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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RKjt3H6h539ynQH7QHGCPQz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250194</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20250194</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Teste de Esfor&#231;o para Detec&#231;&#227;o de Vias Acess&#243;rias de Alto Risco em Pacientes com S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3915-4309</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital Santa Casa de Vit&#243;ria, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Rita</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Fabricio Vassallo</bold> &#8226; Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia - Arritmias Card&#237;acas - Rua Marechal Campos, 1579. CEP <postal-code>29043-260</postal-code>, Santa Cec&#237;lia, Vitoria, ES - Brasil E-mail: <email>fsvassallo@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>23</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250194</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas e Procedimentos Diagn&#243;sticos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Na descri&#231;&#227;o de Wolff, Parkinson e White em 1930 da via acess&#243;ria exibindo condu&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada, foi feito muito trabalho para descrever a anatomia, eletrofisiologia e hist&#243;ria natural da s&#237;ndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Durante o ritmo sinusal, um padr&#227;o t&#237;pico no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de repouso est&#225; presente: um intervalo PR curto (&lt; 120 ms), um movimento ascendente ou descendente arrastado do complexo QRS (conhecido como onda Delta) e um amplo Complexo QRS (&gt;120ms). Na maioria dos casos, as vias acess&#243;rias que d&#227;o origem aos padr&#245;es de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) s&#227;o observadas em cora&#231;&#245;es estruturalmente normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de WPW apresentam palpita&#231;&#245;es causadas por taquicardia atrioventricular ou, menos comumente, por taquicardia atrial prim&#225;ria ou fibrila&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>A incid&#234;ncia de vias acess&#243;rias e pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de WPW &#233; descrita em 1 a 3 pacientes em 1000 indiv&#237;duos, e naqueles com parente de primeiro grau com essa situa&#231;&#227;o &#233; descrita como sendo de 5,5 em 1000. Atualmente, a descri&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos assintom&#225;ticos com ECG de repouso com padr&#227;o de WPW &#233; de 65% em adolescentes e 40% naqueles com mais de 30 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com WPW tamb&#233;m s&#227;o vulner&#225;veis a arritmias fatais devido &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pr&#233;-excitada, levando &#224; fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular e morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC). Embora a incid&#234;ncia de MSC, segundo estudos observacionais, seja muito baixa, foi descrita uma incid&#234;ncia de 4,5 epis&#243;dios de morte s&#250;bita por 1000 pacientes-ano em adultos assintom&#225;ticos seguidos por mais de 3 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A possibilidade de MSC no padr&#227;o de ECG WPW &#233; a maior preocupa&#231;&#227;o quando estamos cara a cara com esses pacientes, e a raz&#227;o para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da via acess&#243;ria. Em sua forma mais simples, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco da via acess&#243;ria &#233; uma avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva que utiliza basicamente monitoramento Holter de 24 horas e teste de esfor&#231;o. De acordo com os resultados desses dois exames e diante da incapacidade de provar uma perda abrupta absoluta clara de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o manifesta, a considera&#231;&#227;o de uma estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva &#233; necess&#225;ria. Outro grupo de pacientes que tem indica&#231;&#227;o formal para estratifica&#231;&#227;o invasiva com estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF), apesar da aus&#234;ncia de sintomas, &#233; o grupo de alto risco de ocupa&#231;&#245;es profissionais e atletas competitivos. O objetivo do EEF &#233; avaliar e determinar o menor per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio efetivo anter&#243;grado (PREA) da via acess&#243;ria. Quanto menor o PREA, maior o risco de desenvolver uma arritmia letal. O PREA definido na identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes de alto risco &#233; &#8804; 250 ms. Se uma fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pr&#233;-excitada for induzida durante o teste EP, outra medida pode ser usada que inclua o menor intervalo RR pr&#233;-excitado (SPERRI). Os pacientes de alto risco tamb&#233;m s&#227;o identificados com um SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o do ABC Cardiol, Alencar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> publicou uma metan&#225;lise da precis&#227;o do teste de esfor&#231;o na detec&#231;&#227;o de vias acess&#243;rias de alto risco. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de testes de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o invasivos em compara&#231;&#227;o com EEF na identifica&#231;&#227;o de vias acess&#243;rias de alto risco na s&#237;ndrome de WPW. De um total de 309 estudos selecionados, 6 preencheram os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para an&#225;lise, incluindo um total de 765 pacientes. Usando o mesmo entendimento de que pacientes de menor risco durante os testes de esfor&#231;o s&#227;o aqueles com perda da medi&#231;&#227;o de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o. E para pacientes de alto risco, durante EEF, um PREA e SPERRI de &#8804; 250 ms. Seus resultados mostraram que o valor da raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (LR-) &#233; 0,260. Isso significa que ap&#243;s um resultado negativo no teste de esfor&#231;o, a probabilidade da presen&#231;a de uma via acess&#243;ria de alto risco no EEF &#233; aproximadamente 4 vezes menor. Em outras palavras, um teste negativo reduz significativamente a chance de o paciente ter uma via acess&#243;ria de alto risco. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, que foi limitada a pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, mostrou resultados consistentes, indicando que essa conclus&#227;o tamb&#233;m &#233; v&#225;lida para a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    <p>Em sua discuss&#227;o, eles recomendam que o EEF seja o padr&#227;o ouro para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes WPW. Eles argumentam que, apesar de reduzir a probabilidade de uma via de alto risco por um fator de 4, o que obviamente &#233; uma descoberta muito importante, eles acreditam que essa redu&#231;&#227;o por si s&#243; n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para estabelecer o teste de estresse por exerc&#237;cio como uma ferramenta definitiva para estratificar vias acess&#243;rias de alto ou baixo risco.</p>
    <p>De acordo com a <italic>ESC Task Force</italic> de 2019 para o gerenciamento de pacientes com taquicardia supraventricular, as indica&#231;&#245;es, de maior a menor evid&#234;ncia, em pacientes com vias acess&#243;rias assintom&#225;ticas s&#227;o: A) EEF para profiss&#245;es de alto risco e atletas competitivos; B) EEF para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para todos os pacientes e C) estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco n&#227;o invasiva para todos os pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Mesmo estudos invasivos n&#227;o conferem certeza absoluta sobre pacientes de alto risco. Em um estudo retrospectivo com 912 pacientes jovens (&#8804; 21 anos) com s&#237;ndrome de WPW, 96 (10,5%) apresentaram eventos com risco de vida, dos quais 49% apresentaram FA pr&#233;-excitada rapidamente conduzida. Para aqueles pacientes com eventos e submetidos a EEF, 22 de 60 (37%) n&#227;o apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas de alto risco determinadas por EEF, e 15 de 60 (25%) n&#227;o apresentaram caracter&#237;sticas de via preocupantes nem taquicardia supraventricular induz&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Como a EEF e a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para estratifica&#231;&#227;o e tratamento da s&#237;ndrome de WPW, quando realizadas por um operador experiente, est&#227;o associadas a uma alta taxa de cura (&gt;95%) e baixo risco (&lt;0,5%) de complica&#231;&#245;es graves, elas devem ser o padr&#227;o ouro para o tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referido ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Acur&#225;cia Diagn&#243;stica do Teste Ergom&#233;trico para Detectar Via Acess&#243;ria de Alto Risco em WPW: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250194i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Exercise Stress Test For Detecting High-Risk Accessory Pathways In Patients With Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3915-4309</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vassallo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital Santa Casa de Vit&#243;ria</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina do Hospital Santa Casa de Vit&#243;ria, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Rita</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Rita, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>Fabricio Vassallo</bold> &#8226; Hospital Santa Rita de C&#225;ssia - Arritmias Card&#237;acas - Rua Marechal Campos, 1579. Postal Code <postal-code>29043-260</postal-code>, Santa Cec&#237;lia, Vitoria, ES - Brazil E-mail: <email>fsvassallo@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In the description of Wolff, Parkinson, and White in 1930 of accessory pathway exhibiting antegrade conduction much work had been done to describe the anatomy, electrophysiology, and natural history of the syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> During sinus rhythm, a typical pattern in the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) is present: a short PR interval (&lt; 120ms), a slurred upstroke or downstroke of the QRS complex (known as Delta wave), and a wide QRS complex (&gt;120ms). In most cases, accessory pathways giving rise to the WPW patterns are seen in structurally normal hearts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Patients with WPW syndrome presented with palpitations caused by an atrioventricular tachycardia or, less commonly, due to primary atrial tachycardia or fibrillation.</p>
