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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">kHG7cvypxDhXxB5Ln5djrdw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00301</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240635</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Propor&#231;&#227;o entre o Volume Plaquet&#225;rio M&#233;dio e a Largura de Distribui&#231;&#227;o das Plaquetas: O Par&#226;metro Plaquet&#225;rio mais Eficaz no Fechamento do Canal Arterial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9409-185X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cakir</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tayman</surname>
            <given-names>Cuneyt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Health Sciences University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label><bold>:</bold> Ufuk Cakir &#8226; Health Sciences University, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Universiteler Neighbourhood &#8211; 1604 Street. Neonatal clinic, Ankara &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>drufukcakir@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>09</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240635</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O papel das plaquetas e dos &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios no fechamento do canal arterial em beb&#234;s prematuros ainda &#233; controverso. Nosso objetivo foi determinar se a contagem de plaquetas e todos os &#237;ndices relacionados &#224;s plaquetas s&#227;o eficazes no fechamento do canal arterial patente (PDA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, morbidades de prematuridade e &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios foram comparados entre grupos com e sem PDA hemodinamicamente significativa (hsPDA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Dados de prematuros com idade gestacional &lt;30 semanas foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Todos os dados relacionados &#224;s plaquetas foram registrados a partir do hemograma completo nas primeiras 24 horas de todos os pacientes. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada nos dados obtidos. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Um total de 1151 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo, incluindo 426 pacientes no grupo hsPDA e 725 pacientes no grupo n&#227;o-hsPDA. Os par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (VPM), VPM/plaquetcrit (PCT), VPM/largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (PDW), massa plaquet&#225;ria (MP), largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias (RDW) foram considerados significativamente menores no grupo hsPDA em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo n&#227;o-hsPDA (p&lt;0,001, p&lt;0,001, p&lt;0,001, p=0,015 e p&lt;0,001, respectivamente). A raz&#227;o VPM/PDW com o maior valor de AUC (0,748) foi considerada o par&#226;metro mais valioso na estimativa do fechamento da PDA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A rela&#231;&#227;o VPM/PDW foi considerada o par&#226;metro mais valioso para a predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPDA entre todos os &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Propor&#231;&#227;o entre o Volume Plaquet&#225;rio M&#233;dio e a Largura de Distribui&#231;&#227;o das Plaquetas: O Par&#226;metro Plaquet&#225;rio mais Eficaz no Fechamento do Canal Arterial</title>
              <p>Resumo dos resultados do nosso estudo.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kHG7cvypxDhXxB5Ln5djrdw/ab5091e041952405084042256386f2bc1bdf3bf1.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/kHG7cvypxDhXxB5Ln5djrdw/6bbbdc6de203b00fd4cdb10de57a79902679126f.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Volume Plaquet&#225;rio M&#233;dio</kwd>
        <kwd>Permeabilidade do Canal Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Plaquetas</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido Prematuro</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O canal arterial (DA) &#233; um componente essencial do sistema circulat&#243;rio durante a vida fetal. Ele conecta a art&#233;ria pulmonar principal &#224; aorta descendente e desvia o d&#233;bito ventricular dos pulm&#245;es para a aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A falha no fechamento do DA ap&#243;s o nascimento &#233; definida como canal arterial patente (PDA) e geralmente est&#225; associada a um shunt da esquerda para a direita. Em beb&#234;s prematuros, o PDA hemodinamicamente significativo (hsPDA) pode levar a complica&#231;&#245;es cardiopulmonares graves, como sobrecarga de volume do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, edema pulmonar, complac&#234;ncia pulmonar prejudicada e m&#225; perfus&#227;o abdominal-renal devido ao roubo ductal. Causa um aumento na morbidade prematura nos dias p&#243;s-natais subsequentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O fechamento do DA &#233; um enigma elusivo com fisiopatologia complexa e consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas que os neonatologistas enfrentam h&#225; d&#233;cadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Portanto, &#233; crucial entender os mecanismos que contribuem para o fechamento do DA para fornecer cuidados especiais para prematuros em risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Echtler et al. relataram pela primeira vez que as plaquetas foram eficazes no fechamento ductal em camundongos. Eles mostraram que as plaquetas foram direcionadas ao endot&#233;lio ductal em minutos ap&#243;s o nascimento, formando um tamp&#227;o plaquet&#225;rio e contribuindo para a remodela&#231;&#227;o ductal. Al&#233;m disso, os autores relataram que a disfun&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria afeta o fechamento do DA. Esses resultados mostram que as plaquetas desempenham um papel muito importante no fechamento do DA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Esses resultados lan&#231;am luz sobre estudos que avaliam a rela&#231;&#227;o potencial entre a contagem de plaquetas e a presen&#231;a de PDA no campo da neonatologia. No entanto, a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica das plaquetas no fechamento do DA ainda &#233; controversa e n&#227;o foi confirmada in vivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Estudos que avaliam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre diferentes formula&#231;&#245;es de &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios, contagem plaquet&#225;ria, fun&#231;&#245;es plaquet&#225;rias e hsPDA s&#227;o muito limitados. Os achados de estudos anteriores sobre &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios e PDA foram inconsistentes ou mesmo contradit&#243;rios, possivelmente devido &#224;s diferen&#231;as nos desenhos de estudo, protocolos de tratamento e defini&#231;&#227;o de hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O aumento no n&#250;mero de estudos e a inclus&#227;o de outros par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios forneceram mais dados para meta-an&#225;lises. No entanto, a evid&#234;ncia para a rela&#231;&#227;o entre plaquetas e PDA ainda &#233; limitada devido &#224; heterogeneidade cl&#237;nica e estat&#237;stica significativa entre diferentes estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Considerando a falta de estudos anteriores, n&#227;o h&#225; estudo avaliando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre todos os par&#226;metros relacionados &#224;s plaquetas e suas propor&#231;&#245;es entre si e PDA. Portanto, objetivamos avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre todos os par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios e PDA, e a previsibilidade de poss&#237;veis par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios relacionados a PDA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo foi conduzido retrospectivamente em beb&#234;s prematuros com idade gestacional (IG) &lt;30 semanas que foram hospitalizados na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal entre dezembro de 2018 e dezembro de 2022. Os dados foram obtidos dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos do hospital. Beb&#234;s com grandes anormalidades cong&#234;nitas, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, asfixia perinatal, morte nos primeiros tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o nascimento (sem o diagn&#243;stico de PDA) e idade gestacional &#8805;30 semanas foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, morbidades devido &#224; prematuridade e par&#226;metros de hemograma completo dos pacientes foram registrados. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: hsPDA e n&#227;o hsPDA. A aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica foi obtida do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local do nosso hospital.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e resultados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Peso ao nascer (PN), IG, esteroides pr&#233;-natais, sexo, displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), hemorragia intraventricular (HIV, est&#225;gio &#8805;3), enterocolite necrosante (ECN, est&#225;gio &gt;2), s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio (SDR), taxas de retinopatia da prematuridade (ROP), hsPDA e sepse foram registrados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o de morbidades relacionadas &#224; prematuridade</title>
