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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WsJTX4Ch6RvGC9rhVrnwp4M</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240519</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o Escore Progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles e a Doen&#231;a do Enxerto de Veia Safena ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4039-1259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karaduman</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4140-9139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Cemalettin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4882-9072</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tiryaki</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Mucahit</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balaban</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;smail</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Keten</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Ferhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Unkun</surname>
            <given-names>Tuba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;zci</surname>
            <given-names>Servet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6067-6841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Suleyman &#199;a&#287;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alizade</surname>
            <given-names>Elnur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Kosuyolu Research and Education Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Mus State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Mus</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Mus State Hospital, Mus &#8211; Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Ahmet Karaduman &#8226; Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Y&#252;ksek &#304;htisas E&#287;itim ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma hastanesi Denizer caddesi Cevizli Kav&#351;a&#287;&#305; No: 2 Kartal, Istanbul - Turquia E- Mail: <email>ahmetkaradumanmd@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p> N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>02</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240519</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A permeabilidade do enxerto de veia safena (EVS) continua sendo um desafio em casos de doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria ap&#243;s cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM). O escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles (NPS) constitui um novo sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o projetado para avaliar tanto o estado nutricional quanto a inflama&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Nosso estudo teve como objetivo explorar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre NPS e doen&#231;a do EVS em pacientes com hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de CRM.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram revisados um total de 702 pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM e &#224; angiografia coron&#225;riaretrospectivamente. A doen&#231;a do EVS foi definida como a presen&#231;a de estenose &#8805;50% em pelo menos um EVS. Os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos com base na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a do EVS. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram aceitos como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 702 pacientes, com 269 (38,3%) apresentando EVSs degenerativos e 433 (61,7%) sem EVSs degenerativos. O NPS foi maior no grupo com degenera&#231;&#227;o da veia safena e surgiu como um preditor significativo de doen&#231;a do EVS (OR: 1,596, IC 95%: 1,198-2,125, p=0,001). Al&#233;m disso, hipertens&#227;o (OR: 2,344, IC 95%: 1,137-4,833, p=0,02), doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (OR: 3,337, IC 95%: 1,554-7,168, p=0,002), uso de estatina (OR: 0,434, IC 95%: 0,239-0,789, p=0,006), intervalo de tempo desde a CRM (OR: 1,138, IC 95%: 1,213-1,432, p&lt;0,001) e n&#250;mero de EVSs (OR: 2,708, IC 95%: 1,902-3,855, p&lt;0,001) foram preditores significativos da doen&#231;a do EVS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O NPS, uma ferramenta &#250;til para avaliar inflama&#231;&#227;o e estado nutricional, pode fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas sobre a permeabilidade de EVSs ap&#243;s cirurgia de CRM. Pacientes com NPS elevado ap&#243;s CRM devem passar por monitoramento cuidadoso para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a de EVS.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Rela&#231;&#227;o entre o Escore Progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles e a Doen&#231;a do Enxerto de Veia Safena ap&#243;s Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio</title>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/WsJTX4Ch6RvGC9rhVrnwp4M/c95ad00fd279012df1662e23ab4061a0d35dd5f3.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/WsJTX4Ch6RvGC9rhVrnwp4M/b751cc30c427afb657eb7cd03393b95d68dfac92.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/WsJTX4Ch6RvGC9rhVrnwp4M/13270c7d56a2c42f3289af64bca0468d66930fd4.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Veia Safena</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio (CRM) &#233; uma abordagem terap&#234;utica eficaz utilizada por muitos anos para aliviar epis&#243;dios de angina, melhorar a qualidade de vida e estender a expectativa de vida de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria. Tanto os enxertos arteriais quanto os venosos s&#227;o op&#231;&#245;es vi&#225;veis para esse procedimento. No entanto, em compara&#231;&#227;o aos enxertos arteriais, os enxertos de veia safena (EVSs) t&#234;m taxas de permeabilidade mais baixas, particularmente em contraste com a art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna. Aproximadamente 12% dos EVSs sofrem oclus&#227;o dentro de um m&#234;s ap&#243;s a cirurgia, com a taxa de oclus&#227;o aumentando para 40% no d&#233;cimo ano ap&#243;s a cirurgia de CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> V&#225;rios mecanismos foram postulados para a doen&#231;a do EVS, incluindo trombose, hiperplasia intimal e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m dos fatores de risco de aterosclerose estabelecidos, fatores como a idade do EVS e o di&#226;metro da veia nativa em procedimentos de CRM tamb&#233;m podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de patologias de EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A import&#226;ncia de cada mecanismo pode variar entre os pacientes, estimulando esfor&#231;os de pesquisa com o objetivo de identificar indicadores de risco para a doen&#231;a do EVS.</p>
      <p>O escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles (NPS) constitui um sistema de pontua&#231;&#227;o recentemente desenvolvido que incorpora n&#237;veis de albumina s&#233;rica e colesterol total, juntamente com a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo-linf&#243;cito (RNL) e raz&#227;o linf&#243;cito-mon&#243;cito (RLM), visando avaliar o estado nutricional e inflamat&#243;rio dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Inicialmente validado como um indicador progn&#243;stico para pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia de c&#226;ncer colorretal, o NPS foi mais recentemente associado a resultados adversos em indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Apesar do estabelecimento bem-sucedido de associa&#231;&#245;es entre progn&#243;stico do paciente e NPS em v&#225;rias coortes de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, h&#225; uma not&#225;vel falta de pesquisas abordando sua relev&#226;ncia para a permeabilidade do EVS. Portanto, nosso estudo teve como objetivo explorar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre NPS e doen&#231;a do EVS em pacientes com hist&#243;rico de cirurgia de CRM.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo observacional retrospectivo incluiu pacientes que haviam passado por CRM e posteriormente passaram por angiografia coron&#225;ria entre janeiro de 2016 e maio de 2024. Todos os pacientes apresentaram sintomas de angina est&#225;vel e/ou resultados positivos de teste de estresse ou s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda. Dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais foram coletados por meio de uma revis&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos. Informa&#231;&#245;es sobre os medicamentos usados pelos pacientes antes do procedimento de angiografia coron&#225;ria tamb&#233;m foram documentadas. Os resultados basais da angiografia coron&#225;ria foram analisados e o intervalo de tempo m&#233;dio entre o CRM e a angiografia coron&#225;ria basal foi calculado.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular significativa, IC descompensada, doen&#231;a pulmonar aguda ou cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a autoimune, doen&#231;a infecciosa ou inflamat&#243;ria, doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda, uso de esteroides ou medicamentos antiinflamat&#243;rios e hist&#243;rico dedist&#250;rbios hematol&#243;gicos ou malignidade. Ap&#243;s a triagem para os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o, 702 pacientes com EVS foram inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise final. O fluxograma da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. Esses pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos com base na permeabilidade do EVS.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; CONSORT da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Hipertens&#227;o (HT) foi definida como o uso de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos ou duas ou mais leituras de press&#227;o arterial excedendo 140/90 mmHg. Diabetes mellitus (DM) foi definida como um n&#237;vel de glicose s&#233;rica em jejum excedendo 126 mg/dL ou tratamento atual para diabetes. Tabagismo foi definido como uso ativo de tabaco no momento da inscri&#231;&#227;o no estudo. Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica (DRC) foi definida como creatinina de &gt;1,5 mg/dL ou taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) de &lt;60 mL/min.</p>
