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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KrySmMcNBSPCX3ctrxMcRmb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00501</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240599</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Elementos para Implementa&#231;&#227;o da Otimiza&#231;&#227;o Perioperat&#243;ria em Cirurgia Card&#237;aca Baseada no Conceito de &#8220;Enhanced Recovery After Surgery&#8221;</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Jamus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crespo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a de F&#225;tima Cristino Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Ant&#244;nio Serra de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montanhesi</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Keese</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8527-3125</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5438-4562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">UNIFESP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>omar.mejia@incor.com.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240599</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Recupera&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-Cir&#250;rgica Melhorada</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>Protocolos Cl&#237;nicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A otimiza&#231;&#227;o da recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s cirurgia, proposta pelo conceito de <italic>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</italic> (ERAS), implica cuidados perioperat&#243;rios com o objetivo de minimizar o estresse emocional e fisiol&#243;gico, acelerando o retorno funcional dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ERAS emprega <italic>bundles</italic> (pacotes) de interven&#231;&#245;es que, em conjunto, reduzem o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> o uso de opioides,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> as complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> e os custos hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os protocolos que se fundamentam no conceito ERAS t&#234;m angariado ampla aceita&#231;&#227;o em diversas especialidades cir&#250;rgicas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e em institui&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de globalmente (www.erassociety.org). No que diz respeito &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca, sua implementa&#231;&#227;o &#233; relativamente nova e permanece subutilizada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> o que evidencia peculiaridades dessa especialidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, persistem desafios e d&#250;vidas relacionados &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o pr&#225;tica dos protocolos, inclusive quanto &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o das equipes de trabalho, aos m&#233;todos para avalia&#231;&#227;o, ao est&#237;mulo &#224; ades&#227;o e &#224; necessidade de uma metodologia para o aprimoramento cont&#237;nuo.</p>
      <p>O presente texto apresenta os principais elementos para a implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa de recupera&#231;&#227;o fundamentado nos princ&#237;pios do ERAS no contexto da cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo de revis&#227;o narrativa para o qual se utilizou a base de dados eletr&#244;nica MEDLINE como refer&#234;ncia. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, buscaram-se os termos-chave &#8220;<italic>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</italic>&#8221;, &#8220;<italic>Cardiac Surgery</italic>&#8221;, &#8220;<italic>ERAS</italic>&#8221;, &#8220;<italic>ERAS Cardiac</italic>&#8221; e &#8220;<italic>implementation</italic>&#8221;. Esta pesquisa incluiu artigos publicados nos &#250;ltimos dez anos, excluindo relatos de caso, coment&#225;rios, cartas e estudos em outras especialidades. A revis&#227;o da literatura se somou &#224; experi&#234;ncia dos autores na implementa&#231;&#227;o de programas de &#8220;Otimiza&#231;&#227;o da Recupera&#231;&#227;o&#8221;, al&#233;m de qualidade e seguran&#231;a na cirurgia card&#237;aca em tr&#234;s hospitais de refer&#234;ncia em Cardiologia localizados no estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>O processo de implementa&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagn&#243;stico situacional</title>
          <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o do ERAS implica o desafio de gerenciamento de mudan&#231;as, particularmente na modifica&#231;&#227;o de pr&#225;ticas cl&#237;nicas e na transforma&#231;&#227;o da cultura organizacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para desenvolver um programa ERAS, &#233; necess&#225;rio realizar uma an&#225;lise minuciosa do modelo atual atrav&#233;s de duas abordagens principais:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A primeira delas consiste em avaliar os processos vigentes. Os questionamentos a seguir podem nortear essa etapa: os procedimentos est&#227;o claramente delineados nos protocolos? Qual &#233; o grau de varia&#231;&#227;o e onde ocorre? A comunica&#231;&#227;o da equipe &#233; consistente? A infraestrutura &#233; adequada? A educa&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes &#233; eficaz?</p>
          <p>A segunda abordagem engloba uma an&#225;lise dos resultados atuais e a identifica&#231;&#227;o de pontos de baixo desempenho que precisam de melhorias. Cada hospital possui suas particularidades, o que demanda a cria&#231;&#227;o de um programa ERAS adaptado &#224; sua realidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cria&#231;&#227;o de um grupo coordenador</title>
          <p>&#201; essencial comunicar a import&#226;ncia da mudan&#231;a e identificar l&#237;deres que possam levar a mensagem em cada etapa do cuidado. Montar uma equipe composta de pessoas entusiasmadas, influentes e din&#226;micas &#233; fundamental para a implementa&#231;&#227;o do programa, defini&#231;&#227;o de metas e avalia&#231;&#227;o constante dos protocolos empregados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Fluxograma da implementa&#231;&#227;o de um programa baseado no conceito ERAS com foco na cirurgia card&#237;aca durante o per&#237;odo de um ano.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240599-40599-gf01.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>A equipe deve ser multiprofissional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> variando conforme os recursos, os interesses e a disponibilidade. A forma&#231;&#227;o de uma equipe de l&#237;deres deve ser limitada em n&#250;mero, mas diversa em perspectivas, com reuni&#245;es peri&#243;dicas e comunica&#231;&#227;o eficaz.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>O envolvimento dos m&#233;dicos &#233; fundamental para o sucesso do programa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e a nomea&#231;&#227;o de uma enfermeira coordenadora para orientar o paciente na jornada perioperat&#243;ria pode gerar um impacto significativo na recupera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> O endosso da administra&#231;&#227;o hospitalar &#233; essencial para assegurar uma ampla colabora&#231;&#227;o entre as partes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Compreendemos que uma equipe m&#237;nima para a implementa&#231;&#227;o inicial do programa deve contemplar os seguintes profissionais: anestesista, cardiologista, cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco, intensivista, enfermeiro e fisioterapeuta.</p>
