<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">yN5m958kL3L84fDMXKg9Bbz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00401</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240725</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo de Revis&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>An&#225;lise da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes Hipertensos: Influ&#234;ncia do Fen&#244;meno de Redu&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial durante a Noite</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9947-6946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo Antonio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5193-1441</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6634-4138</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5460-5476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil </country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia :</label> Marco Aur&#233;lio Goulart &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>marcogoulart71@outlook.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240725</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>Altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular est&#227;o associadas a arritmias ventriculares e maior mortalidade. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o dipper e as altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular continua sendo controversa. O objetivo principal &#233; comparar as medi&#231;&#245;es da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (intervalo QT, QTc, Tp-Tf, Tp-Tf/QT e QTd) em hipertensos dippers e n&#227;o dippers. Os objetivos secund&#225;rios s&#227;o comparar as medi&#231;&#245;es entre pacientes hipertensos controlados e n&#227;o controlados, assim como entre hipertensos resistentes e n&#227;o resistentes. Este estudo observacional e transversal envolveu pacientes monitorados em um Servi&#231;o de hipertens&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 5%. Foi admitido um total de 130 participantes. A m&#233;dia de idade foi de 67,4 anos, com 72% apresentando alguma forma de les&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os-alvo. As medi&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre dippers e n&#227;o dippers. No entanto, dentro do grupo de hipertens&#227;o resistente em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo n&#227;o resistente, foram observadas diferen&#231;as no intervalo QT em V5 (433,3 ms vs. 420,9 ms, p = 0,046), Tp-Tf em V2 (85,4 ms vs. 78,7 ms, p = 0,049) e em V5 (84,6 ms vs. 74,6 ms, p = 0,006), Tp-Tf/QT em V5 (0,19 vs. 0,18, p = 0,019), &#237;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon (18,8 mm vs. 15,7 mm, p = 0,011) e &#237;ndice de Cornell (14,2 mm vs. 11,2 mm, p = 0,002), com valores ajustados pela idade. Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o hipertensa de alto risco cardiovascular, n&#227;o foi encontrada diferen&#231;a nas medi&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o entre dippers e n&#227;o dippers. Entretanto, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a demonstrar o aumento das medi&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>An&#225;lise da Repolariza&#231;&#227;o Ventricular em Pacientes Hipertensos: Influ&#234;ncia do Fen&#244;meno de Redu&#231;&#227;o da Press&#227;o Arterial durante a Noite</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>An&#225;lise da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes hipertensos: influ&#234;ncia do fen&#244;meno de redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial durante a noite.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yN5m958kL3L84fDMXKg9Bbz/7beb4d44fac23c0093f49ffd9ef654d3274f059c.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yN5m958kL3L84fDMXKg9Bbz/0eb3a9c40af0f44f87028941c44435be1aafdb51.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/yN5m958kL3L84fDMXKg9Bbz/22f8965a754fe21a7aeb22a986728df0fafd6049.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco de Doen&#231;as Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrofisiologia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="18"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="30"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular desempenham um papel importante na forma&#231;&#227;o de arritmias ventriculares e est&#227;o associadas a maior mortalidade. Os intervalos QT e QTc, especialmente medidos em DII e V5, representam um resultado da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A dispers&#227;o do QT (QTd), que &#233; a diferen&#231;a entre o intervalo QT mais longo e o mais curto entre as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, visa estimar a diferen&#231;a de tempo da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular nas diversas regi&#245;es do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> O intervalo Tp-Tf (Tpico a Tfinal) representa a repolariza&#231;&#227;o transmural, envolvendo o epic&#225;rdio, o endoc&#225;rdio e o mesoc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o arterial (HA), as altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular decorrem da remodela&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica causada pela hipertrofia dos cardiomi&#243;citos, dep&#243;sito de col&#225;geno e isquemia mioc&#225;rdica devido ao desequil&#237;brio entre oferta e demanda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, em pacientes com padr&#227;o press&#243;rico n&#227;o dipper, a associa&#231;&#227;o com as altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular continua sendo controversa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar cinco medidas distintas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular (intervalo QT, QTc, Tp-Tf, Tp-Tf/QT e QTd) ao comparar grupos de pacientes hipertensos dippers e n&#227;o dippers. Os objetivos secund&#225;rios incluem comparar as medi&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular ao dividir os entre pacientes hipertensos controlados e n&#227;o controlados, assim como entre pacientes hipertensos resistentes e n&#227;o resistentes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo observacional e transversal envolvendo pacientes hipertensos monitorados no Departamento de Hipertens&#227;o de um hospital terci&#225;rio, que foram submetidos ao monitoramento ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA). Pacientes dippers e n&#227;o dippers foram selecionados por meio desse exame.</p>
        <p>Com base em um desvio padr&#227;o de 11,2 ms para a vari&#225;vel Tp-Tf identificada no estudo de Demir e Uyan,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> estimou-se um n&#250;mero de 130 pacientes para detectar diferen&#231;as de at&#233; 8 ms entre os grupos, com 90% de poder e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram pacientes que realizaram MAPA com menos de 70% de medi&#231;&#245;es v&#225;lidas, HA est&#225;gio 3 (definida por press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) &#8805;180 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (PAD) &#8805;110 mmHg), cardiomiopatias (hipertr&#243;fica, isqu&#234;mica, cong&#234;nita ou valvular com disfun&#231;&#227;o moderada ou importante), disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda abaixo de 50%, doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria obstrutiva diagnosticada, portadores de marca-passo, pacientes em hemodi&#225;lise, doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica grave, gravidez, HA secund&#225;ria, neoplasia ativa em tratamento, IMC &gt; 34,9, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial ou flutter, uso de amiodarona, propafenona, sotalol, verapamil ou diltiazem, eletrocardiograma n&#227;o interpret&#225;vel por outras raz&#245;es e indiv&#237;duos j&#225; participantes de outras pesquisas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>O exame de MAPA foi realizado utilizando o dispositivo DYNA-MAPA NG, com medi&#231;&#245;es a cada 20 minutos durante o dia e a cada 30 minutos durante a noite. O per&#237;odo de sono foi baseado no relat&#243;rio de eventos preenchido pelo paciente.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com uma redu&#231;&#227;o inferior a 10% na PAS e/ou PAD durante o sono em compara&#231;&#227;o com o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia foram classificados como n&#227;o dippers. A HA n&#227;o controlada foi definida como PAS &#8805;130 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805;80 mmHg com base no MAPA.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram considerados portadores de hipertens&#227;o resistente se: 1) o MAPA revelou PAS &#8805;130 mmHg e/ou PAD &#8805;80 mmHg, apesar da terapia otimizada com um bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio (BCC), diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico e um bloqueador dos receptores da angiotensina (BRA) ou inibidor da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA); ou 2) o MAPA revelou PAS &lt;130 mmHg e PAD &lt;80 mmHg com o uso de doses otimizadas de BCC, diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico e um BRA ou IECA, combinados com uma quarta classe de agentes anti-hipertensivos.</p>
        <p>O eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es foi realizado utilizando o dispositivo Eletro System PRE0900001, padronizado com uma velocidade do papel de 25 mm/s e amplitude de 10 mm/mV. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo pesquisador com assist&#234;ncia semiautom&#225;tica do software Eletro System V6.4.0.11.</p>
        <p>Os intervalos QT e QTc foram medidos em todas as 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es, mas apenas V5 foi usado como representa&#231;&#227;o. O intervalo Tp-Tf foi medido em seis deriva&#231;&#245;es no plano horizontal. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas usando o m&#233;todo da tangente, em que uma linha tangente foi tra&#231;ada na inclina&#231;&#227;o mais acentuada do &#250;ltimo segmento da onda T at&#233; cruzar com a linha de base.</p>
        <p>A corre&#231;&#227;o do intervalo QT para frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi realizada pela f&#243;rmula de Bazzett, aplicando-se o intervalo TR entre o complexo medido e o anterior. O &#237;ndice de Sokolow-Lyon foi medido pela adi&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda S em V1 &#224; maior amplitude da onda R encontrada em V5 ou V6. O crit&#233;rio de Cornell foi estabelecido pela adi&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda R na deriva&#231;&#227;o aVL &#224; amplitude da onda S na deriva&#231;&#227;o V3.</p>
        <p>O question&#225;rio da Escala de Sonol&#234;ncia de Epworth (ESE) e as medi&#231;&#245;es da circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o foram coletados pelo investigador.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvios padr&#227;o (DP) ou medianas e faixas interquartil, conforme apropriado. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas como frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas utilizando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal), o teste U de Mann-Whitney (para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal) ou o teste de Fisher (para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas). A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Anderson-Darling, juntamente com a inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de histogramas e gr&#225;ficos quantil-quantil (gr&#225;ficos Q-Q).</p>
        <p>A associa&#231;&#227;o do status de dipper ou n&#227;o dipper &#224;s vari&#225;veis eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas foi avaliada por meio de modelos de regress&#227;o linear ajustados para a idade. Nesses modelos, a vari&#225;vel dependente foi a caracter&#237;stica eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (por exemplo, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), a vari&#225;vel independente foi o fen&#243;tipo n&#227;o dipper/dipper, e a idade foi considerada uma covari&#225;vel. As estimativas, os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95% e os p-valores, s&#227;o apresentados correspondendo &#224;s diferen&#231;as ajustadas por idade nas vari&#225;veis dependentes entre os grupos n&#227;o dipper e dipper. O mesmo procedimento foi realizado para estimar as diferen&#231;as ajustadas por idade nas medi&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas entre participantes com hipertens&#227;o controlada versus n&#227;o controlada, assim como entre indiv&#237;duos com ou sem hipertens&#227;o resistente.</p>
        <p>O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi 5%. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software R (vers&#227;o 4.1.2) e o software <italic>jamovi</italic> (vers&#227;o 2.3.26.0). Esta pesquisa seguiu os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinque e do C&#243;digo de Nuremberg, em conformidade com as Normas de Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de do Brasil (Res. CNS 196/96). Foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa sob o parecer n&#250;mero 6.213.951, e todos os pacientes ou seus representantes legais assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 130 participantes foi admitido no estudo, com um tempo mediano de 3,8 semanas entre os exames de EKG e MAPA. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> mostra a propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes classificados como dippers e n&#227;o dippers com base nos resultados do MAPA.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de press&#227;o arterial obtidos pelo MAPA comparando os grupos de dippers e n&#227;o dippers</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th>Dipper, N = 41</th>
                <th>N&#227;o dipper, N = 89</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS 24h (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">124,3 (12,2)</td>
                <td align="center">122,8 (13,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,534<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD 24h (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">75,6 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">73,6 (9,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,291<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS acordado (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">128,6 (12,4)</td>
                <td align="center">123,7 (13,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD acordado (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">79,2 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">75,1 (10,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,035<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAS dormindo (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">111,7 (11,5)</td>
                <td align="center">120,4 (16,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>PAD dormindo (mmHg)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">64,2 (9,8)</td>
                <td align="center">69,5 (9,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,005<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Redu&#231;&#227;o anormal de PAS (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">12 (11, 14)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (-1, 7)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Redu&#231;&#227;o anormal de PAD (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19 (15, 22)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (-1, 10)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>HA n&#227;o controlada (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">19 (49%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (35%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,151<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p><sup>*</sup> valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (25&#186; percentil, 75&#186; percentil) ou n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste t de Student. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste de Fisher. <sup>&#167;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> mostra uma tend&#234;ncia de maior idade no grupo dos n&#227;o dippers, embora sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Outras caracter&#237;sticas tamb&#233;m n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas em pacientes hipertensos, divididos nos grupos dippers e n&#227;o dippers</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th>Dipper, N = 41</th>
                <th>N&#227;o dipper, N = 89</th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">66 (59, 73)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (64, 74)</td>
                <td align="center">0,095<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
                <td align="center">62 (70%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,688<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Ra&#231;a (n/%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,418<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Brancos</td>
                <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                <td align="center">60 (67%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pardos</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Negros</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (19%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">30,0 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">29,3 (4,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,476<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o da HA (anos)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,0 (16,5, 38,5)</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 (22,0, 39,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,348<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ES Epworth (pts)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7 (4, 15)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2, 12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,289<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o (cm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36 (35, 39)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (35, 40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,419<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Homens</td>
                <td align="center">40,7</td>
                <td align="center">41,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mulheres</td>
                <td align="center">34,8</td>
                <td align="center">35,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>* valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (25&#186; percentil, 75&#186; percentil) ou n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste t de Student. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste de Fisher. <sup>&#167;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ES: escala de sono.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> demonstra um perfil de alto risco cardiovascular, com dislipidemia e pr&#233;-diabetes/diabetes presentes na maioria dos pacientes, assim como pelo menos uma les&#227;o em &#243;rg&#227;o-alvo causada pela HA, sem diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de comorbidades em pacientes hipertensos, divididos nos grupos dippers e n&#227;o dippers</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> N&#227;o dipper, N = 89 </th>
