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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Fmng6Gtw6FxBpZWbNQgNCKw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240621</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Redu&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis de Insulina em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Aguda na Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira Tratados com Benznidazol</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Gallinaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Regina Hosannah Silva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Keila Cardoso Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Manaus</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AM</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical &#8211; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jo&#227;o Marcos Barbosa-Ferreira &#8226; Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777. CEP 69065-001, Cachoeirinha, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brasil Email: <email>jmbemfica@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240621</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Na regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica, observou-se um aumento consider&#225;vel no n&#250;mero de casos de doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda (DCA), resultando em altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Os principais mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) incluem a disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, a disfun&#231;&#227;o do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (SNA), a agress&#227;o direta do parasita e a atividade inflamat&#243;ria. A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) &#233; um &#243;timo exemplo de cardiomiopatia inflamat&#243;ria, capaz de influenciar altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos e no SNA. H&#225; uma escassez de estudos que abordam a medi&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de adipocitocina e insulina em indiv&#237;duos com DCA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar os n&#237;veis de adiponectina, leptina e insulina antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento da DCA com benznidazol e estabelecer correla&#231;&#245;es com o SNA e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram inclu&#237;dos 28 indiv&#237;duos, os quais foram divididos em: grupo controle (GC), com 15 indiv&#237;duos, e grupo com DCA, com 13 indiv&#237;duos. Todos os indiv&#237;duos foram submetidos a um ECG padr&#227;o de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica completa, avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de adiponectina, insulina e leptina. Foi adotado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% (valor de p &lt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de insulina foram mais baixos no grupo com DCA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, tanto antes quanto ap&#243;s o tratamento, e apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o na fase p&#243;s-tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com a fase pr&#233;-tratamento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de adipocitocinas, leptina e adiponectina entre os grupos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de insulina foram mais baixos no grupo com DCA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, tanto antes quanto ap&#243;s o tratamento, e apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o na fase p&#243;s-tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com a fase pr&#233;-tratamento. Os n&#237;veis de adipocitocinas e insulina n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e do SNA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Redu&#231;&#227;o dos N&#237;veis de Insulina em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas Aguda na Amaz&#244;nia Brasileira Tratados com Benznidazol</title>
            </caption>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/Fmng6Gtw6FxBpZWbNQgNCKw/cb9546604323ee2b14b79bd2fab77ad39398d82d.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecossistema Amaz&#244;nico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="14"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC) est&#225; presente desde o sul dos Estados Unidos at&#233; a Patag&#244;nia e afeta cerca de 8 milh&#245;es de pessoas na Am&#233;rica Latina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, devido ao aumento do fluxo migrat&#243;rio, a DC est&#225; se tornando cada vez mais relevante em pa&#237;ses n&#227;o end&#234;micos, como os Estados Unidos, o Canad&#225;, alguns pa&#237;ses da Europa, o Jap&#227;o e a Austr&#225;lia. Estima-se que, nos Estados Unidos, a doen&#231;a pode ter infectado 300 mil imigrantes legais. A Espanha possui a segunda maior preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a, com cerca de 40 a 60 mil imigrantes infectados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, mais precisamente na regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica, houve um aumento significativo no n&#250;mero de casos nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, principalmente na fase aguda da doen&#231;a, associada ao consumo de sucos de frutas regionais contaminados. Foram relatados casos de comprometimento card&#237;aco, al&#233;m de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica representa a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade na DC, afetando cerca de 30% dos pacientes. Os principais mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos da cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) incluem: disfun&#231;&#227;o microvascular, comprometimento do Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo (SNA), agress&#227;o direta do parasita e atividade inflamat&#243;ria grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Alguns desses mecanismos tamb&#233;m t&#234;m o potencial de influenciar altera&#231;&#245;es nos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos em pacientes com DC, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e a atividade inflamat&#243;ria. V&#225;rios dos principais mediadores da atividade metab&#243;lica s&#227;o secretados pelo tecido adiposo (adipocitocinas) ou fazem parte do metabolismo da glicose.</p>
      <p>As adipocitocinas s&#227;o mediadores bioativos produzidos pelo tecido adiposo. As principais adipocitocinas s&#227;o a adiponectina e a leptina. A adiponectina possui efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e antiaterog&#234;nicos ben&#233;ficos, al&#233;m de a&#231;&#227;o de sensibiliza&#231;&#227;o &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, o papel da adiponectina nas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares ainda &#233; controverso. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que os n&#237;veis de adiponectina s&#227;o elevados em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) sist&#243;lica, prevendo at&#233; mesmo morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A leptina estimula atividades pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticas, prolifera&#231;&#227;o neointimal, disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial e indu&#231;&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> apresenta tropismo pelo tecido adiposo. Em 1995, Andrade et al. realizaram um estudo em modelos animais com imuno-histoqu&#237;mica e microscopia eletr&#244;nica, evidenciando que os adip&#243;citos podem ser infectados pelo <italic>T. cruzi</italic> e at&#233; atuar como reservat&#243;rios para poss&#237;veis reativa&#231;&#245;es da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Combs et al. (2005), ao realizarem um estudo em ratos infectados na fase aguda da DC, demonstraram que os adip&#243;citos infectados com <italic>T. cruzi</italic> apresentam altera&#231;&#245;es na secre&#231;&#227;o de adipocitocinas. Observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de adiponectina e leptina, al&#233;m de um aumento nos n&#237;veis de interleucina-6 e TNF-&#593;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Em outro estudo, realizado por Nagajyothi et al. (2008), foi observado um aumento na express&#227;o de citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, incluindo interleucina-6 e TNF-&#593;, em adip&#243;citos cultivados infectados com <italic>T. cruzi</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Recentemente, Ferreira et al. demonstraram a persist&#234;ncia de <italic>T. cruzi</italic> em adip&#243;citos de indiv&#237;duos com cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> As altera&#231;&#245;es na fun&#231;&#227;o dos adip&#243;citos causadas pela infec&#231;&#227;o por Chagas podem contribuir para a fisiopatologia da CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com DC cr&#244;nica, identificamos previamente n&#237;veis reduzidos de leptina e elevados de adiponectina na CC, em compara&#231;&#227;o com um grupo controle e outras formas de DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto ao metabolismo da glicose, h&#225; evid&#234;ncia de envolvimento pancre&#225;tico em pacientes com DC aguda e cr&#244;nica, com aumento no tamanho e n&#250;mero de ilhotas pancre&#225;ticas, infiltrado inflamat&#243;rio, fibrose e despovoamento neuronal pancre&#225;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Alguns estudos envolvendo pacientes cr&#244;nicos demonstraram uma resposta reduzida de insulina &#224; sobrecarga de glicose, tanto oral quanto venosa, sugerindo uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina devido &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica ou &#224; les&#227;o pancre&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o h&#225; estudos que avaliem os n&#237;veis de adipocitocinas e insulina em indiv&#237;duos com DCA. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os n&#237;veis de adiponectina, leptina e insulina antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento da DCA e correlacion&#225;-los com a avalia&#231;&#227;o do SNA e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca por meio de ecocardiografia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de um estudo longitudinal com indiv&#237;duos avaliados na fase aguda da DC, antes e ap&#243;s um ano de tratamento etiol&#243;gico com benznidazol.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#193;rea de estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo foi realizado em Manaus (AM), em um centro terci&#225;rio de atendimento especializado em doen&#231;as infecciosas. O recrutamento ocorreu de 28 de julho de 2017 a 28 de julho de 2018.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes</title>
        <p>Vinte e oito indiv&#237;duos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle (GC) e grupo com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda (DCA). O grupo controle foi composto por 15 indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis com sorologia n&#227;o reativa para DC, enquanto o grupo com DCA incluiu 13 indiv&#237;duos com resultado positivo no exame parasitol&#243;gico direto (teste de esfrega&#231;o sangu&#237;neo espesso). Todos os pacientes no grupo com DCA foram tratados com 5-7 mg/kg de benznidazol (Rochagan<sup>&#174;</sup>) durante um per&#237;odo de 60 dias.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial coronariana, valvopatia card&#237;aca moderada ou grave (avaliada por exame cl&#237;nico e ecocardiografia com Doppler), hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes mellitus, bloqueio atrioventricular avan&#231;ado, marca-passo, doen&#231;as da tireoide, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica e IC nas classes funcionais III e IV pela classifica&#231;&#227;o da New York Heart Association (NYHA). Todos os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento esclarecido por escrito e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estudo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e ecocardiogr&#225;fico</title>