      <p>Incidence of accessory pathways and WPW syndrome patients are described in 1 to 3 patients in 1000 individuals, and in those with a first-degree relative with this situation is described to be 5.5 in 1000. At present, the description of asymptomatic individuals with a resting ECG with WPW pattern is 65% in adolescents and 40% in those with more than 30 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Patients with WPW are also vulnerable to fatal arrhythmias due to pre-excited atrial fibrillation, leading to ventricular fibrillation and sudden cardiac death (SCD). Although the incidence of SCD, according to observational studies, is very low, an incidence of 4.5 episodes of sudden death per 1000 patients-years was described in asymptomatic adults followed by more than 3 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The possibility of SCD in the WPW ECG pattern is the highest concern when we are face to face with these patients and the reason for the risk stratification of the accessory pathway. In its simplest form, risk stratification of the accessory pathway is a non-invasive evaluation utilizing basically 24-hour Holter monitoring and exercise stress test. According to the results of these two exams and facing the inability to prove a clear absolute abrupt loss of manifest preexcitation, consideration for an invasive stratification is necessary. Another group of patients who have a formal indication for invasive stratification with electrophysiological study (EPS), despite the absence of symptoms, is the high-risk group of professional occupations and competitive athletes. The objective of the EPS is to evaluate and determine the shortest antegrade effective refractory period (APERP) of the accessory pathway. The lower the APERP, the higher the risk of developing a lethal arrhythmia. The defined APERP in the identification of high-risk patients is &#8804; 250ms. If a pre-excited atrial fibrillation is induced during the EP test, another measurement can be used that includes the shortest pre-excited RR interval (SPERRI). The high-risk patients are also identified with a SPERRI &#8804; 250ms.</p>
      <p>In this issue of ABC Cardiol, Alencar et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> published a meta-analysis of the accuracy of exercise stress test in the detection of high-risk accessory pathways. The objective of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive exercise tests in comparison to EPS in the identification of high-risk accessory pathways in WPW syndrome. Of a total of 309 screened studies, 6 fulfilled the eligibility criteria for analysis, including a total of 765 patients. Using the same understanding that lower-risk patients during exercise stress tests are those with the loss of preexcitation measurement. And for high-risk patients, during EPS, an APERP and SPERRI of &#8804; 250ms. Their results showed that the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) value is 0.260. This means that after a negative result on the exercise stress test, the probability of the presence of a high-risk accessory pathway in EPS is approximately 4 times lower. In other words, a negative test significantly reduces the chance that the patient will have a high-risk accessory pathway. In addition, the sensitivity analysis, which was limited to pediatric patients, showed consistent results, indicating that this conclusion is also valid for the pediatric population.</p>
      <p>In their discussion, they recommend that EPS should be the gold standard for risk stratification in WPW patients. They argue that despite reducing the likelihood of a high-risk pathway by a factor of 4, which obviously is a very important finding, they believe this reduction alone is not sufficient to establish exercise stress test as a definitive tool for stratifying high- or low-risk accessory pathways.</p>
      <p>According to the 2019 ESC Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia, the indications, from higher to low evidence, in asymptomatic accessory pathways patients are: A) EPS for high-risk professions and competitive athletes; B) EPS for risk stratification for all patients and C) non-invasive risk stratification for all patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Even invasive studies do not confer absolute certainty about high-risk patients. In a retrospective study with 912 young patients (&#8804; 21 years) with WPW syndrome, 96 (10.5%) experienced life-threatening events, of whom 49% had rapidly conducted pre-excited AF. For those patients with events and subjected to EPS, 22 of 60 (37%) did not have EPS-determined high-risk characteristics, and 15 of 60 (25%) had neither concerning pathway characteristics nor inducible supraventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Since the EPS and catheter ablation for stratification and treatment of WPW syndrome, when performed by an experienced operator, is associated with a high cure rate (&gt;95%) and low risk (&lt;0.5%) of major complications, it should be the gold standard for managing those patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Exercise Testing in Detecting High-Risk Accessory Pathways in WPW: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