                <th>p-valor<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes/ Pr&#233;-diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">34 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (90%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,265</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Acidente vascular</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">5 (12%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (16%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,790</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Dislipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">38 (93%)</td>
                <td align="center">86 (97%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,379</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fumante/ Ex-fumante</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">18 (44%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,174</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">11 (27%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Les&#227;o de &#211;rg&#227;o-Alvo</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26 (63%)</td>
                <td align="center">67 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HVE</td>
                <td align="center">19 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (46%)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Microalbumin&#250;ria</td>
                <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (34%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,689</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Retinopatia hipertensiva</td>
                <td align="center">13/32 (41%)</td>
                <td align="center">38/81 (47%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,675</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>* valores expressos como n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste Fisher. HVE: hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>O n&#250;mero m&#233;dio de classes de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos utilizados foi tr&#234;s, sem diferen&#231;a entre os grupos, exceto por uma maior preval&#234;ncia do uso de simpatol&#237;ticos centrais (representados pela metildopa) no grupo dos dippers (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos dividida nos grupos dippers e n&#227;o dippers</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> N&#227;o dipper, N = 89 </th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#186; de anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">4 (3, 5)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3, 4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,427<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                <td align="center">39 (95%)</td>
                <td align="center">84 (94%)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BCC</td>
                <td align="center">34 (83%)</td>
                <td align="center">68 (76%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,494<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos</td>
                <td align="center">33 (80%)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (73%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,391<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos de al&#231;a</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,434<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antagonista da aldosterona</td>
                <td align="center">16 (39%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,229<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Clonidina</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,719<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hidralazina</td>
                <td align="center">3 (7,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,707<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrato</td>
                <td align="center">2 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,590<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doxazosina</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&gt;0,999<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">20 (49%)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (52%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,851<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Metildopa</td>
                <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,004<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>* valores expressos como mediana (25&#186; percentil, 75&#186; percentil) ou n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste de Fisher. IECA: enzima conversora da angiotensina inibidores; BRA: bloqueadores de receptor de angiotensina; BCC: bloqueadores de canal de c&#225;lcio.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as nas medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas entre os grupos. No entanto, vale ressaltar que o valor mediano do &#237;ndice de volume atrial esquerdo (IVAE ml/m<sup>2</sup>) estava acima do valor de refer&#234;ncia de 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> em ambos os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes hipertensos, divididos nos grupos dippers e n&#227;o dippers</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> N&#227;o dipper, N = 89 </th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do AE (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">39,2 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">39,2 (5,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,951<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IVAE (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">35 (30, 38)</td>
                <td align="center">35 (32, 40)</td>
                <td align="center">0,370<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LVEDD (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">48 (45, 53)</td>
                <td align="center">47 (43, 51)</td>
                <td align="center">0,235<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LVESD (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31 (28, 33)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (28, 33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,691<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do SIV (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">10 (9, 11)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (9, 10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Di&#226;metro do PP (mm)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">9 (9, 10)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9, 10)</td>
                <td align="center">0,548<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Massa do VE (g)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">170 (134, 194)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (128, 186)</td>
                <td align="center">0,171<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>&#205;ndice de massa do VE (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">90,7 (22,9)</td>
                <td align="center">89,5 (20,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,775<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ERP</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,38 (0,35, 0,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,38 (0,35, 0,42)</td>
                <td align="center">0,765<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,206<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o h&#225;</td>
                <td align="center">21 (55%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (40%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo 1</td>
                <td align="center">16 (42%)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (50%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tipo 2</td>
                <td align="center">1 (2,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (9,5%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>* valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (25&#186; percentil, 75&#186; percentil) ou n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste t de Student. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. <sup>&#167;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste de Fisher. SIV: septo interventricular; AE: di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo; IVAE: &#237;ndice do volume atrial esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; LVEDD: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda; LVESD: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PP: parede posterior; ERP: espessura relativa de parede.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Apenas os n&#237;veis de Pro-BNP e de ureia s&#233;rica estavam significativamente mais elevados no grupo n&#227;o dipper, enquanto o colesterol total estava mais alto no grupo dipper (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resultados laboratoriais divididos nos grupos dippers e n&#227;o dippers</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> N&#227;o dipper, N = 89 </th>
                <th>p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RLN</td>
                <td align="center">1,73 (1,49, 2,46)</td>
                <td align="center">1,88 (1,36, 2,44)</td>
                <td align="center">0,575<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RPL / 1000</td>
                <td align="center">61,2 (49,7, 73,8)</td>
                <td align="center">60,3 (44,4, 80,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,645<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IIS / 1000</td>
                <td align="center">473 (378, 572)</td>
                <td align="center">444 (314, 639)</td>
                <td align="center">0,861<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6,0 (5,8, 6,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 (5,8, 7,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,196<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ureia (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (29, 45)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (32, 53)</td>
                <td align="center">0,032<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,97 (0,82, 1,13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (0,80, 1,20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,867<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CLCR (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">74 (60, 88)</td>
                <td align="center">72 (55, 87)</td>
                <td align="center">0,462<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">162 (137, 195)</td>
                <td align="center">145 (126, 173)</td>
                <td align="center">0,036<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#193;cido &#250;rico (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (4,6, 6,6)</td>
                <td align="center">5,1 (4,4, 6,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,206<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Na (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">141 (140, 143)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (139, 142)</td>
                <td align="center">0,225<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>K (mEq/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,37 (0,50)</td>
                <td align="center">4,35 (0,46)</td>
                <td align="center">0,851<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACR (mg/g)</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 (8,2, 44,9)</td>
                <td align="center">11,8 (5,9, 34,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,600<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TSH (&#181;UI/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,87 (1,25, 2,80)</td>
                <td align="center">2,08 (1,52, 3,08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,208<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pro-BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">55 (28, 87)</td>
                <td align="center">80 (45, 163)</td>
                <td align="center">0,037<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>* valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana (25&#186; percentil, 75&#186; percentil). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste U de Mann-Whitney. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-valor calculado pelo teste t de Student. ACR: raz&#227;o albumina/creatinina; CLCR: depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina; Hb: hemoglobina; HT: hemat&#243;crito; RLN: raz&#227;o neutr&#243;filos/linf&#243;citos; RPL: raz&#227;o plaquetas/linf&#243;citos; IIS: &#237;ndice de imunoinflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref> apresenta as medi&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, comparando os grupos dos dippers e n&#227;o dippers, ajustando para o efeito da idade. No geral, as vari&#225;veis eram semelhantes entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas nos grupos dos dippers e n&#227;o dippers, e a diferen&#231;a estimada ajustada pela idade entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th colspan="2">Descritivas</th>
                <th colspan="3">Inferenciais</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Dipper, N = 41</th>
                <th>N&#227;o dipper, N = 89</th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a ajustada</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p-valor<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">63,54 (12,88)</td>
                <td align="center">64,01 (11,44)</td>
                <td align="center">1,1</td>
                <td align="center">-3,4, 5,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,637</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT-V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">422,40 (41,25)</td>
                <td align="center">428,76 (49,09)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">-15, 20</td>
                <td align="center">0,805</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTc-V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">428,29 (40,36)</td>
                <td align="center">440,30 (44,99)</td>
                <td align="center">14</td>
                <td align="center">-3,0, 30</td>
                <td align="center">0,108</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTd (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">50,29 (32,24)</td>
                <td align="center">52,88 (26,49)</td>
                <td align="center">0,39</td>
                <td align="center">-10, 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,941</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V1 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">80,55 (18,20)</td>
                <td align="center">76,51 (27,18)</td>
                <td align="center">-5,0</td>
                <td align="center">-14, 4,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,294</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V2 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">79,67 (14,06)</td>
                <td align="center">82,90 (25,28)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">-6,3, 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,603</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V3 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">78,05 (15,23)</td>
                <td align="center">83,13 (25,40)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4, 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,337</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V4 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">79,62 (19,01)</td>
                <td align="center">81,32 (28,82)</td>
                <td align="center">1,2</td>
                <td align="center">-8,9, 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,819</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">76,70 (18,05)</td>
                <td align="center">80,47 (23,92)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">-5,5, 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,484</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V6 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">76,26 (16,43)</td>
                <td align="center">79,08 (24,57)</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">-6,9, 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,683</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V1</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03, 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,443</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V2</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,442</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V3</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,363</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02, 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,900</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V5</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,445</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V6</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,630</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sokolov (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">18,50 (6,36)</td>
                <td align="center">16,61 (6,61)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,7</td>
                <td align="center">-4,2, 0,83</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cornell (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12,05 (6,94)</td>
                <td align="center">12,92 (5,85)</td>
                <td align="center">0,41</td>
                <td align="center">-1,9, 2,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,733</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">47,56 (7,77)</td>
                <td align="center">47,32 (9,91)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,61</td>
                <td align="center">-4,1, 2,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,732</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>* valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. <sup>&#8224;</sup> P-valor ajustado pela idade calculado por regress&#227;o linear. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os grupos foram ent&#227;o divididos de acordo com o perfil de hipertens&#227;o controlada e n&#227;o controlada (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref>), e como era esperado, os valores de PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD) de 24 horas foram mais elevados no grupo de hipertens&#227;o n&#227;o controlada em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de hipertens&#227;o controlada (135,4 versus 115,1 mmHg, p&lt;0,001 e 82,1 versus 69,1 mmHg, p&lt;0,001), respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas nos grupos de hipertens&#227;o controlada e n&#227;o controlada, e a diferen&#231;a estimada ajustada pela idade entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> HA n&#227;o controlada N=51 </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> HA controlada N=79 </th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a ajustada</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p-valor<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#186; de Anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">4,29 (1,83)</td>
