<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DrdVLvTmq4J7VvzCyDwFWxp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00309</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240533</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial por Dilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (FMD) na Art&#233;ria Braquial em Hipertensos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-3870-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tessier</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Alves Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1115-688X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Daltro</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doria</surname>
            <given-names>Glauco Moniz de Arag&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peredo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Jimena Gutierrez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8552-0552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bulh&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Harris</surname>
            <given-names>Ryan A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal da Bahia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Augusta University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laboratory of Integraative and Vascular Exercise Physiology</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Augusta</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Georgia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Augusta University - Laboratory of Integraative and Vascular Exercise Physiology &#8211; LIVEP, Augusta, Georgia &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Elaine Tessier &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Dr Augusto Viana, s/n, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos. CEP 40110-060, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>lanealsan@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240533</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Valores elevados de press&#227;o arterial (PA) t&#234;m sido tradicionalmente associados ao risco de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e mortalidade precoce. A dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (FMD) da art&#233;ria braquial ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito tornou-se o par&#226;metro padr&#227;o para quantificar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, sendo um desfecho substituto &#250;til em fun&#231;&#227;o de sua n&#227;o invasividade, estreita correla&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial coronariana e associa&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos em longo prazo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Testar hip&#243;teses de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FMD e diversos par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos e comparar os par&#226;metros entre grupos com a FMD alterada e n&#227;o alterada e entre hipertensos dos grupos hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR e n&#227;o HAR).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Setenta e dois volunt&#225;rios de um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em Hipertens&#227;o Arterial foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo transversal prospectivo, no qual foram comparadas diversas vari&#225;veis mensuradas nos pacientes, entre os grupos FMD alterada (n = 38) e n&#227;o alterada (n = 34), e tamb&#233;m entre os grupos HAR (n = 49) e n&#227;o HAR (n = 23). Investigamos tamb&#233;m quais vari&#225;veis explicariam a FMD. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas por meio de m&#233;todos param&#233;tricos quando os pressupostos foram atendidos e n&#227;o param&#233;tricos quando estes n&#227;o foram atendidos. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado nas an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os resultados mostraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva significativa entre FMD e LDL (p = 0,204, p = 0,042) e entre FMD e triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,247, p = 0,037). Hemoglobina glicada foi maior no grupo HAR (p = 0,020), pot&#225;ssio foi maior no grupo n&#227;o HAR (p = 0,029) e prote&#237;na C reativa foi maior no grupo HAR (p = 0,04). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas significativas para as demais compara&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> O LDL e os triglicer&#237;deos s&#227;o preditores da FMD e os grupos HAR e n&#227;o HAR diferem quanto &#224; quantidade de pot&#225;ssio, prote&#237;na C e hemoglobina glicada. Os grupos de FMD alterada e n&#227;o alterada diferem somente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos triglicer&#237;deos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial por Dilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (FMD) na Art&#233;ria Braquial em Hipertensos</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DrdVLvTmq4J7VvzCyDwFWxp/9bff70d7633fb1d4a650237421b71ce12b67a07c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DrdVLvTmq4J7VvzCyDwFWxp/af37c61fe6ca4205a7e9963d5de2840ce02d3777.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/DrdVLvTmq4J7VvzCyDwFWxp/4f95184999cbd601a00a96796a0cd67f4e96cca7.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Braquial</kwd>
        <kwd>Endot&#233;lio Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Valores elevados de press&#227;o arterial (PA) t&#234;m sido tradicionalmente associados ao risco de doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o, acidente vascular cerebral, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e mortalidade precoce.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente (HAR) &#233; caracterizada por PA de consult&#243;rio, mantendo-se &#8805; 140/90 mmHg mesmo com o uso de tr&#234;s ou mais medicamentos anti-hipertensivos com a&#231;&#245;es sin&#233;rgicas, em doses m&#225;ximas preconizadas ou toleradas. Preferencialmente, pelo menos um desses medicamentos deve ser um diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico. Quando o controle da PA &#233; alcan&#231;ado com o uso de quatro ou mais f&#225;rmacos anti-hipertensivos, o paciente &#233; considerado hipertenso resistente, por&#233;m controlado (PA &lt; 140/90 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No Brasil, o estudo multic&#234;ntrico ReHOT (tratamento ideal para a hipertens&#227;o resistente) encontrou preval&#234;ncia de 11,7% para a comorbidade em quest&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A principal fun&#231;&#227;o do sistema arterial &#233; &#8220;distribuir eficientemente o sangue aos &#243;rg&#227;os perif&#233;ricos e manter a homeostase vascular&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; a primeira altera&#231;&#227;o funcional detect&#225;vel no processo ateroscler&#243;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Isso se deve &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico encontrada n&#227;o apenas em pacientes que apresentam doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica clinicamente evidente, mas tamb&#233;m em pacientes com fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Trata-se de uma manifesta&#231;&#227;o precoce tanto da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica quanto do <italic>diabetes mellitus</italic> tipo 2 (DM2) e sua atenua&#231;&#227;o pode ocorrer logo ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio de terapias com efeitos antiateroscler&#243;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 1992, Celermajer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>desenvolveram um m&#233;todo n&#227;o invasivo, conhecido como dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo (FMD), com o intuito de avaliar altera&#231;&#245;es precoces na fun&#231;&#227;o vascular em art&#233;rias sist&#234;micas. A FMD da art&#233;ria braquial ap&#243;s a desinsufla&#231;&#227;o do manguito tornou-se o par&#226;metro padr&#227;o para quantificar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, sendo um desfecho substituto &#250;til em fun&#231;&#227;o de sua n&#227;o invasividade, estreita correla&#231;&#227;o com a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial coronariana e associa&#231;&#227;o com a incid&#234;ncia de eventos coronarianos em longo prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> H&#225; in&#250;meros potenciais fatores que podem confundir a mensura&#231;&#227;o da FMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Ademais, n&#227;o h&#225; um consenso sobre aspectos como local e tempo de compress&#227;o do manguito, o que gera altera&#231;&#245;es no resultado quantitativo do exame.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo &#233; testar hip&#243;teses de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a FMD e os diversos par&#226;metros sangu&#237;neos e comparar os par&#226;metros entre grupos com FMD alterada e n&#227;o alterada e entre hipertensos dos grupos HAR e n&#227;o HAR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Setenta e dois volunt&#225;rios de um ambulat&#243;rio de refer&#234;ncia em Hipertens&#227;o Arterial foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo transversal prospectivo. Os pacientes foram informados previamente sobre o preparo para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame.</p>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes foram coletadas em prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico. O comit&#234; de &#233;tica local aprovou o estudo (CAE n<sup>o</sup>. 81701717.6.0000.0049 e Parecer n&#186;. 2.635.984) e o consentimento informado por escrito foi obtido de todos os pacientes antes da realiza&#231;&#227;o dos exames.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exame de dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo da art&#233;ria braquial direita</title>
        <p>Durante o exame, a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o na art&#233;ria braquial &#233; avaliada e ocorre em resposta ao aumento significativo do fluxo sangu&#237;neo, induzido por um per&#237;odo de oclus&#227;o circulat&#243;ria. A hiperemia reativa &#233; induzida pela libera&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de um manguito de press&#227;o pneum&#225;tico colocado ao redor do antebra&#231;o e insuflado at&#233; a press&#227;o suprassist&#243;lica por cinco minutos. Esse procedimento &#233; capaz de aumentar a tens&#227;o de cisalhamento exercida ao longo do vaso, de forma paralela e laminar, ativando mecanorreceptores nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais e promovendo a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A press&#227;o exercida no bra&#231;o provoca isquemia vascular e consequente dilata&#231;&#227;o dos vasos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Atingidos os cinco minutos estabelecidos, a v&#225;lvula de controle de defla&#231;&#227;o &#233; aberta lentamente. Ao chegar a zero no aparelho, o di&#226;metro posterior (D2) &#233; mensurado. Em seguida, aguarda-se um per&#237;odo de mais 60 segundos para aplica&#231;&#227;o da f&#243;rmula (D2 &#8211; D1)/D1 &#215; 100, onde valores iguais ou inferiores a 10% estabelecem altera&#231;&#245;es, conforme estudo de Regattieri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Esse c&#225;lculo fornece os valores para o c&#225;lculo da FMD, objeto do estudo.</p>
        <p>Todos os exames foram realizados pelo mesmo m&#233;dico volunt&#225;rio, especialista com 20 anos de atua&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea de ecoangiologia, e, naquela ocasi&#227;o, oferecemos aos pacientes a oportunidade de tamb&#233;m realizar o Doppler carot&#237;deo e vertebral (c/v), obedecendo &#224; metodologia descrita na Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemia 2017.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Esse exame &#233; sempre realizado antes da mensura&#231;&#227;o da FMD. Os marcadores laboratoriais utilizados para o estudo foram: Colesterol total, HDL - colesterol, LDL - colesterol, hemoglobina glicada (HbAc1), &#225;cido &#250;rico e prote&#237;na C reativa (PCR), coletados em prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram compilados e analisados utilizando o software SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> (vers&#227;o 25.0, Chicago, IL Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Al&#233;m disso, utilizou-se um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa de 5% em todos os testes. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem, enquanto as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas com m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Para testar associa&#231;&#245;es entre fatores categ&#243;ricos, utilizou-se o teste qui-quadrado. Ao comparar o padr&#227;o de correla&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis quantitativas e ordinais, utilizou-se a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman, que captura melhor os padr&#245;es de correla&#231;&#227;o positivos ou negativos sem a necessidade de linearidade perfeita. Ao comparar vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos HAS (resistente e n&#227;o resistente) e DMF (alterada e n&#227;o alterada), utilizou-se o teste t para amostras independentes. Em todos os testes, a normalidade foi aferida pelo teste de Shapiro Wilk e a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias, pelo teste de Levene. Os dados n&#227;o se afastaram da normalidade, apresentando vari&#226;ncias homog&#234;neas em todas as compara&#231;&#245;es. Foram realizadas ainda an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o linear entre LDL e FMD e entre Triglicer&#237;deos e FMD, com os pressupostos de homocedasticidade e normalidade dos res&#237;duos testados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Para uma representa&#231;&#227;o objetiva, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">figura central</xref> ilustra os dados de maneira elucidativa e pr&#225;tica.</p>
