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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fpSPRsWkLyLzZgsgGjFshVn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00304</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240486</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ARTIGO ORIGINAL</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Efeito da Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica na Fun&#231;&#227;o Contr&#225;til e Sintomas em Pacientes com Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0179-4661</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bassan</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3446-5741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6277-5985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guina</surname>
            <given-names>Octavio Drummond</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weigert</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gracielle Christine do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Doen&#231;as do T&#243;rax, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Fernando Bassan &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. CEP 22240-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>drfernandobassan@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Carlos E. Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>12</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240486</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>31</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#233; um fator de risco independente para piores desfechos em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC). A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM) &#233; a estrat&#233;gia terap&#234;utica padr&#227;o na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica para melhorar os sintomas e o progn&#243;stico. No entanto, os preditores de melhora ainda s&#227;o incertos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar o efeito da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e sintomas em pacientes com SCC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) reduzida, e identificar os preditores de melhora.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Analisamos, retrospectivamente, dados e condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica de 136 pacientes consecutivos com FEVE &lt;50%, submetidos &#224; CRVM. Durante o acompanhamento ecocardiogr&#225;fico, a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE foi reavaliada no curto (3,6 meses) e longo prazo (30,8 meses), e comparada com os dados basais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A FEVE m&#233;dia no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi 40,9 &#177; 8,6% e a m&#233;dia do escore do &#237;ndice de motilidade (WMSI) foi 1,99 &#177; 0,36, ambos melhorando no longo prazo para 48,1 &#177; 15,0% (p&lt;0,001) e 1,75 &#177; 0,49 (p&lt;0,001), respectivamente. Observamos que 55,7% dos pacientes apresentaram uma melhora na FEVE &#8805;10% e 58,1% no WMSI &#8805;10%. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica revelou que a doen&#231;a cerebrovascular foi a &#250;nica vari&#225;vel preditora de melhora na FEVE. No final do acompanhamento, observamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de pacientes em classe funcional III/IV em compara&#231;&#227;o ao basal (65,4 vs. 10,3% - p&lt;0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Pacientes com SCC e FEVE reduzida, submetidos &#224; CRVM apresentaram melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e no tamanho do VE, com resposta ben&#233;fica sobre a classe funcional.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Cr&#244;nica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica continua sendo a principal causa de morte no mundo, e o grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) &#233; um dos marcadores progn&#243;sticos. A etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca &#233; um importante determinante, uma vez que pacientes com isquemia mioc&#225;rdica apresentam uma menor sobrevida em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes n&#227;o-isqu&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pacientes que tiveram melhora na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) apresentaram melhor progn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRVM) &#233; indicada para uma maior sobrevida, mas o mecanismo &#233; incerto, uma vez que nem a presen&#231;a de isquemia nem a viabilidade prediz o benef&#237;cio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi analisar o efeito da CRVM sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o do VE em pacientes com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo, observacional, do tipo coorte, de pacientes consecutivos e n&#227;o selecionados, com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos &#224; CRVM entre 2013 e 2017 em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos apresentavam (1) FEVE&lt;50% avaliada por ecocardiograma no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; (2) nenhuma necessidade de interven&#231;&#227;o valvar associada ou reconstru&#231;&#227;o do VE. Uma vez que eventos isqu&#234;micos agudos possam ser um forte vi&#233;s para a recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE, tamb&#233;m exclu&#237;mos pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda dois meses antes da cirurgia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Manejo do paciente</title>
        <p>A decis&#227;o sobre indica&#231;&#227;o de CRVM foi feita pela equipe multidisciplinar composta por cardiologistas cl&#237;nicos e cirurgi&#245;es. O Euroscore II foi usado para avaliar o risco pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. Acidente vascular cerebral p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi definido como um evento novo ou em progress&#227;o que persistiu por mais de 24 horas durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio foi definido de acordo com a terceira defini&#231;&#227;o universal de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A doen&#231;a cerebrovascular foi definida como estenose da car&#243;tida &#8805;70% unilateral ou &#8805;50% bilateral. Ap&#243;s a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, os pacientes foram acompanhados regularmente no ambulat&#243;rio. Realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o de todos os pacientes no final do per&#237;odo de acompanhamento para avaliar seus status cl&#237;nico para an&#225;lise neste estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) de repouso antes da CRVM (basal), nos primeiros seis meses ap&#243;s a cirurgia (curto prazo) e ao final do seguimento (longo prazo). Os par&#226;metros do ETT foram medidos seguindo recomenda&#231;&#245;es padronizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> O escore do &#237;ndice de motilidade do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (WMSI, do ingl&#234;s <italic>wall motion score index</italic>) foi medido usando um modelo de 17 