                <td align="center">3,15 (1,26)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,1</td>
                <td align="center">-1,7 (-0,57)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">64,71 (11,10)</td>
                <td align="center">63,32 (12,38)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,1</td>
                <td align="center">-5,3, 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT-V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">429,64 (50,91)</td>
                <td align="center">424,99 (44,13)</td>
                <td align="center">-7,2</td>
                <td align="center">-24, 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,387</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTc-V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">440,44 (41,00)</td>
                <td align="center">434,14 (45,58)</td>
                <td align="center">-5,7</td>
                <td align="center">-21, 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTd</td>
                <td align="center">52,71 (31,24)</td>
                <td align="center">51,65 (26,48)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,4</td>
                <td align="center">-12, 7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,640</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V1 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">79,94 (30,65)</td>
                <td align="center">76,42 (19,64)</td>
                <td align="center">-3,9</td>
                <td align="center">-13, 5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,392</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V2 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">84,18 (29,43)</td>
                <td align="center">80,42 (16,40)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,3</td>
                <td align="center">-12, 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,288</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V3 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">85,82 (29,74)</td>
                <td align="center">78,74 (16,38)</td>
                <td align="center">-7,7</td>
                <td align="center">-16, 0,44</td>
                <td align="center">0,064</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V4 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">82,37 (34,79)</td>
                <td align="center">79,79 (18,83)</td>
                <td align="center">-2,9</td>
                <td align="center">-12, 6,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,541</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">79,04 (25,83)</td>
                <td align="center">79,47 (19,86)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,06</td>
                <td align="center">-8,1, 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,987</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V6 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">78,61 (28,70)</td>
                <td align="center">77,95 (17,05)</td>
                <td align="center">-1,3</td>
                <td align="center">-9,3, 6,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,759</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V1</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02, 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,716</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V2</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02, 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,440</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V3</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03, 0,00</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,02, 0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,521</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V5</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,555</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V6</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,00</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,774</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sokolov (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">19,92 (7,46)</td>
                <td align="center">15,41 (5,24)</td>
                <td align="center">-4,4</td>
                <td align="center">-6,6, -2,2</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cornell (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12,55 (7,16)</td>
                <td align="center">12,72 (5,53)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,07</td>
                <td align="center">-2,3, 2,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,953</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">49,18 (8,22)</td>
                <td align="center">46,23 (9,75)</td>
                <td align="center">-3,2</td>
                <td align="center">-6,5, 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">0,057</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>* valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. <sup>&#8224;</sup> P-valor ajustado pela idade calculado por regress&#227;o linear. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os pacientes tamb&#233;m foram divididos nos grupos com hipertens&#227;o resistente e n&#227;o resistente (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Tabela 9</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t9">
          <label>Tabela 9</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Medi&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas nos grupos de hipertens&#227;o resistente e n&#227;o resistente, e a diferen&#231;a estimada ajustada pela idade entre os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis*</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Resistente N=62 </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> N&#227;o resistente N=68 </th>
                <th>Diferen&#231;a ajustada</th>
                <th>IC 95%</th>
                <th>p-valor<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS total (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">128,7 (14,0)</td>
                <td align="center">118,3 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">11,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,8, 15,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD total (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">77,0 (10,3)</td>
                <td align="center">71,7 (8,8)</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,4, 8,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#186; de Anti-hipertensivos</td>
                <td align="center">4,76 (1,28)</td>
                <td align="center">2,54 (1,04)</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">1,8, 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">63,97 (12,74)</td>
                <td align="center">63,76 (11,11)</td>
                <td align="center">-0,28</td>
                <td align="center">-4,5, 3,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,896</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QT-V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">433,30 (50,53)</td>
                <td align="center">420,96 (42,58)</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">0,33, 32</td>
                <td align="center">0,046</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTc-V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">443,91 (49,32)</td>
                <td align="center">430,00 (37,35)</td>
                <td align="center">13</td>
                <td align="center">-2,1, 29</td>
                <td align="center">0,091</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>QTd</td>
                <td align="center">52,94 (28,20)</td>
                <td align="center">51,26 (28,63)</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">-6,2, 13</td>
                <td align="center">0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V1 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">81,09 (28,55)</td>
                <td align="center">74,89 (20,15)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3</td>
                <td align="center">-1,5, 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,105</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V2 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">85,42 (26,95)</td>
                <td align="center">78,78 (16,99)</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,02, 16</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V3 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">84,65 (28,04)</td>
                <td align="center">78,73 (16,40)</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">-1,1, 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V4 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">84,98 (33,37)</td>
                <td align="center">77,15 (16,88)</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">-0,68, 18</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V5 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">84,46 (26,16)</td>
                <td align="center">74,68 (16,98)</td>
                <td align="center">11</td>
                <td align="center">3,1, 18</td>
                <td align="center">0,006</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf V6 (ms)</td>
                <td align="center">81,48 (27,41)</td>
                <td align="center">75,20 (16,01)</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">-0,49, 15</td>
                <td align="center">0,066</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V1</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,188</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V2</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V3</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,069</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V4</td>
                <td align="center">0,20 (0,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,090</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V5</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,00 (0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,019</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tp-Tf/QT - V6</td>
                <td align="center">0,19 (0,05)</td>
                <td align="center">0,18 (0,03)</td>
                <td align="center">0,01</td>
                <td align="center">-0,01, 0,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,200</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sokolov (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">18,84 (6,81)</td>
                <td align="center">15,72 (6,01)</td>
                <td align="center">3,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,70 (5,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,011</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cornell (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">14,20 (7,18)</td>
                <td align="center">11,26 (4,80)</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">1,3 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deflex&#227;o intrinsecoide (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">47,63 (9,54)</td>
                <td align="center">47,18 (9,06)</td>
                <td align="center">0,76</td>
                <td align="center">-2,5, 4,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,647</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <p>* valores expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. <sup>&#8224;</sup> P-valor ajustado pela idade calculado por regress&#227;o linear. FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Para avaliar a reprodutibilidade intraobservador das medi&#231;&#245;es, os intervalos QT e Tp-Tf foram selecionados para serem retestados em 10% da amostra total; ou seja, 13 ECGs foram selecionados aleatoriamente e reanalisados pelo pesquisador ap&#243;s todas as medi&#231;&#245;es do estudo serem conclu&#237;das.</p>
      <p>Para o intervalo QT, o erro absoluto m&#233;dio foi de 0,88 ms (DP &#177; 7,33 ms), representando um erro relativo de 1,46%, IC 95% de -15,2 a +13,5 ms. Para a medi&#231;&#227;o do intervalo Tp-Tf, o erro absoluto foi de 0,29 ms (DP &#177; 5,99 ms), representando um erro relativo de 5,91%, IC 95% de -12,0 a +11,4 ms.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, o perfil dos pacientes consistiu em indiv&#237;duos hipertensos com alto risco cardiovascular. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o estudo de Demir e Uyan,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> que serviu como base para o c&#225;lculo da amostra deste estudo, foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com diabetes mellitus, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica e apneia obstrutiva do sono. Nesse estudo, apenas 63% dos pacientes estavam utilizando terapia combinada, em compara&#231;&#227;o com 94% em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>Esses mesmos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram aplicados por Karaagac et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o perfil de alto risco cardiovascular e a idade mais avan&#231;ada em nosso estudo, em compara&#231;&#227;o com outros estudos, podem explicar a alta preval&#234;ncia de n&#227;o dippers (68%) na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada.</p>
      <p>N&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre as medi&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e da hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE) ao comparar os grupos dippers e n&#227;o dippers.</p>
      <p>Demir e Uyan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> estudaram 80 pacientes hipertensos (30 n&#227;o dippers), com uma idade m&#233;dia de 51,5 &#177; 8 anos para os dippers e 50,6 &#177; 5,4 anos para os n&#227;o dippers. Os intervalos Tp-Tf, a raz&#227;o Tp-Tf/QT e o QTd foram significativamente mais elevados nos n&#227;o dippers. Eles tamb&#233;m demonstraram uma associa&#231;&#227;o com o aumento dos &#237;ndices de massa ventricular esquerda medidos por ecocardiografia.</p>
      <p>No entanto, ao contr&#225;rio de nosso estudo, Demir e Uyan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> exclu&#237;ram pacientes com ondas U e mediram o ponto final da onda T quando a por&#231;&#227;o descendente tocava a linha isoel&#233;trica, sem tra&#231;ar uma tangente. Eles tamb&#233;m n&#227;o especificaram quais deriva&#231;&#245;es representavam seus resultados.</p>
      <p>Karaagac et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> avaliaram 70 pacientes hipertensos com s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica, com uma idade m&#233;dia de 55 &#177; 11 anos (35 n&#227;o dippers). Na deriva&#231;&#227;o DII, eles encontraram um aumento significativo nos intervalos Tp-Tf (91 vs. 74 ms; p &lt;0,001), Tp-Tf/QT (0,24 vs. 0,20 ms, p &lt;0,001) e Tp-Tf/QTc (0,22 vs. 0,18 ms, p &lt;0,001) nos n&#227;o dippers. No entanto, essa associa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi observada para os intervalos QT e QTc ou para as medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas.</p>
      <p>Um estudo maior de Yan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> selecionou 171 pacientes - 102 idosos (&gt;60 anos) e 69 mais jovens ou de meia-idade (&lt;60 anos) com HA tratada. Apenas nos pacientes &lt;60 anos houve um aumento no QTc nos n&#227;o dippers (438 ms vs. 416 ms, p &lt;0,05), sem diferen&#231;a no Tp-Tf. No grupo &gt;60 anos, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos de dipper, n&#227;o dipper e dipper reverso.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo not&#225;vel, Passino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> selecionaram 48 pacientes hipertensos prim&#225;rios n&#227;o tratados, dos quais 20 foram classificados como n&#227;o dippers, com uma idade m&#233;dia de aproximadamente 46 anos e uma dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia de diagn&#243;stico de 1,2 anos. Este estudo avaliou par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos ao longo de 24 horas, encontrando intervalos QT e QTc significativamente mais elevados nos n&#227;o dippers durante o sono, enquanto nenhuma diferen&#231;a significativa foi observada no per&#237;odo diurno.</p>
      <p>Esses achados demonstram a falta de consenso na literatura e a aus&#234;ncia de padroniza&#231;&#227;o na medi&#231;&#227;o do ponto final da onda T entre os estudos. Tamb&#233;m &#233; razo&#225;vel considerar que as altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o anormal da press&#227;o noturna possam ser mais evidentes durante o sono do que durante a vig&#237;lia.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, as diferen&#231;as nas medidas de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular entre os grupos dipper e n&#227;o dipper em nosso estudo podem ter sido atenuadas pela idade avan&#231;ada dos pacientes e pelo maior perfil de comorbidades, conforme demonstrado por Yan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, embora tenhamos encontrado um aumento estatisticamente significativo nos n&#237;veis de pro-BNP no perfil n&#227;o dipper, esses valores n&#227;o puderam ser associados &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, pois a FEVE &lt;50% foi um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o para o estudo. Os n&#237;veis de pro-BNP poderiam estar associados a uma maior preval&#234;ncia de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada. Entretanto, no ecocardiograma em repouso, esse resultado tamb&#233;m n&#227;o refletiu diferen&#231;as ecocardiogr&#225;ficas significativas ao comparar os grupos dipper e n&#227;o dipper.</p>
      <p>Isso se alinha a outros achados na literatura, apesar do debate cont&#237;nuo. Por exemplo, Cuspidi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> estudaram 111 pacientes hipertensos com diagn&#243;stico recente, dos quais 33 eram n&#227;o dippers, e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;as significativas em HVE e espessura de car&#243;tida entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>Roman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> avaliaram 183 pacientes hipertensos (79 n&#227;o dippers) e observaram uma preval&#234;ncia maior de placas na car&#243;tida nos n&#227;o dippers (41% vs. 27%). No entanto, essa signific&#226;ncia foi perdida quando ajustada para a idade, sem diferen&#231;as significativas na estrutura ventricular esquerda e na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>Ferrara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> estudaram 179 pacientes hipertensos (123 hipertensos de longa data e 56 rec&#233;m-diagnosticados) e n&#227;o encontraram diferen&#231;a nas medi&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, massa ventricular esquerda ou di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo entre os grupos dipper e n&#227;o dipper.</p>
