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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Kz6ngVPYp3gXQBqYrTFzjdH</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250251</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Existe um Tamanho &#218;nico para Todos? &#8211; Refinando a Terapia Anticoagulante Parenteral de Acordo com o Peso Corporal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4639-1003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Academic Research Organization</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Academic Research Organization, Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a Furtado</bold> &#8226; Alameda Campinas, 579, 4o andar. CEP <postal-code>01404-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rhmfurtado@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250251</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Peso Corporal</kwd>
        <kwd>Heparina</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Os anticoagulantes parenterais s&#227;o medicamentos amplamente utilizados na medicina. Em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA), o uso de heparina n&#227;o fracionada intravenosa (HNF) tem sido amplamente substitu&#237;do por heparinas de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) devido &#224; facilidade de administra&#231;&#227;o, ao efeito mais previs&#237;vel e &#224; efic&#225;cia superior destas &#250;ltimas em pacientes com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST submetidos &#224; fibrin&#243;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As diretrizes atuais recomendam a anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com enoxaparina (classe I) em uma ampla gama de pacientes com SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> No entanto, uma das principais limita&#231;&#245;es da HBPM continua sendo seu uso em pacientes com extremos de peso corporal. Alguns estudos sugerem uma anticoagula&#231;&#227;o menos confi&#225;vel entre pacientes com peso superior a 100 kg ou com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) acima de 40 kg/m&#178;. Ainda &#233; controverso se a dose de 1 mg/kg a cada 12 horas para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica deve ser mantida em pacientes extremamente obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Atualmente, a bula brasileira da enoxaparina recomenda uma dose m&#225;xima de 100 mg a cada 12 horas, com ajustes posol&#243;gicos adicionais para pacientes com mais de 75 anos e aqueles com disfun&#231;&#227;o renal moderada a grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A edi&#231;&#227;o atual dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia traz uma importante metan&#225;lise que pode ajudar, em parte, a esclarecer essas quest&#245;es. Os autores<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> realizaram uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de estudos envolvendo pacientes em tratamento para diversas condi&#231;&#245;es, a maioria (87%) para SCA, com anticoagulante parenteral (HNF, enoxaparina ou fondaparinux). Os estudos eleg&#237;veis compararam dois grupos de exposi&#231;&#227;o (obesos versus n&#227;o obesos, sendo obesos definidos como IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m&#178;) em termos de desfechos de morte e sangramento. Como poucos estudos relataram desfechos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e nenhum analisou acidente vascular cerebral, esses desfechos n&#227;o fizeram parte da metan&#225;lise atual. Os autores encontraram 6 estudos, tr&#234;s deles an&#225;lises secund&#225;rias de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (ECR) e tr&#234;s estudos de coorte retrospectivos. As taxas de sangramento n&#227;o diferiram de acordo com a presen&#231;a de obesidade (sem heterogeneidade aparente de acordo com HNF versus HBPM). No entanto, a obesidade foi associada &#224; menor mortalidade em anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esta &#250;ltima descoberta n&#227;o &#233; totalmente surpreendente, visto que j&#225; foi demonstrada antes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (o chamado "paradoxo da obesidade"). Os pontos fortes da metan&#225;lise atual foram a sele&#231;&#227;o rigorosa de estudos em diferentes bases de dados, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s e a heterogeneidade das estimativas com m&#233;todos adequados. A principal limita&#231;&#227;o foi que, embora ECRs tenham sido inclu&#237;dos, a informa&#231;&#227;o essencial, ou seja, a compara&#231;&#227;o entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos, foi baseada em dados observacionais, com o risco inerente de vi&#233;s devido a fatores de confus&#227;o desconhecidos e n&#227;o mensurados. A aparente menor mortalidade em pacientes obesos pode ser explicada pela idade geralmente mais jovem (j&#225; que o envelhecimento &#233;, de fato, um fator que pode diminuir o peso corporal ao longo do tempo) e, portanto, pela menor preval&#234;ncia de outras comorbidades relacionadas &#224; idade que, per si, est&#227;o associadas a uma mortalidade mais alta, criando assim este aparente paradoxo. Essa mesma quest&#227;o pode encobrir um sinal potencial para um aumento de sangramento (se existir) entre pacientes obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Se a obesidade fosse protetora contra a morte, n&#227;o esperar&#237;amos uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade favorecendo a perda de peso em ECRs que testaram um medicamento para redu&#231;&#227;o de peso, como a semaglutida subcut&#226;nea, entre pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Uma abordagem alternativa a uma metan&#225;lise sobre este t&#243;pico seria comparar estrat&#233;gias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (por exemplo, HNF versus HBPM) entre subgrupos de IMC e realizar um teste de intera&#231;&#227;o de tratamento por subgrupo para avaliar se a presen&#231;a de obesidade &#233; um modificador de efeito da estrat&#233;gia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Nesse sentido, estudos anteriores exploraram as potenciais intera&#231;&#245;es entre peso corporal e anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral. O SYNERGY foi um ECR multic&#234;ntrico, aberto, com avalia&#231;&#227;o cega de desfechos, que comparou HNF versus enoxaparina entre pacientes com SCA sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST. A enoxaparina foi administrada na dose de 1 mg/kg a cada 12 horas, independentemente do peso corporal, sem dosagem m&#225;xima. N&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de heterogeneidade do efeito do tratamento comparando HNF versus enoxaparina de acordo com os estratos de IMC para desfechos hemorr&#225;gicos ou isqu&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Resultados semelhantes foram observados em uma an&#225;lise conjunta dos estudos MATISSE, que randomizaram pacientes com tromboembolismo venoso agudo para fondaparinux versus HNF ou enoxaparina. A dosagem de fondaparinux foi baseada no peso corporal (com uma dose m&#225;xima de 10 mg por dia), assim como a de enoxaparina (com uma dose m&#225;xima de 100 mg a cada 12 horas). Novamente, n&#227;o houve intera&#231;&#227;o aparente entre os tratamentos por subgrupos nos obesos versus n&#227;o obesos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nenhum desses estudos, o regime de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi adaptado com base na atividade anti-fator Xa medida no sangue.</p>
