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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">LdDGcj9TpvxpHvCcDnLYw8g</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000500306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00306</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240399</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Taquicardia Ventricular n&#227;o Sustentada na Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica em Coorte Brasileira: Compara&#231;&#227;o com Literatura Mundial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5431-218X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Ara&#250;jo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arteaga-Fernandez</surname>
            <given-names>Edmundo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9236-3815</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ianni</surname>
            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nastari</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8042-3841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade Santa Marcelina Curso de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Santa Marcelina Curso de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Marcelina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Juliano Novaes Cardoso &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Miocardiopatia &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jnovaesc@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>5</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240399</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Na miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH), &#233; conhecida a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS) e o risco de morte s&#250;bita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de TVNS pelo Holter 24 h em pacientes com MCH em coorte brasileira e correlacionar com suas caracter&#237;sticas e evolu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> No presente estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com MCH, avaliamos pelo Holter 24 h a presen&#231;a de TVNS longas e r&#225;pidas (&#8805; 10 batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 130 bpm) ou a presen&#231;a de pelo menos 3 epis&#243;dios de TVNS com &#8805; 3 batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 120 bpm. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dias aritm&#233;ticas e desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Foi considerado significativo p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Inclu&#237;mos 763 pacientes, 53,5% do sexo masculino. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 52,6 anos &#177; 16,7. A presen&#231;a de TVNS foi evidenciada em 10% (76 pacientes). Destes, apenas 11 (1,4%) apresentaram TVNS &#8805; 10 batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 130 bpm. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na rela&#231;&#227;o da TVNS com sexo, septo &gt; 30 mm, idade &#8805; 40 anos, dose de betabloqueador e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. No grupo com TVNS a mortalidade por todas as causas ao longo de 15 anos foi observada em 26,3% versus 15,9% no grupo sem TVNS (p = 0,021).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A presen&#231;a de TVNS no Holter 24 h ocorreu em 10 % dos pacientes. As TVNS longas e r&#225;pidas foram raras. A presen&#231;a de TVNS foi associada &#224; maior mortalidade geral ao longo do seguimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Valor Progn&#243;stico da Taquicardia Ventricular n&#227;o Sustentada na Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica em Coorte Brasileira: Compara&#231;&#227;o com Literatura Mundial</title>
              <p>Valor progn&#243;stico da taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada na miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica em coorte brasileira. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; MCH: miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada.</p>
            </caption>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/LdDGcj9TpvxpHvCcDnLYw8g/b3d6c8dbffe1dda9e110a08b3287e32918ad8d6c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/LdDGcj9TpvxpHvCcDnLYw8g/c43c63cf8ca18d8daed2bc6300bc532bc707d9ee.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/LdDGcj9TpvxpHvCcDnLYw8g/05a1928ff88b4269830760c98036850055abf7e8.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Taquicardia Ventricular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="25"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (MCH) &#233; uma doen&#231;a que cursa com hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, com express&#227;o morfol&#243;gica restrita ao cora&#231;&#227;o. Sua presen&#231;a envolve grande variabilidade de fen&#243;tipos cl&#237;nicos, visto que grande parte dos pacientes s&#227;o frequentemente assintom&#225;ticos ou oligossintom&#225;ticos. No entanto, a doen&#231;a pode cursar com morte s&#250;bita, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, limita&#231;&#227;o funcional, disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com risco aumentado de eventos tromb&#243;ticos e arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> &#201; a causa mais comum de morte s&#250;bita em indiv&#237;duos jovens e em atletas, e a maioria dos epis&#243;dios est&#225; relacionado &#224; arritmia ventricular. Dentre os fatores de risco para morte s&#250;bita, temos a presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS), idade mais jovem, hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita precoce, s&#237;ncope, espessura septal, gradiente via sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tamanho &#225;trio esquerdo e quantidade de fibrose. A TVNS foi associada em alguns estudos com o maior grau de comprometimento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, maior &#237;ndice de massa, al&#233;m de ser mais frequente em casos que apresentam maior espessura parietal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recomenda-se a monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com Holter na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e como parte do acompanhamento peri&#243;dico a cada 1 ou 2 anos. Isso ajuda na avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca e na orienta&#231;&#227;o do manejo de arritmias. Alguns crit&#233;rios podem tornar a TVNS mais relevante, dentre eles as que s&#227;o mais frequentes, as mais r&#225;pidas ou ainda as mais longas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A incid&#234;ncia de TVNS tem sido relatada em 20% a 54% de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Devido &#224; import&#226;ncia e aos riscos das arritmias na MCH, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de TVNS ao Holter de 24h em pacientes com MCH em coorte brasileira, comparando com dados da literatura mundial, e correlacionar com suas caracter&#237;sticas e mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O estudo avaliou uma coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com o diagn&#243;stico de MCH no ambulat&#243;rio de um hospital terci&#225;rio. O diagn&#243;stico ecocardiogr&#225;fico foi definido pela espessura mioc&#225;rdica diast&#243;lica &#8805; 15 mm em qualquer localiza&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ou &#8805; 13 mm em indiv&#237;duos com hist&#243;ria familiar de parentes de primeiro grau com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de MCH. Foram considerados os seguintes crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o: pacientes menores de 16 anos, com estenose a&#243;rtica, presen&#231;a de outras causas que justificassem a hipertrofia do mioc&#225;rdio e que n&#227;o possu&#237;am Holter da institui&#231;&#227;o, ou que n&#227;o apresentavam o exame do Holter completo dispon&#237;vel no prontu&#225;rio eletr&#244;nico para an&#225;lise. A defini&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da amostra foi realizada por conveni&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Foram analisados dados demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais, al&#233;m do eletrocardiograma de repouso, do ecocardiograma e do Holter 24 h. No ecocardiograma, as medidas das cavidades e dimens&#245;es card&#237;acas foram realizadas pelo modo bidimensional no corte paraesternal longitudinal. O seguimento cl&#237;nico foi realizado pelos m&#233;dicos assistentes de acordo com a rotina do servi&#231;o.