        <p>O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local seguindo as diretrizes da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque. A necessidade de consentimento informado por escrito foi dispensada devido &#224; natureza retrospectiva e observacional do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de angiografia coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Imagens de angiografia coron&#225;ria foram obtidas em m&#250;ltiplas proje&#231;&#245;es para as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias esquerda e direita, enxertos arteriais e EVSs usando um sistema digital para an&#225;lise quantitativa. A aortografia foi realizada quando a visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos EVSs foi inadequada. A interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos angiogramas coron&#225;rios foi realizada de forma independente por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes que estavam cegos para as caracter&#237;sticas do paciente. A presen&#231;a de estenose de 50% no EVS foi considerada indicativa de doen&#231;a do EVS. Os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos com base na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a do EVS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sistema de Escore de N&#225;poles</title>
        <p>O NPS compreende quatro componentes: 1) a raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filo/linf&#243;cito (RNL), 2) a raz&#227;o linf&#243;cito/mon&#243;cito (RLM), 3) n&#237;vel de colesterol total e 4) n&#237;vel de albumina s&#233;rica. Uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 1 &#233; atribu&#237;da respectivamente se o n&#237;vel de albumina s&#233;rica estiver abaixo de 40 g/L, o n&#237;vel de colesterol total for 180 mg/dL ou menor, o RNL exceder 2,96 ou o RLM for 4,44 ou menos. Caso contr&#225;rio, cada componente recebe uma pontua&#231;&#227;o de 0,6. Assim, as pontua&#231;&#245;es totais poss&#237;veis variam de 0 a 4 (Figura Suplementar).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software R (R Foundation, Viena, &#193;ustria) e JAMOVI v.2.3.21 (JAMOVI Project, Sydney, Austr&#225;lia). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi analisada com o teste de Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas s&#227;o apresentadas como medianas e intervalos interquartis. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como n&#250;meros e porcentagens e o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher foi usado para avaliar associa&#231;&#245;es. Como todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas exibiram distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal, as compara&#231;&#245;es de grupo foram realizadas usando o teste U de Mann&#8211;Whitney. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada e multivariada foi realizadapara identificar preditores de degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS. Modelos estat&#237;sticos foram estabelecidos com base no racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram aceitos como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 702 pacientes, incluindo 269 (38,3%) pacientes com EVSs degenerativas e 433 (61,7%) pacientes sem EVSs degenerativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref>). HT, DM e DRC foram mais prevalentes entre pacientes com EVSs degenerativas em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles sem degenera&#231;&#227;o. O grupo com degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS teve maiores taxas de IAMCSST e n&#227;o-IAMCSST, mas uma menor taxa de angina de peito est&#225;vel. A doen&#231;a cerebrovascular foi mais frequente no grupo com degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o mediana foi menor. A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial foi mais comum no grupo com degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS, e o intervalo de tempo mediano desde a CRM foi maior. O n&#250;mero de EVSs foi maior no grupo com degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS. Al&#233;m disso, as taxas de uso de inibidores da ECA e estatinas foram menores, enquanto o uso de insulina foi maior no grupo com degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS. Essas descobertas destacam associa&#231;&#245;es demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas significativas com a degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS em pacientes ap&#243;s cirurgia de CRM.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes de acordo com a falha do EVS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Degenera&#231;&#227;o EVS (+) n=269 (38,3%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Degenera&#231;&#227;o EVS (-) n=433 (61,7%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (59-71)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (60-73)</td>
                <td align="center">0,782</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero (masculino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">222 (82,5)</td>
                <td align="center">369 (85,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,342</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HT, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">238 (89,5)</td>
                <td align="center">326 (75,3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (56,9)</td>
                <td align="center">148 (34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DRC, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (23,8)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (12,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>APE</td>
                <td align="center">84 (31,5)</td>
                <td align="center">251 (58)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">21 (7,8)</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o-IAMCSST</td>
                <td align="center">164(61)</td>
                <td align="center">171(39,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (40-65)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (55-65)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (14,5)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (7,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo de tempo desde CRM (ano)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (5-9,25)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de EVSs</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-3)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">250 (92,9)</td>
                <td align="center">413 (95,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de betabloqueadores, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">257 (95,5)</td>
                <td align="center">402 (93,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,256</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de IECA, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">178 (66,7)</td>
                <td align="center">341 (78,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de antidiab&#233;ticos orais, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">98 (22,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,213</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de insulina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (27,8)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (16,9)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de estatina, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">185 (68,8)</td>
                <td align="center">360 (83,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>EVS: enxerto de veia safena; HT: hipertens&#227;o; DM: diabetes mellitus; DRC: doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica; APE: angina de peito est&#225;vel; IAMCSST: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; EF: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio; IECA: inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados laboratoriais de acordo com a degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS, foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref>). Pacientes com degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS apresentaram contagens mais baixas de gl&#243;bulos brancos, neutr&#243;filos e linf&#243;citos, juntamente com n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina. Eles tamb&#233;m tinham GFR estimada menor, n&#237;veis de creatinina mais altos, n&#237;veis de albumina mais baixos e NPS mais alto. O gr&#225;fico de caixa do NPS em pacientes com e sem degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos achados laboratoriais dos grupos com base na degenera&#231;&#227;o de EVSs</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Degenera&#231;&#227;o EVS (+) n=269 (38,3%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">Degenera&#231;&#227;o EVS (-) n=433 (61,7%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Leuc&#243;citos (103/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">8,4 (5,9-10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 (6,9-11,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neutr&#243;filos</td>
                <td align="center">5.1 (3.8-7.1)</td>
                <td align="center">6,1 (3,8-7,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,024*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Linf&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (0,9-2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">2.1 (1,7-2,5)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mon&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,5-1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,5-0,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,278</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">13.4 (12.1-14)</td>
                <td align="center">13,7 (12,6-14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de plaquetas (103/&#181;L)</td>
