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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5nZcSrM9dsvVJ5hTsSp8zHz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00307</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240663</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Acur&#225;cia Diagn&#243;stica do Teste Ergom&#233;trico para Detectar Via Acess&#243;ria de Alto Risco em WPW: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Mahamad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0345-9100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffer</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Kiszka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-875X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dagostin de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Escola Paulista de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240663</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) &#233; caracterizada por pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, que pode levar a eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves, como taquicardia supraventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial pr&#233;-excitada. O valor diagn&#243;stico de testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos para detectar vias acess&#243;rias de alto risco permanece inconsistente na literatura.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica de testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos em compara&#231;&#227;o com os estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos invasivos (EEF) para identificar vias acess&#243;rias de alto risco na s&#237;ndrome de WPW.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> De acordo com as diretrizes do PRISMA-DTA, foi realizada uma busca abrangente nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science. Estudos eleg&#237;veis avaliaram a sensibilidade, especificidade e raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a de testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos em pacientes com WPW, utilizando EEF como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Para a metan&#225;lise, foi aplicado um modelo bivariado de efeitos aleat&#243;rios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Seis estudos, totalizando 765 pacientes, atenderam aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. A sensibilidade combinada foi de 92,7% (IC de 95%: 88,0% &#8211; 94,0%), e a especificidade combinada foi de 28,1% (IC de 95%: 23% &#8211; 35,1%). A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (LR-) de 0,260 (IC de 95%: 0,174 &#8211; 0,387) indicou que a presen&#231;a de uma via acess&#243;ria de alto risco &#233; aproximadamente quatro vezes menos prov&#225;vel ap&#243;s um resultado de teste negativo. A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, restrita a pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, demonstrou resultados consistentes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos demonstram uma utilidade diagn&#243;stica razo&#225;vel para descartar vias de alto risco na s&#237;ndrome de WPW. No entanto, &#233; necess&#225;ria cautela ao utilizar esses testes como crit&#233;rios independentes para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Esfor&#231;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular, uma condi&#231;&#227;o que afeta cerca de 0,1% dos neonatos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> pode manifestar-se clinicamente ao longo da vida com sintomas que variam de palpita&#231;&#245;es e s&#237;ncope at&#233; desfechos mais graves, como a morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita. Isso ocorre, em grande parte, devido &#224; sua associa&#231;&#227;o com taquicardia supraventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Pacientes diagnosticados com s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) apresentam uma taxa de mortalidade consideravelmente mais alta, com incid&#234;ncia de morte s&#250;bita estimada em aproximadamente 0,15% ao ano, podendo aumentar para 3&#8211;4% ao longo da vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e eletrofisiol&#243;gicas associadas ao aumento do risco de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita na s&#237;ndrome de WPW dependem da capacidade de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular r&#225;pida da via acess&#243;ria. Os principais indicadores de risco elevado incluem um intervalo RR pr&#233;-excitado mais curto (SPERRI) &lt; 250 ms ou um per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio efetivo anter&#243;grado da via acess&#243;ria (APERP) notavelmente reduzido, variando entre 220&#8211;270 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a normaliza&#231;&#227;o abrupta e completa do intervalo PR, acompanhada do desaparecimento da onda delta durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, tem sido tradicionalmente reconhecida como um marcador de baixo risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva das propriedades condutoras da via acess&#243;ria pode ser considerada (Classe IIb) em indiv&#237;duos com pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;tica, conforme as diretrizes da ESC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise segue as diretrizes PRISMA-DTA<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e tem como objetivo combinar e analisar as evid&#234;ncias entre estudos para avaliar a sensibilidade, especificidade, raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a e raz&#245;es de probabilidade diagn&#243;stica de testes ergom&#233;tricos nesse contexto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>O protocolo desta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise da acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica (DTA) foi registrado no Registro Prospectivo Internacional de Revis&#245;es Sistem&#225;ticas (PROSPERO). O n&#250;mero de registro para acessar o protocolo &#233; CRD42024526932.</p>
      <p>Realizamos uma pesquisa completa nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, com a &#250;ltima busca realizada em 20/03/24. A estrat&#233;gia de busca foi projetada para abranger termos relacionados &#224; s&#237;ndrome de WPW, testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos e resultados diagn&#243;sticos. Para o PubMed, foram inclu&#237;dos termos como &#8220;S&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White&#8221;, &#8220;pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, &#8220;teste ergom&#233;trico&#8221;, &#8220;APERP&#8221;, &#8220;SPERRI&#8221; e outros termos relacionados. Estrat&#233;gias semelhantes foram adaptadas para Scopus e Web of Science, considerando a sintaxe e as capacidades de busca de cada base de dados.</p>