</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do Holter 24 h, consideramos as TVNS longas e r&#225;pidas (&#8805; 10 batimentos com frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 130 bpm) ou a presen&#231;a de &#8805; 3 epis&#243;dios de TVNS, com no m&#237;nimo 3 batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 120 bpm. Foi avaliado o uso de betabloqueador e a dose utilizada. Consideramos dose alta a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de atenolol &#8805; 50 mg/dia; propranolol &#8805; 40 mg/dia; metoprolol &#8805; 50mg/dia; carvedilol &#8805; 12,5 mg/dia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para processamento estat&#237;stico dos dados foram utilizados os programas SPSS V26 (2019), Minitab 21.2 (2022) e Office Excel 2010. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em m&#233;dias aritm&#233;ticas e desvio padr&#227;o e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. Utilizamos o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado para as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e o teste qui-quadrado para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi utilizado para testar a normalidade das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As curvas de sobrevida foram analisadas com o m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier, utilizando o teste de log-rank. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado na an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi de 5%. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram analisados em banco de dados 2572 pacientes com hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica, sendo confirmada a MCH em 1663, dos quais 1593 apresentavam idade igual ou superior a 16 anos. Desse grupo, 763 apresentavam o exame de Holter dispon&#237;vel no prontu&#225;rio na sua forma completa e realizado pela institui&#231;&#227;o, possibilitando assim, uma an&#225;lise mais apurada dos dados. No grupo avaliado, 63 pacientes (8,3%) eram portadores de marcapasso e 52 pacientes (6,8%) eram portadores de cardioversor-desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI). As caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos est&#227;o descritas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas (763 pacientes)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> 763 pacientes % ou m&#233;dia (DP) </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">408 (53,5%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">52,6 (16,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS mmHg, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">113,2 (34,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD mmHg, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">70,5 (21,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">64,8 (20,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">66% (7,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (6,0%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">107,5 (31,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">14,1 (2,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 (22,8)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1 (0,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">4,4 (0,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">108,3 (35,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 (14,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">464,9 (767,2)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Os valores s&#227;o expressos por m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O Holter 24 h (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>) revelou frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia de 70,3 &#177; 11 bpm. Dentre os pacientes avaliados, 50,5% apresentaram frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca m&#233;dia no Holter &lt; 70 bpm (385 pacientes) e 13,4% &lt; 60 bpm (102 pacientes). A presen&#231;a de TVNS foi evidenciada em 76 pacientes (10%). Em apenas 11 pacientes (1,4%) o Holter revelou TVNS com 10 ou mais batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 130 bpm. Somente 4 pacientes (0,5%) apresentaram TVNS com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#8805; 200 bpm; entretanto, foram epis&#243;dios curtos, com no m&#225;ximo 4 batimentos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados do Holter 24 h (n = 763)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC m&#237;nima (bpm), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">49,3 (7,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC m&#233;dia (bpm), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">70,3 (11,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC m&#225;xima (bpm), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">117,9 (24,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ESV (total), m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">761,4 (3853,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de batimentos em 24 horas, m&#233;dia (DP)</td>
                <td align="center">94222,4 (16590,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TV sustentada (%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (0,1%)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TVNS (%)</td>
                <td align="center">76 (10,0%)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>ESV: extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; TV: taquicardia ventricular; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma revelou que a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) m&#233;dia foi de 66% &#177; 7,2%. A forma obstrutiva para via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi evidenciada em 219 pacientes (28,7%), enquanto 43 (5,6%) apresentaram espessura septal acima de 30 mm. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da prescri&#231;&#227;o completa foi poss&#237;vel em 439 pacientes, sendo que 351 pacientes (80%) utilizaram o betabloqueador. Destes que utilizaram betabloqueador, 212 pacientes (60,4%) utilizaram doses altas. As outras medica&#231;&#245;es utilizadas foram verapamil em 42 pacientes (9,6%), amiodarona em 95 pacientes (21,6%) e inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina ou bloqueador do receptor da angiotensina em 244 pacientes (55,6%).</p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a presen&#231;a de TVNS com sexo, tamanho de septo &gt; 30 mm, idade &#8805; 40 anos, dose alta ou n&#227;o de betabloqueador e a presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref> demonstramos um resumo com a incid&#234;ncia de TVNS em nossa coorte e a rela&#231;&#227;o com os fatores qualitativos. No grupo com TVNS, a mortalidade por todas as causas ao longo de 15 anos foi observada em 26,3% (20 pacientes) versus 15,9% (109 pacientes) no grupo sem TVNS (p = 0,021). Na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref> demonstramos a curva de sobrevida pelo m&#233;todo de Kaplan-Meier.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Rela&#231;&#227;o entre TVNS e fatores qualitativos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Com TVNS</th>
