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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZRyvk3w5S8jHsR8rmDxrtWk</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240555</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda em Pacientes com Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: Resultados do I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (BREATHE)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0393-2546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Aguinaldo F</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Silva dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Esteves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o David de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
            <given-names>Conrado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Hideo Nakagawa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesuino</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Zytinsky</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3739-7702</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9413-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Camilo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Camilo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca&#8211;DEIC-SBC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Copa D&#8217;Or</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Duke Clinical Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Duke University School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Durham</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">NC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7">
        <label>7</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIFESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa da Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Cardiologia da UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8">
        <label>8</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9">
        <label>9</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10">
        <label>10</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11">
        <label>11</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12">
        <label>12</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13">
        <label>13</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Santa Casa de Votuporanga</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Votuporanga</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Votuporanga, Votuporanga, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14">
        <label>14</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Alberto Antunes</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Alagoas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Macei&#243;</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">AL</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Alberto Antunes&#8211;Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15">
        <label>15</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Messejana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Fortaleza</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">CE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16">
        <label>16</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17">
        <label>17</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Norte do Paran&#225;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Norte do Paran&#225; (UEL), Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18">
        <label>18</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Viana</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bel&#233;m</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Viana, Bel&#233;m, PA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19">
        <label>19</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital de Ensino</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Petrolina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Ensino da Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco, Petrolina, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20">
        <label>20</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Joinville</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21">
        <label>21</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22">
        <label>22</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Moinhos de Vento</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento - HMV, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23">
        <label>23</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Curitiba</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24">
        <label>24</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal Fluminense</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25">
        <label>25</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Universit&#225;rio</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Lu&#237;s</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (CEPEC-HUUF), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26">
        <label>26</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27">
        <label>27</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Complexo Hospitalar Am&#233;ricas- Vitoria e Samaritano Barra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Am&#233;ricas- Vitoria e Samaritano Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28">
        <label>28</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">USP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label> Marcus Vinicius Sim&#245;es &#8226; Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900. CEP 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil E-mail <email>msimoes@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>PGMBS recebeu honor&#225;rios e aux&#237;lios de pesquisa recebidos das empresas Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics e Bayer. RDL recebeu aux&#237;lio de pesquisa das empresas Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Pfizer; honor&#225;rios por consultoria das empresas Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Merck, Pfizer, Portola. LER recebeu honor&#225;rios para palestras e consultorias das empresas AstraZeneca, Bayer, Merck Serono, Novartis. Todos os outros autores relataram n&#227;o possuir conflitos de interesse.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>06</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240555</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> Apesar de as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas da Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC) estarem bem estabelecidas, os dados cl&#237;nicos sobre os pacientes s&#227;o escassos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Esta an&#225;lise relata os resultados do I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (BREATHE) avaliando as caracter&#237;sticas basais e desfechos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda secund&#225;ria &#224; CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> O BREATHE incluiu 3013 pacientes adultos internados com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda. N&#243;s analisamos comparativamente 261 (8,7%) pacientes com CCC e 2752 (91,3%) pacientes com outras etiologias. Dados cl&#237;nicos e demogr&#225;ficos, informa&#231;&#245;es da estrutura e da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca no ecocardiograma e desfechos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e ap&#243;s a alta foram avaliados em ambos os grupos. Testes univariados e multivariados foram realizados, e um p-valor &lt; 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Pacientes com CCC apresentaram press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (108,3 &#177; 26,1 vs. 128,3 &#177; 30,3 mmHg, p&lt;0,001) e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda [25,4 (19 &#8211; 36)% vs. 37 (27 &#8211; 54) %, p&lt;0,001) mais baixas, com taxas mais altas de distens&#227;o da veia jugular (54,8% vs. 38,9%, p&lt;0,001), hepatomegalia (47,9% vs. 25,6%, p&lt;0,001), e de perfil &#8220;frio e &#250;mido&#8221; (27,2% vs. 10,6%, p&lt;0,001). Pacientes com CCC apresentaram taxas mais altas do desfecho composto de morte ou transplante card&#237;aco (17,4% vs. 11,1%, p=0,004), e incid&#234;ncia cumulativa mais alta de morte ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses (16,5% vs. 10,8%, p=0,017), seis meses (25,3% vs. 17,2%, p=0,006), e 12 meses (39,4% vs. 26,6%, p&lt;0,001). Al&#233;m disso, CCC associou-se independentemente com risco de mortalidade em 12 meses, com um <italic>odds ratio</italic> de 2,02 (IC95%: 1,47-2,77).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias, os pacientes com CCC internados por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca aguda apresentaram um perfil de maior risco que foi associado com um pior desfecho durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e ap&#243;s a alta.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Aguda Em Pacientes Com Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: Resultados do I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (BREATHE)</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ZRyvk3w5S8jHsR8rmDxrtWk/5d1ff84d34fedea20cbb0ef61b65ef202457cd10.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ZRyvk3w5S8jHsR8rmDxrtWk/41ee82ace870157c3c0935c73431945b57a28fdb.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/ZRyvk3w5S8jHsR8rmDxrtWk/67f91e345a4e87f02185bbdd5b31ce16992a948a.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Dilatada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="26"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas (DC), causada pelo parasita protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosona cruzi</italic>, &#233; considerada um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica na &#225;rea end&#234;mica da Am&#233;rica Latina que engloba 21 pa&#237;ses, com evid&#234;ncia atual de transmiss&#227;o por vetores em muitas regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora seja uma doen&#231;a negligenciada, a DC representa uma das causas mais importantes de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) e morte s&#250;bita. A Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de estima que de seis a sete milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo, principalmente na Am&#233;rica Latina, estejam infectadas pelo <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>, e at&#233; um ter&#231;o das pessoas com infec&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica desenvolvam doen&#231;a card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O reconhecimento recente de que novos casos de DC aguda est&#227;o relacionados &#224; infesta&#231;&#227;o oral em muitas &#225;reas da regi&#227;o amaz&#244;nica indica uma perpetua&#231;&#227;o da transmiss&#227;o de DC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ainda, devido &#224; globaliza&#231;&#227;o e &#224;s correntes migrat&#243;rias, a DC tamb&#233;m &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o emergente em pa&#237;ses n&#227;o end&#234;micos, tais como Estados Unidos da Am&#233;rica, Canad&#225;, Fran&#231;a, Espanha, Su&#237;&#231;a, It&#225;lia, Jap&#227;o e outros pa&#237;ses na &#193;sia e na Oceania.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O envolvimento card&#237;aco &#233; a manifesta&#231;&#227;o mais frequente e mais grave da DC na fase cr&#244;nica, e a Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica (CCC) est&#225; associada a mudan&#231;as estruturais e funcionais espec&#237;ficas que podem diferenci&#225;-la de outras causas de cardiomiopatia dilatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Pacientes com CCC apresentam insufici&#234;ncia ventricular predominantemente direita e precoce, denerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica intensa, fibrose mioc&#225;rdica regional no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com desenvolvimento de aneurismas, principalmente no &#225;pice, com risco aumentado de trombos intramurais e eventos cardioemb&#243;licos. A CCC tamb&#233;m est&#225; associada &#224; arritmia ventricular grave e &#224; doen&#231;a do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, com risco aumento de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos unic&#234;ntricos do tipo coorte com pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (IC) relataram piores desfechos em pacientes com CCC em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> An&#225;lise de ensaios multic&#234;ntricos recentes que inclu&#237;ram pacientes com IC e CCC tamb&#233;m demonstrou mortalidade cumulativa mais alta em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Entretanto, estudos abordando caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e dados progn&#243;sticos dos pacientes com CCC internados por IC descompensada s&#227;o escassos e, em nosso conhecimento, n&#227;o existe nenhum estudo multic&#234;ntrico prospectivo com uma coorte representativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Assim, a presente an&#225;lise tem como objetivo caracterizar as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais e os desfechos em um ano de seguimento de pacientes internados por IC Aguda (ICA) descompensada inclu&#237;dos no I Registro Brasileiro de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (BREATHE, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Brazilian Heart Failure Registry</italic>), comparando pacientes com CCC com pacientes com outras etiologias de IC.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Delineamento e participantes do estudo</title>