      <p>Os estudos eleg&#237;veis para inclus&#227;o foram aqueles que avaliaram a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos na detec&#231;&#227;o de vias acess&#243;rias de alto risco em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW), utilizando estudos eletrofisiol&#243;gicos invasivos (EEF) como padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Foram considerados participantes de qualquer faixa et&#225;ria com diagn&#243;stico de s&#237;ndrome de WPW, submetidos a testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos e EEF invasivos. Os principais resultados analisados foram a sensibilidade, especificidade, raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva e raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa dos testes ergom&#233;tricos na previs&#227;o do risco de arritmia. Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos observacionais, an&#225;lises retrospectivas e estudos de coorte prospectivos, publicados em qualquer idioma, desde o in&#237;cio at&#233; o presente momento. Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram revis&#245;es, relatos de casos e estudos sem medidas claras de resultados diagn&#243;sticos ou uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre o teste &#237;ndice e o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>A fase de triagem de t&#237;tulos da nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica foi conduzida por dois pesquisadores independentes (RR e FR) usando a plataforma HubMeta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Quaisquer discrep&#226;ncias identificadas durante a triagem inicial foram resolvidas por um terceiro pesquisador independente (MS). A triagem do texto completo foi ent&#227;o realizada por outra dupla de pesquisadores independentes (JA e GD). Nos casos em que surgiram diverg&#234;ncias, estas foram resolvidas por meio de discuss&#227;o entre os autores para chegar a um consenso.</p>
      <p>Durante a fase de extra&#231;&#227;o de dados de nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, encontramos uma inconsist&#234;ncia recorrente na literatura em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s defini&#231;&#245;es do que constitui um teste positivo e como o status de &#8220;doen&#231;a&#8221; &#233; determinado, o que afeta a classifica&#231;&#227;o de verdadeiros e falsos positivos, bem como verdadeiros e falsos negativos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Comumente, os estudos consideram um teste positivo quando h&#225; uma perda repentina de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular no ECG durante o exerc&#237;cio, rotulando os indiv&#237;duos como de &#8220;baixo risco&#8221;, caso identificados por um APERP/SPERRI &gt; 250 ms. Em nossa abordagem, classificamos indiv&#237;duos confirmados como de baixo risco (APERP/SPERRI &gt; 250 ms) que perdem a pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o como &#8220;verdadeiros negativos&#8221;, o que significa que est&#227;o &#8220;verdadeiramente ausentes de risco&#8221;. Consequentemente, definimos um teste positivo como aquele em que a pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o &#233; perdida, e um indiv&#237;duo &#8220;verdadeiramente doente&#8221; (&#8220;verdadeiro positivo&#8221;) &#233; aquele de alto risco, identificado por um APERP/SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms.</p>
      <p>Esse ajuste significa que o que medimos como sensibilidade em nosso estudo corresponde ao que os autores originais poderiam ter relatado como especificidade e, da mesma forma, o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e o valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foram invertidos. Esta decis&#227;o foi desafiadora, mas fundamental, pois acreditamos que produzir&#225; resultados mais robustos e facilitar&#225; um melhor entendimento entre a comunidade m&#233;dica em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco na s&#237;ndrome de WPW.</p>
      <p>Para avaliar o risco de vi&#233;s e as preocupa&#231;&#245;es com a aplicabilidade em cada estudo, utilizamos a ferramenta QUADAS-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Esta avalia&#231;&#227;o completa abordou v&#225;rios aspectos, incluindo a sele&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes, o teste &#237;ndice, o padr&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia e o fluxo/tempo. Al&#233;m disso, empregamos a ferramenta visual Robvis para exibir avalia&#231;&#245;es de risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados dos estudos foram organizados em uma planilha do Excel que captura m&#233;tricas essenciais, como verdadeiros positivos, falsos positivos, verdadeiros negativos e falsos negativos. Para garantir a acur&#225;cia e integridade das informa&#231;&#245;es extra&#237;das, foram feitos esfor&#231;os para contatar os autores dos estudos a fim de obter esclarecimentos ou dados adicionais. Em seguida, um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios bivariados foi utilizado para reunir estimativas de sensibilidade e especificidade entre os estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essa abordagem leva em considera&#231;&#227;o a potencial heterogeneidade e a correla&#231;&#227;o entre sensibilidade e especificidade dentro de cada estudo. O modelo tamb&#233;m calculou achados relacionados, incluindo raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a e a Raz&#227;o de Probabilidades Diagn&#243;sticas (DOR). A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (LR+) quantifica o quanto a probabilidade de doen&#231;a aumenta com um resultado de teste positivo. Em contrapartida, a raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (LR-) reflete o quanto a probabilidade de doen&#231;a diminui com um resultado de teste negativo. Essas m&#233;tricas s&#227;o consideradas mais aplic&#225;veis &#224; pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica do que a sensibilidade e a especificidade, pois incorporam uma estrutura de racioc&#237;nio probabil&#237;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A DOR pode ser interpretada como a raz&#227;o entre as probabilidades de doen&#231;a em testes positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s probabilidades de doen&#231;a em testes negativos, fornecendo uma medida &#250;nica da efic&#225;cia do teste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises foram facilitadas pelo software MetaDTA (vers&#227;o 2.0.5),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> que &#233; projetado especificamente para metan&#225;lises de acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica. Os gr&#225;ficos de floresta foram usados para representar visualmente as distribui&#231;&#245;es de sensibilidade e especificidade entre os estudos e suas estimativas agrupadas.</p>
        <p>Para quantificar a heterogeneidade estat&#237;stica, utilizamos a estat&#237;stica Bayesiana<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> e a &#225;rea da elipse de predi&#231;&#227;o de 95%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise incluiu seis estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> abrangendo um total de 765 pacientes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Os detalhes desses estudos est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA de sele&#231;&#227;o de estudos para revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Dados dos estudos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Estudo</th>