                <td align="center">243 (194-271)</td>
                <td align="center">238 (190-281)</td>
                <td align="center">0,279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">187 (155-205)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (157,6-214,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,872</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">137 (97-199)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (114-238)</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (37-48)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (37-49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,534</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">107 (88-135)</td>
                <td align="center">104 (82-138)</td>
                <td align="center">0,309</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGe (mL/min/1,73 m2)</td>
                <td align="center">64,9 (37,7-97)</td>
                <td align="center">77 (65,8-89)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,05 (0,86-1,97)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,89-1,160)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico</td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,5-6,7)</td>
                <td align="center">5,7 (5,4-6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,913</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina (g/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3.2 (3.-3.7)</td>
                <td align="center">3,9 (3,6-4,4)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR</td>
                <td align="center">15 (4-42,5)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (3-40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NPS</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1-3)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>EVS: enxerto de veia safena; HDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL-C: colesterol de lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; NPS: escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Box plot da vari&#225;vel escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles (NPS) em pacientes com e sem degenera&#231;&#227;o de enxerto de veia safena (EVS).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise multivariada dos preditores de falha do EVS, diversas vari&#225;veis foram encontradaspara ter associa&#231;&#245;es significativas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref>). TH e DRC foram preditores significativos, enquanto o uso de estatina foi associado a um risco reduzido de falha de EVS. O NPS tamb&#233;m foi um preditor significativo. Al&#233;m disso, tanto o intervalo de tempo desde CRM quanto o n&#250;mero de EVSs foram significativamente associados &#224; falha de EVS. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref> mostra um gr&#225;fico de m&#233;dia marginal representando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o NPS e a probabilidade de degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS. Al&#233;m disso, a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref> apresenta um gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o ilustrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o NPS e o n&#250;mero de EVSs oclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise univariada e multivariada para predi&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a do EVS</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="4">An&#225;lise multivariada</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                <th colspan="2">Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Mais baixo</th>
                <th>Superior</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">0,227</td>
                <td align="center">0,983</td>
                <td align="center">0,956</td>
                <td align="center">1.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero (masculino)</td>
                <td align="center">0,113</td>
                <td align="center">1.742</td>
                <td align="center">0,878</td>
                <td align="center">3.456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
                <td align="center">2.344</td>
                <td align="center">1.137</td>
                <td align="center">4.833</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
                <td align="center">1.630</td>
                <td align="center">0,897</td>
                <td align="center">2.964</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                <td align="center">0,394</td>
                <td align="center">0,670</td>
                <td align="center">0,267</td>
                <td align="center">1.683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">0,002*</td>
                <td align="center">3.337</td>
                <td align="center">1.554</td>
                <td align="center">7.168</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">0,708</td>
                <td align="center">0,867</td>
                <td align="center">0,410</td>
                <td align="center">1.832</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">0,795</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">0,979</td>
                <td align="center">1.017</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de IECA</td>
                <td align="center">0,110</td>
                <td align="center">0,604</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
                <td align="center">1.121</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de insulina</td>
                <td align="center">0,356</td>
                <td align="center">0,700</td>
                <td align="center">0,328</td>
                <td align="center">1.494</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de estatina</td>
                <td align="center">0,006*</td>
                <td align="center">0,434</td>
                <td align="center">0,239</td>
                <td align="center">0,789</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
                <td align="center">0,827</td>
                <td align="center">0,679</td>
                <td align="center">1.006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglicer&#237;deos</td>
                <td align="center">0,126</td>
                <td align="center">0,997</td>
                <td align="center">0,994</td>
                <td align="center">1.004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFGe</td>
                <td align="center">0,697</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
                <td align="center">0,989</td>
                <td align="center">1.008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR</td>
                <td align="center">0,171</td>
                <td align="center">1.005</td>
                <td align="center">0,998</td>
                <td align="center">1.011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>NPS</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">1.596</td>
                <td align="center">1.198</td>
                <td align="center">2.125</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Intervalo de tempo desde a CRM (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">1.138</td>
                <td align="center">1.213</td>
                <td align="center">1.432</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de EVSs</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
                <td align="center">2.708</td>
                <td align="center">1.902</td>
                <td align="center">3.855</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>EVS: enxerto de veia safena; OR: raz&#227;o de chances; IECA: inibidores da enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; NPS: escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles; CRM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico da m&#233;dia marginal mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles (NPS) e a probabilidade de degenera&#231;&#227;o do enxerto de veia safena (EVS).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;fico de dispers&#227;o mostrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o escore progn&#243;stico de N&#225;poles (NPS) e o n&#250;mero de enxertos de veia safena (EVS) oclu&#237;dos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, investigamos a signific&#226;ncia progn&#243;stica do NPS em pacientes com EVS. Este estudo &#233; o primeiro na literatura a avaliar os efeitos progn&#243;sticos do NPS em casos de doen&#231;a do EVS. Nossas descobertas revelaram que o NPS pode servir como um preditor independente da doen&#231;a do EVS juntamente com o intervalo de tempo desde CRM e o n&#250;mero de EVSs. Al&#233;m disso, HT e DRC foram positivamente associados &#224; falha do EVS, enquanto o uso de estatina foi identificado como um preditor independente negativo.</p>