      <p>Inicialmente, foram comparadas diversas vari&#225;veis entre os grupos com FMD alterada e n&#227;o alterada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Pode-se notar diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos triglicer&#237;deos (p = 0,023), cujos n&#237;veis foram maiores no grupo com FMD n&#227;o alterada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Perfil sociodemogr&#225;fico e cl&#237;nico dos hipertensos submetidos &#224; Dilata&#231;&#227;o de Fluxo Mediado (FMD) na art&#233;ria braquial direita</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">FMD alterada (n = 38)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">FMD n&#227;o alterada (n = 34)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">59,13 (10,8)</td>
                <td align="center">58,24 (13,02)</td>
                <td align="center">0,750</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">30,9 (5,56)</td>
                <td align="center">30,67 (5,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,855</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS antes da FMD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">143,39 (20,78)</td>
                <td align="center">144,32 (23,32)</td>
                <td align="center">0,859</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD antes da FMD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (14,34)</td>
                <td align="center">84,29 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,824</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicemia em jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">109,24 (31,53)</td>
                <td align="center">114,24 (43,81)</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">6,31 (1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">6,39 (1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,728</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">188,37 (64,28)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (51,73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,809</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">110,51 (65,48)</td>
                <td align="center">161 (113,62)</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL &#8211; colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">49,01 (12,42)</td>
                <td align="center">47,03 (8,84)</td>
                <td align="center">0,445</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL &#8211; colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">116,43 (60,25)</td>
                <td align="center">127,63 (71,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,475</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">139,74 (4,23)</td>
                <td align="center">140,78 (3,41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,34 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4,29 (0,52)</td>
                <td align="center">0,667</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,69 (1,49)</td>
                <td align="center">5,71 (1,76)</td>
                <td align="center">0,949</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,87 (4,06)</td>
                <td align="center">4,1 (3,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,400</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">0,55 (1,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,53 (1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,932</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia de pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">1,53 (2,19)</td>
                <td align="center">2,06 (2,82)</td>
                <td align="center">0,371</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <attrib>Fonte: autoria pr&#243;pria. Nas c&#233;lulas m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o, o p estat&#237;stico foi obtido via teste t para amostras independentes. FMD: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</attrib>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Teste t comparando quantidade de triglicer&#237;deos entre os grupos com FMD alterada e n&#227;o alterada. FMD: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos de press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea, foi encontrado um valor de mediana maior para o grupo n&#227;o HAR (43,9) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo HAR (33), p = 0,039. Al&#233;m disso, foram testadas as correla&#231;&#245;es entre FMD e todas as vari&#225;veis quantitativas do estudo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman entre FMD e as demais vari&#225;veis quantitativas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>Spearman (Rho)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                <td align="center">0,972</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS antes da FMD</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">-0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,969</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD antes da FMD</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">-0,062</td>
                <td align="center">0,602</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>glicemia de jejum</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
                <td align="center">0,901</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbAc1</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">0,024</td>
                <td align="center">0,845</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
                <td align="center">0,306</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL &#8211; colesterol</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">0,034</td>
                <td align="center">0,776</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL &#8211; colesterol</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides</td>
                <td align="center">71</td>
                <td align="center">0,247</td>
                <td align="center">0,037</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">-0,005</td>
                <td align="center">0,965</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
                <td align="center">0,859</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">-0,028</td>
                <td align="center">0,820</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C-reativa</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">-0,111</td>
                <td align="center">0,360</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">-0,100</td>
                <td align="center">0,402</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">72</td>
                <td align="center">0,106</td>
                <td align="center">0,374</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao se analisar a estat&#237;stica descritiva da nossa amostra, pode-se notar que o valor m&#225;ximo obtido no grupo com FMD alterada foi de 11,32, com m&#233;dia de 5,25, desvio padr&#227;o de 3,43 e o valor m&#237;nimo foi zero. A FMD inalterada apresenta varia&#231;&#227;o muito maior, com m&#233;dia de 18,2 e desvio padr&#227;o de 7,43, com valor m&#237;nimo de 10,14 e valor m&#225;ximo de 44,72 (conforme <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Ao considerar simplesmente o valor m&#225;ximo do grupo da FMD como ponto de corte, esse valor seria de 11,32. No entanto, recomendam-se estudos elaborados especificamente para a quest&#227;o do ponto de corte a fim de esclarecer melhor o problema.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores m&#225;ximos e m&#237;nimos da FMD da art&#233;ria braquial direita em pacientes hipertensos resistentes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">FMD alterada</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>M&#237;nimo</th>
                <th>M&#225;ximo</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia</th>
                <th>Desvio Padr&#227;o</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">11,32</td>
                <td align="center">5,25</td>
                <td align="center">3,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">10,14</td>
                <td align="center">44,72</td>
                <td align="center">18,2</td>
                <td align="center">7,43</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FMD: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa positiva entre FMD e LDL e entre FMD e triglicer&#237;deos. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o para as duas rela&#231;&#245;es significativas acima (Figuras 1 e 2).</p>
      <p>Quanto maiores os valores do LDL, maiores os valores da FMD. O LDL prev&#234; e explica corretamente 0,8% da varia&#231;&#227;o da FMD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o linear entre FMD e LDL. FMD: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; HAR: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> mostra uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os fatores categ&#243;ricos e os grupos HAR e n&#227;o HAR.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Pacientes hipertensos resistentes e n&#227;o resistentes e vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Categoria</th>
                <th>HAR</th>
                <th>N&#227;o HAR</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FDM alterada</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">47</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">0,958</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">35</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">0,299</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">0,765</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">IMC</td>
                <td align="center">Eutr&#243;fico</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sobrepeso</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Obeso</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">10</td>
                <td align="center">0,508</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Disglic&#234;mico</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">29</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">9</td>
                <td align="center">0,892</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Vasodilatador</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">32</td>
                <td align="center">22</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="3">Ateromatose</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0,73</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">12</td>
                <td align="center">0,033</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Estatina</td>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">38</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">0,466</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Associa&#231;&#245;es inferidas via teste de qui-quadrado. FMD: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O uso de vasodilatadores est&#225; mais associado a pacientes com HAR (0,006). A compara&#231;&#227;o das m&#233;dias de LDL entre os grupos que usam e n&#227;o usam estatina n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;as significativas (p = 0,336). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> apresenta compara&#231;&#245;es de diversos par&#226;metros entre os grupos HAR e n&#227;o HAR.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Hipertensos resistentes e n&#227;o resistentes x vari&#225;veis quantitativas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>HAR</th>
                <th>n&#227;o HAR</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">59,41 (11,4)</td>
                <td align="center">57,22 (12,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 (0,75)</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">31,16 (5,78)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (4,01)</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS antes da FMD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">146,71 (21,3)</td>
                <td align="center">137,7 (22,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,103</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD antes da FMD (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">85,33 (14,4)</td>