        <p>O racional e o delineamento do BREATHE foram publicados previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Em resumo, o BREATHE foi um estudo multic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, observacional que incluiu pacientes com ICA admitidos em hospitais p&#250;blicos e privados das cinco regi&#245;es geogr&#225;ficas do Brasil. O registro foi delineado para identificar as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e lacunas no tratamento entre os pacientes com ICA no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A primeira fase do estudo (de fevereiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012) incluiu 1263 pacientes e a segunda fase (de junho de 2016 a julho de 2018), a extens&#227;o BREATHE, incluiu 1898 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo pacientes com idade igual ou acima de 18 anos, internados com um diagn&#243;stico definitivo prim&#225;rio de ICA de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Boston (escore &#8805; 8) e que assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e informado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Os pacientes que foram submetidos a procedimentos de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (angioplastia coron&#225;ria ou cirurgia) no m&#234;s anterior e pacientes com sinais de IC secund&#225;ria foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>A etiologia foi definida pelo investigador local, por&#233;m se recomendou que o diagn&#243;stico de DC fosse confirmado por dois testes sorol&#243;gicos diferentes. As comorbidades tamb&#233;m foram identificadas pelo m&#233;dico durante a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Os pacientes com CCC foram comparados a pacientes com outras etiologias em termos de caracter&#237;sticas basais, dados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, e desfechos cl&#237;nicos ao longo dos 12 meses de acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise atual</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados na admiss&#227;o, na alta e durante um ano ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Na admiss&#227;o, foram coletadas informa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas, al&#233;m de dados relevantes da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica (incluindo etiologia da IC e causa da descompensa&#231;&#227;o), caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas na admiss&#227;o (incluindo perfil hemodin&#226;mico), medicamentos concomitantes, dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais. Os exames de ecocardiografia e laboratoriais foram conduzidos de acordo com protocolos locais. Na alta hospitalar, informa&#231;&#245;es sobre indicadores de qualidade do cuidado, procedimentos cardiol&#243;gicos hospitalares, e uso de medicamentos foram coletados. Visitas de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico foram realizadas nos dias 90, 180, e 365 para coleta de dados sobre eventos cardiovasculares maiores, procedimentos card&#237;acos (como transplante card&#237;aco), uso de medicamentos, e testes laboratoriais relatados pelos pesquisadores. As visitas eram realizadas ou pessoalmente durante o acompanhamento de rotina ou por telefone. As informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas coletadas em cada estudo foram relatadas anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na presente an&#225;lise, todas as informa&#231;&#245;es entre a admiss&#227;o at&#233; 365 dias do BREATHE foram avaliadas comparando-se os pacientes com e sem CCC.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil conforme apropriado. A an&#225;lise das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foi realizada usando histogramas. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas usando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e o teste de Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram descritas como frequ&#234;ncia relativa e absoluta, e os grupos comparados pelo teste exato Fisher. Para eventos cl&#237;nicos, morte por todas as causas, e hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada, foi estimada a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa, e os grupos comparados usando o modelo de risco proporcional espec&#237;fico para a causa. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de preditores independentes para morte por qualquer causa dentro de 12 meses ap&#243;s a alta foi realizada usando modelos de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Inicialmente, a an&#225;lise univariada foi realizada para as vari&#225;veis basais: etiologia (DC ou outras causas), idade, sexo, assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, hipertens&#227;o arterial, Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC)/ ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, depress&#227;o, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica, tabagismo ou n&#227;o, e uso combinado de betabloqueadores, Inibidores de Enzimas Conversoras de Angiotensina (IECA) ou Bloqueadores de Receptor de Angiotensina (BRA) e espironolactona na alta hospitalar. Vari&#225;veis com p-valores &lt; 0,15 foram inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise multivariada. Realizamos ainda uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade incluindo dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em um modelo multivariado para mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas usando o programa R 4.1.1 (R Core Team, 2023); um valor p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 3013 pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no BREATHE (ambas as fases): 261 pacientes com CCC (8,7%) e 2752 pacientes (91,3%) com outras causas para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. A maioria dos pacientes sem CCC apresentaram doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica (32,4%), hipertens&#227;o (21,2%), doen&#231;a valvar card&#237;aca (15,4%) e cardiomiopatia dilatada idiop&#225;tica (15,0%).</p>
        <p>Os pacientes com CCC eram mais jovens, com uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais alta de negros, e taxa mais baixa de fatores de risco para doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica, tais como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia e tabagismo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). A frequ&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades tais como depress&#227;o e doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva foi mais alta no grupo sem DC. Contudo, a taxa de AVC pr&#233;vio era mais alta nos pacientes com CCC. Uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais alta de classe funcional III ou IV (NYHA) foi observada nos pacientes com CCC, mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa na preval&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos medicamentos usados antes da admiss&#227;o, os pacientes com CCC apresentaram taxas mais baixas de uso aspirina, estatinas, por&#233;m taxas mais altas de betabloqueadores, diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, espironolactona e amiodarona (Tabela S1).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica n=261 (8,7%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Outras etiologias n=2752 (91,3%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Demogr&#225;ficas</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Idade (anos), m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">60,6 &#177; 13,9</td>
                  <td align="center">65,7 &#177; 15,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Sexo feminino, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (38,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1082 (39,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,897</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#237;vel de escolaridade</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Analfabeto/Ensino fundamental incompleto, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">152 (58,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1343 (48,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Ensino fundamental/Ensino m&#233;dio incompleto, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (23,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">614 (22,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Ensino m&#233;dio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (15,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">535 (19,4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Ensino superior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (3,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">260 (9,4%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">Categoria do servi&#231;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">213 (81,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1991 (72,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Servi&#231;o privado, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">201 (7,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Seguro de sa&#250;de, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (14,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">560 (20,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ra&#231;a</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Branca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114 (43,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1637 (59,5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Negra, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (55,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1070 (38,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Outro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (1,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Dados cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">892 (32,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">583 (21,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Idiop&#225;tica n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">414 (15,0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Doen&#231;a valvar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">425 (15,4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Outro, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">438 (15,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Comorbidades</td>
                  <td align="center">Hipertens&#227;o n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (42,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2142 (77,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (15,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1094 (39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Hipercolesterolemia n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (18,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1134 (41,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">AVC pr&#233;vio, AIT n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (16,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">338 (12,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (18,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">596 (21,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,236</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (29,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">803 (29,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,943</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">DPOC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (8,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">461 (16,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Depress&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (6,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">378 (14,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Sedent&#225;rio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (77)</td>
                  <td align="center">902 (81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,319</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">272 (9,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Alcoolismo (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (16,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">489 (17,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,552</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional NYHA</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">I, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (1,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">II, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (8,7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">III, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (37,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1024 (44,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">IV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (58,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1029 (45,2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hist&#243;ria de arritmia</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Taquicardia ventricular sustentada, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (21,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2,9%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (48,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">338 (89,2%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">Bloqueio atrioventricular completo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (24,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (5,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>AVC: acidente vascular cerebral; AIT: acidente isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; NYHA-New York Heart Association.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na admiss&#227;o hospitalar</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na admiss&#227;o hospitalar por ICA, os pacientes com CCC, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes com outras etiologias, apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de sinais e sintomas de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, como distens&#227;o da veia jugular e hepatomegalia, mas sem diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa em termos de sinais de congest&#227;o pulmonar, como ru&#237;dos pulmonares. Os valores de press&#227;o arterial e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m foram significativamente mais baixos nos pacientes com CCC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e laboratoriais na admiss&#227;o hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" scope="col">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica n=261</th>
                  <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Outras etiologias n = 2752</th>