        <p>Todos os participantes foram submetidos a um ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (10 mm/mV e 25 mm/s) e a uma ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (ETT) completa, realizada com o aparelho de ultrassom GE Vivid 7, com software AFI (<italic>Automated Function Imaging</italic>) para an&#225;lise de strain. Foram realizadas medi&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) guiadas por modo M bidimensional em visualiza&#231;&#227;o axial, e os volumes finais diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE, &#225;trios esquerdo e direito, foram obtidos a partir da visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de 4 c&#226;maras. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo biplano de Simpson modificado. O movimento regional da parede do VE e a ecocardiografia com strain foram avaliados com base no modelo de segmenta&#231;&#227;o de 17 segmentos, e cada um foi confirmado em v&#225;rias visualiza&#231;&#245;es, com as seguintes categorias: normal ou hiperquinesia, hipocinesia, acinesia, discinesia e aneurism&#225;tico. A fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica foi avaliada por Doppler de onda pulsada das velocidades de entrada transmitral, com o volume de amostra das pontas dos folhetos da valva mitral, e pela imagem Doppler tecidual do anel mitral septal e lateral, ambas na visualiza&#231;&#227;o apical de 4 c&#226;maras. As regurgita&#231;&#245;es mitral, tric&#250;spide, a&#243;rtica e pulmonar foram avaliadas qualitativamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo</title>
        <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o do SNA foi avaliada pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) nos dom&#237;nios de tempo e frequ&#234;ncia por meio do modelo de Transformada R&#225;pida de Fourier. Os indiv&#237;duos foram avaliados por um per&#237;odo de cinco minutos em repouso, na posi&#231;&#227;o de dec&#250;bito dorsal horizontal, com o uso de um monitor de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (POLAR, modelo V800). Os seguintes &#237;ndices foram calculados: Pot&#234;ncia total, componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF) em valores absolutos de pot&#234;ncia (ms<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) e em unidades normalizadas (u.n.), componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF) em valores absolutos de pot&#234;ncia (ms<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) e em unidades normalizadas (u.n.), e a raz&#227;o BF/AF. O aumento da componente BF e da raz&#227;o BF/AF foi interpretado como uma predomin&#226;ncia da atividade simp&#225;tica. O aumento da componente AF e a redu&#231;&#227;o da raz&#227;o BF/AF foram interpretados como uma predomin&#226;ncia da atividade parassimp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A f&#243;rmula a seguir foi utilizada para o c&#225;lculo das componentes BF e AF em unidades normalizadas (u.n.): - Componente BF ou AF em valores absolutos / (pot&#234;ncia total &#8211; componente de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa) x 100.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram orientados a n&#227;o ingerir estimulantes, como caf&#233;, ch&#225;, refrigerantes e bebidas alco&#243;licas, no dia anterior e no dia dos exames. Foi calculada a m&#233;dia das componentes espectrais obtidas nos tempos definidos. Foram exclu&#237;dos ciclos card&#237;acos com varia&#231;&#227;o superior a 25% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ciclo anterior, como forma de eliminar as altera&#231;&#245;es consequentes das extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares e supraventriculares. Foram avaliadas somente as leituras com pelo menos 85% de batimentos sinusais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
        <p>O sangue venoso (10 mL) foi coletado por pun&#231;&#227;o no membro superior ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 12 horas de jejum. O sangue foi centrifugado e o soro, armazenado a -70 &#176;C para an&#225;lises posteriores.</p>
        <p>Os participantes foram submetidos a medi&#231;&#245;es de n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de adiponectina, insulina e leptina por meio de um ensaio imunoenzim&#225;tico (ELISA).</p>
        <p>A insulina s&#233;rica foi medida utilizando um kit dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Millipore, St. Charles, Missouri, EUA). A sensibilidade do kit era de 1 &#956;U/mL, com o intervalo de refer&#234;ncia entre 31 e 65 &#956;U/mL. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em duplicata, apresentando um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de 4,3%. A leptina s&#233;rica foi medida utilizando um kit dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Millipore, St. Charles, Missouri, EUA). A sensibilidade do kit era de 0,78 ng/mL, com o intervalo de refer&#234;ncia entre 12,9 e 26,8 ng/mL. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em duplicata, apresentando um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de 7,3%. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de adiponectina foram medidos utilizando um kit dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (Millipore, St. Charles, Missouri, EUA). A sensibilidade do kit era de 100 ng/mL, com o intervalo de refer&#234;ncia entre 7.000 e 14.500 ng/mL. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas em duplicata, apresentando um coeficiente de varia&#231;&#227;o de 3,1%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As medi&#231;&#245;es da ETT e da VFC foram descritas de acordo com os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento, utilizando m&#233;dias e desvios padr&#227;o. As medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais foram descritas utilizando medianas e intervalos interquartis devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica dos dados, avaliada pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas em percentuais. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento foi realizada por meio do teste t pareado ou do teste de Wilcoxon (n&#227;o param&#233;trico), caso a normalidade das diferen&#231;as n&#227;o fosse atendida.</p>
        <p>Para as medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais, tamb&#233;m foram realizadas compara&#231;&#245;es entre o grupo pr&#233;-tratamento e o grupo controle, assim como entre o grupo p&#243;s-tratamento e o grupo controle. Os resultados tamb&#233;m foram apresentados em gr&#225;ficos do tipo Box Plot.</p>
        <p>Para avaliar a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis de interesse, utilizamos gr&#225;ficos de dispers&#227;o e apresentamos a correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman.</p>
        <p>Os testes de hip&#243;tese consideraram o n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. As an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o aux&#237;lio do software R (R Core Team, 2020).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisas com Seres Humanos da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado-Amazonas em 28 de julho de 2017 sob o n&#250;mero 2.191.571, CAAE 69904017.9.0000.0005, e realizado de acordo com a Resolu&#231;&#227;o N<sup>o</sup> 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Brasil e as diretrizes &#233;ticas da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque de 1975. Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento esclarecido padronizado, aprovado anteriormente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</title>
        <p>Treze pacientes com DCA, com idade m&#233;dia de 45,3 &#177; 23,7 anos, sendo 46,1% do sexo masculino, foram avaliados e comparados com 15 indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle, com idade m&#233;dia de 44,2 &#177; 7,3 anos, sendo 40% do sexo masculino.</p>
        <p>N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos grupos quanto a idade, sexo, peso e &#237;ndice de massa corporal. As caracter&#237;sticas f&#237;sicas e hemodin&#226;micas basais dos pacientes com DC e dos indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis do grupo controle s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Idade, peso e IMC conforme o grupo com doen&#231;a de Chagas aguda (DCA) e o grupo controle (CG)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DCA (n = 13)</th>
                  <th>GC (n = 15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p*</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">45,3 &#177; 23,7</td>
                  <td align="center">44,2 &#177; 7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,872</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">63,7 &#177; 12,0</td>
                  <td align="center">65,4 &#177; 6,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,659</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">23,65 &#177; 2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 1,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,452</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. *Teste t pareado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes no grupo com DCA apresentaram sintomas de s&#237;ndrome infecciosa, sendo a febre o sintoma mais comum (100%). Nenhum paciente teve sintomas card&#237;acos.</p>
        <p>Antes do tratamento, 38,4% dos pacientes apresentaram eletrocardiograma normal, ao passo que, ap&#243;s o tratamento, 53,8% deles apresentaram eletrocardiograma normal. O dist&#250;rbio mais comum na fase pr&#233;-tratamento foi a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, observada em 23% dos casos, ao passo que, na fase p&#243;s-tratamento, o bloqueio divisional anterossuperior foi o mais frequente, tamb&#233;m em 23% dos casos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e do SNA</title>
        <p>O strain longitudinal global (SLG) pela ETT e os par&#226;metros de ETT, assim como a VFC dos pacientes antes e ap&#243;s o tratamento, foram comparados sem que fossem detectadas altera&#231;&#245;es significativas. Dos 13 pacientes recrutados, um n&#227;o compareceu &#224; consulta de acompanhamento. Esses par&#226;metros s&#227;o indicados nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas conforme os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Pr&#233;-tratamento (n = 12)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">P&#243;s-tratamento (n = 12)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">48,10</td>
                  <td align="center">5,12</td>
                  <td align="center">48,40</td>
                  <td align="center">6,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,756</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">109,00</td>
                  <td align="center">29,90</td>
                  <td align="center">112,00</td>