                <td align="center">83,26 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,545</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbAc1 (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">6,52 (1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5,99 (0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,020</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose sangu&#237;nea em jejum (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">117,37 (43,7)</td>
                <td align="center">99,66 (15,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">186,55 (63,2)</td>
                <td align="center">187,26 (47,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,962</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL - colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">47,49 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">49,26 (8,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,522</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL - colesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">124,47 (73,5)</td>
                <td align="center">116,22 (45,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,623</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">144,33 (109,7)</td>
                <td align="center">114,57 (45,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,217</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,54 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">6,04 (2,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,229</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">140,04 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">140,62 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,572</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">4,23 (0,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">4,52 (0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,029</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C reativa (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,05 (3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3,37 (3,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,040</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Consumo de bebida alco&#243;lica</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 (1,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,26 (0,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#225;tica de atividade f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center">1,69 (2,4)</td>
                <td align="center">1,96 (2,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,681</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>C&#233;lulas m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Compara&#231;&#245;es via teste t para amostras independentes. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HAR: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; hemoglobina glicada (HbAc1) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>), ao pot&#225;ssio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 5</xref>) e &#224; prote&#237;na C reativa (p <italic>=</italic> 0,02; 0,029 e 0,04, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 6</xref>). Pacientes com HAR apresentam valores mais elevados de HbAc1 e Prote&#237;na C, enquanto o grupo n&#227;o HAR apresenta valores mais elevados de pot&#225;ssio<sup>.</sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina glicada para HAR e N&#227;o-HAR. HAR: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pot&#225;ssio entre os grupos HAR e n&#227;o HAR. HAR: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f07">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; prote&#237;na C reativa entre os grupos HAR e n&#227;o HAR. Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas (p = 0,04), e prote&#237;na C reativa tem valor m&#233;dio maior no grupo HAR. HAR: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente; PCR: prote&#237;na C reativa. Fonte: autoria pr&#243;pria.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas (p = 0,0201) e a m&#233;dia de hemoglobina glicada &#233; maior no grupo HAR.</p>
      <p>Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas (p = 0,029) e o pot&#225;ssio tem m&#233;dia maior no grupo HAR.</p>
      <p>Foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas (p = 0,04) e a prote&#237;na C reativa tem m&#233;dia maior no grupo HAR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; uma altera&#231;&#227;o funcional detect&#225;vel no processo ateroscler&#243;tico e decorre da diminui&#231;&#227;o da biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Compreender os fatores que causam a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial constitui um desafio constante na pesquisa em sa&#250;de, pois a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial pode ser encontrada n&#227;o apenas em pacientes com doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica clinicamente evidente, mas tamb&#233;m em pacientes com fatores de risco. J&#225; a hipertens&#227;o arterial &#233; uma doen&#231;a que atinge indiv&#237;duos de diferentes faixas et&#225;rias, h&#225;bitos de vida e condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de.</p>
      <p>O grande desafio dos estudos correlacionais nessas duas &#225;reas &#233; tentar encontrar correla&#231;&#245;es ou associa&#231;&#245;es significativas entre vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e fatores categ&#243;ricos que de alguma forma expliquem o risco de desenvolvimento dessas patologias. Existem dois obst&#225;culos s&#233;rios aqui: o primeiro &#233; que, na maioria dos casos, n&#227;o existe um desenho experimental controlado para confirmar as associa&#231;&#245;es. O segundo problema &#233; que a intensidade do tamanho do efeito da associa&#231;&#227;o entre fatores de risco e disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial &#233; geralmente baixa, o que dificulta a captura com amostras n&#227;o muito grandes.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, procuramos correlacionar a FMD e a hipertens&#227;o (resistente e n&#227;o resistente) com v&#225;rios fatores categ&#243;ricos e cont&#237;nuos. Obtivemos muitas associa&#231;&#245;es estatisticamente n&#227;o significativas (onde seria de se esperar que fossem significativas) e algumas significativas, as quais n&#227;o eram esperadas, com correla&#231;&#227;o de sinal oposto, conforme esperado. Explicaremos cada uma delas detalhadamente nos par&#225;grafos seguintes.</p>
      <p>Vamos come&#231;ar pela compara&#231;&#227;o entre as m&#233;dias de triglicer&#237;deos entre os grupos com DMF alterada e inalterada, que revelou um padr&#227;o curioso que seria o oposto do esperado. A m&#233;dia de triglicer&#237;deos foi maior em pacientes sem DMF alterada em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes com DMF alterada, representando um p de signific&#226;ncia de 0,015 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). Kaplangoray et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>demonstraram que a baixa dilata&#231;&#227;o est&#225; associada a n&#237;veis mais elevados de lip&#237;dios na corrente sangu&#237;nea, assim como nos estudos realizados por Holewijn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e Fernandes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Regress&#227;o linear entre FMD e triglicer&#237;deos. FMD: dilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo; HAR: hipertens&#227;o arterial resistente.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Sempre que realizamos m&#250;ltiplos testes estat&#237;sticos e encontramos resultados que contradizem um referencial te&#243;rico j&#225; bem estabelecido na linha de pesquisa, como &#233; o presente caso, &#233; fundamental estar atento aos tamanhos dos efeitos encontrados e ao n&#250;mero de testes estat&#237;sticos realizados, empregar alguns crit&#233;rios de corre&#231;&#227;o que minimizem a chance de erro tipo 1 na interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos valores estat&#237;sticos de p e considerar o tamanho da amostra em rela&#231;&#227;o a outros estudos que obtiveram efeitos opostos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Considerando esses fatores, notamos que, embora existam diferen&#231;as significativas, o tamanho do efeito, representado pela estat&#237;stica t, &#233; muito pequeno, da ordem de 2,31, e o valor de p n&#227;o &#233; sequer inferior a 0,01, o que n&#227;o pode ser considerado muito efetivo para descartar a hip&#243;tese nula.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; HAR (resistentes e n&#227;o resistentes) e &#224;s vari&#225;veis quantitativas, temos dois resultados significativos nas compara&#231;&#245;es entre HAR e HbAc1 e entre n&#227;o HAR e pot&#225;ssio. Quanto ao resultado referente &#224; hemoglobina glicada, aqui novamente temos um resultado que contradiz o que era esperado em teoria. A hemoglobina glicada &#233; maior no grupo HAR do que no grupo n&#227;o HAR, havendo uma diferen&#231;a muito pequena entre as m&#233;dias e o valor de <italic>p</italic> de 0,021, com base em dados de 69 pacientes. Esse resultado contradiz o esperado na literatura. Shimizu et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>em um estudo conduzido no Jap&#227;o, encontraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa entre os n&#237;veis de HbAc1 e a PA. Ghost et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>descobriram que uma quantidade menor de hemoglobina glicada leva a n&#237;veis mais elevados de PA. Portanto, adotamos aqui o rigor do crit&#233;rio de Bonferroni para qualificar a correla&#231;&#227;o oposta encontrada como n&#227;o significativa (apenas valores de p inferiores a 0,0031 seriam significativos).</p>
      <p>Com rela&#231;&#227;o ao pot&#225;ssio, encontramos resultado significativo, de acordo com as expectativas te&#243;ricas, ou seja, quanto maior o n&#237;vel de pot&#225;ssio, menor a PA, conforme encontrado por Fonseca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Segundo Santos e Vasconcelos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> uma dieta rica em pot&#225;ssio &#233; altamente recomendada para pacientes hipertensos, uma vez que esse nutriente est&#225; associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e dos n&#237;veis press&#243;ricos. Por&#233;m, adotando o mesmo rigor de antes, notamos que o tamanho do efeito &#233; pequeno (diferen&#231;a muito sutil entre as m&#233;dias, de 0,29). Dado o n&#250;mero de testes estat&#237;sticos realizados e o tamanho da amostra de apenas 68 indiv&#237;duos para essa compara&#231;&#227;o, &#233; razo&#225;vel interpretar este resultado com cautela, embora ele esteja em conson&#226;ncia com o que &#233; previsto pela literatura cient&#237;fica.</p>
      <p>No que diz respeito &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o entre medicamentos e HAR e n&#227;o HAR, encontramos alguns achados significativos condizentes com o esperado na literatura. O primeiro deles &#233; a associa&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes hipertensos resistentes e a vari&#225;vel dos vasodilatadores (17 para 1), em que, por defini&#231;&#227;o, indiv&#237;duos com HAR est&#227;o mais associados ao uso de vasodilatadores, uma vez que estes s&#227;o muito &#250;teis no tratamento de v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es m&#233;dicas, incluindo hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um desses vasodilatadores, a clonidina, tamb&#233;m est&#225; mais associado a indiv&#237;duos que apresentam hipertens&#227;o alterada, o que tamb&#233;m &#233; esperado. Como um agonista de fun&#231;&#227;o central que diminui o t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, a clonidina pode ser muito ben&#233;fica no tratamento de crises de hipertens&#227;o, inclusive em situa&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Descobrimos tamb&#233;m que a espirolactona est&#225; mais associada a indiv&#237;duos com hipertens&#227;o alterada, o que era esperado. Foi demonstrado experimentalmente que a espirolactona reduz consideravelmente as press&#245;es arteriais sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica em pacientes hipertensos.<sup>31</sup></p>
      <p>Um dos desafios para compreender quais fatores afetam a FMD &#233; um ponto de corte definitivo, com suporte te&#243;rico cient&#237;fico e estat&#237;stico, que defina um valor a partir do qual se possa classificar com seguran&#231;a se um determinado grupo de pacientes apresenta FMD alterada. Tal classifica&#231;&#227;o ainda n&#227;o existe na literatura.</p>