                  <th scope="col">p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="1">Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                  <td align="center"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left">Dispneia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">253 (96,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2615 (95,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distens&#227;o da veia Jugular, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (54,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1071 (38,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hepatomegalia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125 (47,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">704 (25,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ru&#237;dos pulmonares, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">164 (62,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1865 (67,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Edema de tornozelo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (75,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1974 (71,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,172</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS, m&#233;dia &#177; DP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">108,3 &#177; 26,1</td>
                  <td align="center">128,3 &#177; 30,3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD, m&#233;dia &#177; DP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,7 &#177; 16,3</td>
                  <td align="center">77,5 &#177; 18,0</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC, m&#233;dia &#177; DP (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">77,3 &#177; 22,1</td>
                  <td align="center">88,5 &#177; 23,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso corporal, m&#233;dia &#177; DP (Kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">74,4 &#177; 18,2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1">Perfil cl&#237;nico hemodin&#226;mico</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A &#8211; &#218;mido e seco</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (9,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">363 (13,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>B &#8211; Quente e &#250;mido</td>
                  <td align="center">156 (59,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2004 (72,8%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C &#8211; Frio e &#250;mido</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (27,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">293 10,6%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>L &#8211; Frio e seco</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (3,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (3,3%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1">Gatilho para descompensa&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (12,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">609 (22,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a valvar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (1,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">305 (11,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o ades&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (25,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">770 (28,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,385</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ingest&#227;o excessiva de s&#243;dio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (12,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (8,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arritmia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (14,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">383 (13,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,779</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Embolia pulmonar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parada card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Outros, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (41,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">748 (27,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1">An&#225;lise bioqu&#237;mica</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dL), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,4 [1,1 &#8211; 1,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2 [1,0 &#8211; 1,7]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada (MDRD), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">51,9 [37,1 - 62,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">53,9 [36,9 - 72,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ureia (mg/dL), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5 [43,0 - 91,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">56,0 [41 - 86]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,035</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#243;dio (mg/dL), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">136,0 [134,0 &#8211; 139,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">138,0 [135,0 &#8211; 141,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mg/dL), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 [3,9 &#8211; 4,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">4,4 [4,0 &#8211; 4,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,894</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose (mg/dL); mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">103 [85 - 126]</td>
                  <td align="center">119 [96 - 159]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hb (g/dL), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">13,1 [11,4 - 14,1]</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5 [11,0 &#8211; 13,9]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,027</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bilirrubina (mg/dL), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">2,7 [1,6 - 4]</td>
                  <td align="center">1,1 [0,7 &#8211; 1,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1">NT-ProBNP (pg/ml); mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">12022 [3012 - 287850]</td>
                  <td align="center">5380,5 [2538,8 - 13080,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,067</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1">BNP (pg/ml); mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">1591 [681 - 3838.2]</td>
                  <td align="center">851 [434,5 - 1520,5]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1">Ecocardiograma (primeiras 24 h)</td>
                  <td align="center">78/261 (29.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1142/2752 (41,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">65 [57 &#8211; 72,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">59 [51 - 66]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mm), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">58 [45 &#8211; 65,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">48 [34 - 57]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">25,4 [19,0 &#8211; 36,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">37 [27,0 &#8211; 54,0]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DAE (mm), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">48 [43 - 53]</td>
                  <td align="center">46 [42 - 52]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,075</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar mitral grave, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21/78 (26,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">138/1128 (12,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide grave, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20/78 (25,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">114/1128 (10,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="1">ECG</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ritmo sinusal, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center">803 (57,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (32%)</td>
                  <td align="center">466 (33,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,829</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de Ramo Esquerdo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">267 (19,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Marcapasso, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (7,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; Hb: hemoglobina; DDVE-di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: Di&#226;metro Sist&#243;lico final do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DAE: di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo; ECG: eletrocardiograma.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>O perfil &#8220;C&#8221; cl&#237;nico/hemodin&#226;mico n&#227;o invasivo de Stevenson (&#250;mido e seco) foi mais prevalente na CCC (27,2%) em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias (10,6%). Por outro lado, o perfil &#8220;B&#8221; (quente e &#250;mido) foi mais prevalente nos pacientes com outras etiologias (72,8%) que nos pacientes com CCC (59,8%). A n&#227;o ades&#227;o foi a causa mais comum de descompensa&#231;&#227;o em ambos os grupos, mas a ocorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o foi mais comumente relacionada a etiologias diferentes de CCC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>Nos exames de sangue realizados a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico, os pacientes com CCC apresentaram n&#237;veis mais altos de creatinina e ureia, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais pronunciada na taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada. Al&#233;m disso, os pacientes com CCC apresentaram n&#237;veis mais baixos de s&#243;dio, n&#237;veis mais altos de bilirrubina e de hemoglobina em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras causas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e do remodelamento por ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada dentro das primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o em 29,9% dos pacientes com CCC e 41,5% dos pacientes sem CCC, e revelou que os pacientes com CCC apresentaram Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda (FEVE) mais baixa, maior dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, maior di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo, e maior preval&#234;ncia de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e tric&#250;spide grave, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com outras etiologias (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>). Tanto a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral como a regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide grave estiveram presentes em mais de um quarto dos pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medicamentos e procedimentos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos medicamentos usados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, uma propor&#231;&#227;o maior de pacientes com CCC receberam betabloqueadores, diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, espironolactona e digoxina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>). Contudo, os vasodilatadores foram menos prescritos nos pacientes com CCC (4,6% vs. 9,9%). Agentes inotr&#243;picos, principalmente dobutamina, foram prescritos com maior frequ&#234;ncia nos pacientes com CCC (23,8%) em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem CCC (6,8%), p&lt;0,0001.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Indicadores de qualidade de terapias baseadas em evid&#234;ncia</title>
        <p>Entre os pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o &#8804; 40%, na alta, o uso de betabloqueadores foi menor nos pacientes com CCC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com outras etiologias (Tabela S2). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa nos outros medicamentos na alta, com exce&#231;&#227;o da amiodarona e digoxina, que foram prescritos com uma maior frequ&#234;ncia nos pacientes com CCC (Tabela S2).</p>
        <p>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicas, incluindo aconselhamento diet&#233;tico, orienta&#231;&#227;o quanto ao uso correto de medicamentos, pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica e combate ao tabagismo foram similares entre os pacientes com e sem CCC (Tabela S2). Explica&#231;&#245;es sobre piora dos sintomas foram menos comuns nos pacientes com CCC (61,9% vs. 69,8%)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfecho cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na mortalidade intra-hospitalar (13,6% vs. 10,7%; p=0,17) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>) entre os pacientes com e sem CCC, mas houve uma taxa mais alta de transplante card&#237;aco nos pacientes com CCC em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem CCC (4,7% vs. 0,6%; p &lt; 0,001). As taxas de terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com marca-passo/uso de cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel tamb&#233;m foram mais altas no grupo com CCC enquanto cirurgias valvulares foram menos frequentes nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mortalidade hospitalar e incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de morte ap&#243;s a alta, em ambos os grupos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240555-40555-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos e procedimentos/interven&#231;&#245;es durante a interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica (n=261)</th>
                  <th>Outras etiologias (n=2752)</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0/261 (0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37/2752 (1,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,071</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade hospitalar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35/258 (13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">289/2704 (10,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o (dias), mediana [quartis]</td>
                  <td align="center">12 [6 - 30,8]</td>
                  <td align="center">12 [6 - 25]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,902</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Procedimentos/interven&#231;&#245;es (total)</td>
