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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">cH7L9xBNj7rLtLBrwmV87mb</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00310</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240544</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia da Obesidade na Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia do Tratamento Antitromb&#243;tico: Uma Revis&#227;o Sistem&#225;tica e Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1111-3476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9021-7657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">D&#8217;Or Research Institute</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Cardio Pulmonar</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Salvador</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">BA</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">D&#8217;Or Research Institute, IDOR, Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Av. Dom Jo&#227;o VI, 275. CEP 40290-000, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>luizritt@hotmail.com</email>, <email>luizritt@bahiana.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240544</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Indiv&#237;duos obesos t&#234;m sido historicamente sub-representados em ensaios cl&#237;nicos. Considerando sua associa&#231;&#227;o com maior risco de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) e s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), &#233; necess&#225;rio estabelecer um regime de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o mais adequado para esse grupo de pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a influ&#234;ncia da obesidade na seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do tratamento antitromb&#243;tico em pacientes com SCA ou TEV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Trata-se de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise que utilizou 5 principais bases de dados internacionais. Selecionamos ensaios cl&#237;nicos ou estudos observacionais que compararam a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos (mortalidade ou sangramento) entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos em uso de anticoagulantes parenterais para tratamento de SCA ou TEV. Foram considerados valores de p &lt; 0,05 para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram eleg&#237;veis 6 artigos, incluindo um total de 40.939 pacientes, sendo 3 ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados e 3 coortes retrospectivas. Dos pacientes, 87,7% apresentaram SCA. A incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior foi semelhante entre os grupos (risco relativo [RR]: 0,90, intervalo de confian&#231;a [IC] de 95%: 0,77 a 1,04, p = 0,14). O desfecho permaneceu compar&#225;vel quando os estudos foram analisados separadamente por anticoagulante: enoxaparina (RR: 0,87, IC 95%, 0,70 a 1,08, p = 0,21) ou heparina n&#227;o fracionada (RR: 0,96, IC 95%, 0,79 a 1,17, p = 0,67). A taxa de mortalidade foi medida em apenas 2 estudos, ambos sobre SCA, e foi menor em pacientes obesos (RR: 0,71, IC 95% 0,59 a 0,87, p = 0,0007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Em pacientes tratados para TEV ou SCA, as taxas de sangramento foram compar&#225;veis entre obesos e n&#227;o obesos, independentemente do anticoagulante usado. A menor taxa de mortalidade observada em pacientes obesos pode representar o efeito de fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o contabilizados.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Influ&#234;ncia da Obesidade na Seguran&#231;a e Efic&#225;cia do Tratamento Antitromb&#243;tico:</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
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              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/cH7L9xBNj7rLtLBrwmV87mb/0f0e3f4d30e940734df13d8bb21d7833328f1658.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
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            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinol&#237;ticos</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Tromboembolia Venosa</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A obesidade &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica, que atinge n&#237;veis epid&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Segundo a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, a preval&#234;ncia da obesidade quase triplicou nos &#250;ltimos 50 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tratamento antitromb&#243;tico &#233; um pilar no tratamento da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e do tromboembolismo venoso (TEV). Ele reduz significativamente a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos, mas aumenta o risco de sangramento, o que est&#225; relacionado a uma maior incid&#234;ncia de morte, infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Os anticoagulantes parenterais s&#227;o administrados com titula&#231;&#227;o de dose com base no peso dos pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e o limite m&#225;ximo da dose para pacientes obesos n&#227;o &#233; bem estudado. Um estudo com enoxaparina demonstrou que a popula&#231;&#227;o obesa tem maior incid&#234;ncia de subdosagem e, entre aqueles que recebem a dose recomendada, os pacientes obesos t&#234;m maior risco de sangramento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, o fondaparinux, quando usado para o tratamento de SCA, &#233; usado em dose fixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Os estudos OASIS-5 e OASIS-6 mostraram que o fondaparinux &#233; n&#227;o inferior &#224; enoxaparina para o composto de eventos isqu&#234;micos e est&#225; associado a menor mortalidade, provavelmente devido &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, como a popula&#231;&#227;o obesa n&#227;o foi adequadamente representada nesses estudos, a aplica&#231;&#227;o desses resultados a pacientes com &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> &#233; incerta.</p>
      <p>O excesso de gordura corporal ainda pode afetar a farmacocin&#233;tica e a farmacodin&#226;mica dos medicamentos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o que, combinado ao fato da popula&#231;&#227;o obesa ser historicamente sub-representada em ensaios cl&#237;nicos, leva a incertezas quanto ao real efeito da obesidade na efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a do tratamento antitromb&#243;tico.</p>
      <p>O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a obesidade e a ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre pacientes tratados com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o parenteral para SCA ou TEV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica da literatura com metan&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estrat&#233;gia de busca</title>
        <p>MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, EMBASE, Lilacs e Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), foram sistematicamente pesquisados entre 9 de mar&#231;o de 2021 e 12 de mar&#231;o de 2021. A identifica&#231;&#227;o dos estudos foi baseada na estrat&#233;gia de busca PECO, que significa popula&#231;&#227;o (P), exposi&#231;&#227;o (E), compara&#231;&#227;o (C) e desfechos (O, do ingl&#234;s, <italic>outcomes</italic>), que foram definidos da seguinte forma:</p>
        <disp-quote>
          <p>P: Adultos hospitalizados em uso de anticoagulantes parenterais (heparina n&#227;o fracionada [HNF], heparina de baixo peso molecular [HBPM], fondaparinux ou bivalirudina) para o tratamento de SCA ou TEV. E: Obesidade (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) C: N&#227;o obesidade (&lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) O: Eventos card&#237;acos adversos maiores (MACE) ou sangramento</p>
        </disp-quote>
        <p>As ferramentas PubMed, MeSH e DeCS foram usadas conforme apropriado para cada base de dados. Os detalhes das estrat&#233;gias de busca realizadas para cada base de dados est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nos M&#233;todos Suplementares.</p>
        <p>Al&#233;m disso, foi realizada uma busca manual nas refer&#234;ncias bibliogr&#225;ficas dos estudos selecionados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Tipos de estudo</title>
          <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos estudos originais publicados em qualquer ano, com texto completo em ingl&#234;s, portugu&#234;s ou espanhol. Apenas artigos caracterizados como ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, estudos de coorte prospectivos, estudos de coorte retrospectivos e estudos de caso-controle foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <p>Selecionamos artigos que inclu&#237;ram pacientes hospitalizados com diagn&#243;stico de SCA (angina inst&#225;vel, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST [NSTEMI] e infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST [STEMI]) ou TEV tratados com terapia anticoagulante parenteral (HNF, HBPM, fondaparinux ou bivalirudina), considerando obesidade como exposi&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o obesidade como comparador.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Desfechos cl&#237;nicos</title>
          <p>Os desfechos cl&#237;nicos inclu&#237;ram a ocorr&#234;ncia de MACE (definidos como &#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou acidente vascular cerebral) ou sangramento maior. A defini&#231;&#227;o de cada desfecho para nosso estudo foi baseada nas defini&#231;&#245;es adotadas pelos artigos inclu&#237;dos. As defini&#231;&#245;es de sangramento maior adotadas em cada estudo est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis na Tabela Suplementar 1.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipos de estudo</title>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos relatos de caso, s&#233;ries de casos, revis&#245;es de literatura e revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas. Estudos de preven&#231;&#227;o/profilaxia tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Estudos que inclu&#237;ram pacientes menores de 18 anos e adultos com depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina &lt; 10 mL/min foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
      <p>Dois autores realizaram a busca, sele&#231;&#227;o e aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade de forma independente.</p>
      <p>Com base nos resultados das buscas realizadas nas bases de dados, o processo de sele&#231;&#227;o foi realizado individualmente nas seguintes 3 etapas: (1) remo&#231;&#227;o de duplicatas; (2) exclus&#227;o de artigos que n&#227;o atendiam aos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade com base no t&#237;tulo e resumo; (3) e leitura completa dos artigos selecionados, com nova aplica&#231;&#227;o dos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade para identificar sua qualidade e relev&#226;ncia para o objetivo proposto. Quaisquer diverg&#234;ncias entre os autores foram resolvidas por meio de discuss&#227;o e di&#225;logo na presen&#231;a de um terceiro autor.</p>
      <p>A ferramenta Rayyan QCRI foi usada para sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos, e ambos os pesquisadores foram cegados para as decis&#245;es um do outro durante todo o processo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Extra&#231;&#227;o de dados</title>
      <p>As seguintes caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos foram extra&#237;das: t&#237;tulo, refer&#234;ncia, tipo de estudo (ensaio cl&#237;nico randomizado ou estudo observacional), pa&#237;s, ano de publica&#231;&#227;o e tamanho da amostra. Os seguintes dados foram coletados sobre os participantes de cada estudo: n&#250;mero de participantes, idade, n&#250;mero de participantes do sexo masculino e feminino, n&#250;mero de participantes obesos e n&#227;o obesos, IMC m&#233;dio, tipo de SCA (STEMI, NSTEMI ou angina inst&#225;vel) e TEV (trombose venosa profunda ou embolia pulmonar) e estrat&#233;gia antitromb&#243;tica realizada.</p>
      <p>Foram extra&#237;dos todos os desfechos avaliados pelos estudos, com foco nos desfechos cl&#237;nicos e na compara&#231;&#227;o entre indiv&#237;duos obesos e n&#227;o obesos.</p>
      <p>O processo de extra&#231;&#227;o de dados foi realizado de forma independente por dois autores, e as discrep&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por discuss&#227;o com um terceiro autor. O software Review Manager (Revman), vers&#227;o 5.4 foi usado para registro, extra&#231;&#227;o e gerenciamento dos dados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de risco de vi&#233;s</title>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco de vi&#233;s incluiu a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos m&#233;todos de randomiza&#231;&#227;o, aloca&#231;&#227;o de tratamento, cegamento, sele&#231;&#227;o e comparabilidade de grupos de estudo e avalia&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos, sendo realizada no n&#237;vel dos estudos. Foram usadas as seguintes ferramentas: a Escala Newcastle-Ottawa (NOS) para estudos observacionais e a Ferramenta de Risco de Vi&#233;s Cochrane (RoB) para ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Essas avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas por dois autores independentes, e as discrep&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por discuss&#227;o com um terceiro autor.</p>
      <p>O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado por meio de inspe&#231;&#227;o visual de gr&#225;ficos de funil correspondentes &#224;s metan&#225;lises de desfechos prim&#225;rios, que foram gerados usando o software RevMan 5.4.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia</title>