      <p>Poucos estudos apresentam a tecnologia necess&#225;ria para determina&#231;&#227;o da FMD da art&#233;ria braquial. Portanto, a dilata&#231;&#227;o representada pela FMD, embora pare&#231;a de f&#225;cil implementa&#231;&#227;o, tem demonstrado lacunas quanto aos seus resultados reais, inclusive altera&#231;&#245;es posturais sutis, inclina&#231;&#227;o do transdutor, medidas em s&#237;stole ou di&#225;stole, varia&#231;&#227;o no local de medida, qualidade da imagem obtida e, por fim, o di&#226;metro da art&#233;ria braquial. Art&#233;rias com di&#226;metro inferior a 3,0 mm s&#227;o mais propensas a erros, pois uma varia&#231;&#227;o de 5% estaria pr&#243;xima do limite de detec&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o hor&#225;rio de realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame, o uso de cafe&#237;na, o jejum inadequado, o ambiente de prova barulhento ou desconfort&#225;vel por parte do paciente e a expertise do examinador podem alterar o exame.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, os valores da FMD da art&#233;ria braquial direita n&#227;o eram muito semelhantes &#224; realidade endovascular do perfil da amostra. Um ponto a ser considerado foi o jejum de quatro horas, al&#233;m da relev&#226;ncia acerca do entendimento de que o rigor da t&#233;cnica, associado &#224;s tecnologias que captam o di&#226;metro real do vaso, &#233; fundamental para o aprimoramento e o ajuste da metodologia utilizada. Essas medidas podem aprimorar estudos futuros e, assim, consolidar a t&#233;cnica como ferramenta pr&#225;tica na preven&#231;&#227;o de riscos cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial prejudicada em pacientes hipertensos funciona como um preditor para algumas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes e est&#225; correlacionada, embora em intensidade baixa, com o LDL e os triglicer&#237;deos. Os grupos com FMD alterada e n&#227;o alterada diferem somente em rela&#231;&#227;o aos triglicer&#237;deos. J&#225; os grupos de hipertensos (HAR e n&#227;o HAR) se diferenciam em rela&#231;&#227;o ao pot&#225;ssio, &#224; prote&#237;na C reativa e &#224; hemoglobina glicada. O estudo tem a limita&#231;&#227;o de n&#227;o ser um ensaio experimental e tamb&#233;m de n&#227;o possuir uma amostra elevada. Efeitos de intensidade baixa s&#227;o melhor capturados por tamanhos amostrais elevados. No presente estudo, tivemos menos de 40 pacientes em cada grupo, ainda assim, conseguimos capturar alguns efeitos.Esses achados sugerem que estudos futuros com maior amostragem podem revelar mais correla&#231;&#245;es interessantes, preditas em teoria.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R; Prospective Studies Collaboration. Age-Specific Relevance of Usual Blood Pressure to Vascular Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Data for One Million Adults in 61 Prospective Studies. Lancet. 2002;360(9349):1903-13. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lewington</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clarke</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qizilbash</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Peto</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <collab>Prospective Studies Collaboration</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Age-Specific Relevance of Usual Blood Pressure to Vascular Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Individual Data for One Million Adults in 61 Prospective Studies</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>360</volume>
          <issue>9349</issue>
          <fpage>1903</fpage>
          <lpage>1913</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11911-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Krieger EM, Drager LF, Giorgi DMA, Pereira AC, Barreto-Filho JAS, Nogueira AR, et al. Spironolactone versus Clonidine as a Fourth-Drug Therapy for Resistant Hypertension: The ReHOT Randomized Study (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment). Hypertension. 2018;71(4):681-90. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10662.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Krieger</surname>
              <given-names>EM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drager</surname>
              <given-names>LF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Giorgi</surname>
              <given-names>DMA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pereira</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>JAS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Spironolactone versus Clonidine as a Fourth-Drug Therapy for Resistant Hypertension: The ReHOT Randomized Study (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment)</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>681</fpage>
          <lpage>690</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10662</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Barroso WKS, Rodrigues CIS, Bortolotto LA, Mota-Gomes MA, Brand&#227;o AA, Feitosa ADM, et al. Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021;116(3):516-658. doi: 10.36660/abc.20201238.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Barroso</surname>
              <given-names>WKS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>CIS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bortolotto</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mota-Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brand&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Feitosa</surname>
              <given-names>ADM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Guidelines of Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>116</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>516</fpage>
          <lpage>658</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201238</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Yugar-Toledo JC, Moreno H Jr, Gus M, Rosito GBA, Scala LCN, Muxfeldt ES, et al. Brazilian Position Statement on Resistant Hypertension - 2020. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;114(3):576-96. doi: 10.36660/abc.20200198.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yugar-Toledo</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moreno</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gus</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosito</surname>
              <given-names>GBA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scala</surname>
              <given-names>LCN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muxfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Brazilian Position Statement on Resistant Hypertension - 2020</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>576</fpage>
          <lpage>596</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200198</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Carey RM, Calhoun DA, Bakris GL, Brook RD, Daugherty SL, Dennison-Himmelfarb CR, et al. Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2018;72(5):e53-e90. doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carey</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calhoun</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bakris</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brook</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Daugherty</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dennison-Himmelfarb</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Resistant Hypertension: Detection, Evaluation, and Management: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>e53</fpage>
          <lpage>e90</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYP.0000000000000084</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Tomiyama H, Yamashina A. Non-Invasive Vascular Function Tests: Their Pathophysiological Background and Clinical Application. Circ J. 2010;74(1):24-33. doi: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0534.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tomiyama</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamashina</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-Invasive Vascular Function Tests: Their Pathophysiological Background and Clinical Application</article-title>
          <source>Circ J</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>24</fpage>
          <lpage>33</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1253/circj.cj-09-0534</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Gottdiener JS, Reda DJ, Massie BM, Materson BJ, Williams DW, Anderson RJ. Effect of Single-Drug Therapy on Reduction of Left Ventricular Mass in Mild to Moderate Hypertension: Comparison of Six Antihypertensive Agents. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Circulation. 1997;95(8):2007-14. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.8.2007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gottdiener</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reda</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Massie</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Materson</surname>
              <given-names>BJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Single-Drug Therapy on Reduction of Left Ventricular Mass in Mild to Moderate Hypertension: Comparison of Six Antihypertensive Agents. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>2007</fpage>
          <lpage>2014</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.95.8.2007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, Lanke J, Hedner T, Niklason A, et al. Effect of Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition Compared with Conventional Therapy on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Hypertension: The Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) Randomised Trial. Lancet. 1999;353(9153):611-6. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05012-0.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hansson</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindholm</surname>
              <given-names>LH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niskanen</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lanke</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hedner</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Niklason</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition Compared with Conventional Therapy on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Hypertension: The Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) Randomised Trial</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>353</volume>
          <issue>9153</issue>
          <fpage>611</fpage>
          <lpage>616</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05012-0</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Celermajer DS, Sorensen KE, Gooch VM, Spiegelhalter DJ, Miller OI, Sullivan ID, et al. Non-Invasive Detection of Endothelial Dysfunction in Children and Adults at Risk of Atherosclerosis. Lancet. 1992;340(8828):1111-5. Doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-f.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>DS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sorensen</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gooch</surname>
              <given-names>VM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spiegelhalter</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>OI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sullivan</surname>
              <given-names>ID</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Non-Invasive Detection of Endothelial Dysfunction in Children and Adults at Risk of Atherosclerosis</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>340</volume>
          <issue>8828</issue>
          <fpage>1111</fpage>
          <lpage>1115</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0140-6736(92)93147-f</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Tomiyama H, Shiina K. State of the Art Review: Brachial-Ankle PWV. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2020;27(7):621-36. doi: 10.5551/jat.RV17041.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tomiyama</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shiina</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>State of the Art Review: Brachial-Ankle PWV</article-title>
          <source>J Atheroscler Thromb</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>621</fpage>
          <lpage>636</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5551/jat.RV17041</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Bots ML, Westerink J, Rabelink TJ, Koning EJ. Assessment of Flow-Mediated Vasodilatation (FMD) of the Brachial Artery: Effects of Technical Aspects of the FMD Measurement on the FMD Response. Eur Heart J. 2005;26(4):363-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi017.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bots</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Westerink</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabelink</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koning</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Flow-Mediated Vasodilatation (FMD) of the Brachial Artery: Effects of Technical Aspects of the FMD Measurement on the FMD Response</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>363</fpage>
          <lpage>368</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehi017</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA, et al. Guidelines for the Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery: A Report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(2):257-65. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01746-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corretti</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anderson</surname>
