV death, myocardial infarction, and stroke).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Subsequently, GLP-1 agonists also gained prominence in the treatment of obesity, at a target dose of 2.4 mg/week, with considerable weight loss in this patient profile, especially with regard to semaglutide, which provided a loss of 12.7 kg in 17 months,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> with the benefit being maintained at 26 months (loss of 12.9 kg) in patients without diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Furthermore, the use of this GLP-1 agonist in obese individuals (even without DM2) has also been shown, in association with weight loss, to reduce CV outcomes by 20%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Overweight/obesity, as previously described, is closely related to HF with preserved LVEF, mainly due to the systemic inflammation resulting from this comorbidity, which is present in up to 80% of HFpEF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In this sense, the treatment of this HF with semaglutide in patients with a high Body Mass Index (BMI) appears to be rationally beneficial, which is reinforced by understanding that this medication is associated with cardiac protection (reduction of myocardial inflammation and ischemic injury, with increased ventricular function, heart rate, and improvement in energy production through glucose) and vascular protection (reduction of endothelial inflammation, smooth muscle proliferation, and platelet aggregation, in parallel with the optimization of vasodilation, blood flow, and endothelial protection), therefore acting significantly on the pathophysiological mechanisms of HFpEF.</p>
        <p>In this context, a randomized, double-blind study (STEP-HFpEF, published in 2023) evaluated the use of semaglutide 2.4 mg/week in patients with HF with LVEF&#8805;45% and BMI&#8805;30 (n=529), without DM, for 52 weeks. A 10.7% reduction in body weight was observed, associated with an improvement in quality of life and an increase in the distance covered in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Of interest, there was a 39% reduction in C-reactive protein (CRP), inferring a reduction in systemic inflammation, and a 16% drop in natriuretic peptides (BNP), suggesting compensation for HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> A year later, a clinical trial was published with a similar design but with a sample composed of 616 diabetic patients (STEP-HFpEF DM), who tend to have more severe HF, lose less weight while taking GLP-1 agonists and use SGLT-2 inhibitors more frequently (35% in the sample). Again, despite being 40% less than in the previous study, there was still a 6.4% weight loss, maintaining an increase in quality of life and functional capacity (6MWT), associated with a drop in BNP and CRP, even in those using SGLT-2 inhibitors.</p>
        <p>Although the primary outcomes were weight loss and quality of life, in a meta-analysis containing a sample from both studies (n=1145), including patients with and without DM, a 69% reduction in CV death and HF events (hospitalization and urgent HF stay) was observed in favor of the use of semaglutide (HR=0.31, 95% CI: 0.15&#8211;0.62, p=0.0008), with a significant isolated reduction in HF events (HR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.12&#8211;0.56, p= 0.0004). The benefit was more significant in patients with higher BNP, using diuretics, and in those with atrial fibrillation, that is, in those with clinically more relevant HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Therefore, the hypothesis is that the effect of semaglutide is independent only of weight loss, acting on the pathophysiology of HFpEF, reducing systemic inflammation (decrease in CRP) and compensating for HF objectively, which is reflected in the decrease in natriuretic peptides (where weight loss alone tends to increase BNP, as seen in studies with patients in the postoperative period of bariatric surgery).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Therefore, HFpEF, in the presence of obesity, seems to have semaglutide as a &#8220;wild card&#8221; and effective treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>For all these reasons, after years without targeted therapies impacting HFmrEF/HFpEF, two drugs, SGLT2 inhibitors and Finerenone, are reshaping their management. This &#8220;Dynamic Duo,&#8221; akin to the &#8220;Fantastic Four&#8221; in HFrEF, is now expected to receive a joint recommendation in clinical guidelines for HF treatment in patients with LVEF &gt;40%. Semaglutide, in turn, seems to provide benefits in this context associated with obesity and may, therefore, be indicated.</p>
        <p>Although encouraging, new publications are still needed aiming at treatments that have a definitive impact on mortality. However, in a clinical landscape where previous therapeutic options failed to reduce outcomes, the &#8220;Dynamic Duo&#8221; marks a turning point in addressing morbidity and mortality in this subset of HF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