      <p>Para pacientes selecionados, a cirurgia de CRM serve como uma abordagem terap&#234;utica eficaz para aliviar os sintomas da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica, melhorando a qualidade de vida, aumentando a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e melhorando as taxas de sobreviv&#234;ncia. Condutos arteriais, mais notavelmente a art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda, bem como condutos venosos safenos, t&#234;m sido tradicionalmente utilizados em procedimentos de CRM. Embora os EVSs sejam comumente empregados em CRM, houve uma inclina&#231;&#227;o recente em dire&#231;&#227;o ao emprego de enxertos arteriais devido &#224;s suas taxas de permeabilidade superiores. A taxa de permeabilidade de 10 anos para EVSs &#233; de 61%, enquanto para a art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna &#233; de 85%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Devido a disparidades estruturais e funcionais, os EVSs s&#227;o consideravelmente mais vulner&#225;veis a eventos tromb&#243;ticos e ao desenvolvimento de hiperplasia intimal, um precursor da aterosclerose, desencadeado por les&#227;o endotelial e metabolismo lip&#237;dico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Estudos identificaram v&#225;rios fatores predisponentes para doen&#231;a do EVS, incluindo t&#233;cnica cir&#250;rgica, di&#226;metro do vaso nativo, gravidade da estenose proximal, idade do enxerto, HT, DM, tabagismo e hiperlipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a idade do enxerto e a HT tamb&#233;m foram identificadas como fatores predisponentes para doen&#231;a do EVS, consistentes com achados anteriores.</p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos avaliaram o efeito das estatinas na permeabilidade do EVS. Por exemplo, em 1997, o <italic>Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial</italic> demonstrou que uma dose maior de lovastatina foi associada a menos progress&#227;o da aterosclerose do EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, um estudo recente de Gaudina et al. descobriu que as estatinas foram associadas a um efeito protetor contra a falha do EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A <italic>American Heart Association</italic> tamb&#233;m recomenda iniciar a terapia com estatina no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio e retomar seu uso logo ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nosso estudo confirma ainda mais o forte efeito protetor das estatinas contra a falha do EVS. As estatinas reduzem o estresse oxidativo vascular em EVSs, melhoram a biodisponibilidade do &#243;xido n&#237;trico e diminuem a inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular, todos fatores cr&#237;ticos na preven&#231;&#227;o da falha do EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, as estatinas exercem efeitos antitromb&#243;ticos e anti-inflamat&#243;rios sist&#234;micos, contribuindo para seus benef&#237;cios protetores gerais para pacientes submetidos a CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A falha do EVSs ap&#243;s CRM &#233; uma preocupa&#231;&#227;o significativa devido &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com eventos adversos. Pesquisas anteriores exploraram extensivamente a permeabilidade de EVS, identificando plaquetas e suas fun&#231;&#245;es como principais contribuintes para esse processo. Steele et al. demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a sobreviv&#234;ncia plaquet&#225;ria encurtada e a oclus&#227;o do enxerto, enquanto outro estudo descobriu que os n&#237;veis de plaquetcrit eram preducionista da doen&#231;a do EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#237;veis elevados de largura de distribui&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria foram observados em pacientes com doen&#231;a do EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Yayla et al. relataram uma raz&#227;o plaquetas-linf&#243;citos (RPL) significativamente maior em pacientes com doen&#231;a do EVS em compara&#231;&#227;o com aqueles com EVSs patentes, com a RPL sendo independentemente associada &#224; doen&#231;a do EVS mesmo ap&#243;s o ajuste para outros fatores de risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Oksuz et al. indicaram que a RLM poderia oferecer insights valiosos para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco relacionada &#224; doen&#231;a do EVS em pacientes submetidos a CRM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de &#225;cido &#250;rico e a permeabilidade do EVS tenha sido previamente identificada, Oksuz et al. identificaram a raz&#227;o &#225;cido &#250;rico-albumina como um preditor independente da doen&#231;a do EVS, sugerindo sua utilidade potencial na previs&#227;o da doen&#231;a do EVS em pacientes com CRM submetidos a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea eletiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Do&#287;an et al. tamb&#233;m demonstrou que a RNL estava independentemente associada &#224; doen&#231;a do EVS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Essas descobertas destacam a import&#226;ncia de v&#225;rios par&#226;metros hematol&#243;gicos e seus pap&#233;is potenciais na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e no gerenciamento de pacientes com doen&#231;a do EVS ap&#243;s CRM.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores claramente vincularam a desnutri&#231;&#227;o a resultados cardiovasculares adversos, com a desnutri&#231;&#227;o aumentando o risco de degenera&#231;&#227;o do enxerto ao prejudicar a integridade vascular e exacerbando a inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A desnutri&#231;&#227;o enfraquece a fun&#231;&#227;o vascular, reduz a sa&#250;de endotelial e atrasa a cura, tornando os EVSs mais propensos &#224; falha. Al&#233;m disso, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria, intensificada pela desnutri&#231;&#227;o, acelera o estresse oxidativo e a deteriora&#231;&#227;o do enxerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Diante disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a degenera&#231;&#227;o do EVS e a desnutri&#231;&#227;o destaca a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional e da interven&#231;&#227;o em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM. Abordar a desnutri&#231;&#227;o por meio de terapias direcionadas pode melhorar a permeabilidade do enxerto e reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es, levando, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, a melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>O NPS serve como um instrumento valioso para avaliar os n&#237;veis de inflama&#231;&#227;o e nutri&#231;&#227;o, compreendendo os par&#226;metros de RNL, RLM, colesterol total e n&#237;vel de albumina s&#233;rica. Inicialmente explorado no contexto de malignidades gastrointestinais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> o NPS ganhou mais aten&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos dentro do contexto de IAMCSST e HF. Birdal et al. revelaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa entre o NPS e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na alta emPacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Saylik et al. associaram independentemente o NPS com mortalidade a longo prazo entre pacientes com IAMCSST submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Erdogan et al. observaram associa&#231;&#245;es entre o NPS e resultados hospitalares, bem como eventos p&#243;s-alta em pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Outro estudo recente de Sayg&#305; et al. ilustrou que o NPS poderia prever independentemente a mortalidade hospitalar em casos de IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o NPS demonstrou ser um preditor independente de pontua&#231;&#245;es SYNTAX intermedi&#225;rias a altas em pacientes com IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Investiga&#231;&#245;es recentes se expandiram para incluir explora&#231;&#245;es do valor progn&#243;stico do NPS em pacientes com IC. Kilic et al. identificaram uma correla&#231;&#227;o robusta entre o NPS e a mortalidade na IC, enquanto Erdogan et al. demonstraram liga&#231;&#245;es entre o NPS e as taxas de mortalidade, juntamente com os riscos de re-hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com IC descompensada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, um estudo recente de Arugaslan et al. revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre NPS e resultados adversos em pacientes com HT arterial pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos tamb&#233;m foram conduzidos sobre a rela&#231;&#227;o entre o NPS e outras doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Por exemplo, se descobriu que o NPS estava correlacionado com mortalidade por todas as causas e amputa&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s terapia endovascular em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Pay et al. mostraram que o NPS pode ter o potencial de prever mortalidade em longo prazo entre pacientes com embolia pulmonar aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; estudos demonstrando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre progn&#243;stico e NPS em pacientes submetidos &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica transcateter (TAVI). &#199;etin et al. descobriram que o NPS serve como um preditor confi&#225;vel de mortalidade em um ano em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave submetidos a TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Demirci et al. revelaram que o NPS forneceu informa&#231;&#245;es progn&#243;sticas valiosas para mortalidade por todas as causas em longo prazo em pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave submetidos a TAVI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, embora estudos tenham mostrado a rela&#231;&#227;o entre RNL e RLM como componentes da permeabilidade do NPS e do EVS,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> h&#225; uma falta de evid&#234;ncias diretas ligando o NPS com a doen&#231;a do EVS na literatura. Em nosso estudo, observamos um aumento significativo na doen&#231;a do EVS entre pacientes com altos valores de NPS. Esse achado pode ser atribu&#237;do &#224;s semelhan&#231;as entre os par&#226;metros do NPS e as causas da oclus&#227;o do EVS, como inflama&#231;&#227;o e desnutri&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, o NPS pode ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o e previs&#227;o da permeabilidade do EVS em pacientes submetidos &#224; CRM.</p>