                  <td align="center">30,70</td>
                  <td align="center">0,613</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">71,50</td>
                  <td align="center">10,70</td>
                  <td align="center">75,40</td>
                  <td align="center">5,42</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVD</td>
                  <td align="center">17,80</td>
                  <td align="center">3,28</td>
                  <td align="center">17,00</td>
                  <td align="center">3,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,258</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E-e&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">6,49</td>
                  <td align="center">1,54</td>
                  <td align="center">7,66</td>
                  <td align="center">2,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPM-VD</td>
                  <td align="center">0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,414</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPM-VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,974</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE*</td>
                  <td align="center">19,80</td>
                  <td align="center">4,15</td>
                  <td align="center">20,00</td>
                  <td align="center">4,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,848</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLG%</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,9</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-21,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito; IPM-VD: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo direito; IPM-VE: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. *Teste t pareado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es da variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca conforme os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">VFC</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Pr&#233;-tratamento (n = 12)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">P&#243;s-tratamento (n = 11)</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Dif.</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p*</th>
                  <th colspan="2">IC de 95%</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                  <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                  <th>DP</th>
                  <th>Inf.</th>
                  <th>Sup.</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC</td>
                  <td align="center">80,70</td>
                  <td align="center">7,45</td>
                  <td align="center">70,60</td>
                  <td align="center">12,40</td>
                  <td align="center">10,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,048</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">20,10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMSSD</td>
                  <td align="center">22,30</td>
                  <td align="center">19,60</td>
                  <td align="center">27,60</td>
                  <td align="center">13,60</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,441</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,60</td>
                  <td align="center">9,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN</td>
                  <td align="center">21,10</td>
                  <td align="center">15,20</td>
                  <td align="center">27,70</td>
                  <td align="center">13,00</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,231</td>
                  <td align="center">-17,50</td>
                  <td align="center">4,76</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PT</td>
                  <td align="center">542,00</td>
                  <td align="center">655,00</td>
                  <td align="center">849,00</td>
                  <td align="center">841,00</td>
                  <td align="center">-284,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,299</td>
                  <td align="center">-86,00</td>
                  <td align="center">293,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF ms<sup>2</sup> *</td>
                  <td align="center">240,00</td>
                  <td align="center">243,00</td>
                  <td align="center">408,00</td>
                  <td align="center">359,00</td>
                  <td align="center">-154,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                  <td align="center">-389,00</td>
                  <td align="center">81,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">256,00</td>
                  <td align="center">348,00</td>
                  <td align="center">366,00</td>
                  <td align="center">434,00</td>
                  <td align="center">-101,00</td>
                  <td align="center">0,474</td>
                  <td align="center">-403,00</td>
                  <td align="center">202,00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF un</td>
                  <td align="center">42,90</td>
                  <td align="center">17,20</td>
                  <td align="center">45,20</td>
                  <td align="center">14,50</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,98</td>
                  <td align="center">0,554</td>
                  <td align="center">-18,50</td>
                  <td align="center">10,50</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF AF</td>
                  <td align="center">2,30</td>
                  <td align="center">3,38</td>
                  <td align="center">1,38</td>
                  <td align="center">0,76</td>
                  <td align="center">1,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,337</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,30</td>
                  <td align="center">3,44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF un</td>
                  <td align="center">56,70</td>
                  <td align="center">17,50</td>
                  <td align="center">54,60</td>
                  <td align="center">14,50</td>
                  <td align="center">3,85</td>
                  <td align="center">0,566</td>
                  <td align="center">-10,60</td>
                  <td align="center">18,30</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. FC: Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PT: pot&#234;ncia total; BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; ms<sup>2</sup>: milissegundos quadrados; u.n.: unidades normalizadas. * Teste t pareado.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos nos n&#237;veis de leptina e adiponectina. As principais diferen&#231;as encontradas foram nos n&#237;veis de insulina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> apresenta a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento e o valor de p da compara&#231;&#227;o pareada entre os grupos. Observa-se que os valores de insulina no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-tratamento eram significativamente superiores aos do momento p&#243;s-tratamento.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais conforme os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pr&#233;- tratamento (n=11)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">P&#243;s-tratamento (n=11)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p em Wilcox</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adiponectina (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 [6,9; 6,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 [6,8; 6,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,646</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leptina (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 [4,0; 5,7]</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 [5,5; 5,7]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,293</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina (&#956;U/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 [1,1; 4,1]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 [0,7, 1,4]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como mediana [intervalo interquartil].</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o observamos diferen&#231;as significativas nas medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais entre os grupos pr&#233;-tratamento de DC e o grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Entretanto, ao comparar os n&#237;veis de insulina entre o grupo p&#243;s-tratamento de DC e o grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>), observamos valores significativamente mais baixos no grupo p&#243;s-tratamento.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais conforme o grupo de pr&#233;-tratamento de DC e o grupo controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Pr&#233;-tratamento de DCA (n = 11)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo controle (n = 15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adiponectina (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 [6,9; 6,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 [6,8; 6,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,068</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leptina (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,4 [4,0; 5,7]</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 [5,4; 5,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,422</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina (&#956;U/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 [1,1; 4,1]</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 [3,2; 4,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,089</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como mediana [intervalo interquartil].</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Tabela 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais conforme o grupo de p&#243;s-tratamento de DC e o grupo controle</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">P&#243;s-tratamento de DCA (n = 11)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Grupo controle (n = 15)</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adiponectina (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,9 [6,8; 6,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">6,8 [6,8; 6,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,054</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leptina (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 [5,5; 5,7]</td>