                <th colspan="2">Sem TVNS</th>
                <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                <th rowspan="2">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Septo acima de 30 mm</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">69</td>
                <td align="center">90,8%</td>
                <td align="center">651</td>
                <td align="center">94,8%</td>
                <td align="center">720</td>
                <td align="center">94,4%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,154</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">7</td>
                <td align="center">9,2%</td>
                <td align="center">36</td>
                <td align="center">5,2%</td>
                <td align="center">43</td>
                <td align="center">5,6%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">BB dose alta</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">55,6%</td>
                <td align="center">202</td>
                <td align="center">51,3%</td>
                <td align="center">227</td>
                <td align="center">51,7%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,586</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">44,4%</td>
                <td align="center">192</td>
                <td align="center">48,7%</td>
                <td align="center">212</td>
                <td align="center">48,3%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">FA</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">92,1%</td>
                <td align="center">647</td>
                <td align="center">94,2%</td>
                <td align="center">717</td>
                <td align="center">94,0%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,471</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">6</td>
                <td align="center">7,9%</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">5,8%</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">6,0%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Idade</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 40 anos</td>
                <td align="center">15</td>
                <td align="center">19,7%</td>
                <td align="center">173</td>
                <td align="center">25,2%</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">24,6%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,296</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">&#8805; 40 anos</td>
                <td align="center">61</td>
                <td align="center">80,3%</td>
                <td align="center">514</td>
                <td align="center">74,8%</td>
                <td align="center">575</td>
                <td align="center">75,4%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">&#211;bito</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">73,7%</td>
                <td align="center">578</td>
                <td align="center">84,1%</td>
                <td align="center">634</td>
                <td align="center">83,1%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Sim</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">26,3%</td>
                <td align="center">109</td>
                <td align="center">15,9%</td>
                <td align="center">129</td>
                <td align="center">16,9%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td rowspan="2">Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">39</td>
                <td align="center">51,3%</td>
                <td align="center">316</td>
                <td align="center">46,0%</td>
                <td align="center">355</td>
                <td align="center">46,5%</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,378</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">48,7%</td>
                <td align="center">371</td>
                <td align="center">54,0%</td>
                <td align="center">408</td>
                <td align="center">53,5%</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>BB: betabloqueador; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada<bold>.</bold></p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva de sobrevida para TVNS. DIQ: desvio interquartil; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240399-40399-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do ritmo card&#237;aco, pelo eletrocardiograma de repouso e pelo Holter 24 h revelou ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 46 pacientes (6,0%), sendo que os pacientes com &#225;trio esquerdo com tamanho &gt; 40 mm tiveram preval&#234;ncia maior de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (64,8% dos pacientes em ritmo sinusal versus 91,1% dos pacientes em ritmo de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com tamanho de &#225;trio esquerdo &gt; 40 mm, p &lt; 0,001).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo revelou a presen&#231;a de TVNS em 10% dos casos (76 pacientes), sendo a mortalidade geral, ao longo de 15 anos, maior no grupo com TVNS (26,3% versus 15,9%, p = 0,021). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na rela&#231;&#227;o da TVNS com sexo, tamanho de septo &gt; 30 mm, idade &#8805; 40 anos, dose alta ou n&#227;o de betabloqueador e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A presen&#231;a de TVNS longas e r&#225;pidas teve uma incid&#234;ncia muito baixa, sendo evidenciada em apenas 1,4% dos pacientes (11 pacientes), conforme demonstramos na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o do paciente com MCH, a presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular est&#225; associada &#224; morte s&#250;bita. O Holter &#233; o exame recomendado para avaliar a presen&#231;a de arritmias e ajudar na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente. A presen&#231;a de taquicardia ventricular sustentada j&#225; &#233; indicativa para o implante de CDI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nosso estudo revelou que a incid&#234;ncia de taquicardia ventricular sustentada observada no Holter 24 h foi muito rara, sendo identificada em apenas 1 paciente. Provavelmente, por ser um exame com dura&#231;&#227;o de apenas 24 horas, nem sempre conseguimos identificar este tipo de arritmia. J&#225; a presen&#231;a de TVNS &#233; um achado um pouco mais frequente conforme dados j&#225; publicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A TVNS faz parte dos fatores de risco maiores para morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, ao lado da hist&#243;ria familiar de morte s&#250;bita, s&#237;ncope inexplicada, espessura septal acima de 30 mm, FEVE &lt; 50%, aneurisma apical e fibrose acima de 15%. Estudos revelam que a incid&#234;ncia de TVNS pode variar e tem sido relatada em 20% a 54% dos pacientes com MCH. Nosso estudo revelou uma incid&#234;ncia menor dessa arritmia, com 10% apresentando TVNS. Uma das hip&#243;teses para essa diferen&#231;a est&#225; na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o do tipo de TVNS significativa. Devemos dar maior peso &#224;s arritmias mais longas, frequentes e r&#225;pidas, crit&#233;rios que utilizamos em nosso estudo. Entretanto, alguns estudos incluem as TVNS menos significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em um estudo