      <p>Este estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es que precisam ser reconhecidas. Primeiro, seu desenho retrospectivo limita a avalia&#231;&#227;o do NPS, pois apenas os valores de NPS de admiss&#227;o foram avaliados sem acompanhamento.avalia&#231;&#245;es. Segundo, a generaliza&#231;&#227;o de nossas descobertas &#233; restrita devido &#224; natureza de centro &#250;nico do estudo, garantindo a valida&#231;&#227;o por meio de estudos multic&#234;ntricos. Terceiro, o tamanho de nossa amostra foi relativamente pequeno, enfatizando a necessidade de valida&#231;&#227;o adicional por meio de estudos prospectivos com coortes maiores para confirmar e generalizar nossos resultados. A inclus&#227;o de pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda pode afetar a validade do NPS, pois as respostas inflamat&#243;rias e metab&#243;licas nesses pacientes diferem daquelas com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana est&#225;vel, influenciando potencialmente a precis&#227;o da pontua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O NPS, uma ferramenta valiosa para avaliar inflama&#231;&#227;o e estado nutricional, pode oferecer insights sobre a permeabilidade do EVS ap&#243;s cirurgia de CRM. Pacientes com NPS elevado ap&#243;s CRM devem passar por monitoramento cuidadoso para o in&#237;cio da doen&#231;a do EVS. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do NPS pode auxiliar na determina&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o ideal da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria dupla e na defesa do uso de enxertos arteriais com taxas de permeabilidade superiores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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          <article-title>Evaluation of Naples Prognostic Score to Predict Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism</article-title>
          <source>Biomark Med</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>253</fpage>
          <lpage>263</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2217/bmm-2023-0741</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. &#199;etin ZG, Balun A, &#199;i&#231;ek&#231;ioglu H, Demirtas B, Yigitbasi MM, &#214;zbek K, et al. A Novel Score to Predict One-Year Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Naples Prognostic Score. Medicina. 2023;59(9):1666. doi: 10.3390/medicina59091666.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Balun</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>&#199;i&#231;ek&#231;ioglu</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>Demirtas</surname>
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              <surname>Yigitbasi</surname>
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          <article-title>A Novel Score to Predict One-Year Mortality after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Naples Prognostic Score</article-title>
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        <mixed-citation>41. Demirci G, Aslan S, G&#252;ner A, Demir AR, Erata YE, T&#252;rkmen I, et al. Clinical Implication of the Naples Prognostic Score on Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2024;103(1):219-25. doi: 10.1002/ccd.30929.</mixed-citation>
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              <surname>Aslan</surname>
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            </name>
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              <surname>G&#252;ner</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Demir</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erata</surname>
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      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu High Specialization Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2024/14/881. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
        <label>Declara&#231;&#227;o de Disponibilidade de Dados:</label>
        <p> Todo o conjunto de dados que d&#225; suporte aos resultados deste estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel mediante solicita&#231;&#227;o ao autor correspondente Ahmet Karaduman.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Uso de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial:</label>
        <p> Os autores n&#227;o utilizaram ferramentas de intelig&#234;ncia artificial no desenvolvimento deste trabalho.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1">
        <label>*Material suplementar</label>
        <p> Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-suppl01.pdf">clique aqui</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240519i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relationship Between the Naples Prognostic Score and Saphenous Vein Graft Disease after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4039-1259</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Karaduman</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4140-9139</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Y&#305;lmaz</surname>
            <given-names>Cemalettin</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4882-9072</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tiryaki</surname>
            <given-names>Muhammet Mucahit</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Balaban</surname>
            <given-names>&#304;smail</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Keten</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Ferhat</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Unkun</surname>
            <given-names>Tuba</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#304;zci</surname>
            <given-names>Servet</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6067-6841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Efe</surname>
            <given-names>Suleyman &#199;a&#287;an</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Alizade</surname>
            <given-names>Elnur</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Kartal Kosuyolu Research and Education Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="&lt;br /&gt; &lt;b&gt;Notice&lt;/b&gt;: Undefined offset: 0 in &lt;b&gt;/var/www/xconv.beta.caboverde.local/xconv3/vendors/xcolor/ws_waita.php&lt;/b&gt; on line &lt;b&gt;76&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ">T&#252;rkiye</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology, Mus State Hospital, Mus &#8211; T&#252;rkiye</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Ahmet Karaduman &#8226; Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Y&#252;ksek &#304;htisas E&#287;itim ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma hastanesi Denizer caddesi Cevizli Kav&#351;a&#287;&#305; No: 2 Kartal, Istanbul - T&#252;rkiye E- Mail: ahmetkaradumanmd@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Saphenous vein graft (SVG) patency remains a challenge in cases of coronary artery disease following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. The Naples prognostic score (NPS) constitutes a novel scoring system designed to assess both nutritional status and inflammation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> Our study aimed to explore the association between the NPS and SVG disease in patients with a previous history of CABG surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A total of 702 patients who had undergone CABG surgery and underwent coronary angiography were reviewed retrospectively. SVG disease was defined as the presence of &#8805;50% stenosis in at least one SVG. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of SVG disease. Values of p&lt;0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study population consisted of 702 patients, with 269 (38.3%) having degenerative SVGs and 433 (61.7%) without degenerative SVGs. The NPS was higher in the group with saphenous vein degeneration and emerged as a significant predictor of SVG disease (OR: 1.596, 95% CI: 1.198-2.125, p=0.001). Additionally, hypertension (OR: 2.344, 95% CI: 1.137-4.833, p=0.02), chronic kidney disease (OR: 3.337, 95% CI: 1.554-7.168, p=0.002), statin usage (OR: 0.434, 95% CI: 0.239-0.789, p=0.006), time interval since CABG (OR: 1.138, 95% CI: 1.213-1.432, p&lt;0.001), and number of SVGs (OR: 2.708, 95% CI: 1.902-3.855, p&lt;0.001) were significant predictors of SVG disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The NPS, a useful tool for assessing inflammation and nutritional status, could provide valuable information about the patency of SVGs following CABG surgery. Patients with elevated NPS after CABG should undergo careful monitoring for the development of SVG disease.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Relationship Between the Naples Prognostic Score and Saphenous Vein Graft Disease after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Surgery</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
        <kwd>Saphenous Vein</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery is an effective therapeutic approach utilized for many years to alleviate angina episodes, enhance quality of life, and extend the lifespan of patients with coronary artery disease. Both arterial and venous grafts are viable options for this procedure. However, compared to arterial grafts, saphenous vein grafts (SVGs) have lower patency rates, particularly in contrast to the internal mammary artery. Approximately 12% of SVGs experience occlusion within one month following surgery, with the occlusion rate escalating to 40% by the tenth year after CABG surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Various mechanisms have been postulated for SVG disease, including thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition to established atherosclerosis risk factors, factors such as SVG age and the native vein diameter in CABG procedures may also contribute to the development of SVG pathologies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The significance of each mechanism may vary among patients, prompting research endeavors aimed at identifying risk indicators for SVG disease.</p>