                <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th>Tamanho da amostra</th>
                <th>Teste &#237;ndice</th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes testados</th>
                <th>Teste de refer&#234;ncia</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Dalili et al.,<sup>26</sup> 2014</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos</td>
                <td align="center">37</td>
                <td align="center">Perda de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o no teste ergom&#233;trico</td>
                <td align="center">27</td>
                <td align="center">SPERRI e APERP &lt; 250 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Spar et al.,<sup>24</sup> 2012</td>
                <td align="center">Idade &lt; 21 anos</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">Perda repentina de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o no teste ergom&#233;trico</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">APERP &lt; 270 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jemtr&#233;n et al.,<sup>29</sup> 2024</td>
                <td align="center">Idade m&#233;dia de 39 anos, pacientes sintom&#225;ticos e assintom&#225;ticos</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">Perda repentina de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o no teste ergom&#233;trico</td>
                <td align="center">164</td>
                <td align="center">APERP ou SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Wackel et al.,<sup>25</sup> 2012</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos</td>
                <td align="center">135</td>
                <td align="center">Baixo risco em qualquer teste n&#227;o invasivo</td>
                <td align="center">76</td>
                <td align="center">APERP ou SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ergul et al.,<sup>27</sup> 2015</td>
                <td align="center">Pacientes pedi&#225;tricos</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">Perda repentina de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o no teste ergom&#233;trico</td>
                <td align="center">40</td>
                <td align="center">SPERRI e APERP &lt; 250 ms</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escudero et al.,<sup>28</sup> 2020</td>
                <td align="center">Idade &lt; 21 anos</td>
                <td align="center">1589</td>
                <td align="center">Perda repentina de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o no teste ergom&#233;trico</td>
                <td align="center">382</td>
                <td align="center">SPERRI e APERP &lt; 250 ms</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>Dados iniciais de estudos individuais.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao APERP ou SPERRI, a sensibilidade combinada, que mede a capacidade do teste de detectar verdadeiros positivos (aqueles que n&#227;o perdem a pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular durante o teste ergom&#233;trico) em indiv&#237;duos de alto risco (aqueles com APERP/SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms), foi de 92,7%. A especificidade combinada, indicando a capacidade do teste de identificar verdadeiros negativos (aqueles que perdem a pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular) entre indiv&#237;duos de baixo risco, foi de 28,1%. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> resume as estimativas pontuais e os intervalos de confian&#231;a de 95%. A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (LR+) foi de 1,29 (IC de 95%: 1,179 &#8211; 1,411), e a raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (LR-) foi de 0,260 (IC de 95%: 0,174 &#8211; 0,387). A DOR foi de 4,962 (IC de 95%: 3,122 &#8211; 7,885).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de floresta representando a sensibilidade e a especificidade 1 (taxas de falsos positivos) de cada estudo inclu&#237;do na detec&#231;&#227;o de perda repentina de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o durante o teste ergom&#233;trico como um marcador para vias acess&#243;rias de baixo risco. Cada ponto estima a sensibilidade e a especificidade 1 de um estudo individual, acompanhado por intervalos de confian&#231;a (ICs). A linha inferior descreve o intervalo de previs&#227;o, refletindo a faixa esperada de sensibilidades se o teste fosse aplicado em diferentes configura&#231;&#245;es. As estimativas combinadas s&#227;o discutidas no texto principal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Em termos de an&#225;lise de heterogeneidade, observamos um &#237;ndice Bayesiano I<sup>2</sup> de 29% para sensibilidade e 77% para especificidade. A &#225;rea da elipse na curva Resumo de Caracter&#237;stica Operacional do Receptor (SROC) foi de 0,046, indicando um baixo n&#237;vel de heterogeneidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva Caracter&#237;stica de Opera&#231;&#227;o do Receptor Sumarizada (SROC) exibindo a compensa&#231;&#227;o entre sensibilidade e taxa de falsos positivos para prever vias acess&#243;rias de alto risco. As curvas SROC resumem a acur&#225;cia geral do diagn&#243;stico.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, foi pertinente excluir o estudo de Jemtr&#233;n et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> que incluiu exclusivamente adultos com mais de 21 anos. Esta an&#225;lise de sensibilidade teve como objetivo avaliar a acur&#225;cia do estudo na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica, e os resultados foram os seguintes: A sensibilidade combinada foi de 92,3% (IC de 95%: 88,8% &#8211; 94,8%), e a especificidade combinada foi de 28,4% (IC de 95%: 21,3% &#8211; 36,8%). A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a positiva (LR+) foi de 1,29 (IC de 95%: 1,161 &#8211; 1,433), e a raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa (LR-) foi de 0,270 (IC de 95%: (0,179 &#8211; 0,408).</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso do SPERRI como teste &#237;ndice, um resultado pr&#233;-especificado de nossa pesquisa, a metan&#225;lise foi invi&#225;vel devido &#224; disponibilidade limitada de dados. Apenas dois estudos forneceram dados espec&#237;ficos do SPERRI,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> enquanto os outros combinaram o SPERRI com o APERP, dificultando o isolamento de dados especificamente relacionados apenas ao SPERRI.</p>