      <p>Para avaliar a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia, a metodologia GRADE foi aplicada a cada desfecho estudado. A avalia&#231;&#227;o foi realizada por dois autores independentes, e as discrep&#226;ncias foram resolvidas por discuss&#227;o com um terceiro autor.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>Para compara&#231;&#227;o dos desfechos prim&#225;rios entre os grupos de pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos, o risco relativo (RR) e os intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95% foram usados como par&#226;metros anal&#237;ticos. Para cada grupo antitromb&#243;tico (enoxaparina, HNF, fondaparinux), o RR e o IC de 95% foram gerados a partir do n&#250;mero absoluto de pacientes e de desfechos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e os gr&#225;ficos de floresta foram realizados usando o software RevMan 5.4.</p>
      <p>A heterogeneidade foi avaliada pela inspe&#231;&#227;o visual dos gr&#225;ficos de floresta (an&#225;lise), juntamente com a considera&#231;&#227;o do teste qui-quadrado para heterogeneidade e a estat&#237;stica I<sup>2</sup> (teste de Higgins). A heterogeneidade foi considerada estatisticamente significativa com p &lt; 0,1 ou pela porcentagem de heterogeneidade, que foi classificada como baixa (25% ou menos), moderada (26% a 50%) ou alta (maior que 50%). Os estudos tamb&#233;m foram examinados quanto &#224; heterogeneidade metodol&#243;gica e cl&#237;nica, particularmente quando identificada heterogeneidade estatisticamente significativa.</p>
      <p>Os resultados de grupos compar&#225;veis de estudos foram agrupados usando um modelo de efeitos aleat&#243;rios.</p>
      <p>Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados significativos para todas as an&#225;lises.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise de subgrupos</title>
      <p>Os estudos foram divididos em subgrupos para an&#225;lise de sensibilidade. A an&#225;lise de subgrupos foi realizada por tipo de medicamento usado nos estudos selecionados (separando os grupos em HBPM/enoxaparina, HNF, fondaparinux e bivalirudina) e por indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento (SCA ou TEV). Tamb&#233;m realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade incluindo apenas ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
      <p>Visto que se trata de uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, n&#227;o foi necess&#225;rio submeter o estudo ao Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa. O protocolo do estudo foi publicado anteriormente na plataforma PROSPERO em 30 de abril de 2021 (CRD42021243189). O protocolo do estudo est&#225; dispon&#237;vel em https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=243189.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o e sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>A busca nas bases de dados identificou 726 registros, dos quais 97 eram duplicados, restando 629. Nenhum estudo eleg&#237;vel foi encontrado por meio da busca manual. Ap&#243;s o processo de triagem com t&#237;tulo e resumo, 20 estudos foram selecionados para leitura completa, dos quais 14 foram exclu&#237;dos com base nos crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade. Ao final do processo de sele&#231;&#227;o, foram inclu&#237;dos 6 estudos para an&#225;lise qualitativa, bem como an&#225;lise quantitativa (metan&#225;lise), conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Fluxograma PRISMA (sele&#231;&#227;o dos artigos). TIH: trombocitopenia induzida por heparina.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>Os estudos exclu&#237;dos com seus respectivos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>. No final, foram selecionados 6 estudos para a revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica, dos quais 3 eram coortes retrospectivas e 3 eram an&#225;lises post-hoc de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> realizaram uma an&#225;lise de subgrupo com base nos dados combinados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos ESSENCE e TIMI 11B, enquanto Mahaffey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> usaram a base de dados do ensaio SYNERGY. Os 3 estudos randomizados compararam enoxaparina a HNF para o tratamento de SCA. Davidson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> usaram dados dos ensaios cl&#237;nicos MATISSE, que testaram fondaparinux para o tratamento de TEV como uma alternativa ao tratamento cl&#225;ssico com heparina (HNF, enoxaparina). Os detalhes das estrat&#233;gias anticoagulantes adotadas em cada estudo est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis nos Resultados Suplementares.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais dos estudos selecionados e suas popula&#231;&#245;es</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudos</th>
                  <th>Pa&#237;s</th>
                  <th>Desenho do estudo</th>
                  <th>Dura&#231;&#227;o total do estudo</th>
                  <th>Indica&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulante</th>
                  <th>Anticoagulante usado</th>
                  <th>Crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade</th>
                  <th>Defini&#231;&#227;o de exposi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Tamanho da amostra</th>
                  <th>Obesidade, n (%)</th>
                  <th>Sexo masculino, n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Spinler 2003</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">
                      <sup>9</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">An&#225;lise post-hoc de ECR (ESSENCE e TIMI 11B)</td>
                  <td align="center">ESSENCE: outubro de 1994 a maio de 1996 TIMI 11B: agosto de 1996 a mar&#231;o 1998</td>
                  <td align="center">SCA</td>
                  <td align="center">ESSENCE: enoxaparina ou HNF TIMI 11B: enoxaparina ou HNF</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com SCASST que receberam HNF ou enoxaparina intravenosa cont&#237;nua. Aqueles com CrCl &lt; 30 mL/min (ESSENCE) ou creatinina s&#233;rica &#8805; 2,0 mg/dL (TIMI 11B) foram exclu&#237;dos dos ensaios.</td>
                  <td align="center">A obesidade foi definida como IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                  <td align="center">6997</td>
                  <td align="center">1839 (26,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4593 (65,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Davidson 2007</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">
                      <sup>11</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">An&#225;lise post-hoc de ECR (MATISSE-DVT e MATISSE-PE)</td>
                  <td align="center">MATISSE-DVT: abril de 2000 a julho 2001 MATISSE-PE: maio de 2000 a mar&#231;o de 2002</td>
                  <td align="center">TEV</td>
                  <td align="center">MATISSE-DVT: fondaparinux ou enoxaparina MATISSE-PE: fondaparinux ou HNF</td>
                  <td align="center">Foram inclu&#237;dos dados para pacientes que receberam pelo menos 1 dose do medicamento do estudo (para o tratamento de TEV) e que tinham resultados dispon&#237;veis para os desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo (recorr&#234;ncia de TEV ou sangramento).</td>
                  <td align="center">A obesidade foi definida como IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                  <td align="center">4327</td>
                  <td align="center">1216 (28,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2091 (48,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Spinler 2009</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">
                      <sup>5</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo de coorte retrospectivo observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">Janeiro de 2004 a mar&#231;o 2006</td>
                  <td align="center">SCA</td>
                  <td align="center">Enoxaparina</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes inscritos no CRUSADE entre 1&#186; de janeiro de 2004 e 31 de mar&#231;o de 2006, que receberam enoxaparina para o tratamento inicial de SCASST cujas informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a dose inicial de enoxaparina foram coletadas. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que foram transferidos para outra institui&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o tinham IMC documentado, n&#227;o tinham CrCl estimado documentado ou tinham CrCl &lt; 30 ml/min, ou foram submetidos a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o.</td>
                  <td align="center">Os pacientes foram divididos em 4 grupos com base no IMC: &lt; 18,5; 18,5 a 24,9; 25,0 a 29,9; &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                  <td align="center">19.061</td>
                  <td align="center">7428 (39%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11613 (60,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Mahaffey 2010</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">
                      <sup>10</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">An&#225;lise post-hoc de ECR (SYNERGY)</td>
                  <td align="center">SYNERGY: agosto de 2001 a dezembro de 2003</td>
                  <td align="center">SCA</td>
                  <td align="center">SYNERGY: enoxaparina ou HNF</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes com SCASST. Pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos quando apresentavam contraindica&#231;&#245;es para HNF ou enoxaparina, foram submetidos a ICP ou terapia trombol&#237;tica nas &#250;ltimas 24 horas, estavam em alto risco de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas devido a acidente vascular cerebral ou cirurgia recente, tinham INR &gt; 1,5, tinham dist&#250;rbio hemorr&#225;gico passado ou presente, ou apresentavam CrCl &lt; 30 mL/min.</td>
                  <td align="center">Os pacientes foram divididos em 5 grupos com base no IMC: &lt; 20; 20 a 25; 25 a 30; 30 a 35; &#8805; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                  <td align="center">9837</td>
                  <td align="center">3137 (31,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6514 (66,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Hosch 2017</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">
                      <sup>12</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo de coorte retrospectivo observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">Julho de 2013 a julho de 2015</td>
                  <td align="center">TEV</td>
                  <td align="center">HNF</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes &#8805; 18 anos que receberam HNF para tratamento de TEV (TVP e/ou EP), manejados pelo protocolo de dosagem de farm&#225;cia. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que obtiveram TTPa terap&#234;utico menos de 6 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio da heparina.</td>
                  <td align="center">Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos com base no IMC: &lt; 30; 30 a 40; &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                  <td align="center">294</td>
                  <td align="center">173 (58,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">143 (48,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Shlensky 2020</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
                      <sup>13</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Estados Unidos</td>
                  <td align="center">Estudo de coorte retrospectivo observacional</td>
                  <td align="center">Janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2016</td>
                  <td align="center">TEV</td>
                  <td align="center">HNF</td>
                  <td align="center">Pacientes &#8805; 18 anos de idade que documentaram TEV como indica&#231;&#227;o para heparina e estavam em NHAI por pelo menos 24 horas. Foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes que n&#227;o consentiram a revis&#227;o dos seus registros m&#233;dicos para pesquisa, receberam uma trombectomia (devido ao aumento do risco de sangramento) ou receberam um agente fibrinol&#237;tico.</td>
                  <td align="center">Os pacientes foram divididos em 3 grupos com base no IMC: &lt; 30; 30 a 40; &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                  <td align="center">423</td>