sobre a TVNS na MCH, Monserrat et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> avaliaram 531 pacientes. O Holter 24 h revelou 19,6% com TVNS. A TNVS foi relacionada com aumento da morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com menos de 30 anos. A raz&#227;o de chances de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes com &#8804; 30 anos de idade com TVNS foi de 4,35 (intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%: 1,54 a 12,28; p = 0,006) em compara&#231;&#227;o com 2,16 (intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%: 0,82 a 5,69; p = 0,1) em pacientes com mais de 30 anos. Em nosso estudo a incid&#234;ncia de TVNS foi bem menor; entretanto, isto est&#225; relacionado com a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da TVNS. N&#243;s utilizamos apenas as TVNS mais significativas, enquanto o estudo de Monserrat et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> considerou qualquer tipo de TVNS. Essa diferen&#231;a nos crit&#233;rios utilizados para definirmos TVNS significativa pode ser um dos motivos para a diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia que encontramos.</p>
      <p>Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> avaliaram 160 pacientes que implantaram CDI, sendo que 94 realizaram Holter de 24 a 48 horas antes do implante. O resultado desse estudo revelou que 54% do total (86 pacientes) apresentaram TVNS, seja pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do Holter pr&#233;-implante ou pela monitoriza&#231;&#227;o do CDI ap&#243;s o implante. Um fato que deve ser levado em considera&#231;&#227;o &#233; que no trabalho de Wang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> o tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o foi maior, incluindo dados da monitoriza&#231;&#227;o com dispositivo invasivo. Al&#233;m disso, eles selecionaram apenas pacientes de maior risco para arritmia. Nosso estudo &#233; de uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral com MCH e utilizamos o Holter 24 h, o que pode justificar a diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de TVNS. Esse &#233; um outro motivo que justifica a menor incid&#234;ncia de TVNS que encontramos em nosso estudo. Avaliar a incid&#234;ncia de TVNS em pacientes de alto risco para arritmia e que j&#225; necessitam de CDI aumenta muito a chance de encontramos tal arritmia. Al&#233;m disso, realizar uma monitoriza&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua com dispositivo implant&#225;vel tamb&#233;m ir&#225; aumentar a chance em detectar arritmias, pois o tempo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o &#233; muito maior, comparado com o de um Holter 24 h.</p>
      <p>Na diretriz europeia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> a TVNS &#233; pontuada no escore de risco para morte s&#250;bita, quando apresenta &#8805; 3 batimentos ventriculares consecutivos e &#8805; 120 bpm com dura&#231;&#227;o &lt; 30 s. Na diretriz brasileira de dispositivos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> a TVNS &#233; pontuada quando ocorre a presen&#231;a de 3 ou mais epis&#243;dios, com no m&#237;nimo 3 batimentos ventriculares repetitivos ou pelo menos 1 epis&#243;dio com &#8805; 10 batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 130 bpm. J&#225; na diretriz americana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> a TVNS entra como um crit&#233;rio independente, mas com grau de recomenda&#231;&#227;o IIb e sugere dar maior peso &#224;s TVNS mais frequentes (&#8805; 3), longas (&#8805; 10 batimentos) ou r&#225;pidas (&#8805; 200 bpm). A diretriz brasileira<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> sugere valorizar os epis&#243;dios de TVNS frequentes (&#8805; 3), mais longos (&#8805; 10 batimentos) e mais r&#225;pidos (&#8805; 200 batimentos por minuto). Portanto, &#233; importante identificar a presen&#231;a das TVNS mais significativas e correlacionar com o risco. Em nosso estudo, apenas 11 pacientes (1,4%) apresentaram TVNS com 10 ou mais batimentos e frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 130 bpm. Quando avaliamos as taquicardias com frequ&#234;ncia muito alta, encontramos somente 4 pacientes (0,52%) com frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 200 bpm, entretanto, com no m&#225;ximo 4 batimentos. Na diretriz americana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> um dos crit&#233;rios de risco para morte s&#250;bita &#233; a presen&#231;a de TVNS com frequ&#234;ncia &#8805; 200 bpm. Como podemos observar em nossa coorte, a incid&#234;ncia de TVNS t&#227;o r&#225;pidas foi baixa. Portanto, &#233; um crit&#233;rio que em nossa cl&#237;nica di&#225;ria iremos observar muito pouco.</p>
      <p>Epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular sustentada est&#227;o mais claramente associados &#224; morte s&#250;bita; entretanto, os dados s&#227;o menos robustos em demonstrar que a presen&#231;a isolada de TVNS seja um fator de risco independente. Por outro lado, o risco aumenta na presen&#231;a de modificadores de risco, especialmente fibrose do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a presen&#231;a de TVNS foi um marcador de pior progn&#243;stico na avalia&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade geral. Entretanto, n&#227;o avaliamos a presen&#231;a de fibrose e tamb&#233;m n&#227;o avaliamos especificamente a mortalidade cardiovascular. Em estudo realizado por Monserrat et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> al&#233;m da mortalidade cardiovascular, eles tamb&#233;m avaliaram a mortalidade por todas as causas. Esse estudo revelou que nos pacientes com menos de 30 anos, a sobrevida foi menor no grupo TVNS (sobrevida cumulativa em 5 anos 61,3% [intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%: 41,1 a 81,5] com TVNS versus 93,5% [intervalo de confian&#231;a 95%: 89,4 a 97,6] sem TVNS; p = 0,0001). Eles conclu&#237;ram que a TVNS foi associada a um aumento substancial na mortalidade por todas as causas e no risco de morte s&#250;bita em pacientes jovens com MCH. Este risco foi independente da frequ&#234;ncia, dura&#231;&#227;o e frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca dos epis&#243;dios de TVNS. Nosso estudo contemplou apenas a mortalidade geral, n&#227;o mostrou diferen&#231;a com a idade e revelou mortalidade geral maior nos pacientes com TVNS. Esses achados ajudam a sedimentar que a detec&#231;&#227;o de TVNS significativas em pacientes com MCH auxilia na estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves, embora a decis&#227;o sobre o implante de um CDI deva considerar m&#250;ltiplos fatores.</p>
      <p>Os betabloqueadores s&#227;o considerados como terapia de primeira linha para controle de sintomas, tais como dispneia e dor tor&#225;cica. Os bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio n&#227;o dihidropirid&#237;nicos, como verapamil e diltiazem, s&#227;o alternativas de segunda linha para pacientes que n&#227;o toleram ou t&#234;m contraindica&#231;&#227;o ao uso de betabloqueadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; dados randomizados e controlados para apoiar o uso de medicamentos antiarr&#237;tmicos para a preven&#231;&#227;o de morte s&#250;bita na MCH. Em nosso estudo o uso do betabloqueador foi frequente, com 80% dos pacientes utilizando a medica&#231;&#227;o, sendo que 60,4% dos pacientes utilizaram doses altas. Bloqueador do canal de c&#225;lcio (verapamil) foi utilizado em 9,6% dos pacientes (42 pacientes). Em nosso estudo, a dose de betabloqueador n&#227;o teve rela&#231;&#227;o com a presen&#231;a de TVNS.</p>