                  <td align="center">5,6 [5,4; 5,6]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,388</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina (&#956;U/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8 [0,7; 1,4]</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1 [3,2; 4,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos como mediana [intervalo interquartil].</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>, s&#227;o apresentados os gr&#225;ficos do tipo Box Plot dos n&#237;veis de insulina em cada grupo do estudo. Os gr&#225;ficos mostram a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis em cada grupo. A linha no meio da caixa representa a mediana, a linha inferior indica o primeiro quartil e a linha superior indica o terceiro quartil. Nas figuras, tamb&#233;m inserimos os pontos que correspondem aos valores de insulina em cada grupo e, entre os grupos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento, adicionamos uma linha para destacar o comportamento da vari&#225;vel entre ambos os per&#237;odos. Observamos valores mais elevados no grupo controle em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos com DC. Ao comparar os grupos com DC, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o nos valores do per&#237;odo pr&#233; para o p&#243;s-tratamento.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico do tipo Box Plot dos n&#237;veis de insulina em cada grupo do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240621-40621-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa foi detectada entre os n&#237;veis de adiponectina, leptina e insulina (pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento) e as medi&#231;&#245;es da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (por meio do ecocardiograma) e da fun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Tabela 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Matriz de correla&#231;&#245;es entre as medi&#231;&#245;es de ETT, Strain, Holter, VFC e MRI e as medi&#231;&#245;es laboratoriais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Medi&#231;&#245;es</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Pr&#233;-tratamento</th>
                  <th colspan="3">P&#243;s-tratamento</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Adiponectina</th>
                  <th>Leptina</th>
                  <th>Insulina</th>
                  <th>Adiponectina</th>
                  <th>Leptina</th>
                  <th>Insulina</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDFVD</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,51</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rela&#231;&#227;o E-e&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPM-VE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,32</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IPM-VD</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,44</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,84</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAPSE</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SLG (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,46</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,42</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,29</td>
                  <td align="center">0,23</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDANN</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNNI</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,55</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMSSD</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,38</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,26</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PNN50</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,79</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC m&#233;dia</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">0,35</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RMSSD</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,21</td>
                  <td align="center">0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PT</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,25</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,26</td>
                  <td align="center">0,72</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF un</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF un</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BF AF</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDFVD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo direito; IPM-VD: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo direito; IPM-VE: &#237;ndice de performance mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; PT: pot&#234;ncia total; BF: baixa frequ&#234;ncia; AF: alta frequ&#234;ncia; ms<sup>2</sup>: milissegundos quadrados; u.n.: unidades normalizadas.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de insulina foram mais baixos no grupo com DCA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, tanto antes quanto ap&#243;s o tratamento, e apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o na fase p&#243;s-tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com a fase pr&#233;-tratamento.</p>
      <p>Mediadores metab&#243;licos, como adiponectina, leptina e insulina, foram analisados exclusivamente em humanos na fase cr&#244;nica da DC. Na fase aguda, esses mediadores foram estudados apenas em modelos animais. Em publica&#231;&#245;es anteriores, nosso grupo demonstrou n&#237;veis reduzidos de leptina e insulina e n&#237;veis elevados de adiponectina em pacientes na fase cr&#244;nica da DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, observou-se um aumento de casos agudos de DC, principalmente por transmiss&#227;o oral, e com maior incid&#234;ncia na Amaz&#244;nia brasileira. Esses casos apresentaram comprometimento card&#237;aco leve, com altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma, no ecocardiograma e na resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A principal altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica encontrada foi a altera&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, observada em cerca de 30% dos casos, e a principal altera&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica foi o derrame peric&#225;rdico, observado em cerca de 10% dos casos. Esses pacientes, em sua maioria, apresentam melhora nas altera&#231;&#245;es ap&#243;s o tratamento e t&#234;m uma boa evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, sem progress&#227;o para IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, ao avaliar mais especificamente a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e a morfologia com resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, s&#227;o observadas altera&#231;&#245;es subcl&#237;nicas, como a detec&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica por meio do realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio em 58% dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pouco se sabe sobre a evolu&#231;&#227;o a longo prazo dos pacientes tratados na fase aguda da DC ou em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s altera&#231;&#245;es inflamat&#243;rias, metab&#243;licas e do SNA nesses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Este estudo foi o primeiro a avaliar os marcadores metab&#243;licos, como adiponectina, leptina e insulina, nas fases pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento da DCA em humanos. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas nos n&#237;veis de adipocitocina, adiponectina e leptina entre o grupo com DCA e o grupo controle, nem entre as fases pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento. As principais altera&#231;&#245;es encontradas no presente estudo ocorreram nos n&#237;veis de insulina, a qual apresentou uma redu&#231;&#227;o no grupo controle em compara&#231;&#227;o com os per&#237;odos pr&#233; e p&#243;s-tratamento.</p>
      <p>A maioria dos estudos demonstra n&#237;veis reduzidos de insulina ou disfun&#231;&#227;o insul&#237;nica em pacientes chag&#225;sicos cr&#244;nicos. Guariento et al. mostraram uma resposta insul&#237;nica reduzida &#224; sobrecarga oral de glicose, sugerindo diminui&#231;&#227;o da secre&#231;&#227;o ou aumento da sensibilidade &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro estudo demonstrou uma resposta insul&#237;nica reduzida &#224; sobrecarga venosa de glicose, sugerindo um quadro hipoinsulin&#234;mico em pacientes chag&#225;sicos devido &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o ou &#224; les&#227;o pancre&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em 2012, Silva et al. publicaram um estudo com teste de toler&#226;ncia &#224; insulina e observaram que pacientes chag&#225;sicos apresentaram uma resposta hemodin&#226;mica inferior ao aumento da press&#227;o arterial e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Essa resposta inferior sugere que a denerva&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica encontrada na DC compromete a resposta &#224; a&#231;&#227;o da insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nagajyothi et al., em estudo com modelo animal, observaram uma secre&#231;&#227;o reduzida de insulina na fase aguda da DC, com persist&#234;ncia at&#233; a fase cr&#244;nica, provavelmente devido &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o do p&#226;ncreas e disfun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas &#223; pancre&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Santos et al. (1999) relataram uma frequ&#234;ncia mais alta de diabetes mellitus e hiperglicemia em mulheres com CC em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos controle, tanto na forma digestiva quanto na forma indeterminada. Eles sugeriram como explica&#231;&#227;o uma atividade simp&#225;tica excessiva decorrente da denerva&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica e/ou hipoinsulinemia devido ao comprometimento funcional e anat&#244;mico do p&#226;ncreas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>&#201; importante destacar que pacientes com IC de outras etiologias apresentam n&#237;veis elevados de insulina e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Portanto, a redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de insulina encontrada em nosso estudo pode indicar a presen&#231;a de um fator protetor contra a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina ou fatores que interferem na secre&#231;&#227;o e/ou a&#231;&#227;o da insulina na DC.</p>
      <p>Existem poucos estudos que avaliam os n&#237;veis de insulina em doen&#231;as infecciosas. Um desses estudos mostra aumento da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> e outros demonstram comprometimento do p&#226;ncreas com perda de c&#233;lulas beta pancre&#225;ticas e redu&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o local de insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Sendo assim, os achados do nosso estudo podem ser atribu&#237;dos a altera&#231;&#245;es peculiares associadas &#224; DC, como a disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, que interfere na secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina pelo p&#226;ncreas (denerva&#231;&#227;o pancre&#225;tica). Ademais, a fase aguda da DC pode causar altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais no p&#226;ncreas, resultando no comprometimento cr&#244;nico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> o que poderia explicar a presen&#231;a de n&#237;veis reduzidos de insulina mesmo ap&#243;s o tratamento. Pesquisas futuras que investiguem marcadores espec&#237;ficos de les&#227;o pancre&#225;tica e &#237;ndices de resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina podem proporcionar uma compreens&#227;o mais aprofundada desses mecanismos.</p>
      <p>Este estudo foi pioneiro ao mostrar que a redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de insulina come&#231;a na fase aguda pr&#233;-tratamento e se intensifica ainda mais na fase p&#243;s-tratamento da DCA. Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos para essa redu&#231;&#227;o podem ser discutidos como mecanismos compensat&#243;rios relacionados ao desenvolvimento da CC, &#224; presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, &#224; atividade inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada e/ou ao comprometimento pancre&#225;tico.</p>