      <p>Em nossa an&#225;lise de risco de vi&#233;s usando a ferramenta QUADAS-2, identificamos que todos os estudos apresentam metodologia satisfat&#243;ria com baixo risco de vi&#233;s. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f05">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Risco de vi&#233;s dos estudos inclu&#237;dos de acordo com a ferramenta QUADAS-2.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Durante nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise, encontramos um aspecto de variabilidade entre os estudos que impactou nossa interpreta&#231;&#227;o: as diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es do que constitui um teste positivo verdadeiro. Esse problema provavelmente surge porque a hip&#243;tese nula, ou suposi&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica, inicialmente postula a presen&#231;a de uma via acess&#243;ria, com a mudan&#231;a &#8212; ou rejei&#231;&#227;o dessa hip&#243;tese nula &#8212; sendo a perda da pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Paradoxalmente, esse resultado indica um risco menor, o que levou a um padr&#227;o na literatura caracterizado por baixa sensibilidade e alta especificidade.</p>
      <p>Embora n&#227;o seja necessariamente incorreto que alguns estudos tenham definido indiv&#237;duos &#8220;doentes&#8221; como aqueles de baixo risco (em vez de alto risco), isso criou um problema de inconsist&#234;ncia na literatura. Por exemplo, no estudo de Sharma et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> que n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do nas fases finais da nossa revis&#227;o devido &#224; compara&#231;&#227;o do teste &#237;ndice com a morte s&#250;bita como teste de refer&#234;ncia, as sensibilidades excederam 80% nas an&#225;lises. Escudero, por exemplo, tamb&#233;m definiu os verdadeiros positivos como aqueles que perderam a pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o e apresentaram menor risco, mas interpretou os valores preditivos com mais precis&#227;o, afirmando que &#8220;o valor preditivo positivo para excluir APs de alto risco foi de 93%&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, diante da incerteza sobre se o teste apresenta alta sensibilidade ou especificidade, parece que ele tem sido interpretado incorretamente por um longo tempo. Se considerado um teste de baixa sensibilidade, como se pensava anteriormente, muitos poderiam interpret&#225;-lo como uma falha em descartar vias de alto risco. Contudo, esse n&#227;o &#233; o caso. Como definimos cuidadosamente indiv&#237;duos &#8220;doentes&#8221; como aqueles com vias de alto risco, e um teste positivo como aquele em que a via acess&#243;ria n&#227;o desaparece durante o teste ergom&#233;trico, um teste altamente sens&#237;vel &#233;, por defini&#231;&#227;o, capaz de descartar vias de alto risco. O valor preditivo negativo, que &#233; um c&#225;lculo dependente da preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a em estudos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> acaba sendo alto.</p>
      <p>Uma maneira clinicamente mais esclarecedora de interpretar os resultados &#233; considerar as raz&#245;es de verossimilhan&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a negativa &#233; de 0,260, o que indica que a presen&#231;a de uma via acess&#243;ria de alto risco &#233; aproximadamente quatro vezes menos prov&#225;vel diante de um teste negativo (ou seja, um teste que mostra perda de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o que aconteceria se esse resultado n&#227;o tivesse sido observado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Embora a redu&#231;&#227;o da probabilidade de uma via de alto risco por um fator de quatro seja certamente um achado relevante, os autores acreditam que essa redu&#231;&#227;o, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o &#233; suficiente para classificar esse teste como uma ferramenta definitiva para estratificar vias acess&#243;rias de alto ou baixo risco. Para esse prop&#243;sito, o estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, que permanece o padr&#227;o ouro para avaliar as propriedades de condu&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada da via, continua sendo a abordagem mais recomendada pelas diretrizes atuais (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura Central</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: Acur&#225;cia Diagn&#243;stica do Teste Ergom&#233;trico para Detectar Via Acess&#243;ria de Alto Risco em WPW: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf05.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, que excluiu popula&#231;&#245;es adultas e se concentrou apenas em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos (ou menores de 21 anos), demonstrou que o desempenho do teste &#233; consistente. Esse achado ressalta a robustez da nossa an&#225;lise ao mostrar resultados semelhantes em diferentes popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise produziu resultados esclarecedores ao consolidar descobertas de estudos anteriores em dados agrupados, estabelecendo um precedente para padronizar defini&#231;&#245;es em pesquisas futuras para evitar confus&#227;o e conclus&#245;es incorretas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> como a no&#231;&#227;o de que &#8220;a perda de uma pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o tem o poder de reduzir a probabilidade de uma via acess&#243;ria de alto risco&#8221;. A padroniza&#231;&#227;o &#233; vital para unificar diversos estudos sobre a s&#237;ndrome de WPW, garantindo uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o consistente de testes n&#227;o invasivos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Embora esta revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise ofere&#231;am insights abrangentes, diversas limita&#231;&#245;es devem ser observadas. Um desafio prim&#225;rio surgiu da inconsist&#234;ncia na forma como os estudos definiram resultados &#8220;verdadeiros positivos&#8221;, resultando em varia&#231;&#245;es significativas na sensibilidade e especificidade relatadas. Essa discrep&#226;ncia decorre de diferentes interpreta&#231;&#245;es e aplica&#231;&#245;es de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos entre os estudos, o que pode influenciar os resultados da nossa metan&#225;lise. Reconhecemos que a nossa redefini&#231;&#227;o de quem &#233; considerado &#8220;doente&#8221; ou &#8220;saud&#225;vel&#8221; com base nos resultados dos testes pode parecer contraintuitiva. No entanto, optamos por manter essa abordagem porque ela impacta significativamente a orienta&#231;&#227;o da curva SROC. Usar as defini&#231;&#245;es tradicionais predominantes na literatura teria produzido uma curva oposta. Acreditamos que essa abordagem fornece uma compreens&#227;o mais clara da utilidade diagn&#243;stica do teste na identifica&#231;&#227;o de vias de alto risco, embora possa desafiar interpreta&#231;&#245;es convencionais.</p>