              <given-names>TJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benjamin</surname>
              <given-names>EJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Celermajer</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Charbonneau</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Creager</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Guidelines for the Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery: A Report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>257</fpage>
          <lpage>265</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01746-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Harris RA, Nishiyama SK, Wray DW, Richardson RS. Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation. Hypertension. 2010;55(5):1075-85. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150821.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nishiyama</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wray</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richardson</surname>
              <given-names>RS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation</article-title>
          <source>Hypertension</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>55</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1075</fpage>
          <lpage>1085</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.150821</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Thijssen DHJ, Black M, Pyke KE, Padilla J, Atkinson G, Harris R, et al. Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation in Humans: A Methodological and Physiological Guideline. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;300(1):H2-H12. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00471.2010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Thijssen</surname>
              <given-names>DHJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Black</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pyke</surname>
              <given-names>KE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Padilla</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atkinson</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harris</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation in Humans: A Methodological and Physiological Guideline</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>300</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>H2</fpage>
          <lpage>H12</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.00471.2010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Betik AC, Luckham VB, Hughson RL. Flow-Mediated Dilation in Human Brachial Artery After Different Circulatory Occlusion Conditions. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2004;286(1):H442-8. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00314.2003.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Betik</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luckham</surname>
              <given-names>VB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hughson</surname>
              <given-names>RL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Flow-Mediated Dilation in Human Brachial Artery After Different Circulatory Occlusion Conditions</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>286</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>H442</fpage>
          <lpage>H448</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1152/ajpheart.00314.2003</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Regattieri NAT, Leite SP, Koch HA, Montenegro CAB. Dilata&#231;&#227;o Fluxo-Mediada da Art&#233;ria Braquial: Desenvolvimento da T&#233;cnica, Estudo em Pacientes de Risco para Aterosclerose e em um Grupo Controle. Rev Bras Ultrason. 2006;9:9-13.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Regattieri</surname>
              <given-names>NAT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>SP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
              <given-names>HA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montenegro</surname>
              <given-names>CAB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Fluxo-Mediada da Art&#233;ria Braquial: Desenvolvimento da T&#233;cnica, Estudo em Pacientes de Risco para Aterosclerose e em um Grupo Controle</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Ultrason</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>13</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Faludi AA, Izar MCO, Saraiva JFK, Chacra APM, Bianco HT, Afiune A Neto, et al. Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose - 2017. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(2 Suppl 1):1-76. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170121.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faludi</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Izar</surname>
              <given-names>MCO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Saraiva</surname>
              <given-names>JFK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chacra</surname>
              <given-names>APM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bianco</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Afiune</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz Brasileira de Dislipidemias e Preven&#231;&#227;o da Aterosclerose - 2017</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <supplement>Suppl 1</supplement>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>76</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170121</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Nascimento CRD, Ribeiro JLM, Mendes R, Barbosa RHA, Lopes JM, Ten&#243;rio PP. The Relationship between Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with HypertensionReply. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2024;121(1):e20230691. doi: 10.36660/abc.20230691.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nascimento</surname>
              <given-names>CRD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>JLM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mendes</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>RHA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ten&#243;rio</surname>
              <given-names>PP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Relationship between Uric Acid/Albumin Ratio and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Patients with HypertensionReply</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>121</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20230691</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20230691</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Kaplangoray M, Toprak K, Basanalan F, Palice A, Aydin C, Demirkiran A, et al. Investigation of the Relationship between Triglycerides-Glucose Index and Coronary Slow Flow: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2023;120(6):e20220679. doi: 10.36660/abc.20220679.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kaplangoray</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Toprak</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Basanalan</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palice</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aydin</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demirkiran</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Investigation of the Relationship between Triglycerides-Glucose Index and Coronary Slow Flow: A Retrospective Case-Control Study</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2023</year>
          <volume>120</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <elocation-id>e20220679</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220679</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Holewijn S, Graaf J, den Heijer M, Stalenhoef AFH. Endothelial Dysfunction as Measured by Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment. Artery Res. 2007;66(1). doi: 10.1016/j.artres.2007.07.115.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Holewijn</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Graaf</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>den Heijer</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stalenhoef</surname>
              <given-names>AFH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelial Dysfunction as Measured by Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment</article-title>
          <source>Artery Res</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.artres.2007.07.115</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Fernandes VO. Early Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Generalized Congenital Lipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome) Assessed by Flow-Mediated Dilatation of the Brachial Artery and Peripheral Arterial Tonomy [dissertation]. Fortaleza: Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;; 2015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="thesis">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>VO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Early Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with Generalized Congenital Lipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip Syndrome) Assessed by Flow-Mediated Dilatation of the Brachial Artery and Peripheral Arterial Tonomy</source>
          <comment>dissertation</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Fortaleza</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Universidade Federal do Cear&#225;</publisher-name>
          <year>2015</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Nuzzo R. Scientific Method: Statistical Errors. Nature. 2014;506(7487):150-2. doi: 10.1038/506150a.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nuzzo</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Scientific Method: Statistical Errors</article-title>
          <source>Nature</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>506</volume>
          <issue>7487</issue>
          <fpage>150</fpage>
          <lpage>152</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/506150a</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Cabin R, Mitchell, R. To Bonferroni or Not to Bonferroni: When and How are the Questions. Bull Ecol Soc Am. 2000;81(3):246-8. doi:10.2307/20168454.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cabin</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>To Bonferroni or Not to Bonferroni: When and How are the Questions</article-title>
          <source>Bull Ecol Soc Am</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>246</fpage>
          <lpage>248</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/20168454</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Leite AO, Sposito AC. Rela&#231;&#227;o entre os N&#237;veis de Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade (HDL) e a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial Avaliada por Dilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (FMD) em Diab&#233;ticos. Proceedings of the 29th Congresso de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica Unicamp; 2021. Campinas: Unicamp; 2021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Leite</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sposito</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre os N&#237;veis de Lipoprote&#237;na de Alta Densidade (HDL) e a Fun&#231;&#227;o Endotelial Avaliada por Dilata&#231;&#227;o Mediada por Fluxo (FMD) em Diab&#233;ticos</source>
          <conf-name>Proceedings of the 29th Congresso de Inicia&#231;&#227;o Cient&#237;fica Unicamp</conf-name>
          <conf-date>2021</conf-date>
          <publisher-loc>Campinas</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Unicamp</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Shimizu Y, Nakazato M, Sekita T, Kadota K, Arima K, Yamasaki H, et al. Association between the Hemoglobin Levels and Hypertension in Relation to the BMI Status in a Rural Japanese Population: The Nagasaki Islands Study. Intern Med. 2014;53(5):435-40. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1353.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nakazato</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sekita</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kadota</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arima</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yamasaki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Association between the Hemoglobin Levels and Hypertension in Relation to the BMI Status in a Rural Japanese Population: The Nagasaki Islands Study</article-title>
          <source>Intern Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>435</fpage>