      <p>Uma metan&#225;lise de 19 estudos tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontrou uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial noturna e a HVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em contraste, em um estudo chin&#234;s de centro &#250;nico, um grupo de 183 pacientes hipertensos, independentemente do tratamento, com uma idade m&#233;dia de 46,5 anos e dura&#231;&#227;o da hipertens&#227;o de 5 anos, incluiu 117 n&#227;o dippers. Esse estudo demonstrou um aumento significativo na remodela&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes n&#227;o dippers. Esses resultados foram demonstrados por um aumento no &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (iVE) (101,3 g/m<sup>2</sup> no grupo n&#227;o-dipper, comparado a 92,3 g/m<sup>2</sup> no grupo dipper, p=0,029), associado a taxas mais altas de &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda, resultando em geometria ventricular esquerda anormal em 73,5% do grupo n&#227;o dipper, comparado a 51,5% do grupo dipper (p=0,001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Resultados ainda mais divergentes foram obtidos por Rodrigues et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> em um estudo de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica que avaliou 99 pacientes hipertensos, incluindo 35 n&#227;o dippers. Nesse estudo, o grupo n&#227;o dipper n&#227;o foi associado a um aumento na massa ventricular quando comparado ao grupo dipper. No entanto, aqueles classificados como dippers extremos (queda da PAS noturna &gt;20%) apresentaram um aumento significativo na massa ventricular indexada e hipertrofia ventricular conc&#234;ntrica.</p>
      <p>Embora os primeiros estudos publicados entre 1988 e 1997 tenham demonstrado uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre a queda da PA noturna e danos aos &#243;rg&#227;os, como doen&#231;a da art&#233;ria car&#243;tida, HVE e at&#233; acidente vascular cerebral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> estudos maiores e mais contempor&#226;neos n&#227;o conseguiram reproduzir esses resultados. Isso levantou questionamentos sobre se o padr&#227;o n&#227;o dipper, como marcador de progn&#243;stico desfavor&#225;vel para eventos cardiovasculares, est&#225; relacionado &#224; hipertens&#227;o noturna ou a outros efeitos, como disfun&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, maior preval&#234;ncia de DRC, diabetes mellitus, s&#237;ndrome da apneia-hipopneia obstrutiva do sono e hipertens&#227;o secund&#225;ria.</p>
      <p>A maior preval&#234;ncia do uso de metildopa no grupo de pacientes dipper pode ser explicada pelo seu efeito farmacol&#243;gico como bloqueador alfa-adren&#233;rgico, considerando que a estimula&#231;&#227;o adren&#233;rgica &#233; um mecanismo muito importante para a queda anormal da press&#227;o arterial durante a noite, especialmente em pacientes com SAHOS. O uso de bloqueadores alfa-adren&#233;rgicos tem sido associado &#224; melhora da press&#227;o arterial noturna em compara&#231;&#227;o com diur&#233;ticos tiaz&#237;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise secund&#225;ria em nosso estudo mostrou que, ao classificar os pacientes com base na resist&#234;ncia da hipertens&#227;o, o grupo resistente apresentou aumentos significativos nos intervalos QT, Tp-Tf e Tp-Tf/QT, al&#233;m de valores mais altos nos &#237;ndices de Sokolow-Lyon e Cornell (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). Esses resultados n&#227;o parecem estar associados a diferen&#231;as na PA sist&#243;lica (PAS) e diast&#243;lica (PAD), j&#225; que achados semelhantes n&#227;o foram observados entre os grupos com HA controlada e n&#227;o controlada.</p>
      <p>Este &#233; o primeiro estudo publicado que demonstra uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre HA resistente e altera&#231;&#245;es na repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular, um achado clinicamente relevante. Salles et al. (2009), em um estudo de coorte prospectivo com 538 pacientes com HA resistente, encontraram que o QTc prolongado estava associado a um aumento do risco de mortalidade cardiovascular e global durante um seguimento mediano de 4,8 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As limita&#231;&#245;es do nosso estudo incluem:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>A natureza unic&#234;ntrica;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica ser realizada apenas durante o per&#237;odo de vig&#237;lia;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes dipper e n&#227;o dipper, o que pode contribuir para a redu&#231;&#227;o do poder dos resultados;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A falta de um MAPA de 24 horas ou em dias alternados para uma melhor classifica&#231;&#227;o dos grupos;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Em nosso estudo, o crit&#233;rio fundamental para inclus&#227;o foi a realiza&#231;&#227;o recente de um exame de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial (MAPA), o que pode introduzir vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, considerando que os crit&#233;rios utilizados para indicar o MAPA na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica incluem pacientes com suspeita de efeito do jaleco branca, hipertens&#227;o mascarada, hipertens&#227;o resistente, pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de hipotens&#227;o, entre outros;</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>A medi&#231;&#227;o da repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular realizada exclusivamente pelo m&#233;todo da tangente, ao contr&#225;rio de outros estudos que utilizaram o m&#233;todo da cauda, embora a literatura atual sugira o m&#233;todo da tangente como o mais apropriado.</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Por fim, esperamos que os dados encontrados neste estudo possam auxiliar e contribuir para a literatura, para que possamos entender a real associa&#231;&#227;o entre a queda da press&#227;o arterial noturna e as medi&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este foi o primeiro estudo realizado com o objetivo de analisar a repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular em pacientes hipertensos dippers e n&#227;o dippers com este perfil et&#225;rio e comorbidades, indicando um perfil de alto risco cardiovascular, com alta preval&#234;ncia de n&#227;o dippers.</p>
      <p>Nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas nas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e nos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ao comparar pacientes dippers e n&#227;o dippers.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, ao medir o intervalo QT, intervalo QTc, Tp-Tf e Tp-Tf/QT pelo m&#233;todo da tangente, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as entre dippers e n&#227;o dippers.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente, foi observado um aumento significativo nas medi&#231;&#245;es de repolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Para esse grupo de pacientes, a implementa&#231;&#227;o de eletrocardiogramas na rotina de pacientes ambulatoriais poderia ser uma ferramenta &#250;til para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco de desfechos cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Monitillo F, Leone M, Rizzo C, Passantino A, Iacoviello M. Ventricular Repolarization Measures for Arrhythmic Risk Stratification. World J Cardiol. 2016;8(1):57-73. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v8.i1.57.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Monitillo</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leone</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rizzo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Passantino</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iacoviello</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventricular Repolarization Measures for Arrhythmic Risk Stratification</article-title>
          <source>World J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>57</fpage>
          <lpage>73</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4330/wjc.v8.i1.57</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Carvalho GD, Armaganijan LV, Lopes RD, Olandoski M, Galv&#227;o BMDA, Pessoa CC, et al. Relationship between Ventricular Repolarization Parameters and the Inducibility of Ventricular Arrhythmias during Electrophysiological Study in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 2022;68(1):61-6. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210806.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>GD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Armaganijan</surname>
              <given-names>LV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lopes</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Olandoski</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galv&#227;o</surname>
              <given-names>BMDA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pessoa</surname>
              <given-names>CC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship between Ventricular Repolarization Parameters and the Inducibility of Ventricular Arrhythmias during Electrophysiological Study in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
          <source>Rev Assoc Med Bras</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>68</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>61</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/1806-9282.20210806</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Schouten EG, Dekker JM, Meppelink P, Kok FJ, Vandenbroucke JP, Pool J. QT Interval Prolongation Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population. Circulation. 1991;84(4):1516-23. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1516.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schouten</surname>
              <given-names>EG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dekker</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Meppelink</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kok</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vandenbroucke</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pool</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QT Interval Prolongation Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in an Apparently Healthy Population</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>84</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1516</fpage>
          <lpage>1523</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.84.4.1516</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Malik M, Batchvarov VN. Measurement, Interpretation and Clinical Potential of QT Dispersion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36(6):1749-66. doi: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00962-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malik</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Batchvarov</surname>
              <given-names>VN</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Measurement, Interpretation and Clinical Potential of QT Dispersion</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1749</fpage>
          <lpage>1766</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00962-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Antzelevitch C, Shimizu W, Yan GX, Sicouri S. Cellular Basis for QT Dispersion. J Electrocardiol. 1998;30(1):168-75. doi: 10.1016/s0022-0736(98)80070-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Antzelevitch</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shimizu</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>GX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sicouri</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cellular Basis for QT Dispersion</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>168</fpage>
          <lpage>175</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0022-0736(98)80070-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Arteyeva NV. Dispersion of Ventricular Repolarization: Temporal and Spatial. World J Cardiol. 2020;12(9):437-49. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v12.i9.437.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arteyeva</surname>
              <given-names>NV</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dispersion of Ventricular Repolarization: Temporal and Spatial</article-title>
          <source>World J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>437</fpage>
          <lpage>449</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4330/wjc.v12.i9.437</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Kors JA, van Eck HJR, van Herpen G. The Meaning of the Tp-Te Interval and its Diagnostic Value. J Electrocardiol. 2008;41(6):575-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2008.07.030.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kors</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Eck</surname>
              <given-names>HJR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Herpen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Meaning of the Tp-Te Interval and its Diagnostic Value</article-title>
          <source>J Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>575</fpage>
          <lpage>580</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2008.07.030</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Erikssen G, Liest&#248;l K, Gullestad L, Haugaa KH, Bendz B, Amlie JP. The Terminal Part of the QT Interval (T Peak to T End): A Predictor of Mortality after Acute Myocardial Infarction. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2012;17(2):85-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00493.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erikssen</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liest&#248;l</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gullestad</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haugaa</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bendz</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amlie</surname>
              <given-names>JP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Terminal Part of the QT Interval (T Peak to T End): A Predictor of Mortality after Acute Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
          <source>Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>85</fpage>
          <lpage>94</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1542-474X.2012.00493.x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Tatlisu MA, &#214;zcan KS, G&#252;ng&#246;r B, Ekmek&#231;i A, &#199;ekirdek&#231;i EI, Arugarslan E, et al. Can the T-Peak to T-End Interval be a Predictor of Mortality in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction? Coron Artery Dis. 2014;25(5):399-404. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000101.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tatlisu</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#214;zcan</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;ng&#246;r</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ekmek&#231;i</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>&#199;ekirdek&#231;i</surname>
              <given-names>EI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arugarslan</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Can the T-Peak to T-End Interval be a Predictor of Mortality in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction?</article-title>
          <source>Coron Artery Dis</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>399</fpage>
          <lpage>404</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/MCA.0000000000000101</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Klimas J, Kruzliak P, Rabkin SW. Modulation of the QT Interval Duration in Hypertension with Antihypertensive Treatment. Hypertens Res. 2015;38(7):447-54. doi: 10.1038/hr.2015.30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klimas</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kruzliak</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rabkin</surname>
              <given-names>SW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Modulation of the QT Interval Duration in Hypertension with Antihypertensive Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Hypertens Res</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>447</fpage>
          <lpage>454</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/hr.2015.30</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Castro-Torres Y, Carmona-Puerta R, Katholi RE. Ventricular Repolarization Markers for Predicting Malignant Arrhythmias in Clinical Practice. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(8):705-20. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i8.705.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castro-Torres</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carmona-Puerta</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Katholi</surname>
              <given-names>RE</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventricular Repolarization Markers for Predicting Malignant Arrhythmias in Clinical Practice</article-title>
          <source>World J Clin Cases</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>705</fpage>
          <lpage>720</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.12998/wjcc.v3.i8.705</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Demir M, Uyan U. Evaluation of Tp-e Interval and Tp-e/QT Ratio in Patients with Non-Dipper Hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2014;36(5):285-8. doi: 10.3109/10641963.2013.810233.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Demir</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uyan</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of Tp-e Interval and Tp-e/QT Ratio in Patients with Non-Dipper Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Clin Exp Hypertens</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>285</fpage>
          <lpage>288</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/10641963.2013.810233</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Karaagac K, Tenekecioglu E, Yontar OC, Kuzeytemiz M, Vatansever F, Tutuncu A, et al. Effect of Non-Dipper and Dipper Blood Pressure Patterns on Tp-Te Interval and Tp-Te/QT Ratio in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7(5):1397-403.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karaagac</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tenekecioglu</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yontar</surname>