                  <td align="center">193 (45,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">223 (52,7%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>ClCr: depura&#231;&#227;o de creatinina; EP: embolia pulmonar; HNF: heparina n&#227;o fracionada; ICP: interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; NHAI: nomograma de heparina de alta intensidade; RNI: raz&#227;o normalizada internacional; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda; SCASST: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST; TEV: tromboembolismo venoso; TTPa: tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada; TVP: trombose venosa profunda. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia adotado por todos os estudos foi de 5%.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o 40.939 pacientes que receberam anticoagula&#231;&#227;o para o tratamento de SCA ou TEV, entre 1994 e 2016, dos quais 35.895 (87,7%) apresentaram SCA. Em apenas 1 estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> o grupo obeso representou mais da metade da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada (58,8%), enquanto, no geral, essa preval&#234;ncia foi de 34,2%. A preval&#234;ncia do sexo masculino foi de 61,5%. Todos os estudos tiveram os Estados Unidos como pa&#237;s sede; no entanto, os pacientes foram recrutados de diferentes regi&#245;es do mundo, como Europa, Am&#233;rica do Norte, Am&#233;rica do Sul e Oceania. Os crit&#233;rios de elegibilidade e a defini&#231;&#227;o de exposi&#231;&#227;o de cada estudo inclu&#237;do podem ser observados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risco de vi&#233;s nos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>Os estudos caracterizados como an&#225;lises post-hoc de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados apresentaram fragilidades metodol&#243;gicas relacionadas &#224; aloca&#231;&#227;o conhecida e outros vieses, conforme apresentado nas Figuras 2A e 2B. Em Davidson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e Mahaffey et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> n&#227;o houve cegamento dos participantes e avaliadores em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de interven&#231;&#227;o aplicada, justificado pelas diferentes vias de administra&#231;&#227;o e dosagem dos medicamentos (HNF por via intravenosa; enoxaparina e fondaparinux por via subcut&#226;nea). Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e Davidson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> por outro lado, obtiveram suas an&#225;lises por meio da fus&#227;o de duas bases de dados de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados, aumentando o risco de vi&#233;s na amostra selecionada, devido ao comprometimento da randomiza&#231;&#227;o e da metodologia adotada.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos estudos de coorte, o estudo de Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> foi classificado como baixo risco de vi&#233;s, totalizando 9 estrelas. Foi observado um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento limitado em Shlensky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e Hosch et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Este &#250;ltimo tamb&#233;m apresentou fragilidades metodol&#243;gicas relacionadas &#224; comparabilidade entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de risco de vi&#233;s para os estudos observacionais</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudos</th>
                  <th>Sele&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>Comparabilidade</th>
                  <th>Desfechos</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Spinler 2009</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">
                      <sup>5</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">****</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">***</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Hosch 2017</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">
                      <sup>12</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">****</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Shlensky 2020</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
                      <sup>13</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">****</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                  <td align="center">**</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise dos gr&#225;ficos de funil nas Figuras Suplementares 1A e 1B permite inferir um baixo risco de vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o para todos os artigos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise, apesar do n&#250;mero reduzido de estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Principais achados dos estudos</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra a incid&#234;ncia dos desfechos cl&#237;nicos avaliados pelos estudos, de acordo com a medica&#231;&#227;o utilizada, para os grupos obesos e n&#227;o obesos. Todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o avaliaram a taxa de sangramento maior durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, que foi de 6,0% (IC 95%: 5,6% a 6,4%) em pacientes obesos e 6,2% (IC 95%: 5,9% a 6,5%) em pacientes n&#227;o obesos. As defini&#231;&#245;es de sangramento maior aplicadas em cada estudo s&#227;o exibidas nos Resultados Suplementares. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos desfechos de efic&#225;cia, apenas 2 estudos analisaram a mortalidade entre 30 e 43 dias de acompanhamento. A taxa de mortalidade no grupo obeso foi de 2,6% (IC 95%: 2,2% a 3,0%), e no grupo n&#227;o obeso foi de 3,6% (IC 95%: 3,3% a 4,0%). Apenas Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relataram infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente, enquanto o desfecho de acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o foi medido em nenhum dos estudos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Desfechos cl&#237;nicos para pacientes obesos versus n&#227;o obesos por tipo de antitromb&#243;tico usado</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Estudos</th>
                  <th>Anticoagulante (indica&#231;&#227;o)</th>
                  <th>Desfecho</th>
                  <th>Acompanhamento</th>
                  <th>Incid&#234;ncia em obesos n/N (%)</th>
                  <th>Incid&#234;ncia em n&#227;o obesos n/N (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="12">
                    <italic>Spinler 2003</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">
                      <sup>9</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6">Enoxaparina (SCA)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">24/921 (2,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">91/2595 (3,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">45/921 (4,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">125/2595 (4,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">RU</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">83/921 (9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">257/2595 (9,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito/IAM/RU</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">132/921 (14,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">418/2595 (16,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">4/921 (0,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41/2595 (1,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Qualquer sangramento</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">107/921 (11,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">243/2595 (9,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="6">HNF (SCA)</td>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">23/918 (2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">113/2563 (4,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">56/918 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">154/2563 (6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">RU</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">107/918 (11,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">308/2563 (12%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">&#211;bito/IAM/RU</td>
                  <td align="center">43 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">165/918 (18,0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">492/2563 (19,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">11/918 (1,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25/2563 (1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Qualquer sangramento</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">48/918 (5,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">101/2563 (4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="4">
                    <italic>Davidson 2007</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">
                      <sup>11</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Fondaparinux (TEV)</td>
                  <td align="center">Recorr&#234;ncia de TEV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">22/594 (3,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61/1560 (3,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">2/590 (0,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23/1549 (1,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Heparinas* (TEV)</td>
                  <td align="center">Recorr&#234;ncia de TEV</td>
                  <td align="center">3 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">30/622 (4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">70/1551 (4,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">7/611 (1,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18/1540 (1,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <italic>Spinler 2009</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">
                      <sup>5</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Enoxaparina (SCA)</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">513/7428 (6,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">900/11,633 (7,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="14">
                    <italic>Mahaffey 2010</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">
                      <sup>10</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">Enoxaparina (SCA)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#211;bito/IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">202/1585 (12,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">486/3331 (14,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">262/1585 (16,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">605/3331 (18,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">37/1585 (2,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">119/3331 (3,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">69/1585 (4,4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">209/3331 (6,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">108/1585 (6,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">269/3331 (8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento grave (GUSTO)</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">39/1585 (2,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94/3331 (2,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior (TIMI)</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">138/1585 (8,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">308/3331 (9,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="7">HNF (SCA)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">&#211;bito/IAM</td>
                  <td align="center">30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">206/1552 (13,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">515/3369 (15,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">253/1552 (16,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">628/3369 (18,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">&#211;bito</td>
                  <td align="center">30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">45/1552 (2,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">110/3369 (3,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">6 meses</td>
                  <td align="center">75/1552 (4,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">182/3369 (5,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">1 ano</td>
                  <td align="center">95/1552 (6,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">262/3369 (7,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento grave (GUSTO)</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">28/1552 (1,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">76/3369 (2,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior (TIMI)</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">111/1552 (7,2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">257/3369 (7,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="3">
                    <italic>Hosch 2017</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">
                      <sup>12</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">HNF (TEV)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">Evento hemorr&#225;gico Queda de Hb &#8805; 2 g/dL e &#8805; 2 unidades de CH recebidas</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">20/173 (11,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17/121 (14%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3/173 (1,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4/121 (3,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Eventos tromb&#243;ticos</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">0/173</td>
                  <td align="center">0/121</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="2">
                    <italic>Shlensky 2020</italic>
                    <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
                      <sup>13</sup>
                    </xref>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">HNF (TEV)</td>
                  <td align="center">Sangramento maior</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">13/193 (6,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14/230 (6,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas</td>