      <p>Neste grupo de pacientes, em fun&#231;&#227;o da aus&#234;ncia de correla&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis de avalia&#231;&#227;o do SNA e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; fundamental estudar mais detalhadamente as correla&#231;&#245;es dos marcadores metab&#243;licos com as citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e os marcadores de comprometimento pancre&#225;tico. Al&#233;m disso, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para avaliar a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina a fim de detalhar melhor os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos e as repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas.</p>
      <p>A limita&#231;&#227;o deste estudo foi o n&#250;mero reduzido de pacientes, principalmente devido &#224; dificuldade de acesso &#224; regi&#227;o Amaz&#244;nica. Em raz&#227;o disso, n&#227;o foi realizado o c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra, optando-se por uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia. No futuro, a an&#225;lise de um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes poder&#225; proporcionar uma compreens&#227;o mais aprofundada dos mecanismos e das repercuss&#245;es cl&#237;nicas das altera&#231;&#245;es observadas neste estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de insulina foram mais baixos no grupo com DCA em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo controle, tanto antes quanto ap&#243;s o tratamento, e apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o na fase p&#243;s-tratamento em compara&#231;&#227;o com a fase pr&#233;-tratamento. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nos n&#237;veis de adipocitocinas, leptina e adiponectina entre os grupos. Os n&#237;veis de adipocitocinas e insulina n&#227;o apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa com os par&#226;metros de fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e do SNA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 69904017.9.0000.0005. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Declara&#231;&#227;o de Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPEAM (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240621i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Decreased Insulin Levels in Patients with Acute Chagas Disease from Brazilian Amazon treated with Benznidazole</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8836-345X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa-Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Marcos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7214-6816</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Vanina</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pessoa</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Gallinaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barbosa</surname>
            <given-names>Maria das Gra&#231;as Vale</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guerra</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge Augusto de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6446-8858</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Couceiro</surname>
            <given-names>K&#225;tia do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Regina Hosannah Silva e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Monteiro</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fonseca</surname>
            <given-names>Keila Cardoso Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara Maria</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Medicina Tropical &#8211; Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Jo&#227;o Marcos Barbosa-Ferreira &#8226; Av. Carvalho Leal, 1777. Postal Code 69065-001, Cachoeirinha, Manaus, AM - Brazil Email: jmbemfica@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In the Amazon region, there has been a significant increase in the number of acute Chagas disease (ACD) leading to electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities. The main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) are microvascular dysfunction, Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) dysfunction, direct parasite aggression, and inflammatory activity. Chagas disease (CD) is a perfect example of inflammatory cardiomyopathy that might influence changes in metabolic parameters and ANS. Studies on the measurement of adipocytokines and insulin levels in humans with ACD are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To evaluate adiponectin, leptin and insulin levels before and after the treatment of ACD with benznidazole and to correlate with ANS and cardiac function.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Twenty-eight subjects were divided into groups: control group (CG), with 15 subjects, and ACD group, with 13 subjects. All subjects underwent a standard 12-lead ECG, comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic, evaluation of autonomic function and serum adiponectin, insulin and leptin levels. A level of significance of 5% (p-value &lt; 0,05) was used.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Insulin levels were lower in the ACD group both before and after the treatment when compared to the control group and lower in the post-treatment phase when compared to the pre-treatment phase. Adipocytokine, leptin and adiponectin levels showed no differences between groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Insulin levels were lower in the ACD group both before and after the treatment when compared to the control group and lower in the post-treatment phase when compared to the pre-treatment phase. There was no significant correlation between adipocytokine and insulin levels with cardiac function and the ANS parameters.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Decreased Insulin Levels in Patients with Acute Chagas Disease from Brazilian Amazon treated with Benznidazole</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240621-40621-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Insulin</kwd>
        <kwd>Adipokines</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Amazonian Ecosystem</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease (CD) occurs from the southern United States to Patagonia and affects around 8 million people in Latin America.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Moreover, CD is becoming increasingly important in non-endemic countries, such as the United States, Canada, some European countries, Japan, and Australia, due to the intensification of the migratory flow. In the United States, it is estimated that 300 thousand legal immigrants may be infected with the disease. Spain has the second largest prevalence of the disease, with around 40 to 60 thousand infected immigrants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, and more specifically in the Amazon region, , there has been a significant increase in the number of cases in recent decades, particularly in the acute form of the disease, transmitted by the consumption of contaminated regional fruit juices, including cases with cardiac impairment and electrocardiographic and echocardiographic alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Progression to myocardial dysfunction is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in CD and occurs in approximately 30% of patients. The main pathophysiological mechanisms involved in Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCM) are microvascular dysfunction, impairment of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), direct parasite aggression, and severe inflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Some of these mechanisms have the potential to also influence changes in metabolic parameters in patients with CD, such as autonomic dysfunction and inflammatory activity. Some of the most important mediators of metabolic activity are secreted from adipose tissue (adipocytokines) or are involved in glucose metabolism.</p>
        <p>The adipocytokines are bioactive mediators produced by adipose tissue. The main adipocytokines are adiponectin and leptin. Adiponectin has beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects, as well as insulin-sensitizing action.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, the role of adiponectin in cardiovascular disease is still controversial. Previous studies have shown that adiponectin levels are elevated in patients with systolic heart failure (HF), even predicting morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Leptin promotes pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic activities, neointimal proliferation, endothelial dysfunction, and induction of insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p><italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> has a tropism for adipose tissue. In 1995, Andrade et al. carried out a study in animal models with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, demonstrating that adipocytes can be infected by <italic>T. cruzi</italic> and even serve as a reservoir for possible reactivations of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Combs et al. (2005), by performing a study involving rats infected in the acute phase of CD, demonstrated that adipocytes infected with <italic>T. cruzi</italic> exhibit changes in the secretion of adipocytokines. There was a decrease in the levels of adiponectin and leptin and an increase in the levels of interleukin-6 and TNF-&#593;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Another study, carried out by Nagajyothi et al. (2008), demonstrated an increase in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 and TNF-&#593;, in cultured adipocytes infected with <italic>T. cruzi.</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Recently, Ferreira et al. demonstrated the persistence of <italic>T. cruzi</italic> in adipocytes from humans with chronic Chagas heart disease (CHD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Alterations in adipocyte function caused by Chagas infection may contribute to the pathophysiology of CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients with chronic CD, we have previously found reduced leptin levels and increased adiponectin levels in CCM when compared with a control group and other forms of CD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding glucose metabolism, there is evidence of pancreatic involvement in patients with acute and chronic CD, with an increase in the size and number of pancreatic islets, inflammatory infiltrate, fibrosis, and pancreatic neuronal depopulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Some studies involving chronic patients have demonstrated a decreased insulin response to glucose overload, both oral and venous, suggesting reduced insulin secretion caused by autonomic denervation or pancreatic injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are no studies assessing adipocytokine and insulin levels in humans with ACD. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate adiponectin, leptin and insulin levels before and after the treatment of ACD and to correlate these levels with the assessment of the ANS and cardiac function through echocardiography.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a longitudinal study involving subjects evaluated during the acute phase of CD, before treatment and one year after the etiologic treatment with benznidazole.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Area</title>