              <given-names>OC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuzeytemiz</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vatansever</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tutuncu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of Non-Dipper and Dipper Blood Pressure Patterns on Tp-Te Interval and Tp-Te/QT Ratio in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome</article-title>
          <source>Int J Clin Exp Med</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1397</fpage>
          <lpage>1403</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Yan L, Jin J, Jiang S, Zhu W, Gao M, Zhao X, et al. QTc Interval Predicts Disturbed Circadian Blood Pressure Variation. Open Med. 2020;15:139-46. doi: 10.1515/med-2020-0021.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yan</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jiang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gao</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhao</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>QTc Interval Predicts Disturbed Circadian Blood Pressure Variation</article-title>
          <source>Open Med</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <fpage>139</fpage>
          <lpage>146</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1515/med-2020-0021</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Passino C, Magagna A, Conforti F, Buralli S, Koz&#225;kov&#225; M, Palombo C, et al. Ventricular Repolarization is Prolonged in Nondipper Hypertensive Patients: Role of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Autonomic Dysfunction. J Hypertens. 2003;21(2):445-51. doi: 10.1097/00004872-200302000-00038.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Passino</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magagna</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conforti</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Buralli</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Koz&#225;kov&#225;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palombo</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Ventricular Repolarization is Prolonged in Nondipper Hypertensive Patients: Role of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Autonomic Dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>445</fpage>
          <lpage>451</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00004872-200302000-00038</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Cuspidi C, Lonati L, Sampieri L, Macca G, Valagussa L, Zaro T, et al. Impact of Nocturnal Fall in Blood Pressure on Early Cardiovascular Changes in Essential Hypertension. J Hypertens. 1999;17(9):1339-44. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199917090-00015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Cuspidi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lonati</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampieri</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Valagussa</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaro</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Nocturnal Fall in Blood Pressure on Early Cardiovascular Changes in Essential Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1999</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1339</fpage>
          <lpage>1344</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00004872-199917090-00015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Roman MJ, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, Cavallini MC, Pini R, Devereux RB. Is the Absence of a Normal Nocturnal Fall in Blood Pressure (Nondipping) Associated with Cardiovascular Target Organ Damage? J Hypertens. 1997;15(9):969-78. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199715090-00007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roman</surname>
              <given-names>MJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pickering</surname>
              <given-names>TG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cavallini</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pini</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Devereux</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Is the Absence of a Normal Nocturnal Fall in Blood Pressure (Nondipping) Associated with Cardiovascular Target Organ Damage?</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>969</fpage>
          <lpage>978</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00004872-199715090-00007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Ferrara AL, Pasanisi F, Crivaro M, Guida L, Palmieri V, Gaeta I, et al. Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Never-Treated Hypertensives according to Nondipper Status. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11(1):1352-7. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00164-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ferrara</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pasanisi</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crivaro</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guida</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Palmieri</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaeta</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiovascular Abnormalities in Never-Treated Hypertensives according to Nondipper Status</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1352</fpage>
          <lpage>1357</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00164-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Fagard R, Staessen JA, Thijs L. The Relationships between Left Ventricular Mass and Daytime and Night-Time Blood Pressures: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies. J Hypertens. 1995;13(8):823-9. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199508000-00002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fagard</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Staessen</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Thijs</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Relationships between Left Ventricular Mass and Daytime and Night-Time Blood Pressures: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>823</fpage>
          <lpage>829</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/00004872-199508000-00002</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Chen Y, Liu JH, Zhen Z, Zuo Y, Lin Q, Liu M, et al. Assessment of Left Ventricular Function and Peripheral Vascular Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Dipper and Non-Dipper Hypertension. J Investig Med. 2018;66(2):319-24. doi: 10.1136/jim-2017-000513.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhen</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zuo</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Liu</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assessment of Left Ventricular Function and Peripheral Vascular Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Dipper and Non-Dipper Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Investig Med</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>66</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>319</fpage>
          <lpage>324</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jim-2017-000513</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Rodrigues JCL, Amadu AM, Dastidar AG, Harries I, Burchell AE, Ratcliffe LEK, et al. Noctural Dipping Status and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20(4):784-93. doi: 10.1111/jch.13235.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>JCL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amadu</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dastidar</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Harries</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Burchell</surname>
              <given-names>AE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ratcliffe</surname>
              <given-names>LEK</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Noctural Dipping Status and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Hypertens</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>784</fpage>
          <lpage>793</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jch.13235</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. O'Brien E, Sheridan J, O'Malley K. Dippers and Non-Dippers. Lancet. 1988;2(8607):397. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92867-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>O'Brien</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sheridan</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>O'Malley</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dippers and Non-Dippers</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>1988</year>
          <volume>2</volume>
          <issue>8607</issue>
          <fpage>397</fpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92867-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Porcellati C. Dippers versus Non-Dippers. J Hypertens Suppl. 1991;9(8):S42-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verdecchia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schillaci</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Porcellati</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Dippers versus Non-Dippers</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens Suppl</source>
          <year>1991</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>S42</fpage>
          <lpage>S44</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Pierdomenico SD, Lapenna D, Guglielmi MD, Costantini F, Romano F, Schiavone C, et al. Arterial Disease in Dipper and Nondipper Hypertensive Patients. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10(5 Pt 1):511-8. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00493-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pierdomenico</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lapenna</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guglielmi</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costantini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romano</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schiavone</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Arterial Disease in Dipper and Nondipper Hypertensive Patients</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>5 Pt 1</issue>
          <fpage>511</fpage>
          <lpage>518</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0895-7061(96)00493-1</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Benemio G, Boldrini F, et al. Circadian Blood Pressure Changes and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Essential Hypertension. Circulation. 1990;81(2):528-36. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.2.528.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Verdecchia</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schillaci</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guerrieri</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gatteschi</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Benemio</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boldrini</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Circadian Blood Pressure Changes and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Essential Hypertension</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>81</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>528</fpage>
          <lpage>536</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/01.cir.81.2.528</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Palatini P, Penzo M, Racioppa A, Zugno E, Guzzardi G, Anaclerio M, et al. Clinical Relevance of Nighttime Blood Pressure and of Daytime Blood Pressure Variability. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(9):1855-60. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1992.00400210081013.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Palatini</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Penzo</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Racioppa</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zugno</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Guzzardi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anaclerio</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Relevance of Nighttime Blood Pressure and of Daytime Blood Pressure Variability</article-title>
          <source>Arch Intern Med</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>1855</fpage>
          <lpage>1860</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archinte.1992.00400210081013</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Ziegler MG, Milic M, Dimsdale JE, Mills PJ. Sympathetic Overactivity and Nocturnal Diuresis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Alter the Response to Hypertension Therapy. Clin Hypertens. 2024;30(1):14. doi: 10.1186/s40885-024-00272-x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ziegler</surname>
              <given-names>MG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dimsdale</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mills</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sympathetic Overactivity and Nocturnal Diuresis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Alter the Response to Hypertension Therapy</article-title>
          <source>Clin Hypertens</source>
          <year>2024</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">14</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s40885-024-00272-x</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Salles GF, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. Prognostic Value of Ventricular Repolarization Prolongation in Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Hypertens. 2009;27(5):1094-101. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832720b3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Salles</surname>
              <given-names>GF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardoso</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muxfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Ventricular Repolarization Prolongation in Resistant Hypertension: A Prospective Cohort Study</article-title>
          <source>J Hypertens</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>27</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1094</fpage>
          <lpage>1101</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1097/HJH.0b013e32832720b3</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Mochizuki Y, Okutani M, Donfeng Y, Iwasaki H, Takusagawa M, Kohno I, et al. Limited Reproducibility of Circadian Variation in Blood Pressure Dippers and Nondippers. Am J Hypertens. 1998;11(4 Pt 1):403-9. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00497-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mochizuki</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okutani</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Donfeng</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iwasaki</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Takusagawa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kohno</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Limited Reproducibility of Circadian Variation in Blood Pressure Dippers and Nondippers</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>4 Pt 1</issue>
          <fpage>403</fpage>
          <lpage>409</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00497-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Dimsdale JE, Heeren MM. How Reliable is Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping? Am J Hypertens. 1998;11(5):606-9. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00033-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dimsdale</surname>
              <given-names>JE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Heeren</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>How Reliable is Nighttime Blood Pressure Dipping?</article-title>
          <source>Am J Hypertens</source>
          <year>1998</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>606</fpage>
          <lpage>609</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0895-7061(98)00033-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Marco Aur&#233;lio Goulart pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 6.497.401. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240725i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Review Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Analysis of Ventricular Repolarization in Hypertensive Patients: Influence of Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9947-6946</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Goulart</surname>
            <given-names>Marco Aur&#233;lio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Obtaining financing</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Dalmo Antonio Ribeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1051-9434</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesena</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Yue</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5193-1441</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Jonathan Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6634-4138</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Laurinavicius</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Gabriele</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3220-019X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Consolim-Colombo</surname>