    <p>Considerando a crescente epidemia de obesidade, a facilidade de uso de HBPM em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; HNF e a disponibilidade limitada de monitoramento de anti-fator Xa, a defini&#231;&#227;o da melhor estrat&#233;gia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para pacientes obesos em diversos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos continua sendo uma quest&#227;o importante e n&#227;o resolvida. A metan&#225;lise atual fornece dados tranquilizadores sobre o uso seguro da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral em pacientes obesos; no entanto, futuros ECRs dedicados a essa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para melhor fundamentar a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Influ&#234;ncia da Obesidade na Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia do Tratamento Antitromb&#243;tico: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250251i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Does One Size Fit All? &#8211; Refining Parenteral Anticoagulant Therapy According to Body Weight</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4639-1003</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Brazilian Clinical Research Institute, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Academic Research Organization</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Academic Research Organization, Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211;Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Remo Holanda de Mendon&#231;a Furtado</bold> &#8226; Alameda Campinas, 579, 4th floor. Postal Code <postal-code>01404-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>rhmfurtado@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Body Weight</kwd>
        <kwd>Heparin</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Parenteral anticoagulant is widely used in medicine. In acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the use of intravenous unfractionated heparin (UFH) has been largely replaced by low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) due to the ease of administration, more predictable effect, and superior efficacy of the latter in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction submitted to fibrinolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Current guidelines recommend anticoagulation with enoxaparin (class I) in a broad range of patients with ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, one of the major limitations of LMWH remains in its use in patients with extremes of body weight. Some studies suggest a less trustable anticoagulation among patients weighing more than 100 kilograms or with body mass index (BMI) above 40 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>. Whether 1 mg/kg every 12 hours dosing for therapeutic anticoagulation should remain in extremely obese patients is still controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Currently, the Brazilian label from enoxaparin recommends a maximum dose of 100 mg every 12 hours, with additional dosing adjustments for patients older than 75 years and those with moderate to severe renal dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The current issue of the <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic> brings an important meta-analysis that can help, in part, to clarify these questions. The authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> performed a systematic review of studies enrolling patients being treated for several different conditions, most of them (87%) for ACS, with a parenteral anticoagulant (UFH, enoxaparin, or fondaparinux). Eligible studies compared two exposure groups (obese versus non-obese, being obese defined as a BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>) in terms of death and bleeding outcomes. Because few studies reported endpoints of myocardial infarction and none analyzed stroke, these outcomes were not part of the current meta-analysis. Authors have found 6 studies, three of them secondary analyses from randomized clinical trials (RCT) and three retrospective cohort studies. The rates of bleeding did not differ according to the obesity status (with no apparent heterogeneity according to UFH versus LMWH). However, obesity was associated with lower mortality on parenteral anticoagulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This last finding is not entirely surprising given it has been demonstrated before<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> (the so called "obesity paradox"). The strengths of the current meta-analysis were the rigorous selection of studies in different databases, assessment of risk of bias, and estimates of heterogeneity with proper methods. The main limitation was that, although RCTs were included, the essential information, that is, the comparison between obese and non-obese patients, was based on observational data, with the inherent risk of bias due to unknown, unmeasured confounders. Apparent lower mortality in obese patients could be explained by the usually younger age (since aging is, in fact, a factor that may decrease body weight over time) and thus the lower prevalence of other age-related co-morbidities that <italic>per si</italic> are associated with higher mortality, thus creating this apparent paradox. This same issue may cover a potential signal for an increase in bleeding (if it does exist) among obese patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> If obesity were protective against death, we would not expect a mortality reduction favoring weight loss in RCTs testing a weight reduction medication, such as subcutaneous semaglutide, among patients with high cardiovascular risk.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>An alternative approach to a meta-analysis on this topic would be to compare anticoagulation strategies (for example, UFH versus LMWH) across BMI subgroups and test for treatment by subgroup interactions to assess whether the obesity status is an effect modifier of the anticoagulation strategy. In this regard, previous studies have explored the potential interactions between body weight and parenteral anticoagulation. The SYNERGY was a multicenter, open-label with blinded endpoint ascertainment, RCT that compared UFH versus enoxaparin among patients with non-ST elevation ACS. Enoxaparin was dosed at 1 mg/kg every 12 hours regardless of body weight without maximum dosing. There was no evidence of heterogeneity of treatment effect comparing UFH versus enoxaparin according to BMI strata for bleeding or ischemic outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Similar findings were observed in a pooled analysis from the MATISSE trials, which randomized patients with acute venous thromboembolism to fondaparinux versus UFH or enoxaparin. Fondaparinux dosing was based on body weight (with a maximum dose of 10 mg per day), as was enoxaparin (with a maximum dosing of 100 mg every 12 hours). Again, no treatment by subgroup interaction was apparent for the obese versus non-obese subgroups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In none of these studies anticoagulation regimen was tailored based on anti-factor Xa activity measured in the blood.</p>
      <p>Given the growing epidemics of obesity, the much easier use of LMWH compared to UFH, and the limited availability of anti-factor Xa monitoring, knowing the best anticoagulation strategy for obese patients in several clinical scenarios remains an important unresolved issue. The current meta-analysis provides reassuring data regarding the safe use of parenteral anticoagulation among obese patients; however, future dedicated RCTs enrolling this specific patient population are needed to better inform clinical practice.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Influence of Obesity on the Safety and Efficacy of Antithrombotic Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