                  <td align="center">Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">1/193 (0,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1/230 (0,4%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>CH: concentrado de hem&#225;cias; GUSTO: Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries; Hb: hemoglobina; HNF: heparina n&#227;o fracionada; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; RU: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; VTE: tromboembolismo venoso. *UFH em MATISSE-EP e enoxaparina em MATISSE-TVP.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resumo dos resultados</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sangramento maior</title>
          <p>Os resultados da presente an&#225;lise mostraram que a taxa de sangramento maior durante o per&#237;odo intra-hospitalar foi semelhante entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos usando anticoagulantes parenterais, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>. A heterogeneidade foi considerada moderada. A incid&#234;ncia do desfecho permaneceu compar&#225;vel quando os estudos sobre SCA e TEV foram analisados separadamente, bem como quando analisados por anticoagulante (enoxaparina ou HNF). A taxa de sangramento tamb&#233;m foi semelhante entre os grupos quando os ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados foram analisados separadamente. Os gr&#225;ficos de floresta das an&#225;lises de subgrupos s&#227;o apresentados nas Figuras Suplementares 2 a 6.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Mortalidade</title>
          <p>Apenas 2 artigos avaliaram a incid&#234;ncia de morte, ambos no cen&#225;rio de SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Durante um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 30 a 43 dias, a taxa de mortalidade foi menor em pacientes obesos em compara&#231;&#227;o com pacientes n&#227;o obesos, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3B</xref>. A heterogeneidade foi considerada baixa. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar uma an&#225;lise individualizada para cada agente antitromb&#243;tico devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de artigos na an&#225;lise.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Outros desfechos</title>
          <p>Para os outros desfechos previamente estabelecidos (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular cerebral), a metan&#225;lise n&#227;o foi realizada devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de artigos. Apenas 1 estudo (Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>) avaliou o desfecho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio isoladamente, enquanto a incid&#234;ncia de acidente vascular cerebral n&#227;o foi medida em nenhum dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na revis&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Qualidade da evid&#234;ncia (GRADE)</title>
          <p>A Tabela Suplementar 2 fornece um resumo da avalia&#231;&#227;o da qualidade da evid&#234;ncia usando a abordagem GRADE. Para o desfecho de sangramento maior, a evid&#234;ncia foi inicialmente classificada como moderada, pois incluiu estudos randomizados e observacionais. Ap&#243;s avaliar cada dom&#237;nio, julgamos a qualidade da evid&#234;ncia como baixa, com um rebaixamento de 1 ponto no dom&#237;nio de risco de vi&#233;s. Para o desfecho de mortalidade, a evid&#234;ncia foi inicialmente classificada como alta, pois foi derivada exclusivamente de ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados. Ap&#243;s um rebaixamento de 1 ponto no dom&#237;nio de risco de vi&#233;s, foi classificada como qualidade moderada. Nenhuma caracter&#237;stica foi identificada para aumentar o n&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia. A avalia&#231;&#227;o detalhada atrav&#233;s do m&#233;todo GRADE pode ser encontrada nas Tabelas Suplementares 3 e 4.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo avaliou a influ&#234;ncia da obesidade na seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia do tratamento antitromb&#243;tico ap&#243;s eventos coron&#225;rios agudos ou TEV. Verificamos que a obesidade tem pouco ou nenhum impacto na incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos ap&#243;s terapia anticoagulante. Poucos estudos relataram desfechos tromb&#243;ticos e de &#243;bito, limitando as conclus&#245;es sobre a efic&#225;cia. Por outro lado, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos eventos hemorr&#225;gicos, o uso de HNF, enoxaparina e fondaparinux parece ser seguro na popula&#231;&#227;o obesa (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</title>
        <p>No contexto da SCA, na an&#225;lise combinada dos ensaios ESSENCE e TIMI 11B, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre pacientes obesos (IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e n&#227;o obesos na incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio composto de &#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o urgente ou ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento importante. No entanto, houve uma tend&#234;ncia para um risco maior de qualquer sangramento entre aqueles com IMC mais alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ademais, a incid&#234;ncia de sangramento maior foi semelhante entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos tratados com HNF, mas favoreceu pacientes com IMC &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> entre aqueles tratados com enoxaparina (RR: 0,27, IC 95%: 0,10 a 0,77) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>). Dados do ensaio SYNERGY, no qual 9.873 pacientes foram randomizados para receber HNF ou enoxaparina, n&#227;o verificaram uma diferen&#231;a significativa na ocorr&#234;ncia de &#243;bito, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e sangramento maior associado ao IMC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esses achados, confirmados na presente metan&#225;lise, apoiam a abordagem baseada no peso sem um limite de dose (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3A</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de risco de vi&#233;s para ensaios cl&#237;nicos.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Por outro lado, Spinler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> com base no registro CRUSADE, mostraram que pacientes com sobrepeso e obesidade tendem a ser tratados com doses reduzidas de enoxaparina (&lt; 0,95 mg/kg), quando comparados &#224;queles com peso normal. Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que pacientes com peso &gt; 150 kg nessa coorte, embora sub-representados (n = 37), que foram tratados com doses recomendadas de enoxaparina (0,95 a 1,05 mg/kg), apresentaram maior risco de sangramento quando comparados &#224;queles que receberam uma dose reduzida. Isso pode explicar por que a presente metan&#225;lise n&#227;o foi capaz de demonstrar diferen&#231;a nas taxas de sangramento entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos. No entanto, o pequeno tamanho da amostra e o car&#225;ter observacional do estudo impedem conclus&#245;es definitivas.</p>
        <p>O estudo OASIS-5 mostrou que o fondaparinux foi n&#227;o inferior &#224; enoxaparina quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos isqu&#234;micos ap&#243;s NSTEMI ou angina inst&#225;vel, e foi associado a uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no risco de sangramento maior e mortalidade em 30 e 180 dias. No entanto, houve uma baixa representatividade da popula&#231;&#227;o obesa no estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, o questionamento acerca da dose fixa de 2,5 mg em pacientes obesos ainda &#233; incerta. Em uma an&#225;lise interna, entre os pacientes que usaram fondaparinux, a incid&#234;ncia de sangramento durante o tratamento e no dia 9 foi inversamente proporcional ao peso corporal, e aqueles com peso &gt; 100 kg tiveram melhor progn&#243;stico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> sugerindo que a seguran&#231;a desse tratamento pode n&#227;o ser afetada pela presen&#231;a da obesidade. N&#227;o foram encontrados estudos que comparassem a incid&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos em uso de fondaparinux.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho de mortalidade, a s&#237;ntese dos resultados dos estudos de Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e Mahaffey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mostrou uma tend&#234;ncia de melhor progn&#243;stico entre os pacientes obesos no per&#237;odo de 30 a 43 dias, achado previamente descrito na literatura<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> como o &#8220;paradoxo da obesidade&#8221;. O fato de os pacientes obesos serem frequentemente mais jovens, menos fr&#225;geis e apresentarem menos preditores de risco para sangramento no momento da interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar pode justificar resultados relacionados a uma menor ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos cl&#237;nicos nesse grupo populacional. Entretanto, a incapacidade de realizar ajustes estat&#237;sticos, caracter&#237;stica do nosso desenho de estudo, dificulta a exclus&#227;o da possibilidade de que vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o e estrat&#233;gias de tratamento diferenciadas na popula&#231;&#227;o obesa possam ser respons&#225;veis pela diferente taxa de mortalidade ou mesmo por n&#227;o encontrar diferen&#231;a quanto aos eventos hemorr&#225;gicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tromboembolismo venoso</title>
        <p>Barletta et al. compararam os valores do tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa) alcan&#231;ados por pacientes com e sem obesidade m&#243;rbida (IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), usando o nomograma baseado no peso para o tratamento de TEV. Os autores mostraram que aqueles pertencentes ao grupo de maior peso tiveram uma maior incid&#234;ncia de overdose e que o IMC foi um preditor independente de valores de TTPa supraterap&#234;uticos, sugerindo uma poss&#237;vel necessidade de um limite de dose para aqueles com IMC &gt; 40 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nesse cen&#225;rio, 2 estudos nesta revis&#227;o visaram estudar a influ&#234;ncia do IMC na efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a da HNF em pacientes com TEV. No estudo de Hosch et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> os pacientes recebiam a dose de HNF com base no peso corporal, exceto quando seu peso excedia 20% do peso corporal ideal. Nestes casos, a dose foi baseada no peso corporal ideal. Em contraste, Shlensky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> conduziram o estudo no cen&#225;rio em que todos os pacientes, independentemente do peso, receberam a mesma dosagem de medicamento com base no peso corporal. Apesar das diferentes abordagens, nenhum estudo encontrou diferen&#231;a entre as 3 classes de IMC (&lt; 30, 30 a 40 e &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo necess&#225;rio para atingir o primeiro valor terap&#234;utico de TTPa e a ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento durante o estudo. Corroborando os achados de Barletta et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Shlensky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m identificaram maior incid&#234;ncia de valores supraterap&#234;uticos de TTPa no grupo de pacientes com obesidade m&#243;rbida; no entanto, esse achado n&#227;o se refletiu na ocorr&#234;ncia de sangramento, sugerindo que n&#227;o h&#225; impacto cl&#237;nico do IMC na seguran&#231;a da HNF em TEV. Al&#233;m do pequeno tamanho da amostra, os estudos t&#234;m a limita&#231;&#227;o de identificar eventos de sangramento por meio do resumo da alta hospitalar, o que pode potencialmente subestimar o n&#250;mero de eventos.</p>
        <p>O fondaparinux foi testado como uma op&#231;&#227;o alternativa &#224;s heparinas (HNF e enoxaparina) nos ensaios cl&#237;nicos MATISSE, que demonstraram a n&#227;o inferioridade deste medicamento quando utilizado em 3 doses baseadas no peso (5,0, 7,5 e 10 mg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Davidson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> com base nos dados do MATISSE, mostraram que os resultados foram mantidos no subgrupo de pacientes obesos (IMC &gt; 30), corroborando os achados do presente estudo. Em nossa metan&#225;lise, apesar do amplo intervalo de confian&#231;a, os resultados mostraram que pacientes obesos em uso de fondaparinux tenderam a ter uma taxa reduzida de sangramento maior em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes n&#227;o obesos (RR: 0,23, IC 95%: 0,05 a 0,97) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref>). No estudo MATISSE, embora tenha havido um ajuste de dose com base no peso na administra&#231;&#227;o de fondaparinux (5 mg para &lt; 50 kg; 7,5 mg para 50 a 100 kg; 10 mg para &gt; 100 kg), todos os pacientes com peso &gt; 100 kg receberam a mesma dose di&#225;ria de 10 mg, sem progress&#227;o da dose baseada no peso, o que pode ser um potencial fator de prote&#231;&#227;o contra sangramento para pacientes com obesidade m&#243;rbida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A presente revis&#227;o tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Devido &#224; alta preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com SCA (87,7%) na amostra estudada, esta an&#225;lise diz respeito principalmente a pacientes que sofreram um evento coron&#225;rio agudo, com conclus&#245;es limitadas sobre pacientes com TEV. A classifica&#231;&#227;o dos eventos hemorr&#225;gicos e as estrat&#233;gias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o adotadas foram diversas, limitando a combina&#231;&#227;o desses dados. Devido &#224;s varia&#231;&#245;es na defini&#231;&#227;o e na coleta de desfechos, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar uma an&#225;lise dos principais desfechos combinados. Ademais, devido &#224; incapacidade de controlar vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, outros fatores como o uso de outros antiplaquet&#225;rios e anticoagulantes e as diferen&#231;as no perfil cl&#237;nico entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos (idade, sexo, comorbidades) podem ter influenciado os resultados obtidos. A popula&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m variou entre os estudos. Estudos futuros com an&#225;lise de meta-regress&#227;o, que possam controlar essas vari&#225;veis, seriam de interesse. Al&#233;m disso, o longo per&#237;odo de inclus&#227;o dos estudos (2003 a 2020), associado a avan&#231;os significativos no tratamento adjuvante da SCA durante esse per&#237;odo, pode ter influenciado os resultados. Por fim, pacientes com obesidade grau III ainda s&#227;o sub-representados, tornando necess&#225;rios estudos focados nessa popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Implica&#231;&#245;es para a pr&#225;tica e pesquisas futuras</title>