segmentos. O seguinte escore num&#233;rico foi aplicado a cada segmento da parede de acordo com sua fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til avaliada visualmente: 1=normal; 2=hipocin&#233;tico; 3=acin&#233;tico; 4=discin&#233;tico. O WMSI foi calculado como a soma de todos os escores dividida pelo n&#250;mero total de segmentos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram descritos como frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram avaliadas quanto &#224; normalidade usando o teste de Shapiro-Wilk e descritas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana e intervalo interquartil. O teste do qui-quadrado e o teste de Fisher foram usados para determinar associa&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas entre as vari&#225;veis de interesse. O teste ANOVA de medidas repetidas e o teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram usados para avaliar os dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos. O teste t pareado e o teste de Wilcoxon foram aplicados para avaliar a classe funcional.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada por <italic>stepwise</italic> foi realizada para os desfechos de interesse. As vari&#225;veis com um p-valor inferior a 0,20 na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada foram selecionadas para a cria&#231;&#227;o do modelo. Para a constru&#231;&#227;o do modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, a t&#233;cnica <italic>stepwise</italic> foi usada pelo m&#233;todo de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>backward</italic>. Para todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas, incluindo a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e a constru&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos foram conduzidas usando o programa Jamovi (vers&#227;o 2.6.13) e R (vers&#227;o 4.3.3), respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais</title>
        <p>Um total de 136 pacientes preencheram os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e foram submetidos &#224; CRVM no Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As caracter&#237;sticas basais s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia dos pacientes foi 63,5&#177;9,5 anos e 70,6% eram do sexo masculino, com FEVE m&#233;dia de 40,9 &#177; 8,6%. Hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia e diabetes eram altamente prevalentes. Na admiss&#227;o, a s&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica (SCC) foi o principal diagn&#243;stico, com mais de 65% dos pacientes em classe funcional III e IV. A avalia&#231;&#227;o da anatomia coronariana por angiografia mostrou uma elevada taxa de doen&#231;a trivascular, les&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda e da descendente anterior.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas basais dos pacientes (n=136)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, anos</td>
                  <td align="center">63,5 &#177; 9,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (70,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (91,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (58,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dislipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">102 (75)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo (atual/anterior)</td>
                  <td align="center">75 (55,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedent&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (66,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (26,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagn&#243;stico na admiss&#227;o</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana cr&#244;nica</td>
                  <td align="center">122 (89,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional CCS (escala de angina)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (5,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (28,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (45,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (19,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (10,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Classe funcional NYHA</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>I</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (21,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>II</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (14,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>III</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (28,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IV</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (35,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFGe, (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">75,9 (56,6; 91,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TFGe &lt;60 (mL/min/1,73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">48 (35,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (Kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,1 (24,8; 29,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 8,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anatomia coron&#225;ria</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LTCE &#8805; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (33,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DA &#8805; 70%</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (96,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DA proximal</td>
                  <td align="center">92 (67,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a univascular</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a bivascular</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (16,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a trivascular</td>
                  <td align="center">112 (82,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Euroscore II</td>
                  <td align="center">1,89 (1,13; 2,86)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>Dados apresentados em porcentagem, m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); CCS: Canadian Cardiovascular Society; NYHA: New York Heart Association; TFGe: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular estimada; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; MC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; LTCE: les&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; DA: descendente anterior.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A CRVM com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foi realizada majoritariamente com uso de pontes arteriais (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>); cinco (3,7%) pacientes foram a &#243;bito em 30 dias ap&#243;s a CRVM e 28 (20,9%) durante todo o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento. Uma alta taxa de infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida operat&#243;ria foi observada durante o estudo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Detalhes da cirurgia e desfechos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>n = 136</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pontes arteriais *</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (96,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total de pontes</td>