                  <td align="center">40/258 (15,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">232/2667 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/258 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19/2667 (0,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia valvar, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/258 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96/2667 (3,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICP, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/258 (1,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">57/2667 (2,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,653</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CDI/TRC, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11/258 (4,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22/2667 (0,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante de marcapasso, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14/258 (5,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37/2667 (1,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transplante card&#237;aco, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12/258 (4,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15/2667 (0,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>CABG: bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; CDI: cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a alta, os pacientes com CCC apresentaram incid&#234;ncia cumulativa significativamente mais alta de morte ou transplante card&#237;aco (17,4% vs. 11,1%, p=0,004), e incid&#234;ncia cumulativa mais alta de morte ap&#243;s tr&#234;s meses (16,5% vs. 10,8%, p=0,017), seis meses (25,3% vs. 17,2%, p=0,006), e 12 meses (39,4% vs. 26,6%, p&lt;0,001(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Em uma an&#225;lise multivariada, CCC foi independentemente associada com risco de mortalidade em 12 meses [<italic>odds ratio</italic> = 2,02 (IC95%: 1,47; 2,77)] (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada para mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Odds Ratio [95% IC]</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>Odds Ratio [95% IC]</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,791 [1,322; 2,414]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">2,025 [1,475; 2,771]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (aumento de cinco anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,064 [1,033; 1,098]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,086 [1,050; 1,125]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,894 [0,742; 1,077]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Interna&#231;&#227;o em hospital privado</td>
                  <td align="center">0,581 [0,470; 0,715]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,483 [0,385; 0,603]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,150 [0,938; 1,407]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,177</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                  <td align="center">0,984 [0,801; 1,214]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,881</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC/AIT pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">1,246 [0,955; 1,617]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,101</td>
                  <td align="center">1,074 [0,816; 1,404]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,607</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">1,172 [0,963; 1,423]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,111</td>
                  <td align="center">1,169 [0,954; 1,432]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,130</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Depress&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0,904 [0,692; 1,170]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,448</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">1,462 [1,181; 1,808]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">1,393 [1,114; 1,739]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">1,174 [0,975; 1,412]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,090</td>
                  <td align="center">1,127 [0,927; 1,370]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,228</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DPOC</td>
                  <td align="center">1,340 [1,055; 1,694]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,015</td>
                  <td align="center">1,188 [0,929; 1,515]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,167</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo</td>
                  <td align="center">1,103 [0,911; 1,334]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,315</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Terapia tripla na alta (IECA/BRA, betabloqueador, ARM)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,811 [0,670; 0,980]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                  <td align="center">0,855 [0,701; 1,041]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,120</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>Vari&#225;veis com valor p &lt; 0,15 na an&#225;lise multivariada foram eleg&#237;veis para a an&#225;lise multivariada. AIT: ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio; DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina; BRA: bloqueador de receptor de angiotensina; ARM: antagonista de receptor de mineralocorticoides</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Apesar do risco mais alta de readmiss&#227;o hospitalar por todas as causas, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto &#224; incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de reinterna&#231;&#227;o por IC descompensada em tr&#234;s, seis, ou 12 meses, considerando morte como um risco competitivo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>). Dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos dispon&#237;veis n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos como uma vari&#225;vel independente no modelo multivariado (Tabela S3).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia cumulativa de evento composto incluiu morte por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, acidente vascular cerebral, parada card&#237;aca (Painel A), reinterna&#231;&#227;o (Painel B), e reinterna&#231;&#227;o por descompensa&#231;&#227;o da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ap&#243;s a alta em 3, 6 e 12 meses de seguimento em ambos os grupos (considerando morte por todas as causas como um risco competitivo).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240555-40555-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> resume os principais achados descritos acima.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais resultados de nossa an&#225;lise mostram que os pacientes com CCC, hospitalizados com ICA, em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias, apresentam achados mais evidentes de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica, com disfun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal mais grave, e perfil hemodin&#226;mico normalmente frio e &#250;mido. Ainda, esses pacientes apresentam uma necessidade maior de inotr&#243;picos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, e altera&#231;&#245;es card&#237;acas funcionais e estruturais mais graves na avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica. Al&#233;m dessas caracter&#237;sticas, tamb&#233;m foram observados desfechos piores durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s a alta entre os pacientes com CCC.</p>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo reflete diferen&#231;as de pacientes com CCC, incluindo uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais alta de indiv&#237;duos da ra&#231;a negra. No entanto, essa vari&#225;vel foi autorrelatada, e a porcentagem de ra&#231;a mista foi mais baixa que a relatada em artigos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da ra&#231;a, o BREATHE tamb&#233;m mostrou que pacientes com CCC eram mais jovens, e apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais baixa de fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o, tabagismo, diabetes e hipercolesterolemia, frequentemente relacionados a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, altamente prevalente em pacientes sem CCC. Apesar deste perfil cl&#237;nico de risco mais baixo de eventos cardiovasculares, os pacientes com CCC apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de hist&#243;rico de AVC. Esse achado refor&#231;a que a CCC &#233; um dos principais fatores de risco para AVC cardioemb&#243;lico em pacientes com IC, com uma importante rela&#231;&#227;o com aneurisma apical, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e anormalidades no ECG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Estrat&#233;gias para diminuir o risco de AVC em pacientes com CCC devem ser exploradas em ensaios cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Outro achado dessa an&#225;lise que poderia ser &#250;til para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica est&#225; relacionado &#224; apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Os pacientes com CCC, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes sem CCC, apresentaram taxas mais altas de distens&#227;o da veia jugular e hepatomegalia, por&#233;m taxas similares de ru&#237;dos pulmonares e dispneia, representando intensidade mais alta de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica que congest&#227;o pulmonar. Essas anormalidades encontradas ao exame f&#237;sico relacionam-se provavelmente com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita mais grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Esse aspecto est&#225; de acordo com estudos anteriores relatando que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#233; um achado precoce no curso cl&#237;nico da CCC, e que est&#225; frequentemente mais evidente que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Ainda, &#233; poss&#237;vel que uma press&#227;o venosa sist&#234;mica mais alta em pacientes com CCC seja o mecanismo associado aos n&#237;veis mais altos de creatinina, indicando uma s&#237;ndrome cardiorrenal secund&#225;ria &#224; congest&#227;o renal mais grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m observamos n&#237;veis mais altos de bilirrubina e uma taxa mais alta de hepatomegalia no exame f&#237;sico, provavelmente refletindo les&#227;o hep&#225;tica mais grave secund&#225;ria a uma congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica mais pronunciada. Portanto, esses resultados indicam taxas mais altas de disfun&#231;&#245;es em &#243;rg&#227;os alvo, associadas a uma congest&#227;o visceral mais grave em pacientes com CCC, anormalidades classicamente associadas a piores desfechos em pacientes com ICA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pacientes com CCC apresentaram um perfil de risco mais alto durante a admiss&#227;o, incluindo uma propor&#231;&#227;o mais alta de perfil hemodin&#226;mico &#8220;C&#8221;, em consequ&#234;ncia de um maior uso de inotr&#243;picos e n&#237;veis mais baixos de press&#227;o arterial. Esse perfil hemodin&#226;mico tamb&#233;m explica em parte a ocorr&#234;ncia mais frequente de disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os (renal, hep&#225;tica) em pacientes com CCC. Outros marcadores de risco inclu&#237;ram n&#237;veis reduzidos de s&#243;dio s&#233;rico, refletindo provavelmente hipervolemia grave e um mecanismo dilucional. As taxas mais altas de utiliza&#231;&#227;o de diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a, espironolactona, digoxina, e betabloqueadores nesse grupo tamb&#233;m indicam presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a mais avan&#231;ada que outras etiologias. Um em quatro pacientes com CCC apresentou regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide, o que pode ser um alvo potencial para nova abordagens transcateter que poderiam ser testadas em pacientes com DC, especialmente devido &#224; alta frequ&#234;ncia de congest&#227;o sist&#234;mica. Todas essas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, laboratoriais e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas refletem em piores desfechos cl&#237;nicos durante a interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e ap&#243;s a alta. A aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; reinterna&#231;&#227;o pode refletir riscos competitivos relacionados a um maior risco de morte ap&#243;s a alta em pacientes com CCC. Estudos que avaliem o desempenho dos modelos para a predi&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de pacientes com IC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m devem considerar a etiologia, principalmente em pa&#237;ses com uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de CCC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O tempo de acompanhamento de um ano ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o de complica&#231;&#245;es posteriores, principalmente mortalidade por todas as causas. N&#227;o pudemos realizar a an&#225;lise de sobrevida do tempo at&#233; o evento, uma vez que n&#227;o coletamos a data espec&#237;fica do evento. Al&#233;m disso, mesmo considerando o ajuste estat&#237;stico das vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise multivariada, algumas vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao desfecho cl&#237;nico podem n&#227;o estarem inclu&#237;das no modelo devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de coleta sistem&#225;tica de dados, como dados do ecocardiograma, que possu&#237;am informa&#231;&#245;es limitadas. No entanto, a an&#225;lise atual reflete a avalia&#231;&#227;o de vari&#225;veis comumente dispon&#237;veis na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, e indica uma importante implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica da etiologia da CCC tanto durante a interna&#231;&#227;o como ap&#243;s a alta. Finalmente, tivemos poucos pacientes origin&#225;rios do norte do Brasil e todos os locais possu&#237;am uma infraestrutura m&#237;nima para pesquisa cl&#237;nica. Assim, esses achados poderiam ser diferentes em algumas regi&#245;es com recursos mais limitados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica internados por ICA, em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias, apresentaram-se com diferentes caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e um perfil de risco mais alto, que foi associado a um pior desfecho durante a interna&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s a alta. Abordagens espec&#237;ficas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para melhorar os desfechos de pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica internados por ICA.</p>
      <p>*Material suplementar Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0555_Supp.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0555_Supp.pdf</ext-link> </p>
      <p>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240555-40555-suppl01.pdf"/>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>A todos os pesquisadores, coordenadores locais, participantes do estudo, e fontes de financiamento.</p>
