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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GYFhjykDN6rbD57KXdKd6py</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400203</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250185</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00203</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica no Brasil: Avan&#231;os no Conhecimento e Implica&#231;&#245;es Cl&#237;nicas</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guazzelli</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Louvet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Transplante Card&#237;aco do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Transplante Card&#237;aco do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>M&#244;nica Samuel Avila</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20250185</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Miocardiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH) &#233; a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca geneticamente determinada mais prevalente e continua sendo um desafio diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A preval&#234;ncia estimada dessa condi&#231;&#227;o na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral &#233; de aproximadamente 1 caso para cada 200 indiv&#237;duos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No Brasil, estima-se que 400.000 pessoas sejam afetadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A hist&#243;ria natural da CMH &#233; heterog&#234;nea, com curso imprevis&#237;vel que pode se manifestar desde a inf&#226;ncia at&#233; a oitava d&#233;cada de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a tamb&#233;m apresenta heterogeneidade fenot&#237;pica, com duas formas cl&#237;nicas principais: obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (OVSVE) e n&#227;o obstrutiva.</p>
    <p>Estudos recentes indicam que aproximadamente 46% dos pacientes podem ter um curso benigno, com expectativa de vida normal. No entanto, outro subconjunto de pacientes pode apresentar sintomas progressivos ou desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e eventos adversos ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os principais eventos adversos associados &#224; CMH incluem morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca, isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, limita&#231;&#227;o funcional progressiva devido &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, progress&#227;o para disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial com risco aumentado de eventos tromb&#243;ticos e arritmias ventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica &#233; um m&#233;todo acess&#237;vel e essencial para o diagn&#243;stico inicial, estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco e acompanhamento cl&#237;nico da CMH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Esse m&#233;todo permite a avalia&#231;&#227;o da morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;acas, bem como a identifica&#231;&#227;o de fatores progn&#243;sticos nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>No Brasil, dados sobre a progress&#227;o da CMH em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o escassos, o que refor&#231;a a necessidade de pesquisas que reflitam as caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas dos pacientes no pa&#237;s. Na edi&#231;&#227;o atual deste peri&#243;dico, os autores do artigo intitulado "Particularidades Cl&#237;nicas e Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira e seu Impacto Progn&#243;stico"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> analisaram as caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, ecocardiogr&#225;ficas e a progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a em uma coorte brasileira de pacientes com CMH.</p>
    <p>Nesta coorte retrospectiva, 1.244 pacientes com CMH foram analisados durante um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de 7,7 anos. Notavelmente, a hipertrofia septal assim&#233;trica foi o padr&#227;o morfol&#243;gico predominante, observado em 85,4% dos casos, enquanto a OVSVE foi identificada em 30,7% dos pacientes.</p>
    <p>O estudo tamb&#233;m identificou vari&#225;veis associadas a pior progn&#243;stico em pacientes com CMH, incluindo n&#237;veis de BNP &gt; 200 pg/mL, di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo &#8805; 45 mm, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo &#8804; 50%, idade avan&#231;ada e presen&#231;a de fibrila&#231;&#227;o/flutter atrial. A taxa de mortalidade geral foi de 1,3% ao ano, indicando que, embora a CMH seja frequentemente compat&#237;vel com uma expectativa de vida normal, certos subgrupos de pacientes podem apresentar complica&#231;&#245;es graves.</p>
    <p>Os achados deste estudo brasileiro sugerem diferen&#231;as not&#225;veis em compara&#231;&#227;o com coortes internacionais previamente relatadas. Achados da literatura indicam que a forma obstrutiva da CMH obstrutiva &#233; frequentemente predominante, relatada em at&#233; dois ter&#231;os dos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em contraste, o presente estudo brasileiro identificou a forma obstrutiva em apenas 30,7% dos pacientes, sugerindo uma menor preval&#234;ncia da OVSVE em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o. Esse achado pode estar relacionado a diferen&#231;as gen&#233;ticas e ambientais ou a limita&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, como a aus&#234;ncia de testes sistem&#225;ticos de manobra de Valsalva para avaliar gradientes din&#226;micos.</p>
    <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao progn&#243;stico, a taxa de mortalidade anual de 1,3% observada neste estudo &#233; compar&#225;vel &#224; relatada em coortes internacionais, embora ligeiramente superior. Estudos internacionais relataram taxas de mortalidade anual entre 0,5% e 1,0%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> ao considerar apenas desfechos cardiovasculares, enquanto o estudo brasileiro analisou a mortalidade por todas as causas, o que pode explicar a discrep&#226;ncia.</p>
    <p>Apesar dos valiosos insights fornecidos por este estudo, algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser consideradas. Por se tratar de um estudo de coorte retrospectivo baseado em prontu&#225;rios eletr&#244;nicos, podem estar presentes vieses de sele&#231;&#227;o e imprecis&#245;es em certas vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e ecocardiogr&#225;ficas. Al&#233;m disso, a aus&#234;ncia de avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da OVSVE din&#226;mica e a aus&#234;ncia de m&#233;todos complementares de imagem, como a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, podem ter subestimado caracter&#237;sticas relevantes, como aneurismas ventriculares e a extens&#227;o da fibrose mioc&#225;rdica.</p>