        <p>Nossos resultados, embora geradores de hip&#243;teses, sugerem que n&#227;o &#233; necess&#225;rio um tratamento diferenciado para pacientes obesos com SCA ou TEV, no que diz respeito a terapia anticoagulante. Futuros estudos randomizados na popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de pacientes obesos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para obter conclus&#245;es mais robustas.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nos pacientes tratados para TEV ou SCA, as taxas de sangramento foram compar&#225;veis entre pacientes obesos e n&#227;o obesos, independentemente do anticoagulante usado. A menor taxa de mortalidade observada nos pacientes obesos pode representar o efeito de fatores de confus&#227;o n&#227;o contabilizados. Estudos subsequentes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para validar estes achados.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Gr&#225;ficos de floresta. HNF: heparina n&#227;o fracionada; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; M-H: an&#225;lise de Mantel-Haenszel; RR: risk ratio.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app01">
        <label>S-1</label>
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, clique aqui <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12204/2024-0544_AO_Supplemental_Material_obesity_and_antithrombotics.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12204/2024-0544_AO_Supplemental_Material_obesity_and_antithrombotics.pdf</ext-link> </p>
        <supplementary-material id="suppl01" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-suppl01.pdf"/>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240544i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of Obesity on the Safety and Efficacy of Antithrombotic Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1111-3476</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Beatriz Rocha</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Borges</surname>
            <given-names>Queila Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9021-7657</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Viana</surname>
            <given-names>Mateus S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Darz&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Sahade</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9320-7999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ritt</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Eduardo Fonteles</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Statistical analysis</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">D&#8217;Or Research Institute, IDOR, Hospital Cardio Pulmonar, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Luiz Eduardo Fonteles Ritt &#8226; Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica &#8211; Av. Dom Jo&#227;o VI, 275. Postal Code 40290-000, Salvador, BA &#8211; Brazil E-mail: luizritt@hotmail.com, luizritt@bahiana.edu.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Marcio Bittencourt</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p> No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Obese individuals have been historically underrepresented in clinical trials. Considering their association with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and acute coronary syndrome (ACS), it is necessary to establish a more suitable anticoagulation regimen for this group of patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To evaluate the influence of obesity on the safety and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in patients with ACS or VTE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This is a systematic review and meta-analysis that used 5 main international databases. We selected clinical trials or observational studies that compared the occurrence of clinical outcomes (mortality or bleeding) between obese and non-obese patients using parenteral anticoagulants for the treatment of ACS or VTE. P value &lt; 0.05 was used for all analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Six articles, with a total of 40,939 patients, were eligible, being 3 randomized clinical trials and 3 retrospective cohorts. Of the patients, 87.7% had ACS. The incidence of major bleeding was similar between groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77 to 1.04, p = 0.14). The outcome remained comparable when studies were analyzed separately by anticoagulant: enoxaparin (RR: 0.87, 95% CI, 0.70 to 1.08, p = 0.21) or unfractionated heparin (RR: 0.96, 95% CI, 0.79 to 1.17, p = 0.67). The mortality rate was measured in only 2 studies, both in ACS, and it was lower in obese patients (RR: 0.71, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.87, p = 0.0007).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In patients treated for VTE or ACS, rates of bleeding were comparable between obese and non-obese patients, regardless of the anticoagulant used. The lower mortality rate observed in obese patients may represent the effect of unaccounted confounding.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Influence of Obesity on the Safety and Efficacy of Antithrombotic Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; BMI: body mass index; VTE: venous thromboembolism.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrinolytic Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Venous Thromboembolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Obesity is a chronic disease, reaching epidemic levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled in the last 50 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Antithrombotic therapy is a pillar on the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and venous thromboembolism (VTE). It significantly reduces the occurrence of ischemic events, but it increases the risk of bleeding, which is related to a higher incidence of death, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Parenteral anticoagulants are administered with dose titration based on patients&#8217; weight,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and the maximum dose limit for obese patients is not well-studied. A study with enoxaparin demonstrated that the obese population has a higher incidence of underdosing, and, among those who receive the recommended dose, obese patients have a higher risk of bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, fondaparinux, when used for the treatment of ACS, is used in a fixed dose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The OASIS-5 and OASIS-6 studies showed that fondaparinux is non-inferior to enoxaparin for the composite of ischemic events, and it is associated with lower mortality probably due to the reduction in hemorrhagic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, since the obese population was not properly represented in these studies, the application of these results to patients with body mass index (BMI) &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> is uncertain.</p>
        <p>Excess body fat can still affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of medications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> which, combined with the fact that the obese population is historically underrepresented in clinical trials, leads to uncertainties regarding the real effect of obesity on the efficacy and safety of antithrombotic treatment.</p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between obesity and the occurrence of clinical outcomes among patients treated with parenteral anticoagulation for ACS or VTE.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This is a systematic literature review with meta-analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Search strategy</title>
          <p>MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO, EMBASE, Lilacs, and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), were systematically searched between March 9, 2021 and March 12, 2021. The identification of studies was based on the PECO search strategy, which stands for population (P), exposure (E), comparison (C), and outcomes (O), which were defined as follows:</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>P: Hospitalized adults using parenteral anticoagulants</p>
            <p>(unfractionated heparin [UFH], low molecularweight heparin [LMWH], fondaparinux, or bivalirudin) for the treatment of ACS or VTE.</p>
            <p>E: Obesity (&#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</p>
            <p>C: Non-obesity (&lt; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</p>
            <p>O: Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) or bleedin</p>
          </disp-quote>
          <p>PubMed, MeSH, and DeCS tools were used as appropriate for each database. Details of the search strategies performed for each database are available in the Supplemental Methods.</p>
          <p>In addition, a manual search was performed on the selected studies&#8217; bibliographic references.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion criteria</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Study types</title>
            <p>Original studies published in any year, with full text in English, Portuguese, or Spanish were included. Only articles characterized as randomized clinical trials, prospective cohort studies, retrospective cohort studies, and case-control studies were included.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Population</title>
            <p>We selected articles that included hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of ACS (unstable angina, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [NSTEMI], and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction [STEMI]) or VTE treated with parenteral anticoagulant therapy (UFH, LMWH, fondaparinux, or bivalirudin), considering obesity as exposure and non-obesity as comparator.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
            <p>Clinical outcomes included occurrence of MACE (defined as death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) or major bleeding. The definition of each outcome for our study was based on the definitions adopted by the included articles. The definitions of major bleeding adopted in each study are available in Supplemental <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t1001">
                <label>Table 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; General characteristics of selected studies and their populations</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left">Studies</th>
                      <th>Country</th>
                      <th>Study design</th>
                      <th>Total duration of the study</th>
                      <th>Anticoagulant indication</th>
                      <th>Anticoagulant used</th>
                      <th>Eligibility criteria</th>
                      <th>Definition of exposure</th>
                      <th>Sample size</th>
                      <th>Obese, n (%)</th>
                      <th>Male, n (%)</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <italic>Spinler 2003</italic>
                        <sup>9</sup>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">USA</td>
                      <td align="center">Post-hoc analysis of RCT (ESSENCE and TIMI 11B)</td>
                      <td align="center">ESSENCE: October 1994 to May 1996 TIMI 11B: August 1996 to March 1998</td>
                      <td align="center">ACS</td>
                      <td align="center">ESSENCE: enoxaparin or UFH TIMI 11B: enoxaparin or UFH</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients with NSTEACS who received continuous IV enoxaparin or UFH. Those with CrCl &lt; 30 mL/min (ESSENCE) or serum creatinine &#8805; 2.0 mg/dL (TIMI 11B) were excluded from the trials.</td>
                      <td align="center">Obesity was defined as BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                      <td align="center">6997</td>
                      <td align="center">1839 (26.3%)</td>
                      <td align="center">4593 (65.6%)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <italic>Davidson 2007</italic>
                        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">
                          <sup>11</sup>
                        </xref>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">USA</td>
                      <td align="center">Post-hoc analysis of RCT (MATISSE-DVT and MATISSE-PE)</td>
                      <td align="center">MATISSE-DVT: April 2000 to July 2001 MATISSE-PE: May 2000 to March 2002</td>
                      <td align="center">VTE</td>
