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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7BByg5Jbh5xQzLDwL79V54m</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00601</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240585</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20240585</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tratamento de Pacientes com Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca com Fra&#231;&#227;o de Eje&#231;&#227;o Reduzida (ICFER) e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial: Precisamos Falar do Quinto Pilar!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Simonetto Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Arbo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8798-226X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caberlon</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ioschpe Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia:</label><bold>Mauricio Pimentel</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil E-mail: <email>mpimentelrs@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240585</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Abla&#231;&#227;o por Cateter</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFER) &#233; uma s&#237;ndrome cl&#237;nica complexa, caracterizada por sintomas de dispneia e de piora da capacidade funcional, resultantes da redu&#231;&#227;o do d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em pacientes que apresentam fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) &#8804;40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ICFER &#233; um importante problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, sendo uma das principais causas de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar, apresentando elevadas morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Baseado em grandes ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, o tratamento b&#225;sico de pacientes com ICFER at&#233; o final da d&#233;cada de 90 consistia de inibidor da enzima conversora de angiotensina (IECA) ou bloqueador da angiotensina (BRA), betabloqueador e antagonista mineralocortic&#243;ide. Ap&#243;s cerca de duas d&#233;cadas, inicia-se ent&#227;o uma nova era no tratamento da ICFER a partir da publica&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados de novas classes de drogas: inibidores da neprisilina e receptores da angiotensina, e os inibidores do co-transportador s&#243;dio-glicose 2 (ISGLT2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A partir dessas evid&#234;ncias, as diretrizes passam a definir os quatro pilares do tratamento da ICFER: IECA ou inibidores da neprisilina e receptores da angiotensina, betabloqueadores, antagonista mineralocorticoide e inibidores da SGLT2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Al&#233;m do tratamento farmacol&#243;gico, o implante do cardioversor-desfibrilador e a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m est&#227;o indicados para pacientes com determinadas caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) e a ICFER apresentam fatores de risco comuns e frequentemente coexistem, levando, consequentemente, ao agravamento do quadro cl&#237;nico e &#224; piora do progn&#243;stico das duas condi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico de FA em pacientes com ICFER est&#225; associado ao aumento da mortalidade. A ICFER &#233; um fator de risco para o aumento da incid&#234;ncia de FA e est&#225; associada a maior risco de acidente vascular cerebral em pacientes com FA. A import&#226;ncia de se buscar estabelecer qual a melhor abordagem terap&#234;utica para pacientes com FA e ICFER levou &#224; realiza&#231;&#227;o de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados comparando as estrat&#233;gias de controle do ritmo e de controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O estudo <italic>Dofetilide in Patient with Congestive Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Dysfunction</italic> (DIAMOND-CHF) comparou o uso de dofetilide com placebo em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Na an&#225;lise dos pacientes com FA, foi demonstrado que o uso do dofetilide determinou maior taxa de revers&#227;o e de manuten&#231;&#227;o em ritmo sinusal, por&#233;m sem efeito em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; mortalidade total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> J&#225; o estudo <italic>Rhythm Control versus Rate Control for Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure</italic> (AF-CHF) comparou as estrat&#233;gias de controle do ritmo (cardiovers&#227;o e droga antiarr&#237;tmica, sendo amiodarona a droga de escolha) versus controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em pacientes com FEVE &#8804; 35%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo n&#227;o demonstrou redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade cardiovascular em rela&#231;&#227;o ao controle da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Importante ressaltar que durante o seguimento, 58% dos pacientes no grupo controle do ritmo apresentaram recorr&#234;ncia de FA. De fato, a estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo era pouco eficaz em realmente manter os pacientes em ritmo sinusal.</p>
    <p>A partir do estudo pivotal de Haissaguerre, a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter da FA evoluiu e se consolidou como a alternativa terap&#234;utica mais eficaz para a manuten&#231;&#227;o do ritmo sinusal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ao longo dos &#250;ltimos anos, os resultados da abla&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o cada vez melhores e a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es graves progressivamente menor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter para tratamento de FA em pacientes com ICFER foi avaliada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados que mostraram benef&#237;cio em qualidade de vida, em melhora da FEVE e da capacidade funcional e redu&#231;&#227;o em de mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Posteriormente houve a publica&#231;&#227;o do estudo Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure and Eligibility for Heart Transplantation (CASTLE-HTx), confirmando o benef&#237;cio da abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter com redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os resultados destes estudos foram avaliados recentemente em revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em an&#225;lise robusta incluindo 1055 pacientes, a metan&#225;lise demonstrou que a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em adi&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia m&#233;dica otimizada reduziu significativamente a taxa de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, de mortalidade cardiovascular e de mortalidade por todas as causas. A redu&#231;&#227;o do risco relativo para mortalidade total foi de 47%. Al&#233;m disso, houve melhora da FEVE e dos escores de qualidade de vida. A consist&#234;ncia destes resultados fundamenta a recomenda&#231;&#227;o das diretrizes mais recentes que indicam a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter de FA como estrat&#233;gia para controle do ritmo em pacientes com ICFER.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O benef&#237;cio obtido com a abla&#231;&#227;o &#233; ainda mais significativo nos pacientes em que a FA &#233; a principal causa da IC (taquicardimiopatia induzida por FA).</p>