        <p>A generaliza&#231;&#227;o dos nossos resultados pode ser prejudicada pelo n&#250;mero limitado de estudos que atendem aos nossos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o. Com apenas seis estudos inclu&#237;dos, e apenas dois fornecendo dados espec&#237;ficos sobre SPERRI, nossa capacidade de tirar conclus&#245;es amplas, especialmente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SPERRI, &#233; de certa forma restrita. Al&#233;m disso, ao considerar popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas, a presen&#231;a de anomalias card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, como a Anomalia de Ebstein, n&#227;o foi avaliada separadamente. Reunir todos os resultados pedi&#225;tricos para fornecer uma conclus&#227;o geral sobre a sensibilidade e especificidade do teste pode n&#227;o apresentar precis&#227;o, pois a presen&#231;a dessas anomalias pode alterar distintamente o desempenho diagn&#243;stico do teste.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, em cen&#225;rios pr&#225;ticos, um problema not&#225;vel &#233; a variabilidade inter e intraobservador, decorrente da dificuldade de observar a perda de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o em um ECG frequentemente repleto de artefatos de movimento durante o teste ergom&#233;trico. Entretanto, nenhum dos estudos inclu&#237;dos avaliou esse resultado e, portanto, nossa metan&#225;lise n&#227;o p&#244;de abordar essa quest&#227;o.</p>
        <p>A heterogeneidade nos desenhos dos estudos e nas caracter&#237;sticas dos participantes tamb&#233;m representa um desafio. Varia&#231;&#245;es nos cen&#225;rios e nos perfis dos participantes entre os estudos inclu&#237;dos podem limitar a aplicabilidade de nossas descobertas a popula&#231;&#245;es mais amplas de WPW.</p>
        <p>Por fim, confiar em dados publicados, sem acesso a dados individuais dos pacientes, limita a profundidade da nossa an&#225;lise. Apesar das tentativas de obter informa&#231;&#245;es adicionais dos autores, a falta de respostas prejudicou nossa capacidade de realizar an&#225;lises de subgrupos mais detalhadas e confirmar a robustez dos achados em diferentes subgrupos de pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossa revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise sintetizaram efetivamente as evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis sobre a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica de testes ergom&#233;tricos n&#227;o invasivos para detectar vias acess&#243;rias de alto risco em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White.</p>
      <p>No entanto, &#233; importante observar que, embora as descobertas sugiram que a perda repentina de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o reduza a probabilidade de uma via de alto risco, isso n&#227;o significa necessariamente descartar completamente as condi&#231;&#245;es de alto risco. A redu&#231;&#227;o na probabilidade em aproximadamente quatro vezes indica uma utilidade diagn&#243;stica razo&#225;vel, mas n&#227;o definitiva. Os m&#233;dicos devem interpretar esses resultados com cautela e consider&#225;-los como parte de uma estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica mais ampla, incorporando outros fatores cl&#237;nicos e ferramentas de diagn&#243;stico para garantir uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco abrangente em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome de WPW.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240663i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Exercise Testing in Detecting High-Risk Accessory Pathways in WPW: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3835-6067</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Nunes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Mahamad</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0345-9100</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rios</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Scheffer</surname>
            <given-names>Matheus Kiszka</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8587-875X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Dagostin de</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Paulista de Medicina da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Jos&#233; Nunes de Alencar &#8226; Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Rua Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code 04012-909, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: jose.alencar@dantepazzanese.org.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is characterized by ventricular pre-excitation, which can lead to severe arrhythmic events such as supraventricular tachycardia and pre-excited atrial fibrillation. The diagnostic value of non-invasive exercise tests in detecting high-risk accessory pathways remains inconsistent in the literature.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive exercise tests compared to invasive electrophysiological studies (EPS) for identifying high-risk accessory pathways in WPW syndrome.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Following PRISMA-DTA guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Eligible studies assessed the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios of non-invasive exercise tests in WPW patients, using EPS as the reference standard. A bivariate random-effects model was applied for meta-analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Six studies, comprising a total of 765 patients, met the inclusion criteria. The pooled sensitivity was 92.7% (95% CI: 88.0% &#8211; 94.0%), while the pooled specificity was 28.1% (95% CI: 23% &#8211; 35.1%). A negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.260 (95% CI: 0.174 &#8211; 0.387) indicated that the presence of a high-risk accessory pathway is about four times less likely after a negative test result. Sensitivity analysis restricted to pediatric patients showed consistent results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Non-invasive exercise tests demonstrate a reasonable diagnostic utility for ruling out high-risk pathways in WPW syndrome. However, caution is advised when using these tests as standalone criteria for risk stratification.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Systematic Review</kwd>
        <kwd>Meta-Analysis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ventricular pre-excitation, a condition affecting around 0.1% of neonates,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> can manifest clinically throughout life with symptoms ranging from palpitations and syncope to more severe outcomes, including sudden cardiac death. This is largely due to its association with supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Patients diagnosed with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome face a notably higher mortality rate, with reported sudden death incidents occurring at approximately 0.15% annually, potentially escalating to 3&#8211;4% over a lifetime.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death in WPW syndrome hinge on the accessory pathway&#8217;s ability for rapid atrioventricular conduction. Key indicators of heightened risk include a shortest pre-excited RR interval (SPERRI) &lt; 250 ms or a notably short antegrade effective refractory period of the accessory pathway (APERP), ranging between 220&#8211;270 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Furthermore, the abrupt and complete normalization of the PR interval, along with the disappearance of the delta wave during exercise testing, has traditionally been recognized as a low-risk marker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Non-invasive evaluation of the conducting properties of the accessory pathway may be considered (Class IIb) in individuals with asymptomatic pre-excitation, according to ESC guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis follows PRISMA-DTA guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and aims to synthesize and analyze evidence across studies to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratios of exercise tests in this context.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>The protocol for this systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). The registration number for accessing the protocol is CRD42024526932.</p>