    <p>Apesar dessas limita&#231;&#245;es, este estudo representa uma das maiores coortes de CMH analisadas no Brasil. Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e progn&#243;sticos baseados em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o essenciais para orientar a tomada de decis&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e adaptar as diretrizes internacionais &#224; realidade nacional. O reconhecimento de fatores progn&#243;sticos espec&#237;ficos em pacientes brasileiros pode contribuir para uma abordagem mais individualizada e precisa do manejo da CMH, melhorando, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, os desfechos e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <label>Minieditorial referente ao artigo:</label>
        <p>Particularidades Cl&#237;nicas e Ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica em uma Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira e seu Impacto Progn&#243;stico</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20250185i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Brazil: Advances in Knowledge and Clinical Implications</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Guazzelli</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Louvet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3712-1175</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Avila</surname>
            <given-names>M&#244;nica Samuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
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        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Departamento de Transplante Card&#237;aco do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Transplante Card&#237;aco do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Address:</label><bold>M&#244;nica Samuel Avila</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>mo_avila@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most prevalent genetically determined heart disease and remains a diagnostic and prognostic challenge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The estimated prevalence of this condition in the general population is approximately 1 case per 200 individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In Brazil, it is estimated that 400,000 people are affected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The natural history of HCM is heterogeneous, with an unpredictable course that may manifest from childhood to the eighth decade of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The disease also exhibits phenotypic heterogeneity, with two main clinical forms: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) and non-obstructive.</p>
      <p>Recent studies indicate that approximately 46% of patients may have a benign course with a normal life expectancy. However, another subset of patients may experience progressive symptoms or develop clinical complications and adverse events over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The main adverse events associated with HCM include cardiac sudden death, myocardial ischemia, progressive functional limitation due to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction or diastolic dysfunction, progression to left ventricular systolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation with an increased risk of thrombotic events, and ventricular arrhythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Transthoracic echocardiography is an accessible and essential method for the initial diagnosis, risk stratification, and clinical follow-up of HCM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> This method enables the assessment of cardiac morphology and function, as well as the identification of prognostic factors in this population.</p>
      <p>In Brazil, data on the progression of HCM in our population are scarce, highlighting the need for research that reflects the specific characteristics of patients in the country. In the current issue of this journal, the authors of the manuscript titled "Clinical and Echocardiographic Particularities of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Brazilian Population and its Prognostic Impact"<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> analyzed the clinical, echocardiographic characteristics and disease progression in a Brazilian cohort of patients with HCM.</p>
      <p>In this retrospective cohort, 1,244 patients with HCM were analyzed over a mean follow-up period of 7.7 years. Notably, asymmetric septal hypertrophy was the predominant morphological pattern observed in 85.4% of cases, while LVOTO was identified in 30.7% of patients.</p>
      <p>The study also identified variables associated with worse prognosis in patients with HCM, including BNP levels &gt;200 pg/mL, left atrial diameter &#8805;45 mm, left ventricular ejection fraction &#8804;50%, advanced age, and the presence of atrial fibrillation/flutter. The overall mortality rate was 1.3% per year, indicating that while HCM is often compatible with a normal life expectancy, certain subgroups of patients may experience severe complications.</p>
      <p>The findings from this Brazilian study suggest notable differences compared to previously reported international cohorts. Findings from the literature indicate that obstructive HCM obstructive HCM is often predominant, reported in up to two-thirds of cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In contrast, the present Brazilian study identified the obstructive form in only 30.7% of patients, suggesting a lower prevalence of LVOTO in our population. This finding may be related to genetic and environmental differences or methodological limitations, such as the lack of systematic Valsalva maneuver testing to assess dynamic gradients.</p>
      <p>Regarding prognosis, the 1.3% annual mortality rate observed in this study is comparable to that reported in international cohorts, though slightly higher. International studies have reported annual mortality rates between 0.5% and 1.0%<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> when considering only cardiovascular outcomes, whereas the Brazilian study analyzed all-cause mortality, which may explain the discrepancy.</p>
      <p>Despite the valuable insights provided by this study, some limitations should be considered. As a retrospective cohort study based on electronic medical records, selection bias and inaccuracies in certain clinical and echocardiographic variables may be present. Additionally, the lack of systematic evaluation of dynamic LVOTO and the absence of complementary imaging methods, such as cardiac magnetic resonance, may have underestimated relevant features such as ventricular aneurysms and the extent of myocardial fibrosis.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <label>Short Editorial related to the article:</label>
          <p>Clinical and Echocardiographic Particularities of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in a Brazilian Population and its Prognostic Impact</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
