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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YGsVWbdpzyjhtF7GVTDgdWH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400207</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250353</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00207</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desafios na Realiza&#231;&#227;o de Estudos de Evid&#234;ncias do Mundo Real em Pa&#237;ses de Renda M&#233;dia-Baixa: O Estudo EdoBRA</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0487-5299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Massaro</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s &#8211; Neurologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s &#8211; Neurologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Ayrton Roberto Massaro</bold> &#8226; Hospital S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s &#8211; Neurologia &#8211; Rua Pais de Araujo, 29 cj 94. CEP <postal-code>04531-940</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ayrton.massaro@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>04</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250353</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Inibidores do Fator Xa</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Em 1991, Wolf et al. no estudo de Framingham demonstraram que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) constitui um fator de risco independente para acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Hart et al., em uma metan&#225;lise, confirmaram a efic&#225;cia da varfarina na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de AVC em 64% em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Observou-se um ligeiro aumento na hemorragia extracraniana grave, o que n&#227;o impactou a efic&#225;cia geral. Farmacocin&#233;tica imprevis&#237;vel, intera&#231;&#245;es e necessidades de monitoramento do INR limitaram o uso da varfarina. Em pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda, como o Brasil, as disparidades socioecon&#244;micas afetaram o uso da varfarina em pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os anticoagulantes orais diretos (ACODs) foram introduzidos para superar as barreiras associadas &#224; varfarina. Todos os ACODs demonstraram forte preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC em compara&#231;&#227;o com a varfarina. A edoxabana, no estudo ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48, n&#227;o foi inferior &#224; varfarina em seguran&#231;a e foi superior na preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC hemorr&#225;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes latino-americanos apresentaram taxas de hemorragia e mortalidade mais elevadas em compara&#231;&#227;o com outras regi&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, considera&#231;&#245;es sobre custo, monitoramento renal, ACODs em subpopula&#231;&#245;es com FA e agentes de revers&#227;o para hemorragia destacam a import&#226;ncia de adaptar a terapia com base nos riscos espec&#237;ficos do paciente.</p>
    <p>O s&#233;culo XXI testemunhou um progresso substancial no tratamento do AVC isqu&#234;mico agudo por meio de t&#233;cnicas diagn&#243;sticas aprimoradas. A efic&#225;cia do tratamento do AVC agudo exigiu centros especializados, beneficiando pacientes em v&#225;rios est&#225;gios da doen&#231;a, incluindo a preven&#231;&#227;o, onde as fam&#237;lias participam de programas multidisciplinares. O aumento da longevidade global, devido &#224; melhoria dos cuidados de sa&#250;de, resultou na sobreviv&#234;ncia de pacientes com condi&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares diferentes das gera&#231;&#245;es anteriores, frequentemente com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades. Portanto, o risco e a gravidade dos sintomas de FA aumentam com as comorbidades, sugerindo que a preven&#231;&#227;o do AVC pode ser mais eficaz se forem abordadas etiologias concorrentes em pacientes com AVC com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A tomada de decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica para FA atualmente depende da classifica&#231;&#227;o bin&#225;ria. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de conceitos para subgrupos de FA pode melhorar a comparabilidade dos resultados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. A carga de FA, definida como o tempo gasto em FA durante o monitoramento, &#233; recomendada para avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco e decis&#245;es de tratamento em condi&#231;&#245;es relacionadas &#224; FA, comparando-a com eventos cardiovasculares adversos graves.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o se sabe se o menor risco de AVC em pacientes com FA p&#243;s-AVC justifica diferentes limiares de carga de FA para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, avaliar a carga de FA em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; rela&#231;&#227;o risco-benef&#237;cio &#233; crucial para revisar os achados recentes na epidemiologia de pacientes com FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do ABC Cardiol, Pr&#233;coma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> apresentamos o estudo EdoBRA, uma investiga&#231;&#227;o prospectiva conduzida em 30 centros brasileiros que avaliou a edoxabana em pacientes com FA ao longo de 1 ano. De 713 pacientes, 590 conclu&#237;ram o estudo. A taxa de descontinua&#231;&#227;o do tratamento foi de 21%, superior &#224; de outros estudos de edoxabana em contexto real, o que pode afetar a interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estudo incluiu pacientes em uso de edoxabana por 14 a 90 dias antes do recrutamento, introduzindo vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o ao excluir descontinua&#231;&#245;es precoces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> N&#227;o houve um cronograma espec&#237;fico para avalia&#231;&#227;o de prontu&#225;rios com dados ausentes, particularmente para depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina.</p>
    <p>Eventos adversos foram o principal motivo da descontinua&#231;&#227;o, com restri&#231;&#245;es financeiras tamb&#233;m contribuindo. Esses achados apresentam limita&#231;&#245;es, incluindo o impacto da COVID-19. O estudo carece de uma an&#225;lise de custo-efetividade, o que &#233; particularmente relevante em um pa&#237;s onde fatores socioecon&#244;micos impactam significativamente o acesso &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A omiss&#227;o de vari&#225;veis cr&#237;ticas pelo estudo limita sua compreens&#227;o do impacto socioecon&#244;mico na popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era jovem, predominantemente masculina, n&#227;o branca e sem plano de sa&#250;de, com altas taxas de comorbidades, especialmente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e AVC, refletindo pacientes complexos do mundo real.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A popula&#231;&#227;o era predominantemente do Nordeste do Brasil, o que limitou a generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos resultados. Esse perfil confirma os achados sobre as caracter&#237;sticas da carga de FA em pa&#237;ses com disparidades socioecon&#244;micas, como pa&#237;ses de baixa e m&#233;dia renda LMIC (ELSA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nessas regi&#245;es, quando comparadas a pa&#237;ses de alta renda, a doen&#231;a tende a se manifestar mais precocemente e est&#225; associada a uma alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de fatores de risco vascular, que facilitam a ocorr&#234;ncia de comorbidades vasculares adicionais.</p>