        <p>DBP foi definida como pacientes que necessitavam de &lt;30% de oxig&#234;nio (moderado), &#8805;30% de oxig&#234;nio ou suporte de press&#227;o positiva (grave) em 36 semanas de idade corrigida p&#243;s-menstrual.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pacientes com HIV est&#225;gio &#8805;3 detectado por ultrassonografia transfontanelar foram definidos como HIV grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Aqueles com ECN est&#225;gio &#8805;2, de acordo com achados cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, foram registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram definidos como RDS em caso de necessidade de surfactante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Pacientes com sepse cl&#237;nica e cultura positiva foram inscritos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Pacientes diagnosticados com ROP no exame de retina e tratados foram registrados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Pacientes com e sem hsPDA foram inscritos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa</title>
        <p>O exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico Doppler foi rotineiramente realizado em rec&#233;m-nascidos prematuros na septuag&#233;sima segunda hora ap&#243;s o nascimento com um transdutor GE Vivid 7 Pro, 10S (GE Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, EUA) por um cardiologista pedi&#225;trico. Com base nos achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, a hsPDA foi definida como um di&#226;metro ductal interno de &#8805;1,5 mm e/ou com uma rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo (AE)/raiz a&#243;rtica (AO) &#8805;1,5. Os pacientes foram definidos como n&#227;o-hsPDA se o di&#226;metro interno ductal fosse &lt;1,5 mm e/ou a rela&#231;&#227;o &#225;trio esquerdo/raiz a&#243;rtica fosse &lt;1,5, ou se nenhuma PDA fosse detectada. Os pacientes com hsPDA no acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico foram tratados com ligadura farmacol&#243;gica (anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides) ou cir&#250;rgica (se o tratamento m&#233;dico falhasse).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de Hemograma Completo e &#205;ndices de Plaquetas</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram obtidas por meio da veia perif&#233;rica nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o parto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Amostras de sangue foram coletadas em tubos de &#225;cido etilenodiaminotetrac&#233;tico (EDTA). A contagem de plaquetas (103 &#181;/L), o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (VPM, fL), a largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (PDW, %), o plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico (PCT, %), a largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias (RDW, %) e a contagem de linf&#243;citos (103 &#181;/L) foram analisados pelo hemocit&#244;metro autom&#225;tico Cell-Dyn 3700 (Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, EUA). Depois disso, foram contadas a raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/plaquetas (MPR), raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico (VPM/PCT), raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (VPM/PDW), raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/linf&#243;cito (MPVLR), raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria/contagem plaquet&#225;ria (PDP), raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria/plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico (PDW/PCT), &#237;ndice plaquet&#225;rio (VPM x PDW/contagem plaquet&#225;ria x PCT), massa plaquet&#225;ria (MP: contagem plaquet&#225;ria x VPM), raz&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria/linf&#243;cito (PLR), raz&#227;o contagem plaquet&#225;ria/PCT (PPCT), raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias/volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio (RDW/VPM) e raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias/plaquetas (RPR). Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas, desfechos cl&#237;nicos e &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios foram comparados entre grupos com hsPDA e n&#227;o-hsPDA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), vers&#227;o 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, EUA). M&#233;todos anal&#237;ticos Kolmogorov-Smirnov e visual (histograma e gr&#225;ficos de probabilidade) foram usados para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de todas as vari&#225;veis. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre grupos para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi avaliada usando o teste qui-quadrado n&#227;o pareado. O teste U de Mann-Whitney foi usado para a an&#225;lise de vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, conforme apropriado. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como frequ&#234;ncia. A an&#225;lise das caracter&#237;sticas operacionais do receptor (ROC) foi realizada para vari&#225;veis significativas. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise ROC, a &#225;rea sob a curva (AUC) e o intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% da AUC foram calculados. Valores de limiar foram calculados para os par&#226;metros eficazes no fechamento ductal. Sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foram determinados para valores de limiar. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O tamanho da amostra foi introduzido para o desfecho prim&#225;rio como fechamento ductal; 117 pacientes em cada grupo teriam 80% de poder para detectar uma diferen&#231;a de 25% entre os grupos (de 60 a 85%) na porcentagem de fechamentos permanentes, usando um teste &#967;2 bilateral corrigido pela continuidade em um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 0,05,5</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 1294 pacientes foram avaliados. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o do nosso estudo, 143 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos. Um total de 1151 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo com base nos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. A IG m&#233;dia de todos os pacientes foi de 28,2 &#177; 1,2 semanas, e o PN m&#233;dio foi de 1072 &#177; 231 g. 426 (37%) pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo hsPDA, e 725 (63%) pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no grupo n&#227;o-hsPDA. IG (28,1 &#177; 1,2 semanas) e PN (1067 &#177; 227 g) no grupo hsPDA foram semelhantes a IG (28,3 &#177; 1,1 semanas) e PN (1080 &#177; 232 g) no grupo n&#227;o-hsPDA (p&gt; 0,05). A frequ&#234;ncia de DBP, HIV, RDS e ROP no grupo hsDPA foi significativamente maior do que no grupo n&#227;o hsDPA (p&lt;0,05). Os achados foram semelhantes entre os grupos em termos de esteroides pr&#233;-natais, g&#234;nero, ECN e sepse (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Vari&#225;veis demogr&#225;ficas e morbidades da prematuridade</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas do paciente</th>
                <th>n&#227;o-hsPDA (n=725)</th>
                <th>hsPDA (n=426)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Semana gestacional, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 1,1</td>
                <td align="center">28,1 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,101</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso ao nascer, g<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1080 &#177; 232</td>
                <td align="center">1067 &#177; 227</td>
                <td align="center">0,074</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esteroide pr&#233;-natal, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">530 (73,1)</td>
                <td align="center">298 (69,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,303</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">386 (53,2)</td>
                <td align="center">208 (48,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,148</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (8,5)</td>
                <td align="center">115 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HIV, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (5,4)</td>
                <td align="center">58 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECN, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (2.1)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,763</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDS, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (20,4)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (32,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ROP, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">43 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sepse, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">297 (40,9)</td>
                <td align="center">170 (39,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,741</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib><sup>a</sup>m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. *P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. DBP: displasia broncopulmonar; HIV: hemorragia intraventricular; ECN: enterocolite necrosante; hsPDA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa; SDR: s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio; ROP: retinopatia da prematuridade.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em termos de par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios, incluindo VPM, VPM/PCT, VPM/PDW, MP e RDW, os valores foram significativamente menores no grupo hsPDA do que no grupo n&#227;o-hsPDA (p&lt;0,05). O valor RDW/VPM no grupo hsPDA foi significativamente maior do que no grupo n&#227;o-hsPDA (p&lt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Todos os outros par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios (MPR, MPVLR, PCT, PDP, PDW, PDW/PCT, MP, PI, PLR, RDW/VPM, RPR, RDW/PCT e PPCT) foram semelhantes entre os grupos (p&gt;0,05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios de acordo com canal arterial patente hemodinamicamente significativo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>n&#227;o-hsPDA (n=725)</th>