        <p>We conducted a thorough research in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, with the final search conducted on 3/20/24. The search strategy was designed to encompass terms related to WPW syndrome, non-invasive exercise testing, and diagnostic outcomes. For PubMed, terms such as &#8220;Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome,&#8221; &#8220;preexcitation,&#8221; &#8220;exercise test,&#8221; &#8220;APERP,&#8221; &#8220;SPERRI,&#8221; and related keywords were included. Similar search strategies were adapted for Scopus and Web of Science, considering the syntax and search capabilities of each database.</p>
        <p>Studies eligible for inclusion were those that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive exercise tests in detecting high-risk accessory pathways in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome patients, with invasive electrophysiological studies (EPS) serving as the reference standard. Participants of any age diagnosed with WPW syndrome, who underwent both non-invasive exercise testing and invasive EPS, were considered. The primary outcomes examined included sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of exercise tests in predicting the risk of arrhythmia. We included observational studies, retrospective analyses, and prospective cohort studies published in any language from inception to the present. Exclusion criteria comprised reviews, case reports, and studies lacking clear diagnostic outcome measures or a direct comparison between the index test and the reference standard.</p>
        <p>The title screening phase of our systematic review was conducted by two independent researchers (RR and FR) using the HubMeta platform.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Any discrepancies identified during the initial screening were resolved by a third independent researcher (MS). Full-text screening was then carried out by another pair of independent researchers (JA and GD). In cases of disagreements, the issues were resolved through discussion among the authors to reach a consensus.</p>
        <p>During the data extraction phase of our systematic review, we encountered a recurring inconsistency in the literature regarding the definitions of what constitutes a positive test and how &#8220;disease&#8221; status is determined. This inconsistency affected the classification of true and false positives, as well as true and false negatives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Commonly, studies consider a test positive if there is a sudden loss of ventricular pre-excitation on the ECG during exercise, thereby labeling individuals as &#8220;low risk,&#8221; identified by an APERP/SPERRI &gt; 250 ms. In our approach, we classify individuals confirmed to be at low risk (APERP/SPERRI &gt; 250 ms) and who lose pre-excitation as &#8220;true negatives,&#8221; meaning they are &#8220;truly absent of risk.&#8221; Consequently, we defined a positive test as one where pre-excitation is not lost, and a &#8220;truly diseased&#8221; individual (&#8220;true positive&#8221;) is defined as one at high risk, identified by an APERP/SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms.</p>
        <p>This adjustment means that what we measure as sensitivity in our study corresponds to what the original authors might have reported as specificity. Similarly, the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) have been swapped. This decision, though challenging, was pivotal, as we believe it will yield more robust results and facilitate a clearer understanding among the medical community regarding risk stratification in WPW syndrome.</p>
        <p>To evaluate bias risk and applicability concerns within each study, we utilized the QUADAS-2 tool.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> This thorough assessment addressed various aspects, including patient selection, the index test, the reference standard, and flow/timing. Additionally, we employed the robvis visual tool to display bias risk assessments across studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Studies data were organized into an Excel spreadsheet that captures essential metrics, such as true positives, false positives, true negatives, and false negatives. To guarantee the accuracy and completeness of the extracted information, efforts were made to contact the authors of the studies for any clarifications or additional data. Following this, a bivariate random-effects model was employed to pool sensitivity and specificity estimates across studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This approach accounts for the potential heterogeneity and correlation between sensitivity and specificity within each study. The model also calculated related findings, including likelihood ratios and the Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR). The positive likelihood ratio (LR+) quantifies how much the probability of disease increases with a positive test result. In contrast, the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) reflects how much the probability of disease decreases with a negative test result. These metrics are considered more applicable to clinical practice than sensitivity and specificity because they incorporate a probabilistic reasoning framework.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The DOR can be interpreted as the ratio of the odds of disease in test positives relative to the odds of disease in test negatives, providing a single measure of test effectiveness.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The analyses were facilitated by the MetaDTA software (version 2.0.5),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> which is specifically designed for diagnostic test accuracy meta-analyses. Forest plots were used to visually represent the sensitivity and specificity distributions across studies and their pooled estimates.</p>
          <p>To quantify statistical heterogeneity, we used the Bayesian I<sup>2</sup> statistic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> and the area of the 95% prediction ellipse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Our systematic review and meta-analysis included six studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> encompassing a total of 765 patients (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). The details of these studies are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; PRISMA Flowchart of Study Selection for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Studies data</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Study</th>