            <given-names>Fernanda Marciano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5460-5476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Gon&#231;alves de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Marco Aur&#233;lio Goulart &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: marcogoulart71@outlook.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Paulo B. Veiga Jardim</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Changes in ventricular repolarization are associated with ventricular arrhythmias and higher mortality. The association between a non-dipper blood pressure pattern and changes in ventricular repolarization remains controversial. This study sought to compare ventricular repolarization measurements (QT interval, QTc, Tp-Te, Tp-Te/QT, and QTd) in hypertensive dippers and non-dippers. Secondary objectives are to compare measurements between controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patients, as well as resistant and non-resistant hypertensive patients. This observational, cross-sectional study involved patients monitored in a Hypertension Service. The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. A total of 130 participants were admitted. The mean age was 67.4 years, with 72% presenting some form of target organ damage. Repolarization measurements did not differ between dippers and non-dippers. However, within the resistant hypertension group, when compared to the non-resistant, differences were observed in the QT interval in V5 (433.3 ms vs. 420.9 ms, p = 0.046), Tp-Te in both V2 (85.4 ms vs. 78.7 ms, p = 0.049) and V5 (84.6 ms vs. 74.6 ms, p = 0.006), Tp-Te/QT in V5 (0.19 vs. 0.18, p = 0.019), Sokolow-Lyon index (18.8 mm vs. 15.7 mm, p = 0.011), and Cornell index (14.2 mm vs. 11.2 mm, p = 0.002), aged-adjusted values. In this high cardiovascular risk hypertensive population, no difference in repolarization measures was found between dippers and non-dippers. However, this is the first study to demonstrate increased ventricular repolarization measures in patients with resistant hypertension.</p>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Analysis of Ventricular Repolarization in Hypertensive Patients: Influence of Nocturnal Blood Pressure Dipping</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Analysis of ventricular repolarization in hypertensive patients: influence of nocturnal blood pressure dipping.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240725-40725-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Disease Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Electrophysiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Changes in the ventricular repolarization period play an important role in the formation of ventricular arrhythmias and are associated with higher mortality. QT and QTc intervals, especially measured in DII and V5, represent a result of ventricular repolarization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>QT dispersion (QTd), which is the difference between the longest and shortest QT interval among the 12 leads, aims to estimate the time difference of ventricular repolarization across various regions of the heart.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The Tp-Te interval (Tpeak to Tend) represents transmural repolarization involving the epicardium, endocardium, and mesocardium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In patients with arterial hypertension (AH), changes in ventricular repolarization arise from electrical remodeling caused by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, collagen deposition, and myocardial ischemia due to an imbalance between supply and demand.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, in blood pressure non-dipper patients, the association with ventricular repolarization changes continues to be controversial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims to compare five distinct measures of ventricular repolarization (QT interval, QTc, Tp-Te, Tp-Te/QT, and QTd) by comparing groups of hypertensive dipper and non-dipper patients. Secondary objectives include comparing ventricular repolarization measures when dividing patients into controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patients, as well as resistant and non-resistant hypertensive patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and population</title>
          <p>This is an observational, cross-sectional study involving hypertensive patients monitored in the Hypertension Department of a tertiary hospital, who underwent ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Through this examination, dipper and non-dipper patients were selected.</p>
          <p>Based on a standard deviation of 11.2 ms for the Tp-Te variable identified in the study by Demir and Uyan,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> an N of 130 patients was estimated to detect differences of up to 8 ms between groups, with a 90% power and a 5% significance level.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria included patients who had ABPM with &lt;70% of valid measurements, stage 3 AH defined by systolic blood pressure (SBP) &#8805; 180 or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &#8805; 110 mmHg), cardiomyopathies (hypertrophic, ischemic, congenital, or valvular with moderate or important dysfunction), left ventricular dysfunction below 50%, diagnosed obstructive coronary artery disease, pacemaker carriers, patients on hemodialysis, severe liver disease, pregnancy, secondary AH, active neoplasia under treatment, BMI &gt; 34.9, atrial fibrillation or flutter, use of amiodarone, propafenone, sotalol, verapamil or diltiazem, non-interpretable electrocardiogram for other reasons, and individuals already participating in other research.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>The ABPM exam was conducted using the DYNA-MAPA NG device, with measurements taken every 20 minutes during the day and every 30 minutes at night. The sleep period was based on the event report filled out by the patient.</p>
          <p>Patients with a reduction of less than 10% in SBP and/or DBP during sleep compared to wake were classified as non-dippers. Uncontrolled AH was defined as SBP &#8805; 130 and/or DBP &#8805; 80 mmHg based on ABPM.</p>
          <p>Patients were considered to have resistant hypertension if: 1)vABPM revealed systolic SBP &#8805; 130 mmHg and/or DBP &#8805; 80 mmHg despite optimized therapy with a calcium channel blocker (CCB), thiazide diuretic, and either an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI); or 2) ABPM revealed SBP &lt;130 mmHg and DBP &lt; 80 mmHg while using optimized doses of CCB, thiazide diuretic, and either an ARB or ACEI, combined with a fourth class of antihypertensive agents.</p>
          <p>The 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed using the Eletro System PRE0900001 device, standardized with a paper speed of 25 mm/s and amplitude of 10 mm/mV. The measurements were conducted by the researcher using semi-automatic assistance from the Eletro System V6.4.0.11 software.</p>
          <p>The QT and QTc intervals were measured in all 12 leads, but only V5 was used for representation. The Tp-Te interval was measured across six leads in the horizontal plane. Measurements were performed using the tangent method, where a tangent line was drawn on the steepest slope of the last segment of the T wave until it intersected with the baseline.</p>
          <p>QT interval correction for heart rate was performed using Bazzett&#8217;s formula, applying the RR interval between the measured complex and the previous one. The Sokolow-Lyon index was measured by adding the S wave amplitude in V1 to the highest R wave amplitude found in V5 or V6. Cornell&#8217;s criterion was established by adding the R wave amplitude in lead aVL to the S wave amplitude in lead V3.</p>
          <p>The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) questionnaire and neck circumference measurements were collected by the researcher.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables were presented as means &#177; standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges, as appropriate. Categorical variables were presented as absolute and relative frequencies. Group comparisons were performed using the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test (continuous variables with normal distribution), the Mann-Whitney <italic>U</italic> test (continuous variables with non-normal distribution), or the Fisher&#8217;s test (categorical variables). Normality of data distribution was assessed by the Anderson-Darling test along with visual inspection of histograms and quantile-quantile-plots.</p>
          <p>The association of a non-dipper or dipper status with electrocardiographic variables was evaluated using linear regression models adjusted for age. In these models, the dependent variable was the electrocardiographic feature (e.g., heart rate), the independent variable was the non-dipper/dipper phenotype, and age was a covariate. Estimates, along with 95% confidence intervals and p-values, were reported corresponding to the age-adjusted differences in the dependent variables between the non-dipper and dipper groups. The same procedure was performed to estimate age-adjusted differences in electrocardiographic measurements between participants with controlled versus uncontrolled hypertension, as well as between individuals with or without resistant hypertension.</p>
          <p>The level of significance adopted in the statistical analysis was 5%. Statistical analyses were performed using the R software (version 4.1.2) and the <italic>jamovi</italic> software (version 2.3.26.0). This study followed the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and Nuremberg Code, in compliance with Brazil&#8217;s National Health Council Research Standards involving Human Subjects (Res. CNS 196/96). It was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under opinion number 6.213.951, and all patients or their legal representatives signed the free and informed consent form.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 130 participants were admitted to the study, with a median time of 3.8 weeks between the EKG and ABPM exams. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the proportion of patients classified as dippers and non-dippers based on ABPM results.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Blood pressure values obtained by ABPM comparing groups of dippers and non-dippers</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-dipper, N = 89 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>24h SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">124.3 (12.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">122.8 (13.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.534<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>24h DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">75.6 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">73.6 (9.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.291<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Wake SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">128.6 (12.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">123.7 (13.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Wake DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">79.2 (10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.1 (10.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.035<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sleep SBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">111.7 (11.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">120.4 (16.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sleep DBP (mmHg)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">64.2 (9.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.5 (9.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SBP Dipping (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11, 14)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (-1, 7)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DBP Dipping (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (15, 22)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (-1, 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Uncontrolled AH (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">19 (49%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.151<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) or n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-value calculated by the Student&#8217;s t test. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-value calculated by the Fisher&#8217;s test. <sup>&#167;</sup> p-value calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test. AH: arterial hypertension; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; SBP: systolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows a tendency for higher age in the non-dipper group, although without statistical significance. Other characteristics also did not present statistically significant differences.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic, anthropometric, and clinical characteristics in hypertensive patients, divided into dipper and non-dipper groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-dipper, N = 89 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Age (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">66 (59. 73)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (64. 74)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.095<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female Gender (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">27 (66%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.688<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Race (n/%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.418<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>White</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (56%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60 (67%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Brown</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (15%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Black</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (19%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">30.0 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.3 (4.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.476<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Duration of AH (years)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.0 (16.5, 38.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 (22.0, 39.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.348<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Epworth ES (pts)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4, 15)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2, 12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.289<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Neck Circumference (cm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36 (35, 39)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (35, 40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.419<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Man</td>
                  <td align="center">40.7</td>
                  <td align="center">41.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Woman</td>
                  <td align="center">34.8</td>
                  <td align="center">35.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean&#177; standard deviation, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile), or n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-value calculated by the Student&#8217;s t test. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-value calculated by the Fisher&#8217;s test. <sup>&#167;</sup> p-value calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test. AH: arterial hypertension; BMI: body mass index; ES: sleepiness scale.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> demonstrates a high cardiovascular risk profile, with dyslipidemia and prediabetes/diabetes present in the majority of patients, as well as at least one target organ lesion caused by AH, with no significant difference between groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of comorbidities in hypertensive patients, divided into dipper and non-dipper groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-dipper, N = 89 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes/Prediabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">34 (83%)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (90%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.265</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Stroke</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.790</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Dyslipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38 (93%)</td>
                  <td align="center">86 (97%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.379</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Current/Former Smoker</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">18 (44%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.174</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Chronic Kidney Disease</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">11 (27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.683</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Target Organ Damage</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26 (63%)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (75%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.210</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVH</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&gt;0.999</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Microalbuminuria</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (29%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (34%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.689</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertensive Retinopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">13/32 (41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">38/81 (47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.675</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>* values expressed as n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-value calculated by the Fisher&#8217;s test. LVH: left ventricular hypertrophy.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The average number of antihypertensive drug classes used was three, with no difference between groups, except for a higher prevalence of central sympatholytic use (represented by methyldopa) in the dipper group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o de medicamentos dividida nos grupos dippers e n&#227;o dippers</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-dipper, N = 89 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#186; of Antihypertensives</td>
                  <td>4 (3, 5)</td>
                  <td>3 (3, 4)</td>
                  <td>0.427<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACEI/ARB</td>
                  <td>39 (95%)</td>
                  <td>84 (94%)</td>
                  <td>&gt;0.999<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CCB</td>
                  <td>34 (83%)</td>
                  <td>68 (76%)</td>
                  <td>0.494<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thiazide Diuretic</td>
                  <td>33 (80%)</td>
                  <td>65 (73%)</td>
                  <td>0.391<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Loop Diuretic</td>
                  <td>1 (2.4%)</td>
                  <td>7 (7.9%)</td>
                  <td>0.434<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aldosterone Antagonist</td>
                  <td>16 (39%)</td>
                  <td>25 (28%)</td>
                  <td>0.229<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Clonidine</td>
                  <td>2 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td>7 (7.9%)</td>
                  <td>0.719<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hydralazine</td>
                  <td>3 (7.3%)</td>
                  <td>5 (5.6%)</td>
                  <td>0.707<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrate</td>
                  <td>2 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td>2 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td>0.590<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doxazosin</td>
                  <td>1 (2.4%)</td>
                  <td>2 (2.2%)</td>
                  <td>&gt;0.999<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-Blocker</td>