      <p>A FEVE na MCH &#233; usualmente normal ou aumentada e a espessura septal acima de 30 mm pode estar relacionada com a gravidade da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Nossa popula&#231;&#227;o apresentou uma FEVE m&#233;dia de 66% &#177; 7,2%. Al&#233;m disso, apenas 5,6% dos pacientes apresentaram espessura septal acima de 30 mm, e estes pacientes n&#227;o apresentaram maior n&#250;mero de TVNS.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo revelou uma incid&#234;ncia de TVNS mais baixa quando comparado aos dados da literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Isto pode estar relacionado ao tipo de popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e tamb&#233;m aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o para considerar uma TVNS significativa. Novos estudos prospectivos devem ser realizados para correlacionar a evolu&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular e a presen&#231;a de arritmia ventricular complexa em conjunto com outros fatores de risco.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico, retrospectivo e realizado em hospital terci&#225;rio. Em se tratando de amostragem de conveni&#234;ncia e sem estimativa de tamanho amostral, qualquer infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica &#233; explorat&#243;ria. Por se tratar de um estudo retrospectivo, fomos limitados pelas informa&#231;&#245;es avaliadas. N&#227;o avaliamos as comorbidades. Em muitos pacientes n&#227;o tivemos acesso &#224; prescri&#231;&#227;o completa, por isso a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos medicamentos utilizados foi em apenas uma parte dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; que n&#227;o tivemos acesso &#224; causa da morte de cada paciente e por isso avaliamos a mortalidade por todas as causas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo revelou a presen&#231;a de TVNS em 10% dos casos, sendo a mortalidade geral ao longo de 15 anos maior no grupo com esta arritmia. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na rela&#231;&#227;o da TVNS com o sexo, tamanho de septo &gt; 30mm, idade &#8805; 40 anos, dose de betabloqueador e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. A presen&#231;a de TVNS longas e r&#225;pidas teve uma incid&#234;ncia muito baixa (1,4% dos casos).</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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            <given-names>Barbara</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>Felix</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nastari</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8042-3841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Novaes</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade Santa Marcelina Curso de Medicina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Marcelina, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Juliano Novaes Cardoso &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o &#8211; Miocardiopatia &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jnovaesc@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p> Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), there is a well-known association between nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and the risk of sudden death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To assess the incidence of NSVT using 24-hour Holter monitoring in patients with HCM in a Brazilian cohort and correlate it with its characteristics and progression.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This retrospective study of patients with HCM used 24-hour Holter monitoring to assess the presence of long-lasting, fast NSVT (&#8805; 10 beats and heart rate &#8805; 130 bpm) or the presence of at least 3 episodes of NSVT with &#8805; 3 beats and heart rate &#8805; 120 bpm. Continuous variables were shown as arithmetic means and standard deviations, and categorical variables were shown as absolute and relative frequencies. P &lt; 0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> We included 763 patients, 53.5% of whom were male. Their mean age was 52.6 years &#177; 16.7. NSVT was found in 10% (76 patients). Only 11 (1.4%) of them had NSVT with &#8805; 10 beats and heart rate &#8805; 130 bpm. There was no difference in the relationship between NSVT and sex, septum &gt; 30 mm, age &#8805; 40 years, betablocker dose, and presence of atrial fibrillation. In the group with NSVT, 15-year all-cause mortality was observed in 26.3%, compared to 15.9% in the group without NSVT (p = 0.021).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> The presence of NSVT on 24-hour Holter monitoring occurred in 10% of patients. Long-lasting, fast NSVT was rare. The presence of NSVT was associated with higher overall mortality during follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Prognostic Value of Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Brazilian Cohort: Comparison with World Literature</title>
              <p>Prognostic value of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a Brazilian cohort. HCM: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; HR: heart rate; NSVT: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240399-40399-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Tachycardia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease that presents with left ventricular hypertrophy, with morphological expression restricted to the heart. The presence of HCM involves a wide variety of clinical phenotypes, given that most patients are often asymptomatic or oligosymptomatic. Nonetheless, the disease can cause sudden death, myocardial ischemia, functional limitation, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation with increased risk of thrombotic events, and ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> It is the most common cause of sudden death in young individuals and athletes, and the majority of episodes are related to ventricular arrhythmia. Risk factors for sudden death include the presence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT), younger age, family history of early sudden death, syncope, septal thickness, left ventricular outflow tract gradient, left atrial size, and quantity of fibrosis. Some studies have associated NSVT with a greater degree of left ventricular involvement and higher mass index, and it is more frequent in cases that have greater wall thickness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Holter monitoring is recommended for initial assessment and as part of periodic follow-up every 1 or 2 years. This helps assess the risk of sudden cardiac death and guide the management of arrhythmias. Some criteria may make NSVT more relevant, including more frequent, faster, or longer episodes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The incidence of NSVT has been reported in 20% to 54% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Due to the importance and risks of arrhythmias in HCM, the objective of this study was to assess the incidence of NSVT using 24-hour Holter monitoring in patients with HCM in a Brazilian cohort, in comparison with data from the world literature, and to correlate it with its characteristics and all-cause mortality.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This study assessed a retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with HCM in the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital. Echocardiographic diagnosis was defined as diastolic myocardial thickness &#8805; 15 mm in any location of the left ventricle, or &#8805; 13 mm in individuals with a family history of first-degree relatives with confirmed diagnosis of HCM. The following exclusion criteria were applied: patients under 16 years of age, aortic stenosis, presence of other causes that could justify myocardial hypertrophy, patients who did not have Holter monitoring data from the institution, or patients who did not have complete Holter test available for analysis in the electronic medical records. The sample size was defined by convenience.</p>