    </ack>
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              <surname>Parissis</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yilmaz</surname>
              <given-names>MB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seronde</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kivikko</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Laribi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Liver Function Abnormalities, Clinical Profile, and Outcome in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>742</fpage>
          <lpage>749</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehs332</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Sahle BW, Owen AJ, Chin KL, Reid CM. Risk Prediction Models for Incident Heart Failure: A Systematic Review of Methodology and Model Performance. J Card Fail. 2017;23(9):680-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2017.03.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sahle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Owen</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE:53595816.8.0000.0060. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
        <label>Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Os conte&#250;dos subjacentes ao texto da pesquisa est&#227;o contidos no manuscrito.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (DEIC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240555i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acute Heart Failure in Patients with Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Results of the I Brazilian Heart Failure Registry (BREATHE)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1940-4470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Gabriel Melo de Barros e</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1883-6546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Albuquerque</surname>
            <given-names>Denilson Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Delascio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6001">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7001">
            <sup>7</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nogueira</surname>
            <given-names>Paulo Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8001">
            <sup>8</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0393-2546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Aguinaldo F</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9001">
            <sup>9</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vieira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10001">
            <sup>10</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Elizabete Silva dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff12001">
            <sup>12</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Mauro Esteves</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff13001">
            <sup>13</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3322-0459</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rivera</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Alayde Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff14001">
            <sup>14</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o David de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff15001">
            <sup>15</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabelo</surname>
            <given-names>Alvaro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff16001">
            <sup>16</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Canesin</surname>
            <given-names>Manoel Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff17001">
            <sup>17</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Helder</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff18001">
            <sup>18</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Armstrong</surname>
            <given-names>Anderson da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff19001">
            <sup>19</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
            <given-names>Conrado</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff20001">
            <sup>20</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Renato Hideo Nakagawa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jesuino</surname>
            <given-names>Isabella de Andrade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6557-393X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rohde</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Lidia Zytinsky</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff23001">
            <sup>23</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marcondes-Braga</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiana Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7452-3870</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mesquita</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro Tinoco</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff24001">
            <sup>24</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3739-7702</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Figueiredo</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Albuquerque de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff25001">
            <sup>25</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff26001">
            <sup>26</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff27001">
            <sup>27</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5702-210X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Beck-da-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff21001">
            <sup>21</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff22001">
            <sup>22</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9413-3792</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Mucio Tavares</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff11001">
            <sup>11</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6553-8387</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sim&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Data collection</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff28001">
            <sup>28</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Hcor), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro Universit&#225;rio S&#227;o Camilo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca&#8211;DEIC-SBC, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Copa D&#8217;Or, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff7001">
        <label>7</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa da Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica e Cardiologia da UNIFESP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff8001">
        <label>8</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Faculdade Regional de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff9001">
        <label>9</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff10001">
        <label>10</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Cardiologia do Distrito Federal, Bras&#237;lia, DF &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff11001">
        <label>11</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff12001">
        <label>12</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff13001">
        <label>13</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Santa Casa de Votuporanga, Votuporanga, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff14001">
        <label>14</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Alberto Antunes&#8211;Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Macei&#243;, AL &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff15001">
        <label>15</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza, CE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff16001">
        <label>16</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o Bahiana de Cardiologia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff17001">
        <label>17</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio do Norte do Paran&#225; (UEL), Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff18001">
        <label>18</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas Gaspar Viana, Bel&#233;m, PA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff19001">
        <label>19</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Ensino da Universidade Federal do Vale do S&#227;o Francisco, Petrolina, PE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff20001">
        <label>20</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Regional Hans Dieter Schmidt, Joinville, SC &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff21001">
        <label>21</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff22001">
        <label>22</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Moinhos de Vento - HMV, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff23001">
        <label>23</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Irmandade Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Curitiba, Curitiba, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff24001">
        <label>24</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff25001">
        <label>25</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Pesquisa Cl&#237;nica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio da Universidade Federal do Maranh&#227;o (CEPEC-HUUF), S&#227;o Lu&#237;s, MA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff26001">
        <label>26</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Pedro Ernesto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff27001">
        <label>27</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Complexo Hospitalar Am&#233;ricas- Vitoria e Samaritano Barra, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff28001">
        <label>28</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasi</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - USP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasi</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Marcus Vinicius Sim&#245;es Divis&#227;o de Cardiologia &#8211; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Avenida Bandeirantes, 3900. Postal Code 14048-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil E-mail msimoes@fmrp.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>PGMBS reports fees and research grants from Pfizer, Roche Diagnostics and Bayer. RDL reports research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Pfizer; Consulting fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, GlaxoSmithKline, Medtronic, Merck, Pfizer, Portola. LER reports lecture and consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Merck Serono, Novartis All other authors report no conflicts of interest.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Although the clinical features of chronic Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy (CCC) have been well established, clinical data about the patients are scarce.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The current analysis reports the results of the I Brazilian Heart Failure Registry (BREATHE) assessing baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with acute heart failure due to CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> BREATHE enrolled a total of 3,013 adult patients hospitalized with acute heart failure. We analyzed comparatively 261 (8.7%) patients with chronic CCC and 2,752 (91.3%) patients with other etiologies. Clinical and demographic information, cardiac structure/function data on echocardiogram and outcomes during the hospital stay and after discharge were assessed in both groups. Uni and multivariate tests were performed and a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Patients with CCC presented lower systolic blood pressure (108.3 &#177; 26.1 vs 128.3 &#177; 30.3 mmHg, p&lt;0.001) and left ventricle ejection fraction (25.4 [19 - 36]% vs 37 [27 - 54] %, p&lt;0.001) with higher rates of jugular vein distension (54.8% vs 38.9%, p&lt;0.001), hepatomegaly (47.9% vs 25.6%, p&lt;0.001), and &#8220;cold and wet&#8221; clinical hemodynamic profile (27.2% vs 10.6%, p&lt;0.001). Patients with CCC presented higher rate of the composite death or heart transplantation (17.4% vs. 11.1%, p=0.004), and higher cumulative incidence of death after 3 months (16.5% vs 10.8%, p=0.017), 6 months (25.3% vs 17.2%, p=0.006), and 12 months (39.4% vs 26.6%, p&lt;0.001). Besides, CCC was independently associated with 12-month mortality risk with odds ratio = 2.02 (95% IC: 1.47-2.77).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Patients with CCC, hospitalized due to acute heart failure, in comparison to other etiologies, presented a higher risk profile that was associated with a poorer outcome during hospital stay and after discharge.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Acute Heart Failure in Patients with Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Results of the I Brazilian Heart Failure Registry (BREATHE)</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240555-40555-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilated Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas&#8217; disease (CD), caused by the protozoan parasite <italic>Trypanosona cruzi</italic>, is considered a major public health problem in the endemic Latin America area encompassing 21 countries, with current evidence of persistent vector-borne transmission in many regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>Despite being a neglected disease, it represents one of the most important causes of heart failure (HF) and sudden death. The World Health Organization estimates that six to seven million people worldwide, mostly in Latin America, are infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and up to a third with chronic infection develop secondary cardiac disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The recent recognition that new cases of acute CD are related to oral infestation in many areas of the Amazonian region indicates a perpetuation of CD transmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Moreover, due to globalization and migratory flows, CD is also an emergent disease in nonendemic countries, such as the United States of America, Canada, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Japan, and other countries in Asia and Oceania.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac involvement is the most frequent and severe manifestation of CD in the chronic phase, and Chronic Chagas&#8217; Cardiomyopathy (CCC) is associated with specific structural and functional cardiac changes that may differentiate it from other causes of dilated cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In particular, CCC patients present early and predominantly right ventricular failure, intense autonomic denervation, regional left ventricular myocardial fibrosis with development of aneurisms, mainly in the apex, with increased risk of intramural thrombi and cardioembolic events. CCC is also associated to severe ventricular arrhythmia and conduction system disease, with increased risk of sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Single-center cohort studies with heart failure (HF) outpatients reported worse outcomes in CCC patients as compared to other etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Analysis of recent multicenter trials that enrolled patients with HF and CCC also showed higher cumulative mortality in comparison to other etiologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, studies addressing the clinical characteristics and prognostic data of CCC patients hospitalized due to HF decompensation are scarce and, to the best of our knowledge, there is no prospective multicentric study with a representative cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, the current analysis aimed to characterize clinical and laboratorial manifestations and outcomes at one year follow-up of patients hospitalized with acute decompensated HF (AHF) enrolled in the Brazilian Heart Failure Registry (BREATHE), comparing patients with CCC with patients with other etiologies of HF.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and participants</title>