                  <td>20 (49%)</td>
                  <td>46 (52%)</td>
                  <td>0.851<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Methyldopa</td>
                  <td>6 (15%)</td>
                  <td>1 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td>0.004<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>* values expressed as median (25th percentile, 75th percentile) or n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-value calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-value calculated by the Fisher&#8217;s test. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>There were no differences in echocardiographic measures between the groups. However, it is important to note that the median value of left atrial volume index (LAVi ml/m<sup>2</sup>) was above the reference value of 34 ml/m<sup>2</sup> in both groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic measurements in hypertensive patients, divided into dipper and non-dipper groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-dipper, N = 89 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LA Diameter (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">39.2 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">39.2 (5.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.951<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LAVi (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">35 (30, 38)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (32, 40)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.370<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVEDD (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">48 (45, 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">47 (43, 51)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.235<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LVESD (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31 (28, 33)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (28, 33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.691<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>IVS Diameter (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9, 11)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (9, 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>PW Diameter (mm)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9, 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9, 10)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.548<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV Mass (g)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">170 (134, 194)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (128, 186)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.171<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LV Mass Index (g/m<sup>2</sup>)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">90.7 (22.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">89.5 (20.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.775<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>RWT</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.38 (0.35, 0.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.38 (0.35, 0.42)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.765<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diastolic dysfunction</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.206<sup>&#167;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>None</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (55%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (40%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type 1</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (42%)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (50%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type 2</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9,5%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, median (25th percentile, 75th percentile), or n (%). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-value calculated by the Student&#8217;s t test. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-value calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test. <sup>&#167;</sup> p-value calculated by the Fisher&#8217;s test. IVS: interventricular septum; LA: left atrium diameter; LAVi: left atrial volume index; LV: left ventricle; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVi: left ventricle mass index; PW: posterior wall; RWT: relative wall thickness.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Only Pro-BNP and serum urea levels were significantly higher in the non-dipper group, while total cholesterol was higher in the dipper group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory results divided by dipper and non-dipper groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Dipper, N = 41 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-dipper, N = 89 </th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>NLR</td>
                  <td align="center">1.73 (1.49, 2.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.88 (1.36, 2.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.575<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PLR / 1000</td>
                  <td align="center">61.2 (49.7, 73.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.3 (44.4, 80.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.645<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SII / 1000</td>
                  <td align="center">473 (378, 572)</td>
                  <td align="center">444 (314, 639)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.861<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1c (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0 (5.8, 6.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3 (5.8, 7.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.196<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urea (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (29, 45)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (32, 53)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.97 (0.82, 1.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (0.80, 1.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.867<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CrCl (mL/min/1,73 m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (60, 88)</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (55, 87)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.462<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">162 (137, 195)</td>
                  <td align="center">145 (126, 173)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Uric Acid (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (4.6, 6.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.1 (4.4, 6.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.206<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Na (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">141 (140, 143)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (139, 142)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.225<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>K (mEq/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.37 (0.50)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.35 (0.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.851<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACR (mg/g)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 (8.2, 44.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8 (5.9, 34.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.600<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TSH (&#181;UI/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87 (1.25, 2.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.08 (1.52, 3.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.208<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pro-BNP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (28, 87)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (45, 163)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.037<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median (25th percentile, 75th percentile). <sup>&#8224;</sup> p-value calculated by the Mann-Whitney U test. <sup>&#8225;</sup> p-value calculated by the Student&#8217;s t test. ACR: albumin/creatinine ratio; CrCl: creatinine clearance; Hb: hemoglobin; HT: hematocrit; NLR: neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR: platelet/lymphocyte ratio; SII: systemic immunoinflammation index.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref> presents electrocardiographic measurements, comparing the dipper and non-dipper groups while adjusting for the effect of age. Overall, the variables were similar between groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electrocardiographic measurements in the dipper and non-dipper groups, and the estimated age-adjusted difference between the groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables*</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Descriptive</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Inferential</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Dipper, N = 41</th>
                  <th>Non-dipper, N = 89</th>
                  <th>Adjusted difference</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.54 (12.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.01 (11.44)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.4, 5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.637</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT-V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">422.40 (41.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">428.76 (49.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-15, 20</td>
                  <td align="center">0.805</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc-V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">428.29 (40.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">440.30 (44.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.0, 30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.108</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTd (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">50.29 (32.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">52.88 (26.49)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.39</td>
                  <td align="center">-10, 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.941</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V1 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.55 (18.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.51 (27.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">-14, 4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.294</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V2 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.67 (14.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">82.90 (25.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.3, 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.603</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V3 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.05 (15.23)</td>
                  <td align="center">83.13 (25.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.4, 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.337</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V4 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.62 (19.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.32 (28.82)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-8.9, 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.819</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.70 (18.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.47 (23.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.5, 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.484</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V6 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.26 (16.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.08 (24.57)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.9, 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.683</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.03, 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.443</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.442</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.363</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.02, 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.900</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.445</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.630</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sokolov (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.50 (6.36)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.61 (6.61)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.2, 0.83</td>
                  <td align="center">0.189</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cornell (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.05 (6.94)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.92 (5.85)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.41</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.9, 2.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.733</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intrinsicoid Deflection (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.56 (7.77)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.32 (9.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.61</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.1, 2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.732</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. &#8224; Age-adjusted p-value calculated by linear regression. CI: confidence interval; HR: Heart rate.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The groups were then divided according to the profile of controlled and uncontrolled hypertension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">Table 8</xref>), and as expected, the 24-hour SBP and DBP values were higher in the uncontrolled hypertension group, when compared to the controlled hypertension group (135.4 versus 115.1 mmHg, p&lt;0.001 and 82.1 versus 69.1 mmHg, p&lt;0.001), respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8001">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electrocardiographic measurements in the groups with controlled and uncontrolled hypertension, and the estimated age-adjusted difference between the groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Uncontrolled AH N=51 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Controlled AH N=79 </th>
                  <th>Adjusted difference</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>No. of Antihypertensives</td>
                  <td align="center">4.29 (1.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.15 (1.26)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.7, -0.57</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">64.71 (11.10)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.32 (12.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.3, 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.617</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT-V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">429.64 (50.91)</td>
                  <td align="center">424.99 (44.13)</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-24, 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.387</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc-V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">440.44 (41.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">434.14 (45.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">-5.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-21, 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.480</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTd</td>
                  <td align="center">52.71 (31.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.65 (26.48)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-12, 7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.640</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V1 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.94 (30.65)</td>
                  <td align="center">76.42 (19.64)</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-13, 5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.392</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V2 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.18 (29.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.42 (16.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-12, 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.288</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V3 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">85.82 (29.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.74 (16.38)</td>
                  <td align="center">-7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">-16, 0.44</td>
                  <td align="center">0.064</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V4 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">82.37 (34.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.79 (18.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-12, 6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.541</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.04 (25.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">79.47 (19.86)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.06</td>
                  <td align="center">-8.1, 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.987</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V6 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.61 (28.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.95 (17.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-9.3, 6.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.759</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.02, 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.716</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.02, 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.440</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.03, 0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.02, 0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.521</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.555</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.774</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sokolov (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.92 (7.46)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.41 (5.24)</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.6, -2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cornell (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.55 (7.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.72 (5.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.07</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.3, 2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.953</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intrinsicoid Deflection (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">49.18 (8.22)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.23 (9.75)</td>