          <lpage>440</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2169/internalmedicine.53.1353</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Ghosh T, Rehman T, Ahamed F. Relationship between Hemoglobin and Blood Pressure Levels in the Context of Chronic Morbidity Among Older Adults Residing in a Developing Country: A Community-Level Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Cureus. 2021;13(11):e19540. doi: 10.7759/cureus.19540.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ghosh</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rehman</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahamed</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Hemoglobin and Blood Pressure Levels in the Context of Chronic Morbidity Among Older Adults Residing in a Developing Country: A Community-Level Comparative Cross-Sectional Study</article-title>
          <source>Cureus</source>
          <year>2021</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <elocation-id>e19540</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7759/cureus.19540</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Fonseca HAR, Zamit TP, Machado VA. Relationship between Dietary Potassium and Blood Pressure. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2015;22(1):9-15.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fonseca</surname>
              <given-names>HAR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zamit</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Machado</surname>
              <given-names>VA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Dietary Potassium and Blood Pressure</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Hipertens</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>9</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Santos TMP, Vasconcelos SML. Ingest&#227;o de Na+ e K+ versus HAS: Bases para seu Manejo e Protocolo de Pesquisa. Rev Bras Hipertens. 2012;19(2):55-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>TMP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
              <given-names>SML</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ingest&#227;o de Na+ e K+ versus HAS: Bases para seu Manejo e Protocolo de Pesquisa</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Hipertens</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>55</fpage>
          <lpage>55</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Hariri L, Patel JB. Vasodilators. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hariri</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Patel</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Vasodilators</source>
          <publisher-loc>Treasure Island</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>StatPearls Publishing</publisher-name>
          <year>2023</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Stocche RM, Kamt JG, Garcia LV. Clonidina Intravenosa no Controle da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Perioperat&#243;ria em Cirurgias de Catarata. Retrospectiva do Estudo. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2020;50(4):289-93.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stocche</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kamt</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clonidina Intravenosa no Controle da Hipertens&#227;o Arterial Perioperat&#243;ria em Cirurgias de Catarata. Retrospectiva do Estudo</article-title>
          <source>Rev Bras Anestesiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>50</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>289</fpage>
          <lpage>293</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Elaine Alves Santos Tessier pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina e sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Edgard Santos - UFBA sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.635.984. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo foi financiado pelo CNPq.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240533i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endothelial Function by Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) in the Brachial Artery in Hypertensive Patients</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0009-0003-3870-6746</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tessier</surname>
            <given-names>Elaine Alves Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1115-688X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Daltro</surname>
            <given-names>Carla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Netto</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doria</surname>
            <given-names>Glauco Moniz de Arag&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Peredo</surname>
            <given-names>Andrea Jimena Gutierrez</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8552-0552</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bulh&#245;es</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2161-3696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Aras</surname>
            <given-names>Roque</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Harris</surname>
            <given-names>Ryan A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Augusta University - Laboratory of Integraative and Vascular Exercise Physiology &#8211; LIVEP, Augusta, Georgia &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address: </label>Elaine Tessier &#8226; Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rua Dr Augusto Viana, s/n, Hospital Universit&#225;rio Professor Edgard Santos. Postal Code 40110-060, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: lanealsan@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> High blood pressure (BP) values have traditionally been associated with the risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and early mortality. The brachial artery FMD after cuff deflation has become the standard parameter for quantifying endothelial function, being a useful surrogate outcome due to its non-invasiveness, close correlation with coronary endothelial function, and association with the incidence of long-term coronary events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To test hypotheses of correlation between the FMD and several blood parameters and to compare parameters between altered and non-altered FMD groups, and between hypertensive patients in the resistant hypertension groups (RHTN and non-RHTN).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Seventy-two volunteers from a referral hypertension outpatient clinic participated in this prospective cross-sectional study, in which several patient variables were compared between the altered FMD (n = 38) and non-altered FMD (n = 34) groups, and also between the RHTN (n = 49) and non-RHTN (n = 23) groups. The variables that would explain the FMD were also investigated in this study. Statistical analyses were performed using parametric methods when the assumptions were met, and non-parametric methods otherwise. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The results showed a significant positive correlation between the FMD and LDL (p = 0.204, p = 0.042) and between FMD and triglycerides (p = 0.247, p = 0.037). Glycated hemoglobin was higher in the RHTN group (p = 0.020), potassium was higher in the non-RHTN group (p = 0.029), and C-reactive protein was higher in the RHTN group (p = 0.04). For the other comparisons, no statistically significant differences were found.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> LDL and triglycerides are FMD predictors, and the RHTN and non-RHTN groups differ in terms of the amount of potassium, protein C, and glycated hemoglobin. The altered and non-altered FMD groups differ only in terms of triglycerides.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Endothelial Function by Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD) in the Brachial Artery in Hypertensive Patients</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Brachial Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Endothelium</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>High blood pressure (BP) values have traditionally been associated with the risk of ischemic heart disease, stroke, chronic kidney disease, and early mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Resistant hypertension (RHTN) is defined as office BP, remaining &#8805; 140/90 mmHg despite treatment with three or more antihypertensive drugs that have synergistic actions at the maximum recommended or tolerated doses. At least one of these drugs should preferably be a thiazide diuretic. When BP control is achieved with four or more antihypertensive drugs, the patient is classified as resistant but controlled hypertensive (BP &lt; 140/90 mmHg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In Brazil, the multicenter ReHOT (Resistant Hypertension Optimal Treatment) study found a prevalence of 11.7% for this comorbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The primary function of the arterial system is to &#8220;efficiently distribute blood to peripheral organs and maintain vascular homeostasis&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Endothelial dysfunction is the first functional alteration detectable in the atherosclerotic process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This is due to a decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide found not only in patients with clinically evident atherosclerotic disease, but also in patients with risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is an early manifestation of both atherosclerotic disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), and its attenuation may occur soon after the initiation of therapies with antiatherosclerotic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 1992, Celejamer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> developed the flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a noninvasive method to assess early changes in vascular function in systemic arteries. The brachial artery FMD after cuff deflation has become the standard parameter for quantifying endothelial function, being a useful surrogate outcome due to its non-invasiveness, close correlation with coronary endothelial function, and association with the incidence of long-term coronary events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Numerous factors can potentially confound the measurement of FMD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>Besides, there is no consensus on aspects such as the location and time of cuff compression, which alters the quantitative result of the examination.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to test hypotheses of correlation between the FMD and several blood parameters and to compare parameters between groups with altered and non-altered FMD, and between hypertensive patients in the resistant hypertension groups (RHTN and non-RHTN).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Seventy-two volunteers from an Arterial Hypertension referral outpatient clinic were included in this prospective cross-sectional study. The patients were informed about the preparation for the examination in advance.</p>
          <p>The clinical and demographic characteristics of the patients were collected from electronic medical records. The local ethics committee approved the study (CAE # 81701717.6.0000.0049 and Opinion # 2.635.984), and written informed consent was obtained from all patients before the examinations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Right brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) examination</title>
          <p>During the examination, vasodilation in the brachial artery is assessed and occurs in response to the significantly increased blood flow, as induced by a period of circulatory occlusion. Reactive hyperemia is induced by the rapid release of a pneumatic pressure cuff placed around the forearm and inflated to suprasystolic pressure for five minutes. This procedure increases shear stress along the vessel in a parallel and laminar manner, activating mechanoreceptors in endothelial cells and promoting NO release.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The pressure exerted on the arm causes vascular ischemia and subsequent dilation of the vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> After five minutes, the deflation control valve is slowly opened. Once it reaches zero on the device, the posterior diameter (D2) is measured. Another 60 seconds are then allowed before applying the formula (D2 &#8211; D1)/D1 &#215; 100, where values of 10% or less indicate alterations, as established by Regattieri et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This calculation provides the values for determining FMD, which is the focus of this study.</p>