    <p>A utiliza&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o pilares de tratamento nos documentos de diretrizes tem por objetivo refor&#231;ar a ades&#227;o a terapias com s&#243;lida demonstra&#231;&#227;o de benef&#237;cio em redu&#231;&#227;o de morbidade e mortalidade. A figura do pilar, como algo fundamental em uma constru&#231;&#227;o, busca evitar a subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de terapias comprovadamente eficazes no tratamento de determinada condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. Considerando-se as evid&#234;ncias atuais e a alta preval&#234;ncia de FA na IC, a estrat&#233;gia de controle do ritmo, incluindo a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter em pacientes selecionados, pode ser recomendada como o quinto pilar do tratamento. Em outra perspectiva, a abla&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m precisa ser cada vez mais considerada no manejo de pacientes com FA para evitar poss&#237;vel deteriora&#231;&#227;o futura da fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular. O desafio passa a ser identificar os pacientes potencialmente eleg&#237;veis e oferecer de forma universal o acesso a este tratamento dentro do nosso sistema de sa&#250;de.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S1" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240585i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treating Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) and Atrial Fibrillation: We Need to Talk About the Fifth Pillar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1489-5349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pimentel</surname>
            <given-names>Mauricio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8803-8115</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Simonetto Faganello</surname>
            <given-names>Lucas</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula Arbo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8798-226X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caberlon</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9980-9114</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ioschpe Zimerman</surname>
            <given-names>Leandro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><label>Mailing Adress:</label><bold>Mauricio Pimentel</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Ramiro Barcelos, 2350. Postal code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: <email>mpimentelrs@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Mauricio Scanavacca</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Catheter Ablation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms of dyspnea and worsening functional capacity resulting from reduced cardiac output in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &#8804;40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> HFrEF represents an important public health problem, being one of the main causes of hospital admission, with high morbidity and mortality rates.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Based on large randomized clinical trials, the standard treatment for patients with HFrEF until the late 1990s consisted of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), beta-blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). After about two decades, a new era in the treatment of HFrEF began with the publication of randomized clinical trials on new classes of drugs: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors (ARNIs) and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Based on this evidence, the guidelines defined the four pillars of HFrEF treatment: ACEIs or ARNIs, beta-blockers, MRAs, and SGLT2 inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In addition to pharmacological treatment, the implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator and cardiac resynchronization therapy are also indicated for patients with specific clinical features.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Atrial fibrillation (AF) and HFrEF share common risk factors and often coexist, leading to exacerbation of clinical condition and poorer prognosis for both.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The diagnosis of AF in patients with HFrEF is associated with increased mortality. HFrEF is a risk factor for increased incidence of AF and is associated with a higher risk of stroke in patients with AF. The importance of determining the best therapeutic approach for patients with AF and HFrEF led to randomized clinical trials comparing rhythm control and heart rate control strategies. The Dofetilide in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Dysfunction (DIAMOND-CHF) study compared the use of dofetilide with placebo in patients with ventricular dysfunction. In the analysis of patients with AF, it was shown that the use of dofetilide resulted in a higher rate of reversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm, but with no effect on overall mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The Rhythm Control versus Rate Control for Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure (AF-CHF) study compared rhythm control strategies (cardioversion and antiarrhythmic drug, with amiodarone being the drug of choice) to heart rate control in patients with LVEF &#8804; 35%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The rhythm control strategy did not show a reduction in cardiovascular mortality compared to heart rate control. It is important to note that, during follow-up, 58% of the patients in the rhythm control group had a recurrence of AF. In fact, the rhythm control strategy was not very effective in maintaining patients in sinus rhythm.</p>
      <p>Since the pivotal study by Haissaguerre, catheter ablation of AF has evolved and become the most effective therapeutic alternative for maintaining sinus rhythm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Over the last few years, the results of ablation have continuously improved, with a progressively lower rate of serious complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Catheter ablation for the treatment of AF in patients with HFrEF has been evaluated in randomized clinical trials, which have shown benefits in quality of life, improved LVEF and functional capacity, as well as reduced mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Subsequently, the Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure and Eligibility for Heart Transplantation (CASTLE-HTx) study was published, confirming the benefit of catheter ablation with a reduction in overall mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> The results of these studies were recently assessed in a systematic review and meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In a robust analysis including 1055 patients, the meta-analysis demonstrated that catheter ablation, in addition to optimized medical therapy, significantly reduced the rates of hospitalization for heart failure, cardiovascular mortality, and all-cause mortality. The relative risk reduction for overall mortality was 47%. Furthermore, there was an improvement in LVEF and quality of life scores. The consistency of these results underpins the recommendation in the most recent guidelines, which suggest catheter ablation of AF as a strategy for rhythm control in patients with HFrEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The benefit of ablation is even more significant in patients for whom AF is the primary cause of HF (AF-induced tachycardiomyopathy).</p>
      <p>The use of the term &#8216;pillars of treatment&#8217; in the guidelines reinforces adherence to therapies with a solid demonstration of benefit in reducing morbidity and mortality. The &#8216;pillar&#8217; figure, as something fundamental in a building, for example, seeks to avoid the underuse of therapies that have been proven to be effective in treating a given clinical condition. Considering the current evidence and the high prevalence of AF in HF, the rhythm control strategy, including catheter ablation in selected patients, can be recommended as the fifth pillar of treatment. From another perspective, ablation must also be more consistently considered in managing patients with AF to prevent potential future deterioration of ventricular function. Nevertheless, the key challenge lies in identifying potentially eligible patients and ensuring universal access to this treatment within our healthcare system.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <label>Sources of funding</label>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
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        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
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