                  <td align="center">-3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.5, 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.057</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. <sup>&#8224;</sup> Age-adjusted p-value calculated by linear regression. HR: heart rate. AH: arterial hypertension; CI: confidence interval.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The patients were also divided into resistant and non-resistant hypertension groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t9001">Table 9</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t9001">
            <label>Table 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Electrocardiographic measurements in the groups with or without resistant hypertension, and the estimated age-adjusted difference between the groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables*</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Resistant N=62 </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Non-resistant N=68 </th>
                  <th>Adjusted difference</th>
                  <th>95% CI</th>
                  <th>p-value<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">128.7 (14.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">118.3 (10,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.8, 15.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.0 (10.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">71.7 (8.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.4, 8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#186; of Antihypertensives</td>
                  <td align="center">4.76 (1.28)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.54 (1.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8, 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.97 (12.74)</td>
                  <td align="center">63.76 (11.11)</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.28</td>
                  <td align="center">-4.5, 3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.896</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QT-V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">433.30 (50.53)</td>
                  <td align="center">420.96 (42.58)</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33, 32</td>
                  <td align="center">0.046</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTc-V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">443.91 (49.32)</td>
                  <td align="center">430.00 (37.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">13</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.1, 29</td>
                  <td align="center">0.091</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QTd</td>
                  <td align="center">52.94 (28.20)</td>
                  <td align="center">51.26 (28.63)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">-6.2, 13</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V1 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.09 (28.55)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.89 (20.15)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.5, 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.105</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V2 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">85.42 (26.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.78 (16.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02, 16</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V3 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.65 (28.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">78.73 (16.40)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.1, 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V4 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.98 (33.37)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.15 (16.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.68, 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.069</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V5 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">84.46 (26.16)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.68 (16.98)</td>
                  <td align="center">11</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1, 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.006</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te V6 (ms)</td>
                  <td align="center">81.48 (27.41)</td>
                  <td align="center">75.20 (16.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.49, 15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.188</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00, 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00, 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.069</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20 (0.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00, 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.090</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.00, 0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tp-Te/QT - V6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19 (0.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18 (0.03)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.01</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.01, 0.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.200</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sokolov (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">18.84 (6.81)</td>
                  <td align="center">15.72 (6.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.70, 5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.011</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cornell (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.20 (7.18)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.26 (4.80)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">1.3, 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intrinsicoid Deflection (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.63 (9.54)</td>
                  <td align="center">47.18 (9.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.76</td>
                  <td align="center">-2.5, 4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.647</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9001">
                <p>* values expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation; <sup>&#8224;</sup> Age-adjusted p-value calculated by linear regression; HR: heart rate. CI: confidence interval; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>To assess the intraobserver reproducibility of the measurements, the QT and Tp-Te intervals were selected to be retested on 10% of the total sample; that is, 13 ECGs were randomly selected and reanalyzed by the researcher after all study measurements were completed.</p>
        <p>For the QT interval, the mean absolute error was 0.88 ms (SD &#177; 7.33 ms), representing a relative error of 1.46%, 95% CI -15.2 to +13.5 ms. For the Tp-Te interval measurement, the absolute error was 0.29 ms (SD &#177; 5.99 ms), representing a relative error of 5.91%, 95% CI -12.0 to +11.4 ms.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our study, the patient profile consisted of hypertensive individuals with high cardiovascular risk. Compared to the study by Demir and Uyan,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> which served as the sample calculation basis for this study, patients with diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and obstructive sleep apnea were excluded. In that study, only 63% of patients were using combination therapy, as compared to 94% in our study.</p>
        <p>These same exclusion criteria were applied by Karaagac et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>. Additionally, the high cardiovascular risk profile and older age in our study, when compared to other studies, may explain the high prevalence of non-dippers (68%) in the studied population.</p>
        <p>We found no significant differences between electrocardiographic measurements of ventricular repolarization and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) when comparing dipper and non-dipper groups.</p>
        <p>Demir and Uyan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> studied 80 hypertensive patients (30 non-dippers), with an average age of 51.5 &#177; 8 in dippers and 50.6 &#177; 5.4 in non-dippers. Tp-Te intervals, Tp-Te/QT ratio, and QTd were significantly higher in non-dippers. They also showed an association with increased left ventricular mass indexes measured by echocardiography.</p>
        <p>However, unlike our study, Demir and Uyan<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> excluded patients with U waves and measured the endpoint of the T wave when the descending portion touched the isoelectric line without drawing a tangent. They also did not specify which leads represented their results.</p>
        <p>Karaagac et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> evaluated 70 hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome, with an average age of 55 &#177; 11 years (35 non-dippers). In lead DII, they found a significant increase in Tp-Te intervals (91 vs. 74 ms; p &lt; 0.001), Tp-Te/QT (0.24 vs. 0.20 ms, p &lt; 0.001), and Tp-Te/QTc (0.22 vs. 0.18 ms, p &lt; 0.001) in non-dippers. However, this association was not observed for QT and QTc intervals or echocardiographic measurements<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>A larger study by Yan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> selected 171 patients &#8212;102 elderly (&gt;60 years) and 69 younger or middle-aged (&lt;60 years) with treated AH. Only in patients &lt;60 years was there an increase in QTc in non-dippers (438 ms vs. 416, p &lt; 0.05), with no difference in Tp-Te. In the &gt;60 group, no significant differences were found when comparing dipper, non-dipper, and reverse dipper groups<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>In a notable study, Passino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> selected 48 untreated primary hypertensive patients, 20 of whom were classified as non-dippers, with a mean age of approximately 46 years and an average diagnosis duration of 1.2 years. This study evaluated electrocardiographic parameters over 24 hours, finding significantly higher QT and QTc intervals in non-dippers during sleep, while no significant difference was observed during the daytime period.</p>
        <p>These findings highlight a lack of consensus in the literature and a lack of standardization in measuring the endpoint of the T wave across studies. It is also reasonable to consider that ventricular repolarization changes due to abnormal nocturnal dipping might be more evident during sleep rather than wakefulness.</p>
        <p>Moreover, the differences in ventricular repolarization measures between dipper and non-dipper groups in our study may have been mitigated by the patients&#8217; advanced age and higher comorbidity profile, as demonstrated by Yan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, although we found a statistically significant increase in pro-BNP levels in the non-dipper profile, these values could not be associated with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, as LVEF &lt; 50% was an exclusion criterion for the study. Pro-BNP levels could be associated with a higher prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. However, in the resting echocardiogram, this result also failed to reflect significant echocardiographic differences when comparing dipper and non-dipper groups.</p>
        <p>This aligns with other literature findings, despite ongoing debate. For example, Cuspidi et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> studied 111 hypertensive patients with a recent diagnosis, with 33 non-dippers, and found no significant differences in LVH and carotid thickness between groups.</p>
        <p>Roman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> evaluated 183 hypertensive patients (79 non-dippers) and observed a higher prevalence of carotid plaques in non-dippers (41% vs. 27%). However, this significance was lost when adjusted for age, with no significant differences in left ventricular structure and systolic function between groups.</p>
        <p>Ferrara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> studied 179 hypertensive patients (123 long-standing hypertensives and 56 newly diagnosed) and found no difference in echocardiographic measures of diastolic dysfunction, left ventricular mass, or left atrial diameter between dippers and non-dippers.</p>
        <p>A meta-analysis of 19 studies also found no significant correlation between nocturnal blood pressure dipping and LVH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>By contrast, in a Chinese single-center study, a group of 183 hypertensive patients, whether on treatment or not, with an average age of 46.5 years and a hypertension duration of 5 years, included 117 non-dippers. This study demonstrated a significant increase in ventricular remodeling in non-dipper patients. These results were shown by an increase in LVi (101.3g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in the non-dipper group, compared to 92.3g/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in the dipper group, p=0.029), associated with higher LV mass index rates, resulting in abnormal left ventricular geometry in 73.5% of the non-dipper group compared to 51.5% of the dipper group (p=0.001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even more divergent results were obtained by Rodrigues et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> in a magnetic resonance study that evaluated 99 hypertensive patients, including 35 non-dippers. In this study, the non-dipper group was not associated with an increase in ventricular mass when compared to the dipper group; however, those classified as extreme dippers (nighttime SBP drop &gt;20%) showed a significant increase in indexed ventricular mass and concentric ventricular hypertrophy<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>.</p>
        <p>Although early studies published between 1988 and 1997 demonstrated an association between nocturnal BP decline and organ damage, such as carotid artery disease, LVH, and even stroke,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> larger and more contemporary studies have failed to reproduce these results. This has raised questions as to whether the non-dipper pattern as a marker of poor prognosis for cardiovascular events is related to nighttime hypertension or to other effects, including autonomic dysfunction, higher prevalence of CKD, diabetes mellitus, obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome, and secondary hypertension.</p>
        <p>The higher prevalence of methyldopa use in the dipper patient group can be explained by its pharmacological effect as an alpha-adrenergic blocker, considering that adrenergic stimulation is a very important mechanism for the abnormal nighttime decline in blood pressure, especially in patients with SAHOS. The use of alpha-adrenergic blockers has been associated with improved nighttime blood pressure, when compared to thiazide diuretics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The secondary analysis in our study showed that, when classifying patients based on AH resistance, the resistant group had significant increases in QT, Tp-Te, and Tp-Te/QT intervals, as well as higher Sokolow-Lyon and Cornell index values (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central illustration</xref>). These results do not appear to be associated with differences in SBP and DBP, as similar findings were not observed between controlled and uncontrolled AH groups.</p>
        <p>This is the first published study demonstrating an association between resistant AH and ventricular repolarization changes, a clinically relevant finding. Salles et al. (2009) in a prospective cohort study with 538 patients with resistant AH, found that prolonged QTc was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality over a median follow-up of 4.8 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>The limitations of our study include:</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The unicentric nature;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The electrocardiographic analysis being performed only during the wakefulness period;</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The proportion of dipper and non-dipper patients, which may contribute to reducing the power of the results.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The lack of 24-hour or alternate-day ABPM for better classification of the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In our study, the fundamental criterion for inclusion was the recent performance of an ABPM examination, which may introduce selection bias, considering that the criteria used for indicating ABPM in routine practice include patients suspected of white coat effect, masked hypertension, resistant hypertension, patients with symptoms suggestive of hypotension, among others.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>The measurement of ventricular repolarization performed solely by the tangent method, unlike other studies that used the tail method, although current literature suggests the tangent method as the most appropriate.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>Finally, we hope that the data found in this study can assist and contribute to the literature so that we can understand the real association between nighttime blood pressure decrease and measures of ventricular repolarization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This was the first study conducted with the aim of analyzing ventricular repolarization in hypertensive dipper and non-dipper patients with this age profile and comorbidities, indicating a high cardiovascular risk profile, with a high prevalence of non-dippers.</p>
        <p>In this population, we found no significant differences in clinical characteristics, demographics, and echocardiographic parameters when comparing dipper and non-dipper patients.</p>
        <p>Regarding the electrocardiographic parameters of ventricular repolarization and left ventricular hypertrophy, when measuring the QT interval, QTc interval, Tp-Te, and Tp-Te/QT using the tangent method, no difference was found between dippers and non-dippers.</p>
        <p>However, in patients with resistant hypertension, a significant increase was observed in the measures of ventricular repolarization. For this group of patients, the implementation of electrocardiograms in outpatient routine could be a useful tool in stratifying the risk of cardiovascular outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Marco Aur&#233;lio Goulart, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo e Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia under the protocol number 6.497.401. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