        <p>Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were analyzed, in addition to resting electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and 24-hour Holter. In the echocardiogram, measurements of the cardiac chambers and dimensions were performed in 2-dimensional mode in the longitudinal parasternal view. Clinical follow-up was performed by the attending physicians according to the service routine.</p>
        <p>In the 24-hour Holter assessment, we considered long-lasting, fast NSVT episodes (&#8805; 10 beats with heart rate &#8805; 130 bpm) or the presence of &#8805; 3 episodes of NSVT, with at least 3 beats and heart rate &#8805; 120 bpm. Betablocker use and dosage were evaluated. We considered the use of atenolol &#8805; 50 mg/day, propranolol &#8805; 40 mg/day, metoprolol &#8805; 50 mg/day, or carvedilol &#8805; 12.5 mg/day as a high dose.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>SPSS V26 (2019), Minitab 21.2 (2022), and Office Excel 2010 were used for statistical data processing. Continuous variables were shown as arithmetic means and standard deviations, and categorical variables were shown as absolute and relative frequencies. We used the unpaired Student&#8217;s t test for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of continuous variables. Survival curves were analyzed with the Kaplan-Meier method, using the log-rank test. The significance level adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. The study received approval from the institutional ethics committee.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This study analyzed 2572 patients with myocardial hypertrophy in a database. HCM was confirmed in 1663 patients, and 1593 of them were 16 years of age or older. In this group, 763 had a complete Holter exam available in their medical records that was performed by the institution, thus enabling a more accurate analysis of the data. In the group assessed, 63 patients (8.3%) had a pacemaker, and 52 patients (6.8%) had an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). The characteristics of the patients included are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical characteristics (763 patients)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">763 patients % or mean (SD)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">408 (53.5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.6 (16.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP (mmHg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">113.2 (34.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP (mmHg), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.5 (21.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.8 (20.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">66% (7.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial fibrillation (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (6.0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">107.5 (31.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.1 (2.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urea, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.5 (22.8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1 (0.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4 (0.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">108.3 (35.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 (14.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">464.9 (767.2)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD or frequency and percentage. DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The 24-hour Holter monitoring (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>) revealed a mean heart rate of 70.3 &#177; 11 bpm. Among the patients assessed, 50.5% had mean heart rate &lt; 70 bpm (385 patients), and 13.4% had mean heart rate &lt; 60 bpm (102 patients) on the Holter. The presence of NSVT was found in 76 patients (10%). In only 11 patients (1.4%), Holter revealed NSVT with 10 or more beats and heart rate &#8805; 130 bpm. Only 4 patients (0.5%) had NSVT with heart rate &#8805; 200 bpm; however, these were short episodes, with a maximum of 4 beats.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Results of 24-hour Holter (n = 763)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>Mean (SD)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minimum HR (bpm), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.3 (7.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean HR (bpm), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.3 (11.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Maximum HR (bpm), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">117.9 (24.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VES (total), mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">761.4 (3853.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of heartbeats in 24 hours, mean (SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">94,222.4 (16,590.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sustained VT (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSVT (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76 (10.0%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>HR: heart rate; NSVT: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia; VES: ventricular extrasystoles; VT: ventricular tachycardia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Echocardiography revealed that mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 66% &#177; 7.2%. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was found in 219 patients (28.7%), while 43 (5.6%) had septal thickness greater than 30 mm. It was possible to assess the complete prescription in 439 patients, and 351 patients (80%) were using betablockers. Of those who were using betablockers, 212 patients (60.4%) were receiving high doses. The other medications used were verapamil in 42 patients (9.6%), amiodarone in 95 patients (21.6%), and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker in 244 patients (55.6%).</p>
        <p>There was no correlation between the presence of NSVT and sex, septal size &gt; 30 mm, age &#8805; 40 years, high or low betablocker dose, or presence of atrial fibrillation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>). The <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref> displays a summary of the incidence of NSVT in our cohort and its relation with qualitative factors. In the group with NSVT, 15-year all-cause mortality was 26.3% (20 patients), compared to 15.9% (109 patients) in the group without NSVT (p = 0.021). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref> displays the survival curve according to the Kaplan-Meier method.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Relation between NSVT and qualitative factors</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">With NSVT</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Without NSVT</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Septum greater than 30 mm</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">90.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">651</td>