          <p>The rationale and design for the BREATHE has been published previously.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>In brief, BREATHE was an observational, prospective, multicenter study that included patients with AHF admitted in public and private hospitals from the five geographical regions of Brazil. The registry was designed to identify clinical characteristics and treatment gaps among patients with AHF in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Information was collected at hospital discharge and at 90, 180, and 365 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The first phase of the study (February 2011 to December 2012) included 1263 patients and the second phase of the study (June 2016 to July 2018), BREATHE Extension, enrolled 1898 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients with age &#8805;18 years old, hospitalized with a primary definite diagnosis of AHF according to the Boston criteria (&#8805; 8 point-score) and that signed a free and informed consent form were included.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Patients who underwent myocardial revascularization procedures (coronary angioplasty or surgery) in the last month and patients with signs of HF secondary to sepsis were excluded.</p>
          <p>The etiology was defined by the site investigator, but it was recommended that the diagnosis of CD should be confirmed by two different serological tests. Comorbidities were also identified by the physician during clinical practice. Patients with CCC were compared to other etiologies in terms of baseline characteristics, in-hospital data and clinical outcomes during 12 months of follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables included in the current analysis</title>
          <p>Data were collected at admission, at discharge and during one year after discharge. At admission, information regarding demographics, relevant medical history (including etiology of HF and cause of decompensation), clinical characteristics at admission (including hemodynamic profile), concomitant medications, echocardiographic and laboratory data were collected. Echocardiographic and laboratory tests were performed according to local protocols. At hospital discharge, information regarding quality-of-care indicators, in-hospital cardiology procedures, and medication use were collected. Clinical follow-up visits were conducted at 90, 180, and 365 days to collect data on major cardiovascular events, cardiac procedures (e.g. heart transplantation), medication use, and laboratory tests reported by the investigators. Follow-up visits could take place in person during routine care or by telephone. The detailed information collected during each study was previously reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the current analysis, all information collected from admission to 365 days from BREATHE was assessed by comparing patients with and without CCC.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables are presented as mean &#177; standard deviation or median and interquartile range as appropriate. The analysis of normally distributed continuous variables was performed using histograms. Comparison between groups was performed using unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test for variables with normal distribution and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test for asymmetric distribution variables. Categorical variables were described as absolute and relative frequencies, groups were compared by Fisher&#8217;s exact test. For clinical events, death from all causes, and hospitalization due to HF decompensation, the cumulative incidence was estimated, and the groups were compared using the cause-specific proportional odds model. The identification of independent predictors for death from any cause within 12 months after discharge was performed using logistic regression models. Initially, univariate analysis was performed for baseline variables: etiology (CD or other causes), age, sex, heath care, previous myocardial infarction, arterial hypertension, previous stroke/transient ischemic attack, atrial fibrillation, depression, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, smoking status, and combined use of beta-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) and spironolactone at hospital discharge. Variables with p-value &lt; 0.15 were included in a multivariate analysis. We performed also a sensitivity analysis including echocardiographic data in a multivariate model for all-cause mortality.</p>
          <p>All analyses were performed using the statistical program R 4.1.1 (R Core Team, 2023); a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 3,013 patients were included in the BREATHE (both phases): 261 patients with CCC (8.7%) and 2.752 patients (91.3%) with other etiologies for heart failure. Most of the non-CCC patients presented ischemic heart disease (32.4%), hypertension (21.2%), valvular heart disease (15.4%) and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (15.0%).</p>
          <p>Patients with CCC were younger, with higher proportion of blacks, and lower rate of risk factors for atherosclerotic disease, as hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, and tobacco use (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref>). The frequency of other comorbidities, as depression and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was higher in the group without CD. However, the rate of previous stroke was higher in CCC patients. A higher proportion of NYHA functional class III or IV was observed in CCC patients but no significant difference in chronic renal disease prevalence. Regarding medications in use before admission, CCC patients exhibited lower rate of aspirin, statins, but higher rates of betablockers, loop diuretics, spironolactone and amiodarone use (Table S1).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="2">Characteristics</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Chagas&#8217; Cardiomyopathy n=261 (8.7%)</th>
                    <th style="font-weight:normal">Other etiologies n=2752 (91.3%)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Demographic</th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Age (years), mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">60.6 &#177; 13.9</td>
                    <td align="center">65.7 &#177; 15.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Female gender, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">101 (38.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1082 (39.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.897</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Education level</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Not literate/Some elementary school, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">152 (58.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1343 (48.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Elementary school/Some high school, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60 (23.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">614 (22.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Completed high school, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (15.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">535 (19.4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Complete College or higher degree, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (3.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">260 (9.4%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Service category</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Public Healthcare, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">213 (81.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1991 (72.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Private, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">201 (7.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Health insurance, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (14.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">560 (20.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Race</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">White, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">114 (43.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1637 (59.5)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Black, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">145 (55.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">1070 (38.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Other, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (1.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="2">
                      <bold>Clinical</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure etiology</td>
                    <td align="center">Ischemic heart disease, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">892 (32.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">583 (21.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Idiopatic n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">414 (15.0)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Valve disease, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">425 (15.4)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Other, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">438 (15.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Comorbidities</td>
                    <td align="center">Hypertension n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">111 (42.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">2142 (77.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (15.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1094 (39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Hypercholesterolemia n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">47 (18.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1134 (41.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Previous Stroke, TIA n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (16.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">338 (12.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Chronic renal disease, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (18.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">596 (21.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.236</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">77 (29.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">803 (29.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.943</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">COPD, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (8.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">461 (16.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Depression, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (6.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">378 (14.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Sedentary, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (77)</td>
                    <td align="center">902 (81)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.319</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (5)</td>
                    <td align="center">272 (9.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Alcoholism (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (16.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">489 (17.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.552</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA Functional class</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">I, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (1.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">II, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">198 (8.7)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">III, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">86 (37.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">1024 (44.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">IV, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (58.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1029 (45.2)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>History of arrhythmia</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Sustained ventricular tachycardia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (21.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (2.9%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Non sustained ventricular tachycardia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (5.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Ventricular fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (48.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">338 (89.2%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">Complete atrioventricular block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (24.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (5.5%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical presentation at hospital admission</title>