          <p>All exams were conducted by the same volunteer physician, a specialist in ultrasound for 20 years. During the procedure, patients were also offered the opportunity to undergo carotid and vertebral Doppler (c/v), following the methodology outlined in the 2017 Brazilian Guideline for Dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> These exams were always performed before measuring the FMD. The laboratory markers used for the study were: total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, glycated hemoglobin (HbAc1), uric acid, and C-reactive protein (CRP), as collected from electronic medical records.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were compiled and analyzed using SPSS<sup>&#174;</sup> software (version 25.0, Chicago, IL Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). In all tests, an alpha significance level of 5% was applied. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentage, and continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The chi-square test was used to test associations between categorical factors. When comparing the correlation pattern between quantitative and ordinal variables, the Spearman&#8217;s correlation analysis was used, as it better captures positive or negative correlation patterns without the need for perfect linearity. When comparing continuous variables between the RHTN (resistant and non-resistant) and FMD (altered and unaltered) groups, the t-test for independent samples was used. In all tests, normality was tested by the Shapiro Wilk test and homogeneity of variances was tested by the Levene test. Data did not deviate from normality and showed homogeneous variances in all comparisons. Linear regression analyses were also performed between LDL and FMD, and between triglycerides and FMD, with the assumptions of homoscedasticity and normality of the residues tested.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>For objective representation, the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> illustrates the data in a clear and practical manner.</p>
        <p>Initially, several variables between the altered and unaltered FMD groups were compared (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Significant differences can be noted for triglycerides (p = 0.023), which was higher in the unaltered FMD group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Sociodemographic and clinical profile of hypertensive patients undergoing Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) in the right brachial artery</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Altered FMD (n = 38)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Unaltered FMD (n = 34)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">59.13 (10.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">58.24 (13.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.750</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9 (5.56)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.67 (5.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.855</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP before FMD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">143.39 (20.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">144.32 (23.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.859</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP before FMD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (14.34)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.29 (12.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.824</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">109.24 (31.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">114.24 (43.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.581</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.31 (1.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.39 (1.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.728</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">188.37 (64.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (51.73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.809</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">110.51 (65.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">161 (113.62)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL &#8211; cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.01 (12.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.03 (8.84)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.445</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL &#8211; cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">116.43 (60.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">127.63 (71.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.475</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">139.74 (4.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">140.78 (3.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.265</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.34 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.29 (0.52)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.667</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.69 (1.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.71 (1.76)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.949</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.87 (4.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1 (3.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.400</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequency of alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">0.55 (1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.53 (1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.932</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exercise frequency</td>
                  <td align="center">1.53 (2.19)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.06 (2.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.371</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Source: author&#8217;s own work. In the mean and standard deviation cells, statistical p was obtained via t-test for independent samples. FMD: flow-mediated dilation; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; T-test comparing the amount of triglycerides between the altered and non-altered FMD groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>When comparing the blood pressure groups, a higher median value was found for the non-RHTN group (43.9) compared to the RHTN group (33), p = 0.039. In addition, the correlations between FMD and all quantitative variables of the study were tested (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Spearman correlation between FMD and the other quantitative variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>Spearman (Rho)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                  <td align="center">0.972</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                  <td align="center">0.844</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP before FMD</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.969</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP before FMD</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.062</td>
                  <td align="center">0.602</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting blood glucose</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                  <td align="center">0.901</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbAc1</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024</td>
                  <td align="center">0.845</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.122</td>
                  <td align="center">0.306</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL - Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  <td align="center">0.776</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL - Cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides</td>
                  <td align="center">71</td>
                  <td align="center">0.247</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.965</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  <td align="center">0.859</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.028</td>
                  <td align="center">0.820</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.111</td>
                  <td align="center">0.360</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.100</td>
                  <td align="center">0.402</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.106</td>
                  <td align="center">0.374</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>FMD: flow-mediated dilation; BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When analyzing the descriptive statistics of our sample, the maximum value obtained in the altered FMD group was 11.32, with a mean of 5.25, standard deviation of 3.43 and the minimum value was zero. Unaltered FMD presents a much greater variation (mean of 18.2 and standard deviation of 7.43), with a minimum value of 10.14 and a maximum value of 44.72 (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). When taking the maximum FMD group value as a cutoff point, this value would be 11.32. However, studies designed specifically for this issue of the cutoff point are recommended to further clarify this issue.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Maximum and minimum FMD values of the right brachial artery in hypertensive patients</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Altered FMD</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>Minimum</th>
                  <th>Maximum</th>
                  <th>Mean</th>
                  <th>Standard deviation</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">11.32</td>
                  <td align="center">5.25</td>
                  <td align="center">3.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">10.14</td>
                  <td align="center">44.72</td>
                  <td align="center">18.2</td>
                  <td align="center">7.43</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>FMD: flow-mediated dilation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A significant positive correlation between FMD and LDL and between FMD and triglycerides was found. Regression analyses were conducted for the two significant relationships above (Figures 1 and 2).</p>
        <p>The higher the LDL values, the higher the FMD values. LDL correctly predicts and explains 0.8% of the variation in FMD (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Linear regression between FMD and LDL. FMD: flow-mediated dilation; RHTN: resistant hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> shows the association between the categorical factors and the RHTN and non-RHTN groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resistant and non-resistant hypertensive patients and categorical variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Category</th>
                  <th>RHTN</th>
                  <th>non-RHTN</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Altered FMD</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">47</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.958</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.765</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">Eutrophic</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Overweight</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Obese</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.508</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Dysglycemic</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">29</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.892</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Vasodilator</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">32</td>
                  <td align="center">22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">Atheromatosis</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.033</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Statin</td>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">38</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.466</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>Associations inferred via chi-square test. FMD: flow-mediated dilation; BMI: body mass index; RHTN: resistant hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The use of vasodilators is more associated with RHTN patients (0.006). The comparison of the LDL means between the groups that use and do not use statins showed no significant differences (p = 0.336). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> presents comparisons of several parameters between the RHTN and non-RHTN groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resistant and non-resistant hypertensives x quantitative variables</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>RHTN</th>