                <th>hsPDA (n=426)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">233 &#177; 85</td>
                <td align="center">243 &#177; 109</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup> &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">9,35 &#177;8,11</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 &#177; 10,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MPR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,042 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,040 &#177; 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,146</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VPM, (fL) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8,40 &#177;0,93</td>
                <td align="center">7,65 &#177; 0,85</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VPM/PCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">52,40 &#177; 22,49</td>
                <td align="center">47,11 &#177; 20,65</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VPM/PDW, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,62 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 &#177; 0,09</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MPVLR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,40 &#177; 1,18</td>
                <td align="center">1,26 &#177; 1,19</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCT, (%) <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,186 &#177; 0,070</td>
                <td align="center">0,179 &#177; 0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PDP, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,070 &#177;0,038</td>
                <td align="center">0,072 &#177; 0,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,569</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PDW, (%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">13,99 &#177;2,03</td>
                <td align="center">14,20 &#177; 2,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PDW/PCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">87,17 &#177; 38,55</td>
                <td align="center">87,67 &#177; 43,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,848</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PI, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">4,38 &#177; 3,86</td>
                <td align="center">4,00 &#177;3,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,273</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MP<sup>, a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1944 &#177; 688</td>
                <td align="center">1834 &#177; 756</td>
                <td align="center">0,015*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PLR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">37,87 &#177; 29,95</td>
                <td align="center">40,49 &#177; 30,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,246</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1306 &#177; 299</td>
                <td align="center">1312 &#177; 344</td>
                <td align="center">0,754</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW, (%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">16,23 &#177;1,56</td>
                <td align="center">15,71 &#177;1,71</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW/VPM, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1,95 &#177; 0,25</td>
                <td align="center">2,07 &#177; 0,32</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW/PCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">101,01 &#177; 43,51</td>
                <td align="center">96,85 &#177; 45,50</td>
                <td align="center">0,129</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,081 &#177; 0,042</td>
                <td align="center">0,079 &#177; 0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,593</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib><sup>a</sup>m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, *P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. hsPDA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa; MPR: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/plaquetas; VPM: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; VPM/PCT: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico; VPM/PDW: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria; MPVLR: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/linf&#243;cito; PCT: plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico; PDP: raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria/contagem plaquet&#225;ria; PDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria; PDW/PCT: raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria/plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico; PI: &#237;ndice plaquet&#225;rio; MP: massa plaquet&#225;ria; PLR: raz&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria/linf&#243;cito; PPCT: raz&#227;o contagem plaquet&#225;ria/PCT; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias; RDW/VPM: raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias/volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; raz&#227;o RDW/PCT: raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias/plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico; RPR: raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias/plaquet&#225;rio.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; &#205;ndices de persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial e plaquetas hemodinamicamente significativos.</title>
            <p>*P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. hsPDA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa; VPM: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; VPM/PCT: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico; VPM/PDW: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria; MP: massa plaquet&#225;ria; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias; RDW/VPM: raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias/volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240635-40635-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise ROC foi realizada para avaliar a previsibilidade de VPM, VPM/PCT, VPM/PDW, MP, RDW e RDW/VPM. Valores de AUC, em ordem do maior para o menor: VPM/PDW, VPM, RDW/VPM, RDW, VPM/PCT e MP. Os resultados da an&#225;lise ROC desses par&#226;metros (AUC, IC, sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP, VPN e valores-p) s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>, e os gr&#225;ficos s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise da curva de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor dos par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>AUC</th>
                <th>Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
                <th>N&#237;vel de corte</th>
                <th>Sensibilidade (%)</th>
                <th>Especificidade (%)</th>
                <th>VPP (%)</th>
                <th>VPN (%)</th>
                <th>Valor-p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>VPM (fL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,720</td>
                <td align="center">0,693-0,746</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;7,80</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">74</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VPM/PCT</td>
                <td align="center">0,580</td>
                <td align="center">0,550-0,608</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;43,78</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">64</td>
                <td align="center">45</td>
                <td align="center">68</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>VPM/PDW</td>
                <td align="center">0,748</td>
                <td align="center">0,722-0,773</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;0,54</td>
                <td align="center">78</td>
                <td align="center">88</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">77</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>MP</td>
                <td align="center">0,561</td>
                <td align="center">0,532-0,592</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;1807</td>
                <td align="center">58</td>
                <td align="center">55</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">0,0004*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,587</td>
                <td align="center">0,557-0,615</td>
                <td align="center">&#8804;15,70</td>
                <td align="center">54</td>
                <td align="center">60</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RDW/VPM</td>
                <td align="center">0,621</td>
                <td align="center">0,592-0,649</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;2,05</td>
                <td align="center">49</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">51</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">0,0001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib><sup>*</sup>P&lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. AUC: &#225;rea sob a curva; VPP: valor preditivo positivo; VPN: valor preditivo negativo; VPM: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; VPM/PCT: raz&#227;o entre volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio e plaquetcrit; VPM/PDW: raz&#227;o entre volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio e largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria; MP: &#237;ndice de massa plaquet&#225;ria; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias; RDW/VPM: raz&#227;o entre largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias e volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curvas caracter&#237;sticas de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor para canal arterial patente hemodinamicamente significativo usando par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios.</title>