          <p>Regarding the clinical presentation at hospital admission for AHF, CCC patients in comparison to other etiologies presented a higher prevalence of signs and symptoms of systemic congestion, like jugular vein distension and hepatomegaly, but without a statistically significant difference in terms of signs of pulmonary congestion, as pulmonary rales. Blood pressure and heart rate values were also significantly lower in CCC patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and laboratorial characteristics at hospital admission</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" colspan="1" scope="col">Characteristic</th>
                    <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy n=261</th>
                    <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Other etiologies n = 2752</th>
                    <th scope="col">p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" colspan="1">Clinical evaluation</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Dyspnea, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">253 (96.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2615 (95.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.224</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Jugular vein distension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">143 (54.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1071 (38.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hepatomegaly, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">125 (47.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">704 (25.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary rales, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">164 (62.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">1865 (67.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.112</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ankle edema, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">198 (75.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1974 (71.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.172</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP, mean &#177; SD (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">108.3 &#177; 26.1</td>
                    <td align="center">128.3 &#177; 30.3</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP, mean &#177; SD (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.7 &#177; 16.3</td>
                    <td align="center">77.5 &#177; 18.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR, mean &#177; SD (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">77.3 &#177; 22.1</td>
                    <td align="center">88.5 &#177; 23.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body weight, mean &#177; SD (Kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 14.6</td>
                    <td align="center">74.4 &#177; 18.2</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="1">Clinical hemodynamic profile</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>A &#8211; Warm-and-dry</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (9.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">363 (13.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>B &#8211; Warm -and-wet</td>
                    <td align="center">156 (59.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2004 (72.8%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>C &#8211; Cold-and-wet</td>
                    <td align="center">71 (27.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">293 10.6%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>L &#8211; Cold-and-dry</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (3.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (3.3%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="1">Trigger for decompensation</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infection, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (12.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">609 (22.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve disease, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (1.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">305 (11.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-adherence, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">66 (25.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">770 (28.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.385</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Excessive sodium intake, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (12.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">222 (8.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arrhythmia, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">38 (14.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">383 (13.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.779</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pulmonary embolism, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (0.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.000</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac arrest, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (0.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.062</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Others, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">107 (41.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">748 (27.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="1">Blood Biochemical analysis</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dL), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.4 [1.1 &#8211; 1.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2 [1.0 &#8211; 1.7]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Estimated Glomerular filtration rate (MDRD) , median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">51.9 [37.1 - 62.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">53.9 [36.9 - 72.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urea (mg/dL), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">60.5 [43.0 - 91.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">56.0 [41 - 86]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.035</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sodium (mg/dL), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">136.0 [134.0 &#8211; 139.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">138.0 [135.0 &#8211; 141.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Potassium (mg/dL), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4 [3.9 &#8211; 4.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">4.4 [4.0 &#8211; 4.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.894</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose (mg/dL); median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">103 [85 - 126]</td>
                    <td align="center">119 [96 - 159]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hb (g/dL), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">13.1 [11.4 - 14,1]</td>
                    <td align="center">12.5 [11.0 &#8211; 13.9]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.027</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Bilirubin (mg/dL), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">2.7 [1.6 - 4]</td>
                    <td align="center">1.1 [0.7 &#8211; 1.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="1">NT-ProBNP (pg/ml); median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">12022 [3012 - 287850]</td>
                    <td align="center">5380.5 [2538.8 - 13080.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.067</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="1">BNP (pg/ml); median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">1591 [681 - 3838.2]</td>
                    <td align="center">851 [434.5 - 1520.5]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.062</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="1">Echocardiogram (first 24 h)</td>
                    <td align="center">78/261 (29.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1142/2752 (41.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVDD (mm), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">65 [57 &#8211; 72.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">59 [51 - 66]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVSD (mm), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">58 [45 &#8211; 65.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">48 [34 - 57]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">25.4 [19.0 &#8211; 36.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">37 [27.0 &#8211; 54.0]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD (mm), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">48 [43 - 53]</td>
                    <td align="center">46 [42 - 52]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.075</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe mitral valve regurgitation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21/78 (26.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">138/1128 (12.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Severe tricuspid regurgitation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">20/78 (25.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">114/1128 (10.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="1">ECG</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sinus rhythm, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (34%)</td>
                    <td align="center">803 (57.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (32%)</td>
                    <td align="center">466 (33.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.829</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left bundle branch block, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (11.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">267 (19.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (35%)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (7.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: dyastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; Hb: hemoglobin; LVDD: left ventricle diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricle systolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; LAD: left atrium diameter; ECG: electrocardiogram.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The non-invasive Stevenson clinical/hemodynamic &#8220;C&#8221; profile (cold and wet) was more prevalent in CCC (27.2%) than in other etiologies (10.6%). Conversely, the &#8220;B&#8221; profile (warm and wet) was more prevalent in patients with other etiologies (72.8%) than in CCC patients (59.8%). Non-adherence was the most common cause of decompensation in both groups, but infection was more commonly related to non-CCC etiologies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>In the blood tests performed according to physician&#8217;s discretion, patients with CCC presented higher levels of creatinine and urea, with more pronounced reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate. In addition, CCC patients presented lower serum sodium levels, higher bilirubin levels and higher hemoglobin compared to other etiologies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>Evaluation of cardiac function and remodeling by transthoracic echocardiogram was performed within the first 24 hours after admission in 29.9% of CCC and 41.5% of non-CCC patients, showed that CCC patients presented lower left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), larger left ventricular systolic and diastolic dimensions, larger left atrium diameter, and higher prevalence of severe mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, as compared to patients with other etiologies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref>). Severe tricuspid and mitral regurgitation were present each one in more than one quarter of the patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medications and procedures during hospitalization</title>
          <p>Regarding the medications used during hospitalization, higher proportion of CCC patients received betablockers, loop diuretics, spironolactone, and digoxin (Table S2). However, vasodilators were less prescribed in CCC patients (4.6% vs. 9.9%). Inotropic agents, mainly dobutamine, were more frequently prescribed in CCC patients (23.8%) in comparison to non-CCC patients (6.8%), p &lt; 0.0001.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality indicators of evidence-based therapies</title>
          <p>Among patients with ejection fraction &#8804; 40%, at discharge, the use of beta-blockers was lower in CCC patients compared to other etiologies (Table S2). There was no significant difference in other medications at discharge, except for amiodarone and digoxin that were more frequently prescribed in CCC patients (Table S2).</p>
          <p>Nonpharmacologic recommendations including dietary counseling, instructions about correct drug usage, physical activity and smoke cessation were similar in patients with CCC and other etiologies (Table S2). Explanations about worsening symptoms were less common in patients with CCC (61.9% vs 69.8%)</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcome</title>
          <p>There was no significant difference concerning in-hospital mortality (13.6% vs. 10.7%; p=0.17) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>) but there was a higher rate of heart transplantation in CCC in comparison with non-CCC patients (4.7% vs. 0.6%; p &lt; 0.001). The rates of pacemaker cardiac resynchronization therapy/implantable cardioverter device use were also higher in CCC while valve surgery rates were lower in this population (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; In-hospital mortality and cumulative incidence of mortality after discharge, in both groups.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240555-40555-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Outcomes and procedures/interventions during hospitalization</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Chagas&#8217; Cardiomyopathy (n=261)</th>
