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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xnPLn49S3NSDHckWkM5dqtB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00602</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240492</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Ponto de Vista</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Valva Culpada: Um Novo Conceito para Redu&#231;&#227;o do Risco da Interven&#231;&#227;o no Portador de Doen&#231;a Valvar Grave</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6688-0536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arag&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Cintra de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4884-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-2426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Sergipe</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Aracaju</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SE</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Roberto Cintra de Azevedo Arag&#227;o &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Departamento de Medicina - Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. CEP 49100-000, Jardim Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brasil E-mail: <email>robertocaa@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240492</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiologia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="16"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, n&#227;o &#233; incomum nos depararmos com duas condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas relativamente graves que ocorrem concomitantemente e podem justificar os sintomas do paciente. Por exemplo, as associa&#231;&#245;es entre estenose a&#243;rtica e coronariopatia, ou entre estenose a&#243;rtica e insufici&#234;ncia mitral prim&#225;ria ou secund&#225;ria, ambas de grau moderado a importante, s&#227;o corriqueiras no mundo real. Diante de pacientes com baixo risco cir&#250;rgico, &#233; consenso o tratamento combinado no momento da interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, a despeito das consequ&#234;ncias desses procedimentos combinados, a exemplo do aumento da morbimortalidade cardiovascular. A t&#237;tulo de exemplo, a troca da valva a&#243;rtica (VAo), combinada com a cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, aumenta em quase duas vezes o risco de mortalidade, assim como a troca da VAo, combinada com o tratamento cir&#250;rgico da valva mitral (VMi), aumenta em mais de tr&#234;s vezes esse risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Entretanto, em pacientes que apresentam risco perioperat&#243;rio elevado, especialmente em situa&#231;&#245;es nas quais um procedimento menos invasivo isolado pode ser empregado, a tomada de decis&#227;o entre indicar um tratamento mais amplo, mas com maior morbimortalidade, comparado a um tratamento isolado, por&#233;m de menor morbimortalidade, n&#227;o &#233; trivial.</p>
    <p>Recentemente, em discuss&#245;es de Heart Team (HT), com o advento do tratamento da VAo pelo implante percut&#226;neo da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI) ou mesmo do tratamento &#8220;borda a borda&#8221; e &#8220;valve in valve&#8221; da VMi, ganhou for&#231;a a ideia de que o tratamento isolado da les&#227;o mais grave, prov&#225;vel respons&#225;vel principal pelos sintomas do paciente, tem potencial de otimizar o desfecho do paciente, reduzindo a morbimortalidade esperada e melhorando substancialmente a sua qualidade de vida.</p>
    <p>Na s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), &#233; pr&#225;tica comum tratar prioritariamente a art&#233;ria respons&#225;vel pelo evento agudo. Em um segundo momento, que pode ocorrer ainda na fase de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar ou ap&#243;s a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o do quadro cl&#237;nico, indica-se, ou n&#227;o, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o adicional de outras les&#245;es coronarianas obstrutivas. Extrapolando-se para as doen&#231;as valvares, surge o conceito de &#8220;<italic>valva culpada</italic>&#8221; e o tratamento hierarquicamente priorit&#225;rio desta. Em discuss&#245;es de <italic>Heart Team</italic>, n&#227;o &#233; raro enfrentar situa&#231;&#245;es desse tipo; sendo assim, o estabelecimento do conceito de &#8220;valva culpada&#8221;, tal como ocorre na SCA, pode trazer benef&#237;cios tang&#237;veis para tais pacientes.</p>
    <p>A doen&#231;a valvar m&#250;ltipla &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o altamente prevalente cuja incid&#234;ncia tem aumentado com o envelhecimento populacional. A condi&#231;&#227;o &#233; adquirida na maioria das vezes e est&#225; associada a uma piora no progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em pa&#237;ses onde a doen&#231;a valvar reum&#225;tica &#233; prevalente, a incid&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a multivalvar grave simult&#226;nea &#233; ainda maior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os m&#233;todos utilizados para a quantifica&#231;&#227;o de estenose e regurgita&#231;&#227;o valvar foram validados para valvopatias isoladas, o que dificulta a an&#225;lise de doen&#231;a m&#250;ltipla e imp&#245;e um desafio diagn&#243;stico e terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As intera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas dependem de combina&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas das les&#245;es valvares, gravidade e tempo do in&#237;cio de cada les&#227;o individual, condi&#231;&#245;es de sobrecarga e desempenho ventricular sist&#243;lico. As principais condi&#231;&#245;es que podem impactar no diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a valvar m&#250;ltipla s&#227;o: presen&#231;a frequente da estenose de baixo fluxo e baixo gradiente; equa&#231;&#227;o de continuidade inaplic&#225;vel quando os fluxos transvalvares s&#227;o desiguais; e les&#245;es valvares graves, podendo induzir ou aumentar as regurgita&#231;&#245;es mitral e tric&#250;spide secund&#225;rias a montante. Al&#233;m disso, m&#233;todos derivados do tempo de meia press&#227;o podem ser inv&#225;lidos na presen&#231;a de complac&#234;ncia/relaxamento alterado do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Como exemplo, a regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral funcional est&#225; presente em mais de 60% dos pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica. Ela reduz a p&#243;s-carga e o volume sist&#243;lico, podendo favorecer uma condi&#231;&#227;o de menor fluxo e baixo gradiente, com risco de subestimar a gravidade da estenose a&#243;rtica. Simultaneamente, a presen&#231;a de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral reduz a p&#243;s-carga total e aumenta a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o, podendo ocultar a disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica subcl&#237;nica. Nesses casos, a &#225;rea da VAo aparenta ser o m&#233;todo mais confi&#225;vel de avalia&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Diante desse quadro, a doen&#231;a valvar m&#250;ltipla pode ser de dif&#237;cil interpreta&#231;&#227;o, necessitando de multimodalidade de imagem e do <italic>Heart Team</italic> para melhor estrat&#233;gia diagn&#243;stica e manejo terap&#234;utico, sobretudo com a progressiva evolu&#231;&#227;o dos procedimentos por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A cirurgia valvar combinada apresenta alta taxa de mortalidade hospitalar, sobretudo nos pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda, insufici&#234;ncia renal e idade mais avan&#231;ada, popula&#231;&#227;o em que n&#227;o raro se observa a presen&#231;a da doen&#231;a valvar m&#250;ltipla.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A prefer&#234;ncia do paciente tamb&#233;m deve ser uma vari&#225;vel na escolha do caminho a ser seguido. Uma tomada de decis&#227;o que pondere, de forma mais hol&#237;stica, todos esses fatores tem o potencial real de proporcionar melhores resultados no curto, no m&#233;dio e no longo prazos.</p>
    <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica p&#243;s-TAVI de pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave e estenose mitral concomitante (&#225;rea valvar mitral (AVM) &#8804; 2,0 cm<sup>2</sup>), foi observado que metade dos pacientes melhoraram a AVM para al&#233;m de 2,0 cm,<sup>2</sup> permitindo inferir que esta havia sido superestimada (pseudoestenose mitral). Alguns preditores que sugerem a presen&#231;a de estenose mitral verdadeira s&#227;o: AVM &#8804; 1,5 cm<sup>2</sup>, distens&#227;o do anel mitral &#8804; 1 mm ou extens&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o para os folhetos mitrais anterior e posterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Diante disso, uma identifica&#231;&#227;o mais adequada dos pacientes que podem se beneficiar do tratamento combinado pode reduzir a morbimortalidade e evitar tratamentos m&#250;ltiplos desnecess&#225;rios.</p>
    <p>Por outro lado, n&#227;o corrigir uma les&#227;o valvar moderada/importante associada, situa&#231;&#227;o cada vez mais comum em pacientes idosos com estenose a&#243;rtica, os quais s&#227;o submetidos ao TAVI, requer uma integra&#231;&#227;o de fatores e individualiza&#231;&#227;o. Entendimento da hist&#243;ria natural, etiologia das valvas acometidas, expectativa de vida, comorbidades, risco cir&#250;rgico, possibilidade de reparo e viabilidade de abordagem percut&#226;nea s&#227;o informa&#231;&#245;es indispens&#225;veis para a tomada de decis&#227;o. As intera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas podem alterar a express&#227;o cl&#237;nica de cada les&#227;o singular, logo, os m&#233;dicos devem estar cientes dessas intera&#231;&#245;es que podem impactar no diagn&#243;stico. Todos esses fatores devem ser considerados na an&#225;lise do Heart Team valvar.</p>
    <p>Elderia et al. evidenciaram que uma abordagem intervencionista estagiada apresenta vantagem de sobreviv&#234;ncia no curto prazo em compara&#231;&#227;o com a cirurgia combinada para tratamento da doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria e estenose a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Um estudo recente mostrou que a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea p&#243;s-TAVI n&#227;o exp&#245;e os pacientes a maiores riscos periprocedimento e fornece uma tend&#234;ncia de resultados cl&#237;nicos favor&#225;veis em m&#233;dio e longo prazos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mesmo se houver revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica incompleta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, apesar de a taxa de sucesso do acesso coron&#225;rio p&#243;s-TAVI ser alta, a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) antes da TAVI deve ser considerada em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria (DAC) grave proximal, particularmente na s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, sintomas de angina ou les&#245;es suboclusivas, especialmente se a pr&#243;tese selecionada for supra-anular. A previs&#227;o da viabilidade do acesso coron&#225;rio futuro com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o de imagem tomogr&#225;fica pr&#233;-TAVI &#233; essencial para orientar a escolha do tipo de pr&#243;tese e da altura do implante e realizar o alinhamento comissural, sobretudo em pacientes jovens e de menor risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>As evid&#234;ncias limitadas sobre o tratamento m&#233;dico, cir&#250;rgico e intervencionista no cen&#225;rio