            <p>VPM: volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio; VPM/PCT: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/plaquet&#225;rio cr&#237;tico; VPM/PDW: raz&#227;o volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio/largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria; MP: massa plaquet&#225;ria; RDW: largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias; RDW/VPM: raz&#227;o largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o de hem&#225;cias/volume plaquet&#225;rio m&#233;dio.</p>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240635-40635-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Resultados semelhantes ou conflitantes foram obtidos em estudos anteriores avaliando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre contagem de plaquetas, contagem de linf&#243;citos, VPM, MPR, PCT, PDW, MP, PLR, RDW, RPR e hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A rela&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de VPM/PDW, MPVLR, VPM/PCT, PDP, PDW/PCT, PI e RDW/VPM e hsPDA n&#227;o foi avaliada antes. Em nossos resultados, nenhum efeito da contagem de plaquetas, contagem de linf&#243;citos, MPR, PCT, PDW, PLR, MPVLR, PDP, PDW/PCT, PI e RPR no hsPDA foi detectado. Descobrimos que VPM, VPM/PDW, RDW, MP e VPM/PCT baixos e RDW/VPM altos foram associados ao hsPDA. A raz&#227;o VPM/PDW com o maior valor de AUC (0,748) seguido por VPM (0,720) foram considerados os par&#226;metros mais valiosos na predi&#231;&#227;o de hsPDA. Al&#233;m disso, PPCT e RDW/PCT, que s&#227;o par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios, n&#227;o foram avaliados anteriormente como fatores diagn&#243;sticos ou progn&#243;sticos em nenhuma doen&#231;a. Pela primeira vez, descobrimos que PPCT e RDW/PCT n&#227;o estavam associados a hsPDA.</p>
      <p>O processo de fechamento do DA ap&#243;s o nascimento ocorre como resultado de uma s&#233;rie complexa de mecanismos. Como as plaquetas t&#234;m muitas intera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias e imunol&#243;gicas com c&#233;lulas endoteliais, a contagem de plaquetas e os par&#226;metros devem ser examinados para entender os mecanismos de fechamento ductal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Akar et al. e Meinarde et al. mostraram que a baixa contagem de plaquetas aumenta o risco de hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> No entanto, paralelamente aos nossos resultados, outros estudos mostraram que o n&#250;mero de plaquetas n&#227;o estava associado ao hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Embora a rela&#231;&#227;o entre baixa contagem de plaquetas e hsPDA tenha sido demonstrada em camundongos, essa rela&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi finalizada em humanos devido a poss&#237;veis diferen&#231;as estruturais e fisiol&#243;gicas ductais entre humanos e animais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Portanto, o efeito de outros &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios no DA deve ser investigado.</p>
      <p>Acredita-se que a PCT, um fator relacionado &#224;s plaquetas que pode afetar o fechamento do DA, pode estar associada &#224; hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No entanto, embora o valor da PCT possa ser menor na hsPDA, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias mostrando que esse valor n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado &#224; hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Bekmez et al. descobriram que a PCT era baixa e a RPR era alta na hsPDA, e relataram que a PDW n&#227;o afetou o fechamento ductal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Em um estudo de rec&#233;m-nascidos de 64 casos, foi relatado que a PLR foi significativamente maior no grupo hsPDA. Embora tenha sido relatado no mesmo estudo que a contagem de linf&#243;citos era menor em pacientes com hsPDA, nossos resultados n&#227;o corroboraram esses dados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> No entanto, a diferen&#231;a em nossos resultados pode ser devido ao fato de que a frequ&#234;ncia de sepse foi semelhante em nossos grupos de estudo, e o n&#250;mero de pacientes e GA foram diferentes em outros estudos daqueles em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>Foi relatado que os valores de MPVLR e PLR s&#227;o maiores em pacientes com aneurisma da aorta tor&#225;cica no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle saud&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Com base nessa doen&#231;a vascular, nenhum efeito desses par&#226;metros sobre hsPDA foi encontrado em nossos pacientes que foram avaliados para MPVLR e PLR. Foi relatado que os valores de PI, PDW/PCT, PDP e VPM/PCT de 40 pacientes pedi&#225;tricos que morreram no hospital foram maiores do que os do grupo controle, e esses valores podem ser usados como um fator progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> O efeito desses par&#226;metros sobre PDA n&#227;o foi avaliado. Em nosso estudo, os valores de PI, PDW/PCT e PDP foram semelhantes entre os grupos, enquanto os valores de VPM/PCT foram significativamente menores no grupo hsPDA. Esses par&#226;metros podem ser usados para o acompanhamento e diagn&#243;stico de hsPDA.</p>
      <p>Resultados conflitantes foram relatados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao efeito do MP no hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o MP foi menor no grupo com hsPDA em nosso estudo. Um estudo anterior n&#227;o relatou associa&#231;&#227;o entre RDW e hsPDA. No entanto, descobrimos que o baixo RDW foi associado ao hsPDA. Os diferentes resultados entre RDW e hsPDA podem ser devidos ao fato de que o RDW &#233; afetado pela inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em adultos, foi demonstrado que o RDW/VPM aumenta em correla&#231;&#227;o com a inflama&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com apendicite complicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o RDW/VPM foi significativamente maior em pacientes com hsPDA. Este resultado pode sugerir que este par&#226;metro pode mostrar inflama&#231;&#227;o no hsPDA e tamb&#233;m pode ser usado no acompanhamento do hsPDA.</p>
      <p>Em alguns estudos, nenhuma rela&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada entre hsPDA e valor de VPM. Nesses estudos, o n&#250;mero de pacientes foi menor do que nossa popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes, e eles tinham diferentes IG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em um estudo com um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes, incluindo 481 beb&#234;s prematuros, uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa foi encontrada entre baixo VPM e a presen&#231;a de hsPDA. No mesmo estudo, o valor de AUC para VPM foi de 0,634, e o valor de corte foi &lt;7,85 fL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> No entanto, meta-an&#225;lises relataram que VPM e PDW n&#227;o est&#227;o associados com PDA. O principal problema dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na meta-an&#225;lise &#233; que os pacientes t&#234;m heterogeneidade em termos de IG, PN, tempo de hemograma completo e n&#250;mero de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> No entanto, embora tanto o VPM quanto o PDW forne&#231;am informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a atividade das plaquetas, a rela&#231;&#227;o com a PDA ainda n&#227;o est&#225; clara.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, encontramos valores significativamente menores de VPM e VPM/PDW no grupo com hsPDA em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo sem hsPDA. O valor de VPM/PDW (n&#237;vel de corte: &#8804;0,54) mostrou ser o par&#226;metro plaquet&#225;rio com o maior valor de AUC e o maior poder preditivo de hsPDA. Al&#233;m disso, o VPM (n&#237;vel de corte: &#8804;7,8 fL) foi considerado o segundo valor com o poder preditivo de hsPDA. Nossos resultados lan&#231;ar&#227;o luz sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre VPM, PDW, atividade plaquet&#225;ria e PDA.</p>
      <p>H&#225; uma deteriora&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es plaquet&#225;rias devido &#224; imaturidade e doen&#231;a cr&#237;tica em beb&#234;s prematuros. Essas condi&#231;&#245;es podem afetar o fechamento ductal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Portanto, usar par&#226;metros relacionados ao volume e distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria no hemograma completo pode ser uma abordagem facilmente acess&#237;vel e de baixo custo para a previsibilidade de hsPDA. Em nosso estudo, foi descoberto que o menor volume de plaquetas, ou seja, o menor valor de VPM, aumentou o risco de hsPDA. A raz&#227;o para isso &#233; que plaquetas maiores (maior VPM) s&#227;o mais propensas a rea&#231;&#245;es protromb&#243;ticas e podem, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, ser eficazes como um fator facilitador para o fechamento ductal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, plaquetas maiores e mais jovens s&#227;o enzimaticamente e metabolicamente mais ativas do que as menores. Portanto, elas t&#234;m mais efeitos tromb&#243;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em outras palavras, o VPM atua como um marcador de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Portanto, como em nossos resultados, &#224; medida que o VPM diminui, o fechamento ductal pode ser afetado adversamente e o risco de hsPDA pode aumentar.</p>