          <p>Dado que o ERAS incorpora novos paradigmas, a educa&#231;&#227;o de todos os envolvidos na assist&#234;ncia aos pacientes &#233; essencial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> &#201; importante compreender que a otimiza&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o representa um programa abrangente e um modelo de cuidado, e n&#227;o somente um protocolo espec&#237;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Um desafio frequente no contexto do ERAS &#233; a varia&#231;&#227;o na assist&#234;ncia em fun&#231;&#227;o das fortes prefer&#234;ncias m&#233;dicas pessoais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Para solucionar esse problema, alguns programas envolvem l&#237;deres m&#233;dicos em suas &#225;reas a fim de criar &#8220;<italic>Champions&#8221;</italic>, profissionais que promovem a excel&#234;ncia e a inova&#231;&#227;o no atendimento ao paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Fundamentar os protocolos nas melhores evid&#234;ncias dispon&#237;veis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> garante que haja objetividade e foco no paciente, evitando, assim, prefer&#234;ncias pessoais excessivas.</p>
          <p>A capacita&#231;&#227;o da equipe &#233; um processo cont&#237;nuo que combina discuss&#245;es, reuni&#245;es, simp&#243;sios, folhetos informativos e material para intranet com os protocolos vigentes, checklists,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> literatura de apoio e os contatos dos respons&#225;veis. Durante a fase inicial, a lideran&#231;a deve estar presente nas unidades de modo a refor&#231;ar a import&#226;ncia do ERAS e demonstrar compromisso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o dos processos</title>
      <p>Outro passo importante &#233; determinar os processos e os protocolos espec&#237;ficos do ERAS que ser&#227;o incorporados ao programa de cirurgia card&#237;aca, que s&#227;o, de modo geral, estruturados nas tr&#234;s fases do cuidado: pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, intraoperat&#243;rio e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Um bom ponto de partida &#233; examinar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias para Cirurgia Card&#237;aca elaboradas pelas institui&#231;&#245;es ERAS <italic>Cardiac Society</italic>, ERAS <italic>International Society</italic> e <italic>Society of Thoracic Surgeons</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Recomenda&#231;&#245;es e seus n&#237;veis de evid&#234;ncia correspondentes, adaptado de Grant et al.18</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240599-40599-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Embora sejam reconhecidos mais de 25 protocolos perioperat&#243;rios, um programa em fase de implementa&#231;&#227;o tem mais sucesso ao adotar de cinco a dez medidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A escolha depende da experi&#234;ncia local,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> de recursos e de atitudes da equipe. Certas recomenda&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o fundamentais para um programa ERAS, tais como a educa&#231;&#227;o do paciente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> a abrevia&#231;&#227;o do jejum, a analgesia multimodal com redu&#231;&#227;o de opioides e a extuba&#231;&#227;o e a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoces.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> &#201; crucial simplificar os processos e evitar interven&#231;&#245;es complexas e de alto custo no in&#237;cio do programa.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Defini&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes-alvo e educa&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Para a efic&#225;cia de um programa ERAS, &#233; vital definir o perfil dos pacientes. Uma abordagem habitual &#233; incluir todos os pacientes submetidos a um tipo espec&#237;fico de cirurgia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> ou, inicialmente, direcionar o foco para subgrupos de menor risco. Com o tempo, a elegibilidade &#233; expandida de forma a abranger pacientes de maior risco. O envolvimento do paciente no pr&#243;prio cuidado &#233; indispens&#225;vel, exigindo educa&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria minuciosa, metas claras, como cessa&#231;&#227;o do tabagismo, orienta&#231;&#245;es diet&#233;ticas e atividade f&#237;sica. Materiais informativos tamb&#233;m podem ser oferecidos aos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Implementa&#231;&#227;o e auditoria dos processos</title>
      <p>A equipe deve determinar quais indicadores do processo assistencial e de desfechos cl&#237;nicos ser&#227;o monitorados (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">figura 3</xref>), de forma a quantificar o efeito da implementa&#231;&#227;o do programa. Dois dos elementos mais determinantes e desafiadores da etapa de implementa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o a supervis&#227;o da ades&#227;o &#224;s novas diretrizes de cuidados e a avalia&#231;&#227;o do progresso em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224;s metas estabelecidas, uma vez que a conformidade com os protocolos est&#225; diretamente associada &#224; melhora dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Lista de indicadores de processos assistenciais, desfechos cl&#237;nicos e resultados. Com base nas descri&#231;&#245;es das medidas de desempenho da STS (The Society of Thoracic Surgeons) e na m&#233;trica NPS (Net Promoter Score).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240599-40599-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O programa deve ser refor&#231;ado continuamente por meio de atualiza&#231;&#245;es peri&#243;dicas de desempenho,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> verifica&#231;&#245;es constantes da literatura,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> encorajamento de compara&#231;&#245;es entre pares e a transpar&#234;ncia dos resultados para todas as equipes assistentes e a administra&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Por fim, celebrar pequenas vit&#243;rias<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> incentivar&#225; esfor&#231;os adicionais.</p>