          <p>The study was carried out in the city of Manaus<bold>,</bold> state of Amazonas, Brazil, a tertiary care center specialized in infectious diseases. The recruitment period was from July 28<sup>th</sup>, 2017 to July 28<sup>th</sup>, 2018.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient selection</title>
          <p>Twenty-eight subjects were divided into two groups: a control group (CG) and an ACD group. The control group consisted of 15 healthy subjects with non-reactive serology for CD, and the ACD group included 13 subjects with a positive direct parasitological examination (thick blood smear test). All patients in the ACD group were treated with 5-7 mg/kg of benznidazole (Rochagan&#174;) for 60 days.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were previous myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, moderate or severe valvular heart disease (as assessed by clinical examination and Doppler echocardiography), arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, advanced atrioventricular block, pacemaker, thyroid diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and HF in functional classes III and IV of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification. All subjects signed a written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Amazonas State University.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic study</title>
          <p>All subjects underwent a standard 12-lead ECG (10 mm/mV and 25 mm/s), and a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic (TTE) was performed with Vivid 7 GE ultrasound machine with Automated Function Imaging software for strain analysis. Two-dimensional guided M-mode measurements of the left ventricle (LV) in short axis view and LV, left atrium and right atrium end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were taken from the apical 4-chamber view. LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was calculated using a modified Simpson biplane method. LV regional wall motion and strain echo were evaluated based on the 17-segment model segmentation, and each segment was confirmed in multiple views as follows: normal or hyperkinesis, hypokinesis, akinesis, dyskinesis, and aneurysmal. Diastolic function was assessed from pulsed-wave Doppler of the transmitral inflow velocities, with the sample volume at the mitral valve leaflet tips, and from tissue Doppler imaging of the septal and lateral mitral annulus, both at the apical 4-chamber view. Mitral, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary regurgitations were qualitatively evaluated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of autonomic nervous system function</title>
          <p>ANS function was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) in the time and frequency domain using the Fast Fourier Transform model. Subjects were assessed for five minutes at rest in the horizontal dorsal decubitus using a heart rate monitor (POLAR, model V800). The following indices were calculated: Total power, low-frequency (LFr) component in absolute values of power (ms<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) and in normalized units (n.u.), high-frequency (HFr) component in absolute values of power (ms<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) and in normalized units (n.u.), and the LFr/HFr ratio. The increase of the LF component and the LFr/HFr ratio were interpreted as a predominance of sympathetic activity. The increase in the HFr component and the reduction in the LFr/HFr ratio were interpreted as a predominance of parasympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The following formula was used for the calculation of the LFr and HFr components in normalized units (n.u.): LFr or HFr component in absolute values / (total power&#8211;very low-frequency component) x 100.</p>
          <p>Patients were instructed to abstain from taking any stimulants, such as coffee, tea, soft drinks, and alcoholic beverages, on the day before and on the day of the exams. The mean of the spectral components obtained at the established times was calculated. Cardiac cycles with a deviation of more than 25% from a previous one were excluded in order to eliminate the resulting alterations to ventricular and supraventricular extrasystoles. Only readings with at least 85% sinus beats were assessed.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
          <p>Venous blood (10 ml) was collected by puncture in the upper limb after a 12-hour fast. The blood was centrifuged, and the serum was stored at -70&#176;C for further analysis.</p>
          <p>The subjects underwent serum adiponectin, insulin and leptin measurements by means of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).</p>
          <p>Serum insulin levels were measured using a commercially available kit (Millipore, St. Charles, Missouri, USA). The sensitivity of the kit was 1 &#956;U/mL, and the reference interval was from 31 to 65 &#956;U/ml. Measurements were performed in duplicate with a coefficient of variation of 4.3%. Serum leptin levels were measured using a commercially available kit (Millipore, St. Charles, Missouri, USA). The sensitivity of the kit was 0.78 ng/mL, and the reference interval was from 12.9 to 26.8 ng/mL. Measurements were performed in duplicate with a coefficient of variation of 7.3%. Serum adiponectin levels were measured using a commercially available kit (Millipore, St. Charles, Missouri, USA). The sensitivity of the kit was 100 ng/mL, and the reference interval was from 7000 to 14,500 ng/mL. Measurements were performed in duplicate with a coefficient of variation of 3.1%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The TTE and HRV measurements were described by means and standard deviations, according to the pre- and post-treatment periods. Laboratory measurements were described using medians and interquartile ranges due to the asymmetric distribution of the data, as assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Categorical variables were described using percentages. The comparison of pre- and post-treatment periods was performed using the paired T-test or Wilcoxon (non-parametric) test when the assumption of normality of the differences was not supported.</p>
          <p>For the laboratory measurements, we also made comparisons of the pre-treatment groups with the control group and the post-treatment group with the control group. The results were also shown in Box Plot graphs.</p>
          <p>To assess the correlation between the variables of interest, we used scatter plots and presented Spearman&#8217;s correlation.</p>
          <p>Hypothesis tests were performed at the 5% significance level. Analyses were performed using R software (R Core Team, 2020).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Heitor Vieira Dourado-Amazonas on July 28<sup>th</sup>, 2017, under No. 2.191.571, CAAE No. 69904017.9.0000.0005, and carried out in accordance with Resolution No. 466/12 of the Brazilian National Health Council and the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki. All participants signed a standardized and previously approved informed consent.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical characteristics</title>
          <p>Thirteen ACD patients with a mean age of 45.3 &#177; 23.7 years, of whom 46.1% were male, were evaluated and compared with 15 subjects in the control group with a mean age of 44.2 &#177; 7.3 years, of whom 40% were male.</p>
          <p>There were no significant differences in age, sex, weight, and body mass index between the groups. Baseline physical and hemodynamic characteristics of patients with CD and healthy subjects in the control group are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Age, weight, and BMI according to acute chagas disease (ACD) and control group (CG)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>ACD (n = 13)</th>
                    <th>CG (n = 15)</th>
                    <th>p-value*</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">45.3 &#177; 23.7</td>
                    <td align="center">44.2 &#177; 7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.872</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">63.7 &#177; 12.0</td>
                    <td align="center">65.4 &#177; 6.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.659</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">23.65 &#177; 2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 1.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.452</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; SD. BMI: body mass index.* Paired t-test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>All patients in the ACD group had symptoms of infectious syndrome, with fever being the most frequent symptom (100%). No patient had cardiac symptoms.</p>
          <p>Electrocardiogram was normal for 38.4% of patients before treatment and for 53.8% of patients after treatment. The most frequent abnormality in the pre-treatment phase was ventricular repolarization, present in 23% of cases, and in the post-treatment phase was the anterosuperior divisional block, present in 23% of cases.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic and ANS measurements</title>
          <p>TTE global longitudinal strain (GLS) and TTE parameters, as well as the HRV of the patients before and after treatment, were compared without detecting significant alterations. Of the 13 patients recruited, one did not attend the follow-up visit. These parameters are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiogram measurements according to pre- and post-treatment periods</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">Pre-treatment (n = 12)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Post-treatment (n = 12)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p-value*</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Mean</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                    <th>Mean</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVED</td>
                    <td align="center">48.10</td>
                    <td align="center">5.12</td>
                    <td align="center">48.40</td>
                    <td align="center">6.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.756</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDV</td>
                    <td align="center">109.00</td>
                    <td align="center">29.90</td>
                    <td align="center">112.00</td>
                    <td align="center">30.70</td>
                    <td align="center">0.613</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">71.50</td>
                    <td align="center">10.70</td>
                    <td align="center">75.40</td>
                    <td align="center">5.42</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVED</td>
                    <td align="center">17.80</td>
                    <td align="center">3.28</td>
                    <td align="center">17.00</td>
                    <td align="center">3.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.258</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/E&#8217; ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">6.49</td>