      <p>PDW &#233; um indicador de libera&#231;&#227;o de plaquetas ativadas, varia&#231;&#227;o no tamanho das plaquetas e ativa&#231;&#227;o. Durante a ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, as plaquetas mudam de forma para obter uma superf&#237;cie maior. Assim, o VPM e o PDW aumentam. Portanto, o uso combinado de VPM e PDW pode demonstrar de forma mais eficiente a ativa&#231;&#227;o da coagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> De acordo com a hip&#243;tese do papel das plaquetas no fechamento do DA, um maior grau de ativa&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria e, portanto, maior PDW &#233; esperado em beb&#234;s sem PDA. No entanto, devido &#224; heterogeneidade dos grupos mencionados em uma meta-an&#225;lise publicada recentemente, o efeito do PDW no PDA n&#227;o p&#244;de ser demonstrado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; resultados conflitantes em estudos que avaliam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre VPM sozinho ou PDW sozinho e hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o VPM foi encontrado menor em beb&#234;s com hsPDA. Embora o PDW tenha sido alto no grupo hsPDA, essa eleva&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi significativa. Portanto, de acordo com nossos resultados, o PDW sozinho n&#227;o foi um marcador valioso para a previsibilidade de hsPDA. Antes do nosso estudo, o efeito do VPM/PDW no hsPDA era desconhecido. Descobrimos que o VPM/PDW foi superior e o par&#226;metro mais forte em compara&#231;&#227;o ao VPM sozinho na preditividade de hsPDA. Anti&#263; et al. relataram que o VPM/PDW foi semelhante entre os grupos em crian&#231;as com e sem apendicite complicada com inflama&#231;&#227;o grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, Fan et al. mostraram que o VPM/PDW foi menor em pacientes com perfura&#231;&#227;o de &#250;lcera duodenal em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Esses resultados mostraram que em algumas doen&#231;as, incluindo hsPDA, a forma e a distribui&#231;&#227;o das plaquetas, em vez de seu n&#250;mero, podem refletir mais efetivamente as fun&#231;&#245;es plaquet&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do n&#250;mero consider&#225;vel de pacientes em nosso estudo, ele traz limita&#231;&#245;es devido &#224; sua natureza retrospectiva e unic&#234;ntrica. No presente estudo, os par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios foram calculados apenas nos valores do hemograma completo obtido nas primeiras 24 horas. Portanto, os &#237;ndices plaquet&#225;rios n&#227;o puderam ser avaliados no acompanhamento e monitoramento da resposta ao tratamento da hsPDA. Al&#233;m disso, nossos resultados s&#227;o v&#225;lidos para par&#226;metros nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s o nascimento. Recomenda-se avaliar os par&#226;metros plaquet&#225;rios em estudos prospectivos, randomizados e controlados com popula&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Determinamos pela primeira vez que o par&#226;metro plaquet&#225;rio mais poderoso e novo para a preditividade de hsPDA foi VPM/PDW, que foi medido nas primeiras 24 horas de vida. VPM e PDW s&#227;o dois par&#226;metros que podem ser medidos com dispositivos modernos. A raz&#227;o VPM/PDW &#233; um marcador importante, de baixo custo e rapidamente acess&#237;vel que pode ser usado como um preditor de hsPDA. Portanto, nosso estudo pode ser uma pedra angular para estudos futuros sobre o valor progn&#243;stico de VPM/PDW em beb&#234;s prematuros.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 68/2018. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados de Pesquisa e outros Materiais:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240635i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mean Platelet Volume to Platelet Distribution Width Ratio: The Most Effective Platelet Parameter in the Closer of Ductus Arteriosus</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9409-185X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cakir</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tayman</surname>
            <given-names>Cuneyt</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Notice&lt;/b&gt;: Undefined offset: 0 in &lt;b&gt;/var/www/xconv.beta.caboverde.local/xconv3/vendors/xcolor/ws_waita.php&lt;/b&gt; on line &lt;b&gt;76&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label>Ufuk Cakir &#8226; Health Sciences University, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Universiteler Neighbourhood &#8211; 1604 Street. Neonatal clinic, Ankara &#8211; T&#252;rkiye E-mail: drufukcakir@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Vitor Guerra</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The role of platelets and platelet indices in the closure of the ductus arteriosus in premature infants is still controversial. We aimed to determine whether the platelet count and all platelet-related indices are effective on the closer of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Demographic characteristics, prematurity morbidities, and platelet indices were compared between groups with and without hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Data of premature infants with a gestational age of &lt;30 weeks were evaluated retrospectively. All platelet-related data were recorded from the complete blood count in the first 24 hours of all patients. The statistical analysis was performed on the obtained data. A p-value of &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 1151 patients were included in the study, including 426 patients in the hsPDA group and 725 patients in the non-hsPDA group. Platelet parameters mean platelet volume (MPV), MPV/ plateletcrit (PCT), MPV/ platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet mass (PM), red cell distribution width (RDW) values were found to be significantly lower in the hsPDA group compared to the non-hsPDA group (p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.001, p&lt;0.001, p=0.015, and p&lt;0.001, respectively). MPV/PDW ratio with the highest AUC value (0.748) was found to be the most valuable parameter in estimating the closer of PDA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The MPV/PDW ratio was found to be the most valuable parameter for the prediction of hsPDA among all platelet indices.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Mean Platelet Volume to Platelet Distribution Width Ratio: The Most Effective Platelet Parameter in the Closer of Ductus Arteriosus</title>
              <p>Summary of the results of our study.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240635-40635-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Mean Platelet Volume</kwd>
        <kwd>Patent Ductus Arteriosus</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Platelets</kwd>
        <kwd>Premature Infant</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The ductus arteriosus (DA) is an essential component of the circulatory system during fetal life. It connects the main pulmonary artery to the descending aorta and diverts ventricular output from the lungs to the aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Failure of the closure of DA after birth is defined as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and is usually associated with a left-to-right shunt. In premature infants, hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA) can lead to serious cardiopulmonary complications such as left ventricular volume overload, pulmonary edema, impaired lung compliance, and abdominal-renal malperfusion due to ductal steal. It causes an increase in premature morbidity in the subsequent postnatal days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The closure of DA is an elusive enigma with complex pathophysiology and clinical consequences that neonatologists have faced for decades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Therefore, it is crucial to understand the mechanisms contributing to the closure of DA in order to provide special care for preterms at risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Echtler et al. reported for the first time that platelets were effective in ductal closure in mice. They showed that platelets were directed to the ductal endothelium within minutes of birth, forming a platelet plug and contributing to ductal remodeling. Additionally, the authors reported that platelet dysfunction affects DA closure. These results show that platelets play a very important role in the closure of DA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> These results shed light on studies evaluating the potential relationship between platelet count and the presence of PDA in the field of neonatology. However, the clinical significance of platelets in the closure of DA is still controversial and has not been confirmed in vivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Studies evaluating the relationship between different formulations of platelet indices, platelet count, platelet functions, and hsPDA are very limited. Findings from previous studies on platelet indices and PDA have been inconsistent or even contradictory, possibly due to the differences in the study designs, treatment protocols, and definition of hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The increase in the number of studies and the inclusion of other platelet parameters provided more data for meta-analyses. However, evidence for the relationship between platelets and PDA is still limited due to significant clinical and statistical heterogeneity between different studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Considering the lack of previous studies, there is no study evaluating the relationship between all platelet-related parameters and their ratios to each other and PDA. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between all platelet parameters and PDA, and the predictivity of possible PDA-related platelet parameters.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design and Patient Selection</title>