      <p>Embora possa variar, &#233; razo&#225;vel esperar que o tempo para a efetiva implementa&#231;&#227;o do novo programa de cuidados baseados no ERAS seja de cerca de um ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Implementar um programa de otimiza&#231;&#227;o da recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca, fundamentado nos princ&#237;pios do ERAS, &#233; um processo desafiador que exige aten&#231;&#227;o ao amplo espectro do cuidado perioperat&#243;rio e a diversas interven&#231;&#245;es. O sucesso do programa requer n&#227;o apenas habilidades t&#233;cnicas, mas tamb&#233;m compet&#234;ncias n&#227;o t&#233;cnicas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> como trabalho em equipe, lideran&#231;a, mudan&#231;a cultural e gest&#227;o das complexidades organizacionais.</p>
      <p>Amparados nos princ&#237;pios do <italic>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</italic> (ERAS), oferecemos uma estrutura conceitual composta por elementos essenciais e padronizados que promovem cuidados de valor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> orientados por evid&#234;ncias e integrados &#224; cultura local. Essa abordagem destaca a import&#226;ncia da colabora&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar e do cuidado centrado no paciente, com monitoramento cont&#237;nuo e adapta&#231;&#227;o &#224;s necessidades institucionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240599i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Elements for Implementing Perioperative Optimization in Cardiac Surgery Based on Enhanced Recovery after Surgery</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Jamus</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Crespo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;a de F&#225;tima Cristino Bastos</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio Ant&#244;nio Serra de</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Montanhesi</surname>
            <given-names>Paola Keese</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8527-3125</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Falc&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5438-4562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furlan</surname>
            <given-names>Valter</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cirurgia Bari&#225;trica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (UNIFESP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia &#8226; Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, Cerqueira C&#233;sar, S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: omar.mejia@incor.com.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>Clinical Protocols</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The optimization of recovery after surgery, as proposed by the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) concept, involves perioperative care aimed at minimizing emotional and physiological stress while accelerating patients&#8217; functional recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ERAS utilizes intervention bundles that, collectively, decrease hospitalization time,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> opioid use,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> postoperative complications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and healthcare expenses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ERAS-based protocols have gained widespread acceptance across multiple surgical specialties<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and healthcare institutions worldwide (www.erassociety.org). Their implementation in cardiac surgery is relatively recent and still underused,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup>reflecting the particularities of this specialty.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Additionally, challenges and uncertainties persist regarding the practical application of these protocols, including team training, assessment methods, strategies to encourage adherence, and the need for a methodology for continuous improvement.</p>
        <p>This paper outlines the key elements for implementing a recovery program grounded in ERAS principles within cardiac surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a narrative review study conducted using the MEDLINE electronic database to search for the key terms &#8220;Enhanced Recovery After Surgery,&#8221; &#8220;Cardiac Surgery,&#8221; &#8220;ERAS,&#8221; &#8220;ERAS Cardiac,&#8221; and &#8220;implementation.&#8221; This research included articles published in the last decade, except for case reports, commentary articles, letters, and studies in other specialties. The literature review was complemented by the authors&#8217; experience in implementing &#8220;Recovery Optimization&#8221; programs, as well as quality and safety initiatives in Cardiac Surgery at three leading hospitals for cardiology in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implementation process</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Situational diagnosis</title>
            <p>Implementing ERAS involves the challenge of change management, particularly in altering clinical practices and transforming organizational culture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Developing an ERAS-based program requires a detailed analysis of the current model using two primary approaches:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The first approach consists of assessing the existing processes. The following questions can help guide this phase: Are the procedures clearly defined in the protocols? What is the degree of variation, and where does it occur? Is the team&#8217;s communication consistent? Is the infrastructure adequate? Is patient education effective?</p>
            <p>The second approach encompasses analyzing the current outcomes and identifying low-performance areas that need improvement. Each hospital has unique characteristics that require the development of an ERAS-based program tailored to its specific context.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Establishing a coordinating group</title>
            <p>It is essential to communicate the importance of the change and identify leaders to convey the message at every care stage. Building a team of motivated, influential, and dynamic individuals is key to implementing the program, setting goals, and regularly reassessing the protocols in use (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f01001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Flowchart for the implementation of an ERAS-based program in cardiac surgery over one year.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240599-40599-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
            </p>