                  <td align="center">94.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">720</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.154</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">9.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">36</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">43</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">High BB dose</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6%</td>
                  <td align="center">202</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">227</td>
                  <td align="center">51.7%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.586</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4%</td>
                  <td align="center">192</td>
                  <td align="center">48.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">212</td>
                  <td align="center">48.3%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">AF</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">92.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">647</td>
                  <td align="center">94.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">717</td>
                  <td align="center">94.0%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.471</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">7.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">5.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Age</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 40 years</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">19.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">173</td>
                  <td align="center">25.2%</td>
                  <td align="center">188</td>
                  <td align="center">24.6%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.296</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#8805; 40 years</td>
                  <td align="center">61</td>
                  <td align="center">80.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">514</td>
                  <td align="center">74.8%</td>
                  <td align="center">575</td>
                  <td align="center">75.4%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Death</td>
                  <td align="center">No</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">73.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">578</td>
                  <td align="center">84.1%</td>
                  <td align="center">634</td>
                  <td align="center">83.1%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">26.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">109</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9%</td>
                  <td align="center">129</td>
                  <td align="center">16.9%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">Sex</td>
                  <td align="center">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">39</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3%</td>
                  <td align="center">316</td>
                  <td align="center">46.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">355</td>
                  <td align="center">46.5%</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.378</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">48.7%</td>
                  <td align="center">371</td>
                  <td align="center">54.0%</td>
                  <td align="center">408</td>
                  <td align="center">53.5%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>AF: atrial fibrillation; BB: betablocker; NSVT: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Survival curve for NSVT. IQD: interquartile deviation; NSVT: nonsustained ventricular tachycardia.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-05-e20240399-40399-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Assessment of cardiac rhythm on resting electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter monitoring revealed atrial fibrillation rhythm in 46 patients (6.0%). Patients with left atrium size &gt; 40 mm had a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation (64.8% of patients in sinus rhythm versus 91.1% of patients in atrial fibrillation with left atrium size &gt; 40 mm, p &lt; 0.001).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This study revealed the presence of NSVT in 10% of cases (76 patients), and 15-year overall mortality was higher in the group with NSVT (26.3% versus 15.9%, p = 0.021). There was no statistically significant difference in the relationship between NSVT and sex, septal size &gt; 30 mm, age &#8805; 40 years, high or low betablocker dose, or presence of atrial fibrillation. The incidence of long-lasting, fast NSVT was very low, being found in only 1.4% of patients (11 patients), as shown in the <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>In the assessment of patients with HCM, the presence of ventricular tachycardia has been associated with sudden death. Holter monitoring is the recommended test to assess the presence of arrhythmias and assist in patient stratification. The presence of sustained ventricular tachycardia is already an indication for ICD implantation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Our study revealed that the incidence of sustained ventricular tachycardia observed on 24-hour Holter monitoring was very rare, identified in only 1 patient. It is likely that, because the test lasted only 24 hours, we were not always able to identify this type of arrhythmia. The presence of NSVT is a slightly more frequent finding, according to previously published data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>NSVT is one of the major risk factors for sudden cardiac death, in addition to family history of sudden death, unexplained syncope, septal thickness greater than 30 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction &lt; 50%, apical aneurysm, and fibrosis above 15%. Studies have demonstrated that the incidence of NSVT can vary. It has been reported in 20% to 54% of patients with HCM. Our study revealed a lower incidence of this arrhythmia, with 10% presenting NSVT. One of the hypotheses for this difference lies in the characterization of the type of significant NSVT. We should give greater weight to longer, more frequent, and faster arrhythmias, and these criteria were applied in our study. However, some studies include less significant episodes of NSVT.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In a study about NSVT in HCM, Monserrat et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> assessed 531 patients, and 24-hour Holter monitoring revealed 19.6% with NSVT. NSVT was associated with an increase in sudden death in patients younger than 30 years. The odds ratio for sudden death in patients &#8804; 30 years of age with NSVT was 4.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.54 to 12.28; p = 0.006), compared with 2.16 (95% confidence interval: 0.82 to 5.69; p = 0.1) in patients older than 30 years. In our study, the incidence of NSVT was much lower; however, this is related to the characterization of NSVT. We used only more significant NSVT episodes, while the study by Monserrat et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> considered any type of NSVT. This difference in the criteria used to define significant NSVT may be one of the reasons for the difference in incidence that we found.</p>