                      <td align="center">MATISSE-DVT: fondaparinux or enoxaparin MATISSE-PE: fondaparinux or UFH</td>
                      <td align="center">Data were included for patients who received at least 1 dose of study drug (for the treatment of VTE) and who had available results for the primary study endpoints (VTE recurrence or bleeding).</td>
                      <td align="center">Obesity was defined as BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                      <td align="center">4327</td>
                      <td align="center">1216 (28.1%)</td>
                      <td align="center">2091 (48.3%)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <italic>Spinler 2009</italic>
                        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">
                          <sup>5</sup>
                        </xref>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">USA</td>
                      <td align="center">Observational retrospective cohort study</td>
                      <td align="center">January 2004 to March 2006</td>
                      <td align="center">ACS</td>
                      <td align="center">Enoxaparina</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients enrolled in CRUSADE between January 1, 2004 and March 31, 2006, who received enoxaparin for the initial treatment of NSTEACS and for whom information on the initial dose of enoxaparin was collected. Patients who were transferred to another institution, did not have documented BMI, did not have documented estimated CrCl or had CrCl &lt; 30 ml/min, or underwent coronary artery bypass surgery during hospitalization were excluded.</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients were divided into 4 groups based on BMI: &lt; 18.5; 18.5 to 24.9; 25.0 to 29.9; &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                      <td align="center">19061</td>
                      <td align="center">7428 (39%)</td>
                      <td align="center">11613 (60.9%)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <italic>Mahaffey 2010</italic>
                        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">
                          <sup>10</sup>
                        </xref>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">USA</td>
                      <td align="center">Post-hoc analysis of RCT (SYNERGY)</td>
                      <td align="center">SYNERGY: August 2001 to December 2003</td>
                      <td align="center">ACS</td>
                      <td align="center">SYNERGY: enoxaparin or UFH</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients with NSTEACS. Patients were excluded if they had contraindications for UFH or enoxaparin, underwent PCI or thrombolytic therapy within the previous 24 hours, were at high risk of bleeding complications due to recent stroke or surgery, had INR &gt; 1.5, had past or present bleeding disorder, or had CrCl &lt; 30 mL/min.</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients were divided into 5 groups based on BMI: &lt; 20; 20 to 25; 25 to 30; 30 to 35; &#8805; 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                      <td align="center">9837</td>
                      <td align="center">3137 (31.9%)</td>
                      <td align="center">6514 (66.2%)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <italic>Hosch 2017</italic>
                        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">
                          <sup>12</sup>
                        </xref>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">USA</td>
                      <td align="center">Observational retrospective cohort study</td>
                      <td align="center">July 2013 to July 2015</td>
                      <td align="center">VTE</td>
                      <td align="center">UFH</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients &#8805; 18 years old who received UFH for the treatment of VTE (DVT and/or PE), managed by pharmacy dosing protocol. Patients who obtained a therapeutic aPTT less than 6 hours after starting heparin were excluded.</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients were divided into 3 groups based on BMI: &lt; 30; 30 to 40; &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                      <td align="center">294</td>
                      <td align="center">173 (58.8%)</td>
                      <td align="center">143 (48.6%)</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <italic>Shlensky 2020</italic>
                        <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
                          <sup>13</sup>
                        </xref>
                      </td>
                      <td align="center">USA</td>
                      <td align="center">Observational retrospective cohort study</td>
                      <td align="center">January 2010 to December 2016</td>
                      <td align="center">VTE</td>
                      <td align="center">UFH</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients &#8805;18 years of age who had documented VTE as an indication for heparin and had been in the HIHN for at least 24 hours. Patients who did not consent to review of their medical records for research, received a thrombectomy (due to increased risk of bleeding), or received a fibrinolytic agent were excluded.</td>
                      <td align="center">Patients were divided into 3 groups based on BMI: &lt; 30; 30 to 40; &#8805; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.</td>
                      <td align="center">423</td>
                      <td align="center">193 (45.6%)</td>
                      <td align="center">223 (52.7%)</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN1001">
                    <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; aPTT: activated partial thromboplastin time; BMI: body mass index; CrCl: creatinine clearance; DVT: deep vein thrombosis; HIHN: high-intensity heparin nomogram; INR: international normalized ratio; IV: intravenous; NSTEACS: non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome; PCI: percutaneous coronary intervention; PE: pulmonary embolism; UFH: unfractionated heparin; VTE: venous thromboembolism. The significance level adopted by all studies was 5%.</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Exclusion criteria</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study types</title>
          <p>Case reports, case series, literature reviews, and systematic reviews were excluded. Prevention/prophylaxis studies were also excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Population</title>
          <p>Studies that included patients under the age of 18 and adults with creatinine clearance &lt; 10 mL/min were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Identification and selection of studies</title>
        <p>Two authors independently performed the search, selection, and application of eligibility criteria.</p>
        <p>Based on the results of the searches conducted on the databases, the selection process was carried out individually in three stages: (1) removal of duplicates; (2) exclusion of articles that did not meet the eligibility criteria based on the title and abstract; (3) and full-text reading of the selected articles, with a new application of eligibility criteria to identify their quality and relevance to the proposed objective. Any disagreements between the authors were resolved through discussion and dialogue in the presence of a third author.</p>
        <p>The Rayyan QCRI tool was used for article selection, and both researchers were blinded to each other&#8217;s decisions throughout the process.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Data extraction</title>
        <p>The following characteristics of the studies were extracted: title, reference, type of study (randomized clinical trial or observational study), country and year of publication, and sample size. The following data were also collected on the participants of each study: number of participants, age, number of male and female participants, number of obese and non-obese participants, mean BMI, type of ACS (STEMI, NSTEMI, or unstable angina) and VTE (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism), and antithrombotic strategy performed.</p>
        <p>All outcomes evaluated by the studies were extracted, with a focus on clinical outcomes and comparison between obese and non-obese individuals.</p>
        <p>The data extraction process was performed independently by two authors, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third author. Review Manager (Revman), version 5.4 software was used for data recording, as well as data extraction and management.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Risk of bias analysis</title>
        <p>The assessment of the risk of bias included the evaluation of the methods of randomization, treatment allocation, blinding, selection and comparability of study groups, and outcome assessment, which was performed at the study level. The following tools were used: the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for observational studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB) for randomized clinical trials. These evaluations were performed by two independent authors, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third author.</p>
        <p>Publication bias was assessed through visual inspection of funnel plots corresponding to the meta-analyses of primary outcomes, which were generated using RevMan 5.4 software.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quality of evidence analysis</title>
        <p>To assess the quality of evidence, the GRADE methodology was applied to each outcome studied. This evaluation was performed by two independent authors, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion with a third author.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>For comparison of primary outcomes between the obese and non-obese groups, Relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as analytical parameters. For each antithrombotic group (enoxaparin, UFH, fondaparinux), RR and 95% CI were generated from the absolute number of patients and outcomes. The statistical analysis and forest plots were performed using RevMan 5.4 software.</p>
        <p>Heterogeneity was assessed by visual inspection of the forest plot (analysis), along with consideration of the chi-square test for heterogeneity and the I<sup>2</sup> statistic (Higgins test). Heterogeneity was considered statistically significant with p &lt; 0.1 or by the heterogeneity percentage, which was classified as low (25% or less), moderate (26% to 50%), or high (greater than 50%). Studies were also examined for methodological and clinical heterogeneity, particularly if statistically significant heterogeneity was identified.</p>
        <p>Results from comparable groups of studies were pooled using a random effects model.</p>
        <p>P values &lt; 0.05 were considered significant for all analyses.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Subgroup analysis</title>
        <p>Studies were divided into subgroups for sensitivity analysis. Subgroup analysis was performed by type of medication used in the selected studies (separating groups into LMWH/enoxaparin, UFH, fondaparinux, and bivalirudin) and by treatment indication (ACS or VTE). We also performed a sensitivity analysis including only randomized clinical trials.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ethical considerations</title>
        <p>As this was a systematic review, it was not necessary to submit the study to the Research Ethics Committee. The study protocol was previously published on the PROSPERO platform on April 30, 2021 (CRD42021243189). The study protocol is available at https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=243189.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Identification and selection of studies</title>
          <p>The database search identified 726 records, of which 97 were duplicates, leaving 629. No eligible studies were found through manual search. After the screening process with title and abstract, 20 studies were selected for full reading, of which 14 were excluded based on eligibility criteria. At the end of the selection process, 6 studies were included for qualitative analysis, as well as quantitative analysis (meta-analysis), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; PRISMA flow diagram (article selection). HIT: heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of included studies</title>
          <p>The excluded studies with their respective exclusion criteria were presented in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>. In the end, 6 studies were selected for the systematic review, of which 3 were retrospective cohorts and 3 were post-hoc analyses of randomized clinical trials (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> performed a subgroup analysis based on the combined data of the ESSENCE and TIMI 11B clinical trials, while Mahaffey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> used the SYNERGY trial database. The 3 randomized studies compared enoxaparin to UFH for the treatment of ACS. Davidson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> used data from the MATISSE clinical trials, which tested fondaparinux for the treatment of VTE, as an alternative to classic heparin treatment (UFH, enoxaparin). Details of the anticoagulant strategies adopted in each study are available in the Supplemental Results.</p>