                  <th>non-RHTN</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">59.41 (11.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.22 (12.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.467</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26 (0.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.16 (5.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (4.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP before FMD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">146.71 (21.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">137.7 (22.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.103</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP before FMD (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">85.33 (14.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">83.26 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.545</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbAc1 (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.52 (1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.99 (0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.020</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">117.37 (43.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">99.66 (15.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">186.55 (63.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">187.26 (47.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.962</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL - cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.49 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.26 (8.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.522</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL - cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">124.47 (73.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">116.22 (45.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.623</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">144.33 (109.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">114.57 (45.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.217</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.54 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.04 (2.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.229</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">140.04 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">140.62 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.572</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.23 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.52 (0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.029</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-reactive protein (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.05 (3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.37 (3.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.040</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alcohol consumption</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67 (1.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.26 (0.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Exercise</td>
                  <td align="center">1.69 (2.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.96 (2.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.681</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>Mean and standard deviation cells. Comparisons via t-test for independent samples. BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; RHTN: resistant hypertension.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Significant differences were found for glycated hemoglobin (HbAc1) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>), potassium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>), and C-reactive protein (p = 0.02; 0.029 and 0.04, respectively) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref>). Patients with RHTN have higher HbAc1 and Protein C values, while the non-RHTN group has higher potassium values.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of glycated hemoglobin for RHTN and non-RHTN. RHTN: resistant hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison for potassium between RHTN and non-RHTN groups. RHTN: resistant hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison for C-reactive protein between RHTN and non-RHTN groups. Significant differences were found (p = 0.04), and C-reactive protein has a higher mean value in the RHTN group. RHTN: resistant hypertension; CRP: C-reactive protein. Source: Authors.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Significant differences were found (p = 0.0201), and the glycated hemoglobin mean value is higher in the RHTN group.</p>
        <p>Significant differences were found (p = 0.029), and potassium has a higher mean value in the RHTN group.</p>
        <p>Significant differences were found (p = 0.04), and C-reactive protein has a higher mean value in the RHTN group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Endothelial dysfunction is a functional alteration observed in the atherosclerotic process, resulting from reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide. Identifying the factors that contribute to endothelial dysfunction remains a challenge in health research. This condition is not only found in patients with clinically evident atherosclerotic disease but also in those with risk factors. High blood pressure affects individuals of various ages, lifestyles, and health conditions.</p>
        <p>A key challenge in correlational studies between these two areas is identifying significant associations between continuous variables and categorical factors that help explain the risk of developing these conditions. Two major obstacles arise: first, the absence of a controlled experimental design in most cases, making it difficult to confirm associations; second, the typically low effect size of the association between risk factors and endothelial dysfunction, which complicates detection in small samples.</p>
        <p>This study aimed to correlate FMD and hypertension (both resistant and non-resistant) with various categorical and continuous factors. Many expected associations were statistically non-significant (where one would expect them to be significant), while some unexpected correlations were significant, occasionally with an opposite sign. Each will be explained in detail in the following paragraphs.</p>
        <p>The mean triglyceride levels were compared between altered and unaltered FMD groups, revealing a surprising pattern opposite to expectations. Mean triglycerides were higher in patients without altered FMD compared to those with altered FMD, representing a significance p of 0.015 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Kaplangoray et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> demonstrated that low dilation is associated with higher levels of lipids in the bloodstream, just as did the studies by Holewijn et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and Fernandes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Linear regression between FMD and triglycerides. FMD: flow-mediated dilation; RHTN: resistant hypertension.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240533-40533-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>When multiple statistical tests yield results that contradict well-established theoretical frameworks in the line of research, as is the case here, it is crucial to consider effect sizes and the number of statistical tests performed adopt correction criteria that minimize the risk of type 1 errors in interpreting <italic>p</italic>-values, and consider the sample size in relation to studies with opposite findings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>Considering these factors, despite the observed significant differences, the effect size&#8212;represented by the t statistic&#8212;was quite small (approximately 2.31), and the p-value was not even below 0.01. This weakens its reliability for rejecting the null hypothesis.</p>
        <p>Regarding resistant and non-resistant RHTN and quantitative variables, two significant results were found in the comparisons between RHTN and HbAc1 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>) and between non-RHTN and potassium (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>). As for the result of glycated hemoglobin, again the result contradicts what was theoretically expected. Glycated hemoglobin is higher in the RHTN group than in the non-RHTN group, with a very small difference between the mean values and the <italic>p-</italic>value of 0.021, based on data from 69 patients. This result contradicts the literature. Shimizu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup>in a study performed in Japan, found a significant negative relationship between HbAc1 levels and blood pressure, and Ghost et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup>found that a lower amount of glycated hemoglobin leads to higher blood pressure levels. Therefore, Bonferroni&#8217;s rigorous criterion was used to qualify such opposite correlation found as non-significant (only p-values lower than 0.0031 would be significant).</p>
        <p>For potassium, a significant result was found, in accordance with theoretical expectations, that is, the higher the potassium level, the lower the blood pressure, as found by Fonseca et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> According to Santos &amp; Vasconcelos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> a diet rich in potassium is highly recommended for hypertensive patients, since this nutrient is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure levels. Applying the same level of scrutiny, the effect size remained small, with only a subtle difference between means (0.29). Given the number of statistical tests performed and the limited sample size of just 68 individuals for this comparison, these results should be interpreted with caution, even though they align with scientific literature predictions.</p>
        <p>Regarding the association between medications and RHTN and non-RHTN, significant associations consistent with the literature were found. The first is the association between resistant hypertensive patients and the vasodilator variable (17 to 1), where, by definition, people with RHTN are more associated with the use of vasodilators, as they are very useful in the treatment of several medical conditions, including hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of such vasodilators, clonidine, was more frequently associated with altered hypertension, as expected. As a central agonist that reduces sympathetic tone, clonidine can be highly effective in managing hypertensive crises, including postoperative situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Spironolactone was also more frequently associated with altered hypertension individuals, which was anticipated. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that spironolactone significantly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients.<sup>31</sup></p>
        <p>One of the challenges in understanding which factors affect FMD is a definitive cutoff point, with theoretical scientific and statistical support, which defines a value from which it is possible to safely classify whether a given group of patients has altered FMD. This classification does not yet exist in the literature.</p>
        <p>Few studies present this technology for determining brachial artery FMD. Therefore, the dilation represented by FMD, although seemingly easy to implement, has shown gaps in its real-world results. Such gaps include subtle postural changes, transducer tilt, measurements in systole or diastole, variations in the measurement site, quality of the image, and the diameter of the brachial artery. Arteries with less than 3.0 mm are more prone to errors, since a variation of 5% would be close to the detection limit. In addition, several external factors can influence the results of the exam, including exam duration, caffeine intake, inadequate fasting, environmental noise, patient discomfort, and the examiner&#8217;s expertise.</p>
        <p>In this study, the FMD values of the right brachial artery presented values that were not very similar to the endovascular reality of the sample profile. A key consideration was the four-hour fasting period. Additionally, ensuring rigorous technique and employing technologies that accurately measure vessel diameter are essential for refining and standardizing the methodology. These improvements could enhance future studies and establish the technique as a practical tool for cardiovascular risk prevention.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Impaired endothelial function in hypertensive patients serves as a predictor for certain clinical variables and shows a weak correlation with LDL and triglycerides. The altered and non-altered FMD groups differ only in terms of triglycerides. The hypertensive groups (RHTN and non-RHTN) differ in terms of potassium, C-reactive protein, and glycated hemoglobin. The study has the limitation of not being an experimental study and also of lacking a large sample. Low-intensity effects are more reliably detected in large sample sizes. This study included fewer than 40 patients per group, yet, some effects were still observed. These findings suggest that future studies with larger samples may uncover stronger correlations, as theoretically predicted.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Elaine Alves Santos Tessier, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em medicina e sa&#250;de da Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universit&#225;rio Prof. Edgard Santos - UFBA under the protocol number 2.635.984. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> This study was funded by CNPq.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