                    <td align="center">1.54</td>
                    <td align="center">7.66</td>
                    <td align="center">2.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVMPI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.414</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVMPI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.974</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE*</td>
                    <td align="center">19.80</td>
                    <td align="center">4.15</td>
                    <td align="center">20.00</td>
                    <td align="center">4.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.848</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GLS%</td>
                    <td align="center">-19.9</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">-21.2</td>
                    <td align="center">2.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.175</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>LVED: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVEF: left ventricular ejection Fraction, RVED: right ventricular end-diastolic diameter; RVMPI: right ventricular myocardial performance index, LVMPI: left ventricular myocardial performance index. *Paired t-test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Heart rate variability measurements according to pre- and post-treatment periods</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">HRV</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Pre-treatment (n=12)</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Post-treatment (n=11)</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">Dif.</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p-value*</th>
                    <th colspan="2">95% CI</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Mean</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                    <th>Mean</th>
                    <th>SD</th>
                    <th>Inf.</th>
                    <th>Sup.</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR</td>
                    <td align="center">80.70</td>
                    <td align="center">7.45</td>
                    <td align="center">70.60</td>
                    <td align="center">12.40</td>
                    <td align="center">10.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.048</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">20.10</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RMSSD</td>
                    <td align="center">22.30</td>
                    <td align="center">19.60</td>
                    <td align="center">27.60</td>
                    <td align="center">13.60</td>
                    <td align="center">-5.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.441</td>
                    <td align="center">-19.60</td>
                    <td align="center">9.21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SDNN</td>
                    <td align="center">21.10</td>
                    <td align="center">15.20</td>
                    <td align="center">27.70</td>
                    <td align="center">13.00</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.231</td>
                    <td align="center">-17.50</td>
                    <td align="center">4.76</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TP</td>
                    <td align="center">542.00</td>
                    <td align="center">655.00</td>
                    <td align="center">849.00</td>
                    <td align="center">841.00</td>
                    <td align="center">-284.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.299</td>
                    <td align="center">-86.00</td>
                    <td align="center">293.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF ms<sup>2</sup> *</td>
                    <td align="center">240.00</td>
                    <td align="center">243.00</td>
                    <td align="center">408.00</td>
                    <td align="center">359.00</td>
                    <td align="center">-154.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.175</td>
                    <td align="center">-389.00</td>
                    <td align="center">81.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">256.00</td>
                    <td align="center">348.00</td>
                    <td align="center">366.00</td>
                    <td align="center">434.00</td>
                    <td align="center">-101.00</td>
                    <td align="center">0.474</td>
                    <td align="center">-403.00</td>
                    <td align="center">202.00</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF un</td>
                    <td align="center">42.90</td>
                    <td align="center">17.20</td>
                    <td align="center">45.20</td>
                    <td align="center">14.50</td>
                    <td align="center">-3.98</td>
                    <td align="center">0.554</td>
                    <td align="center">-18.50</td>
                    <td align="center">10.50</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF HF</td>
                    <td align="center">2.30</td>
                    <td align="center">3.38</td>
                    <td align="center">1.38</td>
                    <td align="center">0.76</td>
                    <td align="center">1.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.337</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.30</td>
                    <td align="center">3.44</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF n.u.</td>
                    <td align="center">56.70</td>
                    <td align="center">17.50</td>
                    <td align="center">54.60</td>
                    <td align="center">14.50</td>
                    <td align="center">3.85</td>
                    <td align="center">0.566</td>
                    <td align="center">-10.60</td>
                    <td align="center">18.30</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>Values expressed as mean &#177; SD. HR: heart rate; TP: total power; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; ms<sup>2</sup>: milliseconds squared; n.u.: normalized units. *Paired t-test.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory measurements</title>
          <p>There were no significant differences in leptin and adiponectin levels between groups. The main differences found were in insulin levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>).</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the comparison between the pre- and post-treatment periods and the p-value of the paired comparison between the groups. It is noted that the insulin values at the pre-treatment period were significantly higher than the post-treatment period.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory measurements according to pre- and post-treatment periods</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Pre- treatment (n=11)</th>
                    <th>Post-treatment (n=11)</th>
                    <th>Wilcox p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adiponectin (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.9 [6.9; 6.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">6.9 [6.8; 6.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.646</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leptin (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4 [4.0; 5.7]</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6 [5.5; 5.7]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.293</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin (&#956;U/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 [1.1; 4.1]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 [0.7. 1.4]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Values expressed as medians [interquartile range].</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>We did not observe significant differences in laboratory measurements between the pre-treatment and control groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). However, when comparing insulin levels in the post-treatment group and the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>), we observed significantly lower values in the post-treatment group.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory measurements according to Pre-Treatment groups and the Control group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Pre-treatment of ACD (n=11)</th>
                    <th>Control Group (n=15)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adiponectin (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.9 [6.9; 6.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8 [6.8; 6.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.068</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leptin (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.4 [4.0; 5.7]</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6 [5.4; 5.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.422</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin (&#956;U/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 [1.1; 4.1]</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1 [3.2; 4.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.089</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>Values expressed as medians [interquartile range]. ACD: acute Chagas disease.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t6001">
              <label>Table 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Laboratory measurements according to Post-Treatment groups and the Control group</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Post-treatment of ACD (n=11)</th>
                    <th>Control Group (n=15)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Adiponectin (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.9 [6.8; 6.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">6.8 [6.8; 6.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.054</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Leptin (ng/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6 [5.5; 5.7]</td>
                    <td align="center">5.6 [5.4; 5.6]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.388</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin (&#956;U/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8 [0.7; 1.4]</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1 [3.2; 4.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN6001">
                  <p>Values expressed as medians [interquartile range]. ACD: acute Chagas disease.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> shows the insulin box plots in each study group. Box plots show the distribution of variables in each group. The dash in the middle of the box shows the median, the bottom dash shows the first quartile, and the top dash shows the third quartile. In the figures, we also inserted the points corresponding to the insulin values in each group and, between the pre- and post-treatment groups, we added a line to highlight the behavior of the variable between the periods. We noticed higher values in the control group compared to the CD group. When comparing the CD groups, we noticed a decrease in the values from the pre- to the post-treatment moment.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Box plot for insulin values in each study group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240621-40621-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlations</title>