          <p>A total of 40939 patients who received anticoagulation for the treatment of ACS or VTE, between 1994 and 2016, were included in the review, of which 35895 (87.7%) presented with ACS. In only 1 study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> the obese group represented more than half of the studied population (58.8%), while, in general, this prevalence was 34.2%. The prevalence of the male sex was 61.5%. All studies were based in the United States; however, patients were recruited from different regions of the world such as Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania. The eligibility criteria and definition of exposure of each included study can be observed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Risk of bias in the included studies</title>
          <p>Studies characterized as post-hoc analyses of randomized clinical trials presented methodological weaknesses related to known allocation and other biases, as seen in Figures 2A and 2B. In Davidson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and Mahaffey et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> there was no blinding of participants and evaluators regarding the type of intervention applied, justified by the different routes of administration and dosage of medications (UFH by intravenous route; enoxaparin and fondaparinux by subcutaneous route). Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and Davidson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> on the other hand, obtained their analyses through the merger of two randomized clinical trial databases, increasing the risk of bias in the selected sample, due to compromised randomization and adopted methodology.</p>
          <p>Regarding the cohort studies, Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> was classified as low risk of bias, totaling 9 stars. A limited follow-up period was observed in Shlensky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and Hosch et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and the latter also presented methodological weaknesses related to comparability between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Risk of bias analysis for the observational studies</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Studies</th>
                    <th>Selection</th>
                    <th>Comparability</th>
                    <th>Outcomes</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Spinler 2009</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">
                        <sup>5</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">****</td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                    <td align="center">***</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Hosch 2017</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">
                        <sup>12</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">****</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Shlensky 2020</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
                        <sup>13</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">****</td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                    <td align="center">**</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The analysis of funnel plots in Supplemental Figures 1A and 1B makes it possible to infer a low risk of publication bias for all articles included in the meta-analysis, despite the reduced number of studies included.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Main findings of the studies</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows the incidence of clinical outcomes evaluated by the studies, according to medication used, for the obese and non-obese groups. All studies included in the review assessed the rate of major bleeding during hospitalization, which was 6.0% (95% CI: 5.6% to 6.4%) in obese patients and 6.2% (95% CI: 5.9% to 6.5%) in non-obese patients. The definitions of major bleeding applied in each study are displayed in the Supplemental Results. Regarding efficacy outcomes, only 2 studies analyzed mortality at 30 to 43 days of follow-up. The mortality rate in the obese group was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.2% to 3.0%), and in the non-obese group it was 3.6% (95% CI: 3.3% to 4.0%). Only Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported recurrent myocardial infarction, while the outcome of stroke was not measured in any of the studies.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical outcomes for obese versus non-obese by type of antithrombotic used</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Studies</th>
                    <th>Anticoagulant (indication)</th>
                    <th>Outcome</th>
                    <th>Follow-up</th>
                    <th>Incidence in obese n/N (%)</th>
                    <th>Incidence in non-obese n/N (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="12">
                      <italic>Spinler 2003</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">
                        <sup>9</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="6">Enoxaparin (ACS)</td>
                    <td align="center">Death</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">24/921 (2.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">91/2595 (3.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">45/921 (4.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">125/2595 (4.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">UR</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">83/921 (9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">257/2595 (9.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Death/AMI/UR</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">132/921 (14.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">418/2595 (16.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">4/921 (0.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">41/2595 (1.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Any bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">107/921 (11.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">243/2595 (9.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="6">UFH (ACS)</td>
                    <td align="center">Death</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">23/918 (2.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">113/2563 (4.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">56/918 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">154/2563 (6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">UR</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">107/918 (11.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">308/2563 (12%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Death/AMI/UR</td>
                    <td align="center">43 days</td>
                    <td align="center">165/918 (18.0%)</td>
                    <td align="center">492/2563 (19.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">11/918 (1.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25/2563 (1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Any bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">48/918 (5.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">101/2563 (4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="4">
                      <italic>Davidson 2007</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">
                        <sup>11</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Fondaparinux (VTE)</td>
                    <td align="center">Recurrent VTE</td>
                    <td align="center">3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">22/594 (3.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">61/1560 (3.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">2/590 (0.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">23/1549 (1.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Heparins* (VTE)</td>
                    <td align="center">Recurrent VTE</td>
                    <td align="center">3 months</td>
                    <td align="center">30/622 (4.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">70/1551 (4.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">7/611 (1.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">18/1540 (1.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <italic>Spinler 2009</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">
                        <sup>5</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Enoxaparin (ACS)</td>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">513/7428 (6.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">900/11.633 (7.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="14">
                      <italic>Mahaffey 2010</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">
                        <sup>10</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="7">Enoxaparin (ACS)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Death/AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">30 days</td>
                    <td align="center">202/1585 (12.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">486/3331 (14.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">262/1585 (16.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">605/3331 (18.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">Death</td>
                    <td align="center">30 days</td>
                    <td align="center">37/1585 (2.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">119/3331 (3.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">69/1585 (4.4%)</td>
                    <td align="center">209/3331 (6.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">1 year</td>
                    <td align="center">108/1585 (6.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">269/3331 (8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Severe bleeding (GUSTO)</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">39/1585 (2.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">94/3331 (2.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding (TIMI)</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">138/1585 (8.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">308/3331 (9.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="7">UFH (ACS)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Death/AMI</td>
                    <td align="center">30 days</td>
                    <td align="center">206/1552 (13.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">515/3369 (15.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">253/1552 (16.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">628/3369 (18.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">Death</td>
                    <td align="center">30 days</td>
                    <td align="center">45/1552 (2.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">110/3369 (3.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">6 months</td>
                    <td align="center">75/1552 (4.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">182/3369 (5.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">1 year</td>
                    <td align="center">95/1552 (6.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">262/3369 (7.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Severe bleeding (GUSTO)</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">28/1552 (1.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">76/3369 (2.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding (TIMI)</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">111/1552 (7.2%)</td>
                    <td align="center">257/3369 (7.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="3">
                      <italic>Hosch 2017</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">
                        <sup>12</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="3">UFH (VTE)</td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">Bleeding event Hgb drop &#8805; 2 g/dL and &#8805; 2 units PRBC received</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">20/173 (11.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17/121 (14%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">3/173 (1.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">4/121 (3.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Thrombotic events</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">0/173</td>
                    <td align="center">0/121</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="2">
                      <italic>Shlensky 2020</italic>
                      <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">
                        <sup>13</sup>
                      </xref>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="2">UFH (VTE)</td>
                    <td align="center">Major bleeding</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">13/193 (6.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14/230 (6.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Thrombotic complications</td>
                    <td align="center">Hospitalization</td>
                    <td align="center">1/193 (0.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1/230 (0.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>ACS: acute coronary syndrome; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; GUSTO: Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries; Hgb: hemoglobin; PRBC: packed red blood cells; TIMI: Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction; UFH: unfractionated heparin; UR: urgent revascularization; VTE: venous thromboembolism. *UFH in MATISSE-PE and enoxaparin in MATISSE-DVT.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Summary of results</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Major bleeding</title>