        <p>The Naples prognostic score (NPS) constitutes a newly developed scoring system incorporating serum albumin and total cholesterol levels together with the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), aimed at evaluating the nutritional and inflammatory status of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Initially validated as a prognostic indicator for patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery, the NPS has more recently been linked to adverse outcomes in individuals with acute coronary syndrome and heart failure (HF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Despite the successful establishment of associations between patient prognosis and NPS in various cardiovascular disease cohorts, there is a notable lack of research addressing its relevance to SVG patency. Therefore, our study aimed to explore the relationship between NPS and SVG disease in patients with a history of CABG surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>This retrospective observational study included patients who had previously undergone CABG and subsequently underwent coronary angiography between January 2016 and May 2024. All patients presented with stable angina symptoms and/or positive stress test results or acute coronary syndrome. Clinical, demographic, and laboratory data were collected through a review of medical records. Information regarding the medications used by patients prior to the coronary angiography procedure was also documented. Baseline coronary angiography results were analyzed, and the mean time interval between CABG and baseline coronary angiography was calculated.</p>
          <p>The exclusion criteria included significant valvular heart disease, decompensated HF, acute or chronic pulmonary disease, autoimmune disease, infectious or inflammatory disease, left internal mammary artery disease, the use of steroids or anti-inflammatory medications, and a history of hematological disorders or malignancy. After screening for the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 702 patients with SVG were included in the final analysis. The flow chart of the study population is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. These patients were categorized into two groups based on SVG patency.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; CONSORT of the study population.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Hypertension (HT) was defined as the use of antihypertensive drugs or two or more blood pressure readings exceeding 140/90 mmHg. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was defined as a fasting serum glucose level exceeding 126 mg/dL or current treatment for diabetes. Smoking was defined as active tobacco use at the time of study enrollment. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as creatinine of &gt;1.5 mg/dL or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of &lt;60 mL/min.</p>
          <p>The study protocol was approved by the local ethics committee following the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. The need for written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective and observational nature of the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiography evaluation</title>
          <p>Coronary angiography images were obtained in multiple projections for the left and right coronary arteries, arterial grafts, and SVGs using a digital system for quantitative analysis. Aortography was performed when visualization of the SVGs was inadequate. Interpretation of the coronary angiograms was performed independently by two experienced interventional cardiologists who were blinded to patient characteristics. The presence of 50% stenosis in the SVG was considered indicative of SVG disease. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the presence or absence of SVG disease.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Naples Scoring System</title>
          <p>The NPS comprises four components: 1) the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), 2) the lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), 3) total cholesterol level, and 4) serum albumin level. A score of 1 is respectively assigned if the serum albumin level is below 40 g/L, the total cholesterol level is 180 mg/dL or lower, the NLR exceeds 2.96, or the LMR is 4.44 or less. Otherwise, each component receives a score of 0.6 Thus, total possible scores range from 0 to 4 (Supplementary Figure).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed with R (R Foundation, Vienna, Austria) and JAMOVI v.2.3.21 (JAMOVI Project, Sydney, Australia) software. The normality of the distribution of the data was analyzed with the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test. Continuous variables are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages and Pearson&#8217;s chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to evaluate associations. Since all continuous variables exhibited abnormal distribution, group comparisons were performed using the Mann&#8211;Whitney U test. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify predictors of SVG degeneration. Statistical models were established based on clinical rationale. Values of p&lt;0.05 were accepted as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study population consisted of 702 patients, including 269 (38.3%) patients with degenerative SVGs and 433 (61.7%) patients without degenerative SVGs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). HT, DM, and CKD were more prevalent among patients with degenerative SVGs compared to those without degeneration. The SVG degeneration group had higher rates of STEMI and non-STEMI but a lower rate of stable angina pectoris. Cerebrovascular disease was more frequent in the SVG degeneration group, and the median ejection fraction was lower. Atrial fibrillation was more common in the SVG degeneration group, and the median time interval since CABG was longer. The number of SVGs was higher in the SVG degeneration group. Additionally, ACE inhibitor and statin usage rates were lower, while insulin usage was higher in the SVG degeneration group. These findings highlight significant demographic and clinical associations with SVG degeneration in patients following CABG surgery.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients according to SVG failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SVG degeneration (+) n=269 (38.3%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SVG degeneration (-) n=433 (61.7%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (59-71)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (60-73)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.782</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">222 (82.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">369 (85.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.342</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HT, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (89.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">326 (75.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (56.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (34.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CKD, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (23.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (12.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAP</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">251 (58)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (7.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-STEMI</td>
                  <td align="center">164(61)</td>
                  <td align="center">171(39.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (40-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (55-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (14.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (7.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time interval since CABG (year)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5-9.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2-6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of SVGs</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acetylsalicylic acid usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">250 (92.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">413 (95.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betablocker usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">257 (95.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">402 (93.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.256</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">178 (66.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">341 (78.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oral anti-diabetic usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (22.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.213</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (27.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (16.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin usage, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">185 (68.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">360 (83.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>SVG: saphenous vein graft; HT: hypertension; DM: diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney disease; SAP: stable angina pectoris; STEMI: ST-elevation myocardial infarction; EF: ejection fraction; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting surgery; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the comparison of laboratory findings according to SVG degeneration, significant differences were observed between the groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). Patients with SVG degeneration had lower white blood cell, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts, along with lower hemoglobin levels. They also had lower estimated GFR, higher creatinine levels, lower albumin levels, and higher NPS. The box plot of the NPS in patients with and without SVG degeneration is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of laboratory findings of the groups based on degeneration of SVGs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SVG degeneration (+) n=269 (38.3%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">SVG degeneration (-) n=433 (61.7%)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4 (5.9-10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 (6.9-11.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neutrophils</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1 (3.8-7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1 (3.8-7.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.024*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lymphocytes</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3 (0.9-2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.1 (1.7-2.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Monocytes</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.5-1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.5-0.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.278</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 (12.1-14)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.7 (12.6-14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet count (10<sup>3</sup>/&#181;L)</td>