          <p>No significant correlations were found between adiponectin, leptin and insulin (before and after treatment) levels and measures of cardiac function (via echocardiogram) and autonomic function (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t7001">
              <label>Table 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Matrix of correlations between TTE, Strain, Holter, HRV, and MRI measurements with laboratory measurements</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Measures</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Pre-treatment</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Post-treatment</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Adiponectin</th>
                    <th>Leptin</th>
                    <th>Insulin</th>
                    <th>Adiponectin</th>
                    <th>Leptin</th>
                    <th>Insulin</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVED</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDV</td>
                    <td align="center">0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.29</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVED</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.51</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/E&#8217; ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVMPI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.32</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVMPI</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.44</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.84</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TAPSE</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GLS %</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.46</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.20</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SDNN</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.42</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.29</td>
                    <td align="center">0.23</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SDANN</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.29</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SDNNI</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.55</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RMSSD</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.38</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.26</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PNN50</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.79</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR mean</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">0.35</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RMSSD</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.21</td>
                    <td align="center">0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SDNN</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TP</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.25</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">-0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF ms<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.26</td>
                    <td align="center">0.72</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF n.u.</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HF n.u.</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LF HF</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN7001">
                  <p>LVED: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV: left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; RVED: right ventricular end-diastolic diameter; RVMPI: right ventricular myocardial performance index; LVMPI: left ventricular myocardial performance index; HR: heart rate; TP: total power; LF: low frequency; HF: high frequency; ms<sup>2</sup>: milliseconds squared; n.u.: normalized units.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Insulin levels were lower in the ACD group both before and after treatment when compared to the control group and lower in the post-treatment phase when compared to the pre-treatment phase.</p>
        <p>Metabolic mediators such as adiponectin, leptin and insulin have been studied in humans only in the chronic phase of CD. In the acute phase of the disease, these mediators have only been studied in animal models. In previous publications, our group has shown decreased levels of leptin and insulin and increased levels of adiponectin in patients in the chronic phase of CD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In recent decades, there has been a resurgence of acute cases of CD, mainly by oral transmission and mainly in the Brazilian Amazon. These cases have shown mild cardiac involvement with electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and cardiac magnetic resonance alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The main electrocardiographic alteration found was the alteration of ventricular repolarization, present in about 30% of the cases, and the main echocardiographic alteration found was the pericardial effusion, present in about 10% of the cases. These patients, for the most part, show improvement in the alterations after treatment and have a good clinical evolution without progression to HF in most cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, when cardiac function and morphology are evaluated more specifically with cardiac magnetic resonance, subclinical changes are observed, such as the detection of myocardial injury through the detection of late myocardial enhancement in 58% of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Little is known about the long-term evolution of patients treated in the acute phase of CD or the inflammatory, metabolic and ANS changes in these patients.</p>
        <p>This work was the first to evaluate metabolic markers, such as adiponectin, leptin and insulin, in the pre- and post-treatment phase of ACD in humans. There were no significant differences in adipocytokine, adiponectin and leptin levels between the group of patients with ACD and the control group, or between the pre- and post-treatment phases. The main alterations found in this study were in insulin levels, which showed a decrease in the control group compared to the pre-treatment and post-treatment phases.</p>
        <p>Most studies demonstrate decreased insulin levels or impaired insulin function in patients with chronic CD. Guariento et al. demonstrated a lower insulin response to oral glucose overload, suggesting decreased secretion or increased insulin sensitivity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another study demonstrated a decreased insulin response to venous glucose overload, suggesting a hypoinsulinemic state in patients with CD due to pancreatic denervation or injury.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In 2012, Silva et al. published an insulin tolerance test study . They observed that patients with CD had a lower hemodynamic response to increased blood pressure and heart rate than the control group. This diminished response suggests that the sympathetic denervation found in CD impairs the response to insulin action.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Nagajyothi et al., in a study using an animal model, demonstrated reduced insulin secretion in the acute phase of CD that persists until the chronic phase, probably as a result of pancreatic inflammation and pancreatic &#223; cell dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Santos et al. (1999) reported a higher frequency of diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia in women with CHD compared with control groups (digestive form and indeterminate form). As an explanation, they suggested excessive sympathetic activity due to parasympathetic denervation and/or hypoinsulinemia due to functional and anatomical impairment of the pancreas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is worth remembering that patients with HF of other etiologies have elevated insulin levels and insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Therefore, the reduction in insulin levels found in our study may indicate the presence of a protective factor against insulin resistance or factors that interfere with insulin secretion and/or action in CD.</p>
        <p>There are few studies evaluating insulin levels in infectious diseases, with one showing increased insulin resistance<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> and others showing pancreatic involvement with loss of pancreatic beta cells and reduced <italic>in situ</italic> insulin expression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Therefore, the findings of our study may be due to peculiar changes associated with CD, such as autonomic dysfunction interfering with pancreatic insulin secretion (pancreatic denervation). In addition, the acute phase of CD may cause morphological and functional changes in the pancreas, leading to chronic involvement,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,37</sup> which could explain the presence of reduced insulin levels even after treatment. Further studies evaluating specific markers of pancreatic injury, as well as indices of insulin resistance, may better explain these mechanisms.</p>
        <p>This study was the first to demonstrate that the decrease in insulin levels occurs from the pre-treatment acute phase and becomes even more important in the post-treatment phase of ACD. The possible mechanisms for this decrease can be discussed as compensatory mechanisms related to the development of CHD, the presence of autonomic dysfunction, exacerbated inflammatory activity and/or pancreatic involvement.</p>
        <p>The absence of correlations, in this group of patients, between assessment variables of the ANS and cardiac function, makes it necessary to study in more detail the correlations of metabolic markers with inflammatory cytokines and markers of pancreatic involvement. In addition, further studies are needed to assess insulin resistance to better detail the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical repercussions.</p>
        <p>The limitation of this study was the reduced number of patients, mainly due to the difficulty of access to the Amazon region. For this reason, the sample size was not calculated, and the convenience sample was used. The evaluation of a larger number of patients in the future may allow a better understanding of the mechanisms and clinical repercussions of the alterations found in this study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Insulin levels were lower in the ACD group both before and after the treatment when compared to the control group and was lower in the post-treatment phase when compared to the pre-treatment phase. Adipocytokine, leptin and adiponectin levels showed no differences between groups. There was no significant correlation between adipocytokine and insulin levels with cardiac function and the ANS parameters.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Funda&#231;&#227;o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado under the protocol number 69904017.9.0000.0005. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by FAPEAM (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas)</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