            <p>The results of this analysis showed that the rate of major bleeding during the intra-hospital period was similar between obese and non-obese patients using parenteral anticoagulants, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>. The heterogeneity was considered moderate. The incidence of the outcome remained comparable when studies on ACS and VTE were analyzed separately, as well as when analyzed by anticoagulant (enoxaparin or UFH). The rate of bleeding was also similar between groups when analyzing randomized clinical trials separately. The forest plots of subgroup analyses are presented in Supplemental Figures 2 to 6.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Mortality</title>
            <p>Only 2 articles evaluated the incidence of death, both in the setting of ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> During a follow-up period of 30 to 43 days, the mortality rate was lower in obese patients compared to non-obese patients, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3B</xref>. The heterogeneity was considered low. It was not possible to perform an individualized analysis for each antithrombotic agent due to the small number of articles in the analysis.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Other outcomes</title>
            <p>For the other previously established outcomes (myocardial infarction and stroke), meta-analysis was not performed due to the limited number of articles. Only 1 study (Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>) evaluated the outcome of myocardial infarction alone, while the incidence of stroke was not measured in any of the studies included in the review.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Quality of evidence (GRADE)</title>
            <p>Supplemental <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> provides a summary of the assessment of the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. For the outcome of major bleeding, the evidence was initially classified as moderate, as it included both randomized and observational studies. After evaluating each domain, we judged the quality of evidence to be low, with a 1-point downgrade in the domain of risk of bias. For the outcome of mortality, the evidence was initially classified as high, as it was derived solely from randomized clinical trials. After a 1-point downgrade in the domain of risk of bias, it was classified as moderate quality. No characteristics were identified to increase the level of evidence. The detailed assessment using the GRADE method can be found in Supplemental Tables 3 and 4.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study evaluated the influence of obesity on the safety and efficacy of antithrombotic treatment after acute coronary events or VTE. We found that obesity has little or no impact on the incidence of clinical outcomes after anticoagulant therapy. Few studies reported thrombotic and death outcomes, limiting conclusions about efficacy. On the other hand, regarding bleeding events, the use of UFH, enoxaparin, and fondaparinux seems to be safe in the obese population (BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Acute coronary syndrome</title>
          <p>In the context of ACS, in the combined analysis of the ESSENCE and TIMI 11B trials, there was no difference between obese (BMI &#8805; 30kg/m<sup>2</sup>) and non-obese patients in the incidence of the composite primary outcome of death, myocardial infarction, and need for urgent revascularization or major bleeding occurrence. However, there was a trend towards a higher risk of any bleeding among those with a higher BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Furthermore, the incidence of major bleeding was similar between obese and non-obese patients treated with UFH, but it favored patients with BMI &#8805; 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> among those treated with enoxaparin (RR: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.77) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). Data from the SYNERGY trial, in which 9873 patients were randomized to receive UFH or enoxaparin, did not find a significant difference in the occurrence of death, myocardial infarction, and major bleeding associated with BMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These findings, confirmed in the present meta-analysis, support the weight-based approach without a dose cap (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>).</p>
          <p>On the other hand, Spinler et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> based on the CRUSADE registry, showed that overweight and obese patients tend to be treated with reduced doses of enoxaparin (&lt; 0.95 mg/kg), when compared to those with normal weight. In addition, it was observed that patients weighing &gt; 150 kg in this cohort, although underrepresented (n = 37), who were treated with recommended enoxaparin doses (0.95 to 1.05 mg/kg), had a higher risk of bleeding when compared to those who received a reduced dose. This might explain why this meta-analysis was not able to demonstrate a difference in bleeding rates between obese and non-obese patients. However, the small sample size and observational nature of the study preclude definitive conclusions.</p>
          <p>The OASIS-5 study showed that fondaparinux was non-inferior to enoxaparin regarding the occurrence of ischemic events after NSTEMI or unstable angina, and it was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of major bleeding and mortality at 30 and 180 days. However, there was a low representation of the obese population in the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Thus, the question about the efficacy of the fixed dose of 2.5 mg in obese patients is still uncertain. In an internal analysis, among patients who used fondaparinux, the incidence of bleeding during therapy and on day 9 was inversely proportional to body weight, and those weighing &gt; 100 kg had a better prognosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> suggesting that the safety of this treatment may not be affected by the presence of obesity. No studies were found that compared the incidence of clinical outcomes between obese and non-obese patients using fondaparinux.</p>
          <p>Regarding the outcome of mortality, the synthesis of the results of the studies by Spinler et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and Mahaffey et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> showed a tendency for a better prognosis among obese patients in the period of 30 to 43 days, a finding previously described in the literature<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> as the &#8220;obesity paradox.&#8221; The fact that obese patients are commonly younger, less frail, and have fewer risk predictors for bleeding in the moment of hospitalization may justify results related to a lower occurrence of clinical outcomes in this population group. However, the inability to perform statistical adjustments, a characteristic of our study design, makes it difficult to exclude that confounding variables and differential treatment strategies in the obese population may be the reason for the different mortality rate or even for not finding difference regarding bleeding events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Venous thromboembolism</title>
          <p>Barletta et al. compared the values of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) achieved by patients with and without morbid obesity (BMI &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), using the weight-based nomogram for the treatment of VTE. They showed that those in the higher weight group had a higher incidence of overdose and that BMI was an independent predictor of supratherapeutic aPTT values, suggesting a possible need for a dose limit for those with BMI &gt; 40 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In this scenario, two studies in this review aimed to study the influence of BMI on the efficacy and safety of UFH in patients with VTE. In Hosch et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> patients received UFH dose based on body weight, unless their weight exceeded 20% of the ideal body weight, in which case it was based on the ideal body weight. In contrast, Shlensky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> conducted the study in the scenario where all patients, regardless of weight, received the same dosage of medication based on body weight. Despite the different approaches, neither study found a difference between the three BMI classes (&lt; 30, 30 to 40, and &gt; 40 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) regarding the time required to reach the first therapeutic value of aPTT and the occurrence of bleeding during the study. Supporting the findings of Barletta et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Shlensky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> also identified a higher incidence of supratherapeutic aPTT values in the group of morbidly obese patients; however, this finding was not reflected in the occurrence of bleeding, suggesting that there is no clinical impact of BMI on the safety of UFH in VTE. However, in addition to the small sample size, the studies have the limitation of identifying bleeding events through the discharge summary, which may potentially have underestimated the number of events.</p>
          <p>Fondaparinux was tested as an alternative option to heparins (UFH and enoxaparin) in the MATISSE clinical trials, which demonstrated the non-inferiority of this medication when used in 3 weight-based doses (5.0, 7.5, and 10 mg).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Davidson et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> based on MATISSE data, showed that the results were maintained in the subgroup of obese patients (BMI &gt; 30), corroborating the findings of our present study. In our meta-analysis, despite the wide confidence interval, the results showed that obese patients using fondaparinux tended to have a reduced rate of major bleeding compared to non-obese patients (RR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.97) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3A</xref>). In MATISSE, although there was a weight-based dose adjustment in the administration of fondaparinux (5 mg for &lt; 50kg; 7.5 mg for 50 to 100 kg; 10 mg for &gt; 100 kg), all patients weighing &gt; 100 kg received the same daily dose of 10 mg, without dose progression with weight, which may be a potential bleeding protection factor for morbidly obese patients.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The present review has some limitations. Due to the high prevalence of patients with ACS (87.7%) in the studied sample, this analysis mainly concerns patients who suffered an acute coronary event, with limited conclusions about patients with VTE. The classification of bleeding events and the adopted anticoagulation strategies were diverse, limiting the combination of these data. Due to the variations in outcome definition and collection, it was not possible to perform an analysis of major combined outcomes. Furthermore, due to the inability to control for confounding variables, other factors such as the use of other antiplatelets and anticoagulants and the differences in clinical profile between obese and non-obese patients (age, sex, comorbidities) may have influenced the results obtained. The population also varied between studies. Future studies with meta-regression analysis, which could control for these variables, would be of interest. In addition, the long inclusion period of the studies (2003 to 2020), associated with significant advances in adjuvant treatment of ACS during this period, may have influenced the results. Finally, patients with grade III obesity are still poorly represented, and studies focused on this specific population are necessary.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Implications for practice and future research</title>
          <p>Our results, although hypothesis-generating, suggest that a differential anticoagulant regimen may not be necessary for obese patients with ACS or VTE. Future randomized studies in the specific population of obese patients are necessary to obtain more robust conclusions.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In patients treated for VTE or ACS, rates of bleeding were comparable between obese and non-obese patients, regardless of the anticoagulant used. The lower mortality rate observed in obese patients may represent the effect of unaccounted confounding. Subsequent studies are needed to validate these findings.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk of bias analysis for the clinical trials.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Forest plots. CI: confidence interval; M-H: Mantel-Haenszel analysis; UFH: unfractionated heparin.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01-en">
          <label>S-1</label>
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please click here Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12204/2024-0544_AO_Supplemental_Material_obesity_and_antithrombotics.pdf">http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2025/12204/2024-0544_AO_Supplemental_Material_obesity_and_antithrombotics.pdf</ext-link> </p>
          <supplementary-material id="suppl03" mime-subtype="pdf" mimetype="application" xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240544-40544-suppl01-en.pdf"/>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