          <p>Our study was conducted retrospectively in premature infants with a gestational age (GA) of &lt;30 weeks who were hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit between December 2018 and December 2022. Data were obtained from the hospital&#8217;s medical records. Infants with major congenital abnormalities, congenital heart disease, perinatal asphyxia, death in the first three days after birth (without the diagnosis of PDA), and gestational age &#8805;30 weeks were excluded from the study. Demographic characteristics, morbidities due to prematurity, and complete blood count parameters of the patients were recorded. The patients were divided into two groups: hsPDA and non-hsPDA. Ethical approval was obtained from the local ethics committee of our hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic variables and clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>Birth weight (BW), GA, antenatal steroid, gender, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH, stage &#8805;3), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, stage &gt;2), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), the rates of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), hsPDA and sepsis were recorded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definition of prematurity-related morbidities</title>
          <p>BPD was defined as patients who were requiring &lt;30% oxygen (moderate), &#8805;30% oxygen, or positive pressure support (severe) at 36 weeks of postmenstrual corrected age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Patients with stage &#8805;3 IVH detected by transfontanel ultrasonography were defined as severe IVH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Those with stage &#8805;2 NEC, according to both clinical and laboratory findings, were recorded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Patients were defined as RDS in case of need for surfactant.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Patients with clinical and culture-positive sepsis were enrolled.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Patients diagnosed with ROP in retinal examination and treated were recorded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Patients with and without hsPDA were enrolled.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus</title>
          <p>Doppler echocardiographic examination was routinely performed on preterm infants in the seventy-second hour after birth with a GE Vivid 7 Pro, 10S transducer (GE Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT, USA) by a pediatric cardiologist. Based on echocardiographic findings, hsPDA was defined as an internal ductal diameter of &#8805;1.5 mm and/or with a left atrium (LA)/aortic root (AO) ratio &#8805;1.5. Patients were defined as non-hsPDA if the ductal inner diameter was &lt;1.5 mm and/or the left atrium/aortic root ratio was &lt;1.5, or if no PDA was detected. Patients with hsPDA in echocardiographic follow-up were treated with pharmacologic (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) or surgical ligation (if medical treatment failed).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Complete Blood Count Analysis and Platelet Indices</title>
          <p>Blood samples were obtained via the peripheral vein within the first 24 hours of delivery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Blood samples were taken into ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) tubes. Platelet count (10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#181;/L), mean platelet volume (MPV, fL), platelet distribution width (PDW, %), plateletcrit (PCT, %), red cell distribution width (RDW, %) and lymphocytes count (10<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#181;/L) were analyzed by the Cell-Dyn 3700 automatic hemocytometer (Abbott, Abbott Park, IL, USA). After that, mean platelet volume to platelet ratio (MPR), mean platelet volume to plateletcrit ratio (MPV/PCT), mean platelet volume to platelet distribution width ratio (MPV/PDW), mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR), platelet distribution width to platelet count ratio (PDP), platelet distribution width to plateletcrit ratio (PDW/PCT), platelet index (MPV x PDW/platelet count x PCT), platelet mass (PM: platelet count x MPV), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), platelet count to PCT ratio (PPCT), red cell distribution width to mean platelet volume ratio (RDW/MPV) and red cell distribution width to platelet ratio (RPR) were counted. Demographic variables, clinical outcomes and platelet indices were compared between groups with hsPDA and non-hsPDA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA) program. Analytical methods Kolmogorov-Smirnov and visual (histogram and probability plots) were used to evaluate the distribution of all variables. The association between groups for categorical variables was assessed using the unpaired Chi-Square test. Mann-Whitney U test was used for the analysis of continuous variables as appropriate. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean and standard deviation Categorical variables were expressed as frequency. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed for significant variables. After ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the AUC were calculated. Threshold values were calculated for the parameters effective in ductal closure. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were determined for threshold values. P value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. The size of the sample was introduced for the primary endpoint as ductal closure; 117 patients in each group would have 80% power for detecting a 25% between-group difference (from 60 to 85%) in the percentage of permanent closures, using a two-sided, continuity-corrected &#967;2 test at a significance level of 0.05.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the study period, 1294 patients were evaluated. According to the exclusion criteria of our study, 143 patients were excluded. A total of 1151 patients were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria. The mean GA of all patients was 28.2 &#177; 1.2 weeks, and the mean BW was 1072 &#177; 231 g. 426 (37%) patients were included in the hsPDA group, and 725 (63%) patients were included in the non-hsPDA group. GA (28.1&#177;1.2 weeks) and BW (1067&#177;227 g) in the hsPDA group were similar to GA (28.3&#177;1.1 weeks) and BW (1080&#177;232 g) in the non-hsPDA group (p&gt;0.05). The frequency of BPD, IVH, RDS, and ROP in the hsDPA group was found to be significantly higher than in the non-hsDPA group (p&lt;0.05). Findings were similar between the groups in terms of antenatal steroid, gender, NEC, and sepsis (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic variables and prematurity morbidities</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Patient&#8217;s characteristics</th>
                  <th>non-hsPDA (n=725)</th>
                  <th>hsPDA (n=426)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gestational week, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">28.1 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.101</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Birth weight, g <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1080 &#177; 232</td>
                  <td align="center">1067 &#177; 227</td>
                  <td align="center">0.074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antenatal steroid, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">530 (73.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">298 (69.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.303</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">386 (53.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">208 (48.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.148</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BPD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (8.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">115 (26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVH, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (5.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.763</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDS, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (20.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (32.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ROP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sepsis, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">297 (40.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">170 (39.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.741</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p><sup>a</sup>mean &#177; standard deviation. *P&lt;0.05 was considered statically significant. BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; NEC: necrotising enterocolitis; hsPDA: hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; RDS: respiratory distress syndrome; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In terms of platelet parameters, including MPV, MPV/PCT, MPV/PDW, PM, and RDW values were found to be significantly lower in the hsPDA group than in the non-hsPDA group (p&lt;0.05). The RDW/MPV value in the hsPDA group was significantly higher than that in the non-hsPDA group (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). All other platelet parameters (MPR, MPVLR, PCT, PDP, PDW, PDW/PCT, PM, PI, PLR, RDW/MPV, RPR, RDW/PCT, and PPCT) were found to be similar between the groups (p&gt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Platelet parameters according to hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>non-hsPDA (n=725)</th>