            <p>The team must be multidisciplinary,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> varying according to resources, interests, and availability. The formation of a leadership team should be limited in number but diverse in perspectives, with regular meetings and efficient communication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
            <p>The involvement of physicians is essential to the success of the program,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and appointing a coordinator nurse to guide the patient through the perioperative process can have a significant impact on recovery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Hospital administration endorsement is crucial to ensure broad collaboration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A minimum team for the initial implementation of the program should consist of: anesthesiologist, cardiologist, cardiac surgeon, intensivist, nurse, and physiotherapist.</p>
            <p>Since ERAS introduces new paradigms, training all those involved in patient care is essential.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> It is important to understand that recovery optimization represents a comprehensive program, a care model, and not just a specific protocol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A common challenge in the ERAS context is the variation in care due to strong personal medical preferences.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> To address this, some programs engage medical leaders in their specialties to create &#8220;Champions,&#8221; professionals who advocate for excellence and innovation in patient care.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Grounding protocols in the best available evidence<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> ensures objectivity and focuses care on the patient, thus minimizing excessive personal preferences.</p>
            <p>Team training is a continuous process that combines discussions, meetings, symposiums, informational leaflets, and intranet materials with existing protocols, checklists,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> supporting literature, and contact information for responsible parties. Leadership should be present in the units in the early stages to reinforce the importance of ERAS and to show commitment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defining Processes</title>
        <p>Another key step is to define the specific ERAS processes and protocols to be integrated into the cardiac surgery program, typically organized into three phases of care: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. A solid starting point is to review the perioperative guidelines for Cardiac Surgery developed by the ERAS Cardiac Society, ERAS International Society, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Guidelines and their levels of evidence, adapted from Grant et al.18</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240599-40599-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Although more than 25 perioperative protocols are recognized, a program in the implementation phase is more successful when adopting five to ten measures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The selection depends on local experience,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> available resources, and team&#8217;s mindsets. Certain guidelines are central to an ERAS-based program, such as patient education,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> shortened fasting, multimodal analgesia with opioid reduction, and early extubation and mobilization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> It is crucial to keep processes simple and avoid complex, high-cost interventions at the beginning of the program.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Target patient selection and education</title>
        <p>Defining the patient profile is a key factor in the effectiveness of an ERAS-based program. A common approach is to include all patients undergoing a specific type of surgery<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> or, initially, focus on lower-risk subgroups. Over time, eligibility expands to include higher-risk patients. Patients&#8217; participation in their own care is crucial and requires detailed preoperative education, clear goals such as smoking cessation, dietary guidance, and physical activity recommendations. Supplementary information materials can also be provided to patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implementation and audit of processes</title>
        <p>The team must determine which care process and clinical outcome indicators will be monitored (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>) to quantify the program&#8217;s impact. One of the most critical and challenging aspects of implementation is overseeing adherence to new care guidelines and assessing progress toward established goals, as compliance with protocols is directly correlated with better clinical outcomes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; List of care process, clinical outcome and endpoint indicators. Based on the performance measures from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) and NPS (Net Promoter Score).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240599-40599-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The program should be continuously reinforced through regular performance updates,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> periodic literature reviews,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> encouragement of peer comparisons, and transparency of results for all care teams, and hospital administration. Finally, celebrating small victories<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> will encourage further efforts.</p>
        <p>Although it may vary, it is reasonable to expect that the effective implementation of a new ERAS-based care program will take about one year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The implementation of a recovery optimization program following cardiac surgery, grounded in the principles of ERAS, is a complex process that demands focus on the entire perioperative care spectrum and multiple interventions. Success requires not only technical skills but also non-technical competencies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> such as teamwork, leadership, cultural change, and management of organizational complexities.</p>
        <p>Rooted in the principles of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS), we present a conceptual framework comprising essential, standardized elements that foster value-based care,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> supported by evidence and integrated into the local culture. This approach highlights the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration and patient-centered care, with continuous monitoring and adaptation to institutional needs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