                    <th>Other Etiologies (n=2752)</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>First 24h mortality, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0/261 (0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37/2752 (1.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.071</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>In-hospital mortality, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35/258 (13.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">289/2704 (10.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.174</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hospital stay (days), median [quartiles]</td>
                    <td align="center">12 [6 - 30.8]</td>
                    <td align="center">12 [6 - 25]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.902</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Procedures/interventions (total)</td>
                    <td align="center">40/258 (15.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">232/2667 (8.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CABG, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/258 (0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19/2667 (0.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Valve surgery, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/258 (0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">96/2667 (3.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PCI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/258 (1.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">57/2667 (2.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.653</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ICD/CRT implantation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11/258 (4.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">22/2667 (0.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacemaker implantation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14/258 (5.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37/2667 (1.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart Transplantation, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">12/258 (4.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15/2667 (0.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>CABG: coronary artery bypass graft surgery; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; ICD: implantable cardioverter device; CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>After discharge, CCC patients presented significantly higher cumulative incidence of the composite death or heart transplantation (17.4% vs. 11.1%, p=0.004), and higher cumulative incidence of death after three months (16.5% vs. 10.8%, p=0.017), 6 months (25.3% vs. 17.2%, p=0.006), and 12 months (39.4% vs. 26.6%, p&lt;0.001) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). In a multivariate analysis, CCC was independently associated with 12-month mortality risk (Odds ratio = 2.02 [95% CI: 1.47;2.77]) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate analysis for all-cause mortality after discharge</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Univariate</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Multivariate</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Odds Ratio [95% IC]</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                    <th>Odds Ratio [95% IC]</th>
                    <th>p value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chagas&#8217; cardiomyopathy</td>
                    <td align="center">1.791 [1.322; 2.414]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">2.025 [1.475; 2.771]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (5 years increase)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.064 [1.033; 1.098]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.086 [1.050; 1.125]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female gender</td>
                    <td align="center">0.894 [0.742; 1.077]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Private institution hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">0.581 [0.470; 0.715]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.483 [0.385; 0.603]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous myocardial infarction</td>
                    <td align="center">1.150 [0.938; 1.407]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.177</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">0.984 [0.801; 1.214]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.881</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Previous stroke/TIA</td>
                    <td align="center">1.246 [0.955; 1.617]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.101</td>
                    <td align="center">1.074 [0.816; 1.404]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.607</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">1.172 [0.963; 1.423]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.111</td>
                    <td align="center">1.169 [0.954; 1.432]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.130</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Depression</td>
                    <td align="center">0.904 [0.692; 1.170]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.448</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic renal failure</td>
                    <td align="center">1.462 [1.181; 1.808]</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">1.393 [1.114; 1.739]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                    <td align="center">1.174 [0.975; 1.412]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.090</td>
                    <td align="center">1.127 [0.927; 1.370]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.228</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>COPD</td>
                    <td align="center">1.340 [1.055; 1.694]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.015</td>
                    <td align="center">1.188 [0.929; 1.515]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.167</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tobacco use</td>
                    <td align="center">1.103 [0.911; 1.334]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.315</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triple therapy at discharge (ACEi/ARB, betablocker, MRA)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.811 [0.670; 0.980]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.031</td>
                    <td align="center">0.855 [0.701; 1.041]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.120</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>Variables showing p value &lt; 0.15 in the univariate analysis were candidates for the multivariate analysis. TIA: transient ischemic attack; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEi: angiotensin converter enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Despite a higher risk of all-cause readmission, we found no difference among groups in the cumulative incidence of re-hospitalization for decompensated HF at three, six or 12 months considering death as a competing risk (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>). Echocardiographic data available was not included as an independent variable in the multivariate model (Table S3).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cumulative incidence of composite event included all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, cardiac arrest (Panel A), re-hospitalization (Panel B), and re-hospitalization for heart failure decompensation after discharge at three, six and 12 months of follow-up in both groups (considering death from all causes as a competitive risk).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240555-40555-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> summarizes the main findings described above.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main results of our analysis show that CCC patients hospitalized with AHF, in comparison to other HF etiologies, present more prominent findings of systemic congestion, with more severe renal and hepatic dysfunction, and usually with cold-and-wet hemodynamic profile. Also, these patients have a higher need for inotropes during hospitalization, and more severe structural and functional cardiac changes in echocardiographic assessment. In addition to these characteristics, it was also identified poorer outcomes during hospitalization and after hospital discharge among patients with CCC.</p>
        <p>Our study population reflects differences of patients with CCC including a higher proportion of black race. Nevertheless, this variable was self-reported, and the percentage of mixed race was lower than previous reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>Beyond race, the BREATHE also showed that patients with CCC were younger, and had a lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors as hypertension, smoking, diabetes and hypercholesterolemia, commonly related to ischemic heart disease, more prevalent in non-CCC patients. Despite this clinical profile of lower risk for cardiovascular events, CCC patients had a higher prevalence of history of stroke. This finding reinforces CCC as a main risk factor for cardioembolic stroke in patients with HF, with an important relation to apical aneurysm, left ventricular disfunction and ECG abnormalities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Strategies to reduce the risk of stroke in patients with CCC should be explored in clinical trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another finding from this analysis that would be useful for clinical practice is related to clinical presentation at the hospital admission. CCC patients as compared to non-CCC patients presented higher rates of jugular vein distension and hepatomegaly, but similar rates of pulmonary rales and dyspnea, representing higher intensity of systemic over lung congestion. These physical examination abnormalities are probably related to more severe right ventricle dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This aspect agrees with previous studies reporting that right ventricular dysfunction is an early finding in the clinical course of CCC and is frequently more evident than left ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In addition, it is also conceivable that higher systemic venous pressures in CCC patients is the probable mechanism associated to the higher levels of creatinine, denoting a cardiorenal syndrome secondary to more severe renal congestion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> We also observed increased bilirubin levels and a higher rate of hepatomegaly in the physical examination, probably reflecting more severe hepatic lesion secondary to pronounced systemic congestion. Thus, these results indicate higher rates of target-organ dysfunctions associated with more severe visceral congestion in CCC patients, abnormalities classically associated with worse outcomes in AHF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Patients with CCC had a higher risk profile during admission including a higher proportion of &#8220;C&#8221; hemodynamic profile, as consequence of higher rate of inotropic use and lower blood pressure. This hemodynamic profile is also one explanation for more frequent organ dysfunction (renal, hepatic) among patients with CCC. Other risk markers included reduced levels of serum sodium, probably reflecting severe hypervolemia and a dilutional mechanism. Higher rates of loop diuretic, spironolactone, digoxin and betablocker in this group also indicates more advanced disease than other etiologies. One in four patients with CCC had severe tricuspid regurgitation which may be a potential target for new transcatheter approaches that could also be tested in patients with CD, especially due to the high frequency of systemic congestion. All these clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic characteristics reflect in worse clinical outcomes during hospital stay and after discharge. The absence of statistical difference regarding re-hospitalization may reflect competing risks related to a higher risk of death after discharge in CCC patients. Studies assessing the performance of models for prognosis prediction of patients with HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> should also consider etiology, especially in countries with higher prevalence of CCC.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The follow-up time of one year after hospitalization limits the evaluation of later complications, especially all-cause mortality. We could not perform survival analysis of time to event since the specific date of the event was not collected. In addition, even considering the statistical adjustment of variables in multivariate analysis, some variables related to the clinical outcome may not be included in the model due to absence of systematic data collection as echocardiogram data which had limited information. Nevertheless, the current analysis reflects the evaluation of variables commonly available in clinical practice and indicates an important prognosis implication of CCC etiology both during hospitalization and after discharge. Finally, we had few patients in the north of Brazil and all the sites had minimal infrastructure for clinical research. Thus, these findings could be different in some regions with more limited resources.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy hospitalized due to AHF, in comparison to other etiologies, presented with different clinical characteristics and a higher risk profile that was associated with a poorer outcome during hospital stay and after discharge. Specific approaches are warranted to improve outcomes among patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy hospitalized due to AHF.</p>
        <p>*Supplemental Materials For additional information, please click here. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0555_Supp.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12205/2024-0555_Supp.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <p>
          <supplementary-material id="suppl01-en" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240555-40555-suppl01-en.pdf"/>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>To all investigators, local coordinators, study participants and funding sources.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o under the protocol number CAAE: 53595816.8.0000.0060. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was partially funded by Departamento de Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (DEIC) da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