da doen&#231;a valvar m&#250;ltipla s&#227;o enfatizadas pelo n&#237;vel C de evid&#234;ncia na maioria dos guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> dado o grande n&#250;mero de combina&#231;&#245;es poss&#237;veis de les&#245;es valvares e a dificuldade de padroniza&#231;&#227;o das condutas. Observamos que, ao se tratar uma estenose a&#243;rtica importante, reduz-se a press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular e, como consequ&#234;ncia, ap&#243;s alguns dias, pode haver revers&#227;o ou melhora da estenose mitral diante da nova configura&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica com o implante da pr&#243;tese a&#243;rtica transcateter. Assim, &#233; indispens&#225;vel uma nova avalia&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;valva n&#227;o culpada&#8221; para entendermos se a interven&#231;&#227;o ainda &#233; necess&#225;ria ou se a les&#227;o poderia ser a respons&#225;vel pela manuten&#231;&#227;o de parte da sintomatologia.</p>
    <p>Na esteira desse conceito, apresentamos alguns cen&#225;rios hipot&#233;ticos em que o tratamento estagiado ou hier&#225;rquico da &#8220;valva culpada&#8221; poderia ser &#250;til aos pacientes com risco aumentado para a cirurgia convencional (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Cen&#225;rios hipot&#233;ticos para o tratamento estagiado na doen&#231;a valvar m&#250;ltipla</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="100%">
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Estenose a&#243;rtica importante e bom candidato &#224; TAVI com: Insufici&#234;ncia coronariana obstrutiva est&#225;vel Insufici&#234;ncia mitral moderada a importante Estenose mitral moderada a importante Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide moderada a importante</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Insufici&#234;ncia mitral importante e bom candidato ao reparo borda a borda por cateter com: Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Estenose mitral reum&#225;tica importante e bom candidato &#224; valvuloplastia mitral por cateter bal&#227;o com: Insufici&#234;ncia tric&#250;spide importante</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>TAVI: implante percut&#226;neo da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, do ingl&#234;s transcatheter aortic valve implantion.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Em casos selecionados, o tratamento combinado transcateter mostra-se como uma alternativa razo&#225;vel e apresenta resultados promissores no curto e no m&#233;dio prazos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A melhor abordagem e a ordem de tratamento s&#227;o objeto de estudo devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de casos na literatura e devem, portanto, ser avaliadas caso a caso.</p>
    <p>Conclu&#237;mos que a decis&#227;o terap&#234;utica para pacientes com doen&#231;a valvar, particularmente estenose a&#243;rtica, e com alto risco cir&#250;rgico, deve levar em conta a identifica&#231;&#227;o da &#8220;doen&#231;a principal&#8221;, ou seja, aquela que est&#225; efetivamente causando os sintomas e/ou que pode impactar negativamente no progn&#243;stico precoce. Tratamentos agressivos em pacientes idosos, fr&#225;geis e/ou com m&#250;ltiplas comorbidades podem resultar em desfechos catastr&#243;ficos. O conceito de valva culpada visa racionalizar a decis&#227;o cl&#237;nica baseada na redu&#231;&#227;o do risco, optando pelo tratamento menos invasivo, com m&#225;xima efic&#225;cia no al&#237;vio dos sintomas, na redu&#231;&#227;o da morbimortalidade e na melhora da qualidade de vida dos pacientes.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
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        <mixed-citation>16. Bastos JBB Filho, Sampaio RO, Cividanes FR, Rosa VEE, Costa LPN, Vieira MLC, et al. Double Transcatheter Balloon-Expandable Valve Implantation for Severe Valve Dysfunction in High-Risk Patients: Initial Experience. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2020;31(4):461-6. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivaa142.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bastos</surname>
              <given-names>JBB</given-names>
              <suffix>Filho</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sampaio</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cividanes</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosa</surname>
              <given-names>VEE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costa</surname>
              <given-names>LPN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vieira</surname>
              <given-names>MLC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Double Transcatheter Balloon-Expandable Valve Implantation for Severe Valve Dysfunction in High-Risk Patients: Initial Experience</article-title>
          <source>Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>466</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/icvts/ivaa142</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240492i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Viewpoint</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Culprit Valve: A New Concept for Reducing the Risk of Intervention in Patients with Severe Valve Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6688-0536</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Arag&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Cintra de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4884-3379</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Barreto-Filho</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Augusto Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7566-2426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sampaio</surname>