                  <th>Population</th>
                  <th>Sample size</th>
                  <th>Index test</th>
                  <th>Number of tested patients</th>
                  <th>Reference test</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dalili et al.<sup>26</sup> 2014</td>
                  <td align="center">Pediatric patients</td>
                  <td align="center">37</td>
                  <td align="center">Loss of pre-excitation in exercise test</td>
                  <td align="center">27</td>
                  <td align="center">SPERRI and APERP &lt; 250 ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spar et al.,<sup>24</sup> 2011</td>
                  <td align="center">Age &lt; 21y</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">Sudden Loss of pre-excitation in exercise test</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">APERP &lt; 270 ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Jemtr&#233;n et al.,<sup>29</sup> 2024</td>
                  <td align="center">Average age of 39y, symptomatic and asymptomatic patients</td>
                  <td align="center">164</td>
                  <td align="center">Sudden Loss of pre-excitation in exercise test</td>
                  <td align="center">164</td>
                  <td align="center">APERP or SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wackel et al.,<sup>25</sup> 2012</td>
                  <td align="center">Pediatric patients</td>
                  <td align="center">135</td>
                  <td align="center">Low risk in any non-invasive test</td>
                  <td align="center">76</td>
                  <td align="center">APERP or SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ergul et al.,<sup>27</sup> 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">Pediatric patients</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">Sudden Loss of pre-excitation in exercise test</td>
                  <td align="center">40</td>
                  <td align="center">SPERRI and APERP &lt; 250 ms</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Escudero et al.,<sup>28</sup> 2020</td>
                  <td align="center">Age &lt; 21y</td>
                  <td align="center">1589</td>
                  <td align="center">Sudden Loss of pre-excitation in exercise test</td>
                  <td align="center">382</td>
                  <td align="center">SPERRI and APERP &lt; 250 ms</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>Baseline data of individual studies.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding APERP or SPERRI, the pooled sensitivity, which measures the ability of the test to detect true positives (those who do not lose ventricular pre-excitation during the exercise stress test) among high-risk individuals (those with APERP/SPERRI &#8804; 250 ms), was 92.7%. The pooled specificity, indicating the test&#8217;s ability to identify true negatives (those who lose ventricular pre-excitation) among low-risk individuals, was 28.1%. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref> summarizes point estimates and 95% confidence intervals. The positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.179 &#8211; 1.411), and the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) was 0.260 (95% CI: 0.174 &#8211; 0.387). The DOR was 4.962 (95% CI: 3.122 &#8211; 7.885).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Forest plots representing the sensitivity and 1-specificity (false positive rates) of each included study in detecting the sudden loss of pre-excitation during exercise testing as a marker for low-risk accessory pathways. Each point estimates the sensitivity and 1-specificity for an individual study, accompanied by confidence intervals (CIs). The bottom line displays the prediction interval, indicating the expected range of sensitivities if the test were applied in different settings. The pooled estimates are discussed in the main text.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In terms of heterogeneity analysis, we observed a Bayesian I<sup>2</sup> index of 29% for sensitivity and 77% for specificity. The area of the ellipse in the Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (SROC) curve was 0.046, indicating a low level of heterogeneity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (SROC) curve displaying the trade-off between sensitivity and false positive rate for predicting high-risk accessory pathways. The SROC curves summarize overall diagnostic accuracy.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>In the sensitivity analysis, it was pertinent to exclude the study by Jemtr&#233;n et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> which uniquely included adults over the age of 21. This sensitivity analysis aimed to evaluate the accuracy of the study in the pediatric population, and the results were as follows: The pooled sensitivity was 92.3% (95% CI: 88.8% &#8211; 94.8%), and the pooled specificity was 28.4% (95% CI: 21.3% &#8211; 36.8%). The positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 1.29 (95% CI: 1.161 &#8211; 1.433), and the negative likelihood ratio (LR-) was 0.270 (95% CI: 0.179 &#8211; 0.408).</p>
        <p>Regarding the use of SPERRI as the index test, a pre-specified outcome of our research, meta-analysis was unfeasible due to limited data availability. Only two studies provided specific SPERRI data,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> while other studies combined SPERRI with APERP, hindering the isolation of data specifically related to SPERRI alone.</p>
        <p>In our risk of bias analysis using the QUADAS-2 tool, we identified that all studies exhibit satisfactory methodology with a low risk of bias. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk of bias of the included studies according to the QUADAS-2 tool.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>During our systematic review and meta-analysis, we encountered an aspect of variability across studies that impacted our interpretation: the differing definitions of what constitutes a true positive test. This issue likely arises because the null hypothesis, or the baseline assumption, initially posits the presence of an accessory pathway, with the change&#8212;or rejection of this null hypothesis&#8212;being the loss of ventricular pre-excitation. Paradoxically, however, this result indicates a lower risk. This has led to a pattern in the literature characterized by low sensitivity and high specificity.</p>