                  <td align="center">243 (194-271)</td>
                  <td align="center">238 (190-281)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">187 (155-205)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (157.6-214.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.872</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">137 (97-199)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (114-238)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (37-48)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (37-49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.534</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-C (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">107 (88-135)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (82-138)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.309</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.9 (37.7-97)</td>
                  <td align="center">77 (65.8-89)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.05 (0.86-1.97)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.89-1.160)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric acid</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5.5-6.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.7 (5.4-6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.913</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin (g/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2 (3.-3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9 (3.6-4.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (4-42.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (3-40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NPS</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2-4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1-3)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>SVG: saphenous vein graft; WBC: white blood cell count; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; NPS: Naples prognostic score.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A box plot of the Naples prognostic score (NPS) variable in patients with and without saphenous vein graft (SVG) degeneration.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the multivariate analysis of predictors of SVG failure, several variables were found to have significant associations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). HT and CKD were significant predictors, while statin usage was associated with a reduced risk of SVG failure. The NPS was also a significant predictor. Additionally, both the time interval since CABG and the number of SVGs were significantly associated with SVG failure. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref> shows a marginal mean plot depicting the relationship between the NPS and the probability of SVG degeneration. Additionally, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref> presents a scatter plot illustrating the relationship between the NPS and the number of occluded SVGs.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate analysis for prediction of SVG disease</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Multivariate analysis</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th rowspan="2">p</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">OR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">95% Confidence interval</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Lower</th>
                  <th>Upper</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.227</td>
                  <td align="center">0.983</td>
                  <td align="center">0.956</td>
                  <td align="center">1.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (male)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.113</td>
                  <td align="center">1.742</td>
                  <td align="center">0.878</td>
                  <td align="center">3.456</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                  <td align="center">2.344</td>
                  <td align="center">1.137</td>
                  <td align="center">4.833</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109</td>
                  <td align="center">1.630</td>
                  <td align="center">0.897</td>
                  <td align="center">2.964</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                  <td align="center">0.394</td>
                  <td align="center">0.670</td>
                  <td align="center">0.267</td>
                  <td align="center">1.683</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                  <td align="center">3.337</td>
                  <td align="center">1.554</td>
                  <td align="center">7.168</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">0.708</td>
                  <td align="center">0.867</td>
                  <td align="center">0.410</td>
                  <td align="center">1.832</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ejection fraction</td>
                  <td align="center">0.795</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997</td>
                  <td align="center">0.979</td>
                  <td align="center">1.017</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEi usage</td>
                  <td align="center">0.110</td>
                  <td align="center">0.604</td>
                  <td align="center">0.326</td>
                  <td align="center">1.121</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulin usage</td>
                  <td align="center">0.356</td>
                  <td align="center">0.700</td>
                  <td align="center">0.328</td>
                  <td align="center">1.494</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statin usage</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006*</td>
                  <td align="center">0.434</td>
                  <td align="center">0.239</td>
                  <td align="center">0.789</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                  <td align="center">0.827</td>
                  <td align="center">0.679</td>
                  <td align="center">1.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides</td>
                  <td align="center">0.126</td>
                  <td align="center">0.997</td>
                  <td align="center">0.994</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>eGFR</td>
                  <td align="center">0.697</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  <td align="center">0.989</td>
                  <td align="center">1.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">0.171</td>
                  <td align="center">1.005</td>
                  <td align="center">0.998</td>
                  <td align="center">1.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NPS</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.596</td>
                  <td align="center">1.198</td>
                  <td align="center">2.125</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time interval since CABG (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">1.138</td>
                  <td align="center">1.213</td>
                  <td align="center">1.432</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of SVGs</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001*</td>
                  <td align="center">2.708</td>
                  <td align="center">1.902</td>
                  <td align="center">3.855</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>SVG: saphenous vein graft; OR: odds ratio; ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; CRP: C-reactive protein; NPS: Naples prognostic score; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting surgery.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; The marginal mean graph showing the relationship between Naples prognostic score (NPS) and probability of saphenous vein graft (SVG) degeneration.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; A scatter plot showing the relationship between the Naples prognostic score (NPS) and the number of occluded saphenous vein grafts (SVG).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In this study, we investigated the prognostic significance of the NPS in patients with SVG. This study is the first in the literature to evaluate the prognostic effects of the NPS in cases of SVG disease. Our findings revealed that the NPS can serve as an independent predictor of SVG disease alongside the time interval since CABG and the number of SVGs. Additionally, HT and CKD were positively associated with SVG failure, while statin usage was identified as a negative independent predictor.</p>