            <given-names>Roney Orismar</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Funda&#231;&#227;o S&#227;o Lucas, Centro de Ensino e Pesquisa, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Aracaju, SE &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Roberto Cintra de Azevedo Arag&#227;o &#8226; Universidade Federal de Sergipe - Departamento de Medicina - Av. Marechal Rondon, s/n. Postal Code 49100-000, Jardim Rosa Elze, S&#227;o Crist&#243;v&#227;o, SE - Brazil E-mail: robertocaa@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Henrique Ribeiro</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiology</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>In clinical practice, it is not unusual to come across two relatively serious clinical conditions that occur concomitantly and may justify the patient&#8217;s symptoms. For example, associations between aortic stenosis and coronary artery disease, or between aortic stenosis and primary or secondary mitral regurgitation, both moderate to severe, are common in the real world. In the case of patients with low surgical risk, combined treatment is a consensus at the time of surgical intervention despite the consequences of these combined procedures, such as increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. For example, aortic valve (AV) replacement, when combined with coronary artery bypass graft surgery, increases the risk of mortality by almost twofold, just as AV replacement, when combined with mitral valve (MiV) surgery, increases this risk by more than threefold.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> However, in patients with high perioperative risk, especially when a less invasive isolated procedure can be used, the decision to indicate a broader treatment but with higher morbidity and mortality versus an isolated treatment but with lower morbidity and mortality is not trivial.</p>
      <p>Recently, in Heart Team (HT) discussions, thanks to the advent of AV treatment by transcatheter aortic valve implantion (TAVI) or even MiV &#8220;edge-to-edge&#8221; repair and &#8220;valve in valve&#8221; procedure, the idea that the isolated treatment of the most severe lesion, which is likely the main cause of the patient&#8217;s symptoms, can optimize the patient&#8217;s outcome, reducing the expected morbidity and mortality and substantially improving the patient&#8217;s quality of life, has gained momentum.</p>
      <p>In acute coronary syndrome (ACS), it is common practice to treat the artery responsible for the acute event first. At a second stage, which may occur during hospital admission or after stabilization of the clinical condition, additional revascularization of other obstructive coronary lesions may or may not be indicated. Extrapolating to valve diseases, the concept of &#8220;culprit valve&#8221; and its hierarchically prioritized treatment have emerged. In Heart Team discussions, it is not uncommon to face situations of this type; therefore, establishing the concept of the &#8220;culprit valve,&#8221; as is the case with ACS, can bring tangible benefits to these patients.</p>
      <p>Multiple valve disease is a highly prevalent condition, and its incidence has increased with population aging. The disease is acquired most of the time and has been associated with a worse prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Furthermore, in countries where rheumatic valve disease is prevalent, the incidence of simultaneous severe multivalvular disease is even higher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The methods used to quantify valvular stenosis and regurgitation were validated for isolated valvular diseases, making the analysis of multiple diseases difficult and, therefore, posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Hemodynamic interactions depend on specific combinations of valve lesions, severity, time of onset of each individual lesion, overload conditions, and ventricular systolic performance. The main conditions that may impact the diagnosis of multiple valve disease are: the frequent presence of low-flow and low-gradient stenosis; the inapplicability of the continuity equation when transvalvular flows are unequal; and severe valve lesions, which may induce or increase secondary mitral and tricuspid regurgitation upstream. Besides, methods derived from pressure half-time may be invalid in the presence of altered left ventricular compliance/relaxation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As an example, functional mitral regurgitation is present in more than 60% of the patients with aortic stenosis. It reduces afterload and systolic volume, which may favor a condition of lower flow and low gradient with the risk of underestimating the severity of aortic stenosis. At the same time, the presence of mitral regurgitation reduces total afterload and increases ejection fraction, which may hide subclinical myocardial dysfunction. In these cases, the AV area appears to be the most reliable method of assessment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In such a scenario, multiple valve disease can be difficult to interpret, requiring multimodal imaging and a Heart Team for a better diagnostic strategy and therapeutic management, especially with the progressive evolution of catheter procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Combined valve surgery displays a high hospital mortality rate, especially in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, renal failure, and older age, a population in which the presence of multiple valve disease is not uncommon.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Patients&#8217; preferences should also be a variable when choosing the path to follow. A more holistic decision-making that considers all of these factors can bring better results in the short, medium, and long term.</p>