                  <th>hsPDA (n=426)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count (103 &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">233 &#177; 85</td>
                  <td align="center">243 &#177; 109</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocytes (103 &#181;/L) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">9.35 &#177;8.11</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7 &#177; 10.37</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.042 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040 &#177; 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.146</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPV, (fL) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8.40 &#177;0.93</td>
                  <td align="center">7.65 &#177; 0.85</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPV/PCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">52.40 &#177; 22.49</td>
                  <td align="center">47.11 &#177; 20.65</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPV/PDW, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.62 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 &#177; 0.09</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPVLR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.40 &#177; 1.18</td>
                  <td align="center">1.26 &#177; 1.19</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCT, (%) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.186 &#177; 0.070</td>
                  <td align="center">0.179 &#177; 0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PDP, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.070 &#177;0.038</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072 &#177; 0.053</td>
                  <td align="center">0.569</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PDW, (%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13.99 &#177;2.03</td>
                  <td align="center">14.20 &#177; 2.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PDW/PCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">87.17 &#177; 38.55</td>
                  <td align="center">87.67 &#177; 43.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.848</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PI, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">4.38 &#177; 3.86</td>
                  <td align="center">4.00 &#177;3.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.273</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PM, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1944 &#177; 688</td>
                  <td align="center">1834 &#177; 756</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">37.87 &#177; 29.95</td>
                  <td align="center">40.49 &#177; 30.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.246</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PPCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1306 &#177; 299</td>
                  <td align="center">1312 &#177; 344</td>
                  <td align="center">0.754</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW, (%)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">16.23 &#177;1.56</td>
                  <td align="center">15.71 &#177;1.71</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW/MPV, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1.95 &#177; 0.25</td>
                  <td align="center">2.07 &#177; 0.32</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW/PCT, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">101.01 &#177; 43.51</td>
                  <td align="center">96.85 &#177; 45.50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.129</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RPR, <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.081 &#177; 0.042</td>
                  <td align="center">0.079 &#177; 0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.593</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p><sup>a</sup>mean &#177; standard deviation, *P&lt;0.05 was considered statically significant. hsPDA: hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; MPR: mean platelet volume to platelet ratio; MPV: mean platelet volume; MPV/PCT: mean platelet volume to plateletcrit ratio; MPV/PDW: mean platelet volume to platelet distribution width ratio; PVLR: mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio; PCT: plateletcrit; PDP: platelet distribution width to platelet count ratio; PDW: platelet distribution width; PDW/PCT: platelet distribution width to plateletcrit ratio; PI: platelet index; PM: platelet mass; PLR: platelet to lymphocyte ratio; PPCT: platelet count to PCT ratio; RDW: red cell distribution width; RDW/MPV: red cell distribution width to mean platelet volume ratio; RDW/PCT ratio: red cell distribution width to plateletcrit ratio; RPR: red cell distribution width-to- platelet ratio;</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus and platelet indices.</title>
              <p>*P&lt;0.05 was considered statically significant. hsPDA: hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus; MPV: mean platelet volume; MPV/PCT: mean platelet volume to plateletcrit ratio; MPV/PDW: mean platelet volume to platelet distribution width ratio; PM: platelet mass index; RDW: red cell distribution width; RDW/MPV: red cell distribution width to mean platelet volume ratio.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240635-40635-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>ROC analysis was performed to evaluate the predictivity of MPV, MPV/PCT, MPV/PDW, PM, RDW, and RDW/MPV. AUC values, in order from highest to lowest: MPV/PDW, MPV, RDW/MPV, RDW, MPV/PCT, and PM. ROC analysis results of these parameters (AUC, CI, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and p-values) are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>, and graphics are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver operating curve analysis of platelet parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>AUC</th>
                  <th>95% Confidence interval</th>
                  <th>Cutoff level</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Sensitivity (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Specificity (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">PPV (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">NPV (%)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPV (fL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.720</td>
                  <td align="center">0.693-0.746</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;7.80</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPV/PCT</td>
                  <td align="center">0.580</td>
                  <td align="center">0.550-0.608</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;43.78</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">64</td>
                  <td align="center">45</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MPV/PDW</td>
                  <td align="center">0.748</td>
                  <td align="center">0.722-0.773</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">78</td>
                  <td align="center">88</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PM</td>
                  <td align="center">0.561</td>
                  <td align="center">0.532-0.592</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;1807</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">55</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0004*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.587</td>
                  <td align="center">0.557-0.615</td>
                  <td align="center">&#8804;15.70</td>
                  <td align="center">54</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDW/MPV</td>
                  <td align="center">0.621</td>
                  <td align="center">0.592-0.649</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;2.05</td>
                  <td align="center">49</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">51</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p><sup>*</sup>P&lt;0.05 was considered statically significant. AUC: area under curve; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value; MPV: mean platelet volume; MPV/PCT: mean platelet volume to plateletcrit ratio; MPV/PDW: mean platelet volume to platelet distribution width ratio; PM: platelet mass index; RDW: red cell distribution width; RDW/MPV: red cell distribution width to mean platelet volume ratio.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver operating characteristic curves for hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus using the platelet parameters.</title>
              <p>MPV: mean platelet volume; MPV/PCT: mean platelet volume to plateletcrit ratio; MPV/PDW: mean platelet volume to platelet distribution width ratio; PM: platelet mass index; RDW: red cell distribution width; RDW/MPV: red cell distribution width to mean platelet volume ratio.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240635-40635-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Similar or conflicting results were obtained in previous studies evaluating the relationship between platelet count, lymphocyte count, MPV, MPR, PCT, PDW, PM, PLR, RDW, RPR, and hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> The relationship between MPV/PDW, MPVLR, MPV/PCT, PDP, PDW/PCT, PI, and RDW/MPV values and hsPDA has not been evaluated before. In our results, no effect of platelet count, lymphocyte count, MPR, PCT, PDW, PLR, MPVLR, PDP, PDW/PCT, PI, and RPR on hsPDA was detected. We found that low MPV, MPV/PDW, RDW, PM, and MPV/PCT, and high RDW/MPV were associated with hsPDA. MPV/PDW ratio with the highest AUC value (0.748) followed by MPV (0.720) were found to be the most valuable parameters in predicting hsPDA. Additionally, PPCT and RDW/PCT, which are platelet parameters, have not been previously evaluated as diagnostic or prognostic factors in any disease. For the first time, we found that PPCT and RDW/PCT were not associated with hsPDA.</p>