    <p>A baixa incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares e hemorr&#225;gicos neste estudo, apesar da popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco, sugere que o edoxaban pode ser particularmente eficaz e seguro para esta coorte, conforme demonstrado anteriormente entre pacientes com latino-americanos no estudo ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> No entanto, essas descobertas exigem interpreta&#231;&#227;o cautelosa, considerando as implica&#231;&#245;es de um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento limitado a apenas um ano para uma condi&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica como a FA.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Efetividade e Seguran&#231;a da Edoxabana nos Cuidados Cl&#237;nicos de Rotina de Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial no Brasil: Estudo Prospectivo de Acompanhamento de 1 Ano &#8211; EdoBRA</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250353i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Challenges in Performing Real-World Evidence Studies in Low-Middle Income Countries: the EdoBRA Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0487-5299</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Massaro</surname>
            <given-names>Ayrton Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s &#8211; Neurologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Ayrton Roberto Massaro</bold> &#8226; Hospital S&#237;rio-liban&#234;s &#8211; Neurologia &#8211; Rua Pais de Araujo, 29 cj 94. Postal Code <postal-code>04531-940</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>ayrton.massaro@gmail.com</email></corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Factor Xa Inhibitors</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In 1991, Wolf et al. on the Framingham study demonstrated that atrial fibrillation (AF) constitutes an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Hart et al., in a meta-analysis, confirmed warfarin's effectiveness in lowering stroke risk by 64% in AF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A slight increase in major extracranial hemorrhage was observed, which did not impact overall efficacy. Unpredictable pharmacokinetics, interactions, and INR monitoring needs have limited warfarin use. In low-middle income countries (LMICs) like Brazil, socio-economic disparities affected warfarin use in AF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were introduced to overcome the barriers associated with warfarin. All DOACs showed strong stroke prevention compared to warfarin. Edoxaban in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial was non-inferior to warfarin in safety and superior in preventing hemorrhagic strokes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Latin American patients showed higher hemorrhage and mortality rates compared to other regions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In addition, considerations of cost, renal monitoring, DOACs in AF subpopulations, and reversal agents for hemorrhage highlight the importance of tailoring therapy based on patient-specific risks.</p>
      <p>The 21<sup>st</sup> century has seen substantial progress in acute ischemic stroke management through enhanced diagnostic techniques. The efficacy of acute stroke care has necessitated specialized centers, benefiting patients at various disease stages, including prevention, where families join multidisciplinary programs. Increased global longevity from improving healthcare has resulted in patients surviving with cardiovascular conditions different from previous generations, often with multiple comorbidities. Therefore, the risk and severity of AF symptoms rise with comorbidities, suggesting stroke prevention may be more effective if addressing competing stroke etiologies in AF-stroke patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Clinical decision-making for AF currently relies on binary classification. However, developing concepts for AF subgroups could improve outcome comparability in trials. AF burden, defined as time spent in AF during monitoring, is recommended for risk evaluation and treatment decisions in AF-related conditions, comparing it with major adverse cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> It remains uncertain if lower stroke risk in post-stroke AF patients justifies different AF burden thresholds for anticoagulation compared to primary prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, evaluating the AF burden against the benefit-risk ratio is crucial for reviewing recent findings in the epidemiology of AF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of the ABC Cardiol, Pr&#233;coma et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> present the EdoBRA study, a prospective investigation conducted across 30 Brazilian centers that assessed edoxaban in AF patients over 1 year. Of 713 patients, 590 completed the study. The treatment discontinuation rate was 21%, higher than in other real-world edoxaban studies, which may affect outcome interpretation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The study included patients on edoxaban for 14 to 90 days before enrollment, introducing selection bias by excluding early discontinuations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> There was no specific schedule for evaluating records with missing data, particularly for creatinine clearance.</p>
      <p>Adverse events were the main reason for discontinuation, with financial constraints also contributing. These findings have limitations, including the impact of COVID-19. The study lacks a cost-effectiveness analysis, which is particularly relevant in a country where socio-economic factors significantly impact healthcare access.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The study's omission of critical variables limits its understanding of the socio-economic impact on the population.</p>
      <p>The study population was young, predominantly male, non-white, and uninsured, with high comorbidity rates, especially heart failure and stroke, reflecting complex real-world patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The population was mainly from Northeast Brazil, which limited the generalizability of the results. This profile confirms findings on AF burden characteristics in nations with socio-economic disparities, such as LMIC (ELSA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In these regions, when compared with high-income countries, the disease tends to manifest earlier and is associated with a high concentration of vascular risk factors, which facilitate the occurrence of additional vascular comorbidities.</p>
      <p>The low incidence of cardiovascular and bleeding events in this study, despite the high-risk population, suggests that edoxaban may be particularly effective and safe for this cohort, as demonstrated previously among latin american patients in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, these findings require cautious interpretation, considering the implications of a follow-up period limited to only one year for a chronic condition such as AF.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Effectiveness and Safety of Edoxaban in the Routine Clinical Care of Atrial Fibrillation Patients in Brazil: Prospective 1-Year Follow-Up Study &#8211; EdoBRA</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