        <p>For selected patients, CABG surgery serves as an efficacious therapeutic approach for alleviating the symptoms of ischemic heart disease, enhancing quality of life, increasing exercise tolerance, and improving survival rates. Arterial conduits, most notably the left internal mammary artery, as well as saphenous venous conduits, have traditionally been utilized in CABG procedures. While SVGs are commonly employed in CABG, there has been a recent inclination towards employing arterial grafts due to their superior patency rates. The 10-year patency rate for SVGs stands at 61%, whereas for the internal mammary artery, it is 85%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Due to structural and functional disparities, SVGs are considerably more vulnerable to thrombotic events and the development of intimal hyperplasia, a precursor to atherosclerosis, triggered by endothelial injury and lipid metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Studies have identified several predisposing factors for SVG disease, including surgical technique, native vessel diameter, severity of proximal stenosis, graft age, HT, DM, smoking, and hyperlipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In our study, graft age and HT were also identified as predisposing factors for SVG disease, consistent with previous findings.</p>
        <p>Multiple studies have evaluated the effect of statins on SVG patency. For example, in 1997, the Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial demonstrated that a higher dose of lovastatin was associated with less progression of SVG atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Similarly, a recent study by Gaudina et al. found that statins were associated with a protective effect against SVG failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The American Heart Association also recommends starting statin therapy in the preoperative period and resuming its use early after the operation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Our study further confirms the strong protective effect of statins against SVG failure. Statins reduce vascular oxidative stress in SVGs, improve nitric oxide bioavailability, and decrease vascular inflammation, all critical factors in preventing SVG failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Additionally, statins exert systemic antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects, contributing to their overall protective benefits for patients undergoing CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The failure of SVGs following CABG is a significant concern due to its association with adverse events. Previous research has extensively explored SVG patency, identifying platelets and their functions as key contributors to this process. Steele et al. demonstrated a correlation between shortened platelet survival and graft occlusion, while another study found that plateletcrit levels were predictive of SVG disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>Additionally, elevated platelet distribution width levels have been observed in patients with SVG disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Yayla et al. reported a significantly higher platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) in patients with SVG disease compared to those with patent SVGs, with the PLR being independently associated with SVG disease even after adjusting for other risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similarly, Oksuz et al. indicated that the LMR could offer valuable insights for risk assessment related to SVG disease in patients undergoing CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although a relationship between uric acid levels and SVG patency has been previously identified, Oksuz et al. identified the uric acid-to-albumin ratio as an independent predictor of SVG disease, suggesting its potential utility in predicting SVG disease in patients with CABG who undergo elective percutaneous coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Dogan et al. also demonstrated that the NLR was independently associated with SVG disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> These findings highlight the importance of various hematological parameters and their potential roles in the risk stratification and management of patients with SVG disease following CABG.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have clearly linked malnutrition to adverse cardiovascular outcomes, with malnutrition increasing the risk of graft degeneration by impairing vascular integrity and exacerbating inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Malnutrition weakens vascular function, reduces endothelial health, and delays healing, making SVGs more prone to failure. Additionally, the inflammatory response, heightened by malnutrition, accelerates oxidative stress and graft deterioration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup>Given this, the relationship between SVG degeneration and malnutrition highlights the importance of nutritional assessment and intervention in patients undergoing CABG. Addressing malnutrition through targeted therapies may improve graft patency and reduce complications, ultimately leading to better clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>The NPS serves as a valuable instrument for evaluating levels of inflammation and nutrition, comprising the parameters of NLR, LMR, total cholesterol, and serum albumin level. Initially explored in the context of gastrointestinal malignancies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> the NPS has garnered further attention in recent years within the context of STEMI and HF. Birdal et al. revealed an inverse correlation between the NPS and left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge in STEMI patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Saylik et al. independently associated the NPS with long-term mortality among STEMI patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Similarly, Erdogan et al. observed associations between the NPS and in-hospital outcomes as well as post-discharge events in STEMI patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Another recent study by Sayg&#305; et al. illustrated that the NPS could independently predict in-hospital mortality in cases of STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Additionally, the NPS was shown to be an independent predictor of intermediate to high SYNTAX scores in STEMI patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Recent investigations have expanded to include explorations of the prognostic value of the NPS in HF patients. Kilic et al. identified a robust correlation between the NPS and mortality in HF, while Erdogan et al. demonstrated links between the NPS and mortality rates along with rehospitalization risks in decompensated HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, a recent study by Arugaslan et al. revealed an association between NPS and adverse outcomes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Studies have also been conducted on the relationship between the NPS and other cardiovascular diseases. For example, the NPS was found to be correlated with all-cause mortality and amputation following endovascular therapy in patients with peripheral artery disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Pay et al. showed that the NPS may have the potential to predict long-term mortality among patients with acute pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Additionally, there are studies demonstrating the relationship between prognosis and NPS in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). &#199;etin et al. found that the NPS serves as a reliable predictor of one-year mortality in patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Similarly, Demirci et al. revealed that the NPS provided valuable prognostic information for long-term all-cause mortality in patients with severe aortic stenosis who underwent TAVR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, while studies have shown the relationship between the NLR and LMR as components of the NPS and SVG patency,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> there is a lack of direct evidence linking the NPS with SVG disease in the literature. In our study, we observed a significant increase in SVG disease among patients with high NPS values. This finding could be attributed to the similarities between the parameters of the NPS and the causes of SVG occlusion, such as inflammation and malnutrition. Therefore, the NPS may prove useful in assessing and predicting SVG patency in patients undergoing CABG.</p>
        <p>This study has several limitations that need to be acknowledged. First, its retrospective design limits the assessment of the NPS, as only admission NPS values were evaluated with no follow-up assessments. Second, the generalizability of our findings is restricted due to the single-center nature of the study, warranting validation through multicenter studies. Third, our sample size was relatively small, emphasizing the need for further validation through prospective studies with larger cohorts to confirm and generalize our results. The inclusion of patients with acute coronary syndrome may affect the validity of the NPS as the inflammatory and metabolic responses in these patients differ from those with stable coronary artery disease, potentially influencing the score&#8217;s accuracy.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The NPS, a valuable tool for assessing inflammation and nutritional status, may offer insights into SVG patency after CABG surgery. Patients with elevated NPS following CABG should undergo careful monitoring for the onset of SVG disease. Furthermore, preoperative assessment of the NPS could aid in determining the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy and advocating for the use of arterial grafts with superior patency rates.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu High Specialization Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 2024/14/881. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-available-upon-request">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> All datasets supporting the results of this study are available upon request from the corresponding author Ahmet Karaduman.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supplementary-material" id="fn_ast1001">
          <label>*Supplemental Materials</label>
          <p> For additional information, please <inline-supplementary-material mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240519-40519-suppl01-en.pdf">click here</inline-supplementary-material>.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