      <p>In the post-TAVI hemodynamic assessment of patients with severe aortic stenosis and concomitant mitral stenosis (mitral valve area (MVA) &#8804; 2.0 cm<sup>2</sup>), half of the patients improved the MVA beyond 2.0 cm,<sup>2</sup> which may allow one to conclude that it had been overestimated (&#8220;pseudo&#8221; mitral stenosis). Some predictors suggesting the presence of true mitral stenosis are: MVA &#8804; 1.5 cm,<sup>2</sup> mitral annular distension &#8804; 1 mm, or extension of calcification to the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, better identification of the patients who may benefit from combined treatment could reduce morbidity and mortality and avoid unnecessary multiple treatments.</p>
      <p>On the other hand, not correcting an associated moderate/major valve lesion, a situation that is increasingly common in elderly patients with aortic stenosis who undergo TAVI, requires an integration of factors and individualization. A comprehension of the natural history, etiology of the affected valves, life expectancy, comorbidities, surgical risk, the possibility of repair, and feasibility of the percutaneous approach are critical for decision-making. Hemodynamic interactions can alter the clinical expression of each unique lesion; hence, clinicians should be aware of the interactions that may impact the diagnosis. All of these factors must be considered in the valve analysis by the Heart Team.</p>
      <p>Elderia et al. showed that a staged interventional approach has a short-term survival advantage compared to combined surgery for the treatment of coronary artery disease and aortic stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A recent study has shown that percutaneous coronary intervention after TAVI does not expose patients to greater periprocedural risks and provides a trend of favorable clinical results in the medium and long term,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> even in the case of incomplete myocardial revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Yet, despite the high success rate of post-TAVI coronary access, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) before TAVI should be considered in patients with severe proximal coronary artery disease (CAD), particularly acute coronary syndrome, angina symptoms or subocclusive lesions, especially if the selected prosthesis is supra-annular. Predicting the viability of future coronary access based on a pre-TAVI tomographic imaging assessment is key to selecting the prosthesis type and implant height and performing the commissural alignment, especially in young and lower-risk patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The limited evidence on medical, surgical, and interventional treatment in the setting of multiple valve disease is emphasized by the existence of C-level evidence in most guidelines,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> given the large number of possible combinations of valve lesions and the difficulty in standardizing procedures. We observed that, when treating major aortic stenosis, the ventricular filling pressure is reduced and, as a consequence, after a few days, there may be reversal or improvement of mitral stenosis given the new hemodynamic configuration with the implantation of the transcatheter aortic prosthesis. Thus, a new evaluation of the &#8220;non-culprit valve&#8221; would be necessary to understand whether the intervention is still necessary or whether the lesion could be responsible for maintaining part of the symptoms.</p>
      <p>Within this concept, we outline some hypothetical scenarios in which the staged or hierarchical treatment of the &#8220;culprit valve&#8221; could be useful for patients at increased risk for conventional surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Hypothetical scenarios for staged treatment in multiple valve disease</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="100%">
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe aortic stenosis and a good candidate for TAVI with: Stable obstructive coronary insufficiency Moderate to severe mitral regurgitation Moderate to severe mitral stenosis Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Severe mitral regurgitation and a good candidate for edge-to-edge repair by catheter with: Severe tricuspid insufficiency</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Significant rheumatic mitral stenosis and a good candidate for mitral valvuloplasty by balloon catheter with: Severe tricuspid insufficiency</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1001">
              <p>TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantion.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>In selected cases, combined transcatheter treatment has proven to be a reasonable alternative, with promising results in the short and medium term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The best approach and order of treatment are being studied due to the limited number of cases in the literature and, therefore, should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.</p>
      <p>In conclusion, the therapeutic decision-making for patients with valve disease, particularly aortic stenosis, as well as high-risk surgical patients, should take into account the identification of the &#8220;main disease,&#8221; i.e., the one that is actually causing the symptoms and/or that can negatively impact on early prognosis. Aggressive treatments in the elderly, frail patients, and/or patients with multiple comorbidities can result in catastrophic outcomes. The concept of culprit valve aims to rationalize clinical decision-making based on risk reduction, opting for the least invasive treatment, with maximum effectiveness in symptom relief, reduced morbidity and mortality, and better quality of life for patients.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