        <p>The closure process of DA after birth occurs as a result of a complex series of mechanisms. Since platelets have many inflammatory and immunological interactions with endothelial cells, platelet count and parameters should be examined to understand the mechanisms of ductal closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Akar et al. and Meinarde et al. showed that low platelet count increases the risk of hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, in parallel with our results, other studies have shown that the number of platelets was not associated with hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Although the relationship between low platelet count and hsPDA has been demonstrated in mice, this relationship has not been finalized in humans due to possible ductal structural and physiological differences between humans and animals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Therefore, the effect of other platelet indices on the DA should be investigated.</p>
        <p>It is thought that PCT, a platelet-related factor that may affect DA closure, may be associated with hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> However, while the PCT value may be lower in hsPDA, there has been evidence showing that this value is not related to hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Bekmez et al. found that the PCT was low and the RPR was high in hsPDA, and they reported that PDW did not affect the ductal closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In a 64-case newborn study, it was reported that PLR was significantly higher in the hsPDA group. Although it was reported in the same study that lymphocyte count was lower in patients with hsPDA, our results did not support these data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, the difference in our results may be due to the fact that the frequency of sepsis was similar in our study groups, and the number of patients and GA were different in other studies from those in our study.</p>
        <p>It has been reported that MPVLR and PLR values are higher in thoracic aortic aneurysm patients in the emergency department compared to the healthy control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Based on this vascular disease, no effect of these parameters on hsPDA was found in our patients who were evaluated for MPVLR and PLR. It has been reported that PI, PDW/PCT, PDP, and MPV/PCT values of 40 pediatric patients who died in the hospital were higher than the control group, and these values could be used as a prognostic factor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The effect of these parameters on PDA has not been evaluated. In our study, PI, PDW/PCT, and PDP values were similar between the groups, while MPV/PCT values were found to be significantly lower in the hsPDA group. These parameters may be used for the follow-up and diagnosis of hsPDA.</p>
        <p>Conflicting results have been reported regarding the effect of PM on hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> On the other hand, the PM was lower in the group with hsPDA in our study. A previous study reported no association between RDW and hsPDA. However, we found that low RDW was found to be associated with hsPDA. The different results between RDW and hsPDA may be due to the fact that RDW is affected by inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In adults, it has been shown that RDW/MPV increases in correlation with inflammation in patients with complicated appendicitis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> In our study, RDW/MPV was found to be significantly higher in patients with hsPDA. This result may suggest that this parameter may show inflammation in hsPDA and can also be used in the follow-up of hsPDA.</p>
        <p>In some studies, no relationship was found between hsPDA and MPV value. In these studies, the number of patients was less than our patient population, and they had different GA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>In a study with a larger number of patients, including 481 premature infants, a significant correlation was found between low MPV and the presence of hsPDA. In the same study, the AUC value for MPV was 0.634, and the cutoff value was &lt;7.85 fL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> However, meta-analyses have reported that MPV and PDW are not associated with PDA. The main problem of the studies included in the meta-analysis is that the patients have heterogeneity in terms of GA, BW, time of complete blood count, and number of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> However, although both MPV and PDW provide information about the activity of platelets, the relationship with PDA is still unclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In our study, we found significantly lower MPV and MPV/PDW values in the group with hsPDA compared to the non-hsPDA group. MPV/PDW value (cutoff level: &#8804;0.54) was shown to be the platelet parameter with the highest AUC value and the highest predictive power of hsPDA. Moreover, MPV (cutoff level: &#8804;7.8 fL) was found to be the second value with the predictive power of hsPDA. Our results will shed light on the relationship between MPV, PDW, platelet activity, and PDA.</p>
        <p>There is a deterioration of platelet functions due to immaturity and critical illness in premature infants. These conditions may affect ductal closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, using parameters related to platelet volume and distribution in complete blood count may be an easily accessible and low-cost approach to hsPDA predictivity. In our study, it was found that the lower volume of the platelets, that is, the lower MPV value, increased the risk of hsPDA. The reason for this is that larger platelets (higher MPV) are more prone to prothrombotic reactions and may ultimately be effective as a facilitating factor for ductal closure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, larger and younger platelets are enzymatically and metabolically more active than smaller ones. Therefore, they have more thrombotic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In other words, MPV acts as a platelet activation marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Therefore, as in our results, as MPV decreases, ductal closure may be adversely affected and the risk of hsPDA may increase.</p>
        <p>PDW is an indicator of activated platelet release, variation in platelet size, and activation. During platelet activation, platelets change shape to obtain a larger surface. Thus, MPV and PDW increase. Therefore, the combined use of MPV and PDW can more efficiently demonstrate coagulation activation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> According to the hypothesis of the role of platelets in the closure of DA, a higher degree of platelet activation and, thus, higher PDW is expected in infants without PDA. However, due to the heterogeneity of the groups mentioned in a recently published meta-analysis, the effect of PDW on PDA could not be demonstrated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are conflicting results in studies evaluating the relationship between MPV alone or PDW alone and hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In our study, MPV was found to be lower in infants with hsPDA. Although PDW was high in the hsPDA group, this elevation was not significant. Therefore, according to our results, PDW alone was not a valuable marker for the predictivity of hsPDA. Before our study, the effect of MPV/PDW on hsPDA was unknown. We found that MPV/PDW was superior and the strongest parameter compared to MPV alone in the predictivity of hsPDA. Antic et al. reported that MPV/PDW was similar between the groups in children with and without complicated appendicitis with severe inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> However, Fan et al. showed that MPV/PDW was lower in patients with duodenal ulcer perforation compared to the control group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> These results showed that in some diseases, including hsPDA, the shape and distribution of platelets, rather than their number, may more effectively reflect platelet functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition to the considerable number of patients in our study, it brings limitations due to its retrospective and single-centered nature. In the present study, the platelet parameters were calculated only on the values of the complete blood count taken within the first 24 hours. Therefore, platelet indices could not be evaluated in the follow-up and monitoring of the response to the treatment of hsPDA. Moreover, our results are valid for parameters in the first 24 hours after birth. It is recommended to evaluate platelet parameters in prospective, randomized controlled studies with larger populations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>We determined for the first time that the most powerful and new platelet parameter for the predictivity of hsPDA was MPV/PDW, which was measured in the first 24 hours of life. MPV and PDW are two parameters that can be measured with modern devices. MPV/PDW ratio is an important, low-cost, and rapidly accessible marker that can be used as a predictor of hsPDA. Therefore, our study may be a cornerstone for future studies on the prognostic value of MPV/PDW in premature infants.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity Teaching Hospital under the protocol number 68/2018. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Availability of Research Data and Other Materials:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