        <p>While it is not necessarily erroneous that some studies have defined &#8220;diseased&#8221; individuals as those at low risk (rather than high risk), this has created a problem of inconsistency across the literature. For example, in the study by Sharma et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> which was not included in the final phases of our review due to its comparison of the index test with sudden death as the reference test, sensitivities exceeded 80% in their analyses. Escudero, for instance, also defined true positives as those who lost pre-excitation and had lower risk but interpreted predictive values more accurately, stating that &#8220;the positive predictive value for excluding high-risk APs was 93%&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, in the face of the uncertainty of whether the test exhibits high sensitivity or specificity, it seems there has been a longstanding misinterpretation of the test. If it is considered a low-sensitivity test, as previously thought, many might interpret this to mean that it fails to rule out high-risk pathways. However, this is not the case. As we have carefully defined &#8220;diseased&#8221; individuals as those with high-risk pathways and a positive test as one where the accessory pathway does not disappear during exercise testing, a highly sensitive test is, by definition, capable of ruling out high-risk pathways. The negative predictive value, which is a calculation dependent on the disease&#8217;s prevalence in studies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> ends up being high.</p>
        <p>A more clinically insightful way to interpret the results is to consider the likelihood ratios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The negative likelihood ratio is 0.260, implying that the presence of a high-risk accessory pathway is approximately four times less likely in the face of a negative test (i.e., a test that shows loss of pre-excitation) compared to if this result had not been observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> While reducing the likelihood of a high-risk pathway by a factor of four is certainly a relevant finding, the authors believe this reduction alone is not sufficient to establish this test as a definitive tool for stratifying high- or low-risk accessory pathways. For this purpose, the electrophysiological study, which remains the gold standard for assessing antegrade conduction properties of the pathway, continues to be the most recommended approach by current guidelines (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central illustration</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: Diagnostic Test Accuracy of Exercise Testing in Detecting High-Risk Accessory Pathways in WPW: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240663-40663-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The sensitivity analysis, which excluded adult populations and focused solely on pediatric patients (or those under 21 years of age), demonstrated that the test performance was consistent. This finding underscores the robustness of our analysis by showing similar results across different populations.</p>
        <p>This meta-analysis has yielded insightful results by consolidating findings from previous studies into pooled data and setting a precedent for standardizing definitions in future research to prevent confusion and incorrect conclusions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> such as the notion that &#8220;the loss of a pre-excitation lacks the power to reduce the probability of a high-risk accessory pathway.&#8221; Standardization is vital for unifying diverse studies on WPW syndrome, ensuring a consistent interpretation of non-invasive tests.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>While this systematic review and meta-analysis provide comprehensive insights, several limitations should be noted. A primary challenge arose from the inconsistency in how studies defined &#8220;true positive&#8221; results, leading to significant variations in reported sensitivity and specificity. This discrepancy stems from differing interpretations and applications of diagnostic criteria across studies, which could potentially influence our meta-analysis findings. We acknowledge that our redefinition of who is considered &#8220;diseased&#8221; or &#8220;healthy&#8221; based on test outcomes may seem counterintuitive. However, we opted to maintain this approach because it significantly impacts the orientation of the SROC curve. Using the traditional definitions prevalent in the literature would have yielded an opposite curve. We believe this approach offers a clearer understanding of the test&#8217;s diagnostic utility in identifying high-risk pathways, though it may challenge conventional interpretations.</p>
          <p>The generalizability of our results may be constrained by the limited number of studies meeting our inclusion criteria. With only six studies included and just two providing specific SPERRI data, our ability to draw broad conclusions, especially regarding SPERRI, is somewhat restricted. Moreover, when considering pediatric populations, the presence of congenital cardiac abnormalities, such as Ebstein&#8217;s Anomaly, was not evaluated separately. Combining all pediatric results to provide a general conclusion about the sensitivity and specificity of the test may lack precision, as the presence of these anomalies can distinctly alter the test&#8217;s diagnostic performance.</p>
          <p>Furthermore, in practical settings, a notable issue is inter- and intra-observer variability, stemming from the difficulty of observing the loss of pre-excitation on an ECG often filled with movement artifacts during exercise testing. However, none of the included studies evaluated this outcome, and therefore, our meta-analysis could not address this issue.</p>
          <p>The heterogeneity in study designs and participant characteristics also presents a challenge. Variations in settings and participant profiles among the included studies may limit the applicability of our findings to broader WPW populations.</p>
          <p>Lastly, the reliance on published data, without access to individual patient data, limits the depth of our analysis. Despite attempts to obtain additional information from authors, the lack of responses hindered our ability to conduct more detailed subgroup analyses and confirm the robustness of findings across different patient subgroups.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our systematic review and meta-analysis have effectively synthesized the available evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive exercise tests for detecting high-risk accessory pathways in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.</p>
        <p>However, it is important to note that while the findings suggest that the sudden loss of pre-excitation reduces the likelihood of a high-risk pathway, this does not necessarily rule out high-risk conditions entirely. The reduction in likelihood by approximately four times indicates reasonable, but not definitive, diagnostic utility. Clinicians should interpret these results with caution, using them as part of a broader diagnostic strategy, incorporating other clinical factors and diagnostic tools to ensure a comprehensive risk assessment for patients with WPW syndrome.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