        <p>Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> assessed 160 patients who had an ICD implanted, and 94 of them underwent Holter monitoring 24 to 48 hours before implantation. The results of this study revealed that 54% of the total (86 patients) had NSVT, either on the pre-implantation Holter assessment or on ICD monitoring after implantation. One fact that should be taken into consideration is that, in the study by Wang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> the monitoring time was longer, including data from monitoring with an invasive device. Moreover, they selected only patients at higher risk for arrhythmia. Our study included a general population with HCM, and we used 24-hour Holter monitoring, which may justify the difference in the incidence of NSVT. This is another reason that explains the lower incidence of NSVT found in our study. Assessing the incidence of NSVT in patients at high risk for arrhythmia who already require an ICD greatly increases the chances of finding this arrhythmia. Furthermore, performing continuous monitoring with an implantable device will also increase the chances of detecting arrhythmias, as the monitoring time is much longer compared to a 24-hour Holter.</p>
        <p>In the European guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> NSVT is calculated in the risk score for sudden death when it presents &#8805; 3 consecutive ventricular beats and &#8805; 120 bpm with duration &lt; 30 seconds. In the Brazilian device guideline,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> NSVT is scored when there are 3 or more episodes, with at least 3 repetitive ventricular beats or at least 1 episode with &#8805; 10 beats and heart rate &#8805; 130 bpm. In the United States guideline,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> NSVT is included as an independent criterion, but with recommendation grade IIb, and the guideline suggests giving greater weight to more frequent (&#8805; 3), longer (&#8805; 10 beats), or faster (&#8805; 200 bpm) NSVT episodes. The Brazilian guideline<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> suggests emphasizing frequent (&#8805; 3), longer (&#8805; 10 beats), and faster (&#8805; 200 beats per minute) NSVT episodes. Therefore, it is important to identify the presence of more significant NSVT episodes and correlate it with risk. In our study, only 11 patients (1.4%) presented NSVT with 10 or more beats and heart rate &#8805; 130 bpm. When we assessed tachycardias with very high heart rate, we found only 4 patients (0.52%) with heart rate &#8805; 200 bpm, however, with a maximum of 4 beats. In the United States guideline,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> one of the risk criteria for sudden death is the presence of NSVT with heart rate &#8805; 200 bpm. As observed in our cohort, the incidence of such fast NSVT episodes was low. Therefore, it is a criterion that we very rarely observe in our daily clinical practice.</p>
        <p>Episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia are more clearly associated with sudden death; however, the data are less robust in demonstrating that the isolated presence of NSVT is an independent risk factor. On the other hand, the risk increases in the presence of risk modifiers, especially left ventricular fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In our study, the presence of NSVT was a marker of worse prognosis in the assessment of overall mortality. Nonetheless, we did not assess the presence of fibrosis, and we did not specifically assess cardiovascular mortality. In a study conducted by Monserrat et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> in addition to cardiovascular mortality, they also assessed all-cause mortality. This study revealed that, in patients younger than 30 years, survival was lower in the NSVT group (5-year cumulative survival 61.3% [95% confidence interval: 41.1 to 81.5] with NSVT versus 93.5% [95% confidence interval: 89.4 to 97.6] without NSVT; p = 0.0001). They concluded that NSVT was associated with a substantial increase in all-cause mortality and in the risk of sudden death in young patients with HCM. This risk was independent of the frequency, duration, and heart rate of NSVT episodes. Our study included only overall mortality, showed no difference in relation to age, and revealed higher overall mortality in patients with NSVT. These findings help to establish that the detection of significant NSVT episodes in patients with HCM assists in the risk stratification of severe arrhythmic events, although the decision to implant an ICD should take multiple factors into account.</p>
        <p>Betablockers are considered first-line therapy for controlling symptoms, such as dyspnea and chest pain. Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, such as verapamil and diltiazem, are second-line alternatives for patients who are intolerant or have contraindications to betablockers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, there are no randomized controlled data to support the use of antiarrhythmic drugs for the prevention of sudden death in HCM. In our study, betablocker use was frequent; 80% of patients were using these medications, and 60.4% of patients were receiving high doses. A calcium channel blocker (verapamil) was used in 9.6% of patients (42 patients). In our study, the betablocker dose was not associated with the presence of NSVT.</p>
        <p>Left ventricular ejection fraction in HCM is usually normal or increased, and septal thickness greater than 30 mm may be related to disease severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Our population had a mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 66% &#177; 7.2%. Moreover, only 5.6% of patients had septal thickness greater than 30 mm, and these patients did not have a greater number of NSVT episodes.</p>
        <p>Our study revealed a lower incidence of NSVT when compared to data in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> This may be related to the type of population studied and to the inclusion criteria for considering NSVT significant. Further prospective studies should be conducted to correlate cardiovascular progression and the presence of complex ventricular arrhythmias in conjunction with other risk factors.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This was a single-center, retrospective study conducted at a tertiary hospital. As it was a convenience sample with no sample size estimate, any statistical inference is exploratory. Given that this was a retrospective study, we were limited by the information assessed. We did not assess comorbidities. In many patients, we did not have access to the complete prescription; therefore, medication use was only assessed in a portion of the patients included. Another limitation is that we did not have access to the cause of death for each patient; therefore, we assessed all-cause mortality.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This study revealed the presence of NSVT in 10% of cases, and 15-year overall mortality over was higher in the group with this arrhythmia. There was no statistically significant difference in the relationship between NSVT and sex, septal size &gt; 30 mm, age &#8805; 40 years, betablocker dose, or presence of atrial fibrillation. The incidence of long-lasting, fast NSVT episodes was very low (1.4% of cases).</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CAPPesq under the protocol number 6.816.322. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Use of Artificial Intelligence:</label>
          <p> The authors did not use any artificial intelligence tools in the development of this work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="data-availability" specific-use="data-in-article">
          <label>Data Availability Statement:</label>
          <p> The underlying content of the research text is contained within the manuscript.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