                  <td align="center">3,31 &#177; 0,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cirurgia com CEC (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (91,2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de CEC (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">98,7 &#177; 31,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade em 30 dias</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IAM p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (3,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (16,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AVC p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida operat&#243;ria</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (18,4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediastinite</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (8,8)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>*Dados incompletos de dois pacientes; dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o n (%); IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o para a interven&#231;&#227;o, observamos que os pacientes apresentavam uma taxa elevada de uso de medicamentos com impacto cardiovascular, que foi mantido ao longo do acompanhamento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Ades&#227;o ao tratamento medicamentoso dos pacientes (n=136) com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o por bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria entre 2013 e 2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Basal n = 135 (%)</th>
                  <th>Final do seguimento n = 97 (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aspirina</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (97,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">91 (93,8)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Betabloqueador</td>
                  <td align="center">129 (95,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (89,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IECA/BRA</td>
                  <td align="center">100 (74,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (83,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Estatina</td>
                  <td align="center">124 (91,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">84 (87,5)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>*Dados incompletos de um paciente; dados em n (%); IECA: Inibidor de Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina; BRA: Bloqueador de Receptor de Angiotensina</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria basal, os pacientes apresentavam extensa disfun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til regional, com volumes aumentados do VE (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Em uma m&#233;dia de 3,6 meses ap&#243;s a CVRM, a FEVE aumentou de 40,9 &#177; 8,6% para 47,0 &#177; 12,6% (p&lt;0,001) e a contratilidade regional tamb&#233;m apresentou uma melhora significativa com uma redu&#231;&#227;o no WMSI de 1,99 &#177; 0,36 para 1,80 &#177; 0,50 (p&lt;0,001). Isso representa um aumento de 17,6% na FEVE e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 12,1% no WMSI. Tais resultados tamb&#233;m foram acompanhados de uma importante diminui&#231;&#227;o nos valores medianos de volume e tamanho do VE. &#201; importante salientar que a melhora nos par&#226;metros foi observada na an&#225;lise comparativa entre o basal e o curto ou longo prazo, sem diferen&#231;as significativas entre os valores de curto e longo prazo.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de pacientes (n=136) com cardiomiopatia isqu&#234;mica submetidos &#224; cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica entre 2013 e 2017</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Curto prazo (3,6 meses) </th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal"> Longo prazo (30,8 meses) </th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE %</td>
                  <td align="center">40,9 &#177; 8,6</td>
                  <td align="center">47,0 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">48,1 &#177; 15,0</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>WMSI</td>
                  <td align="center">1,99 &#177; 0,36</td>
                  <td align="center">1,80 &#177; 0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1,75 &#177; 0,49</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSF (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">97,3 (70,0:118,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,6 (50,9:107,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">78,0 (47,7:112,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDF (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">166,6 (135,3:201,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">147,4 (123,8:180,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">147,4 (123,8:180,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSF do VE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6 (4,0:5,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 (3,5:4,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,2 (3,4:4,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDF do VE (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,8 (5,3:6,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 (5,1:6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5,5 (5,1:6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">p&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>Dados apresentados em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (intervalo interquartil); FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DDF: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final; DSF: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final; VSF: volume sist&#243;lico final; VDF: volume diast&#243;lico final; escore do &#237;ndice de motilidade (WMSI, do ingl&#234;s wall motion score index).</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme demonstrado no diagrama de Sankey, que ilustra a din&#226;mica de mudan&#231;a na FEVE durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, a melhora &#233; mais prov&#225;vel de ocorrer entre os pacientes com valores de fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o entre 30% e 40% no basal (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Diagrama de Sankey apresentando a mudan&#231;a na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (%) do basal ao seguimento de curto prazo e seguimento de longo prazo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240486-40486-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Observamos que 55,7% dos pacientes apresentaram um aumento na FEVE basal &#8805; 10% e 58,1% apresentaram aumento no WMSI &#8805;10%. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, a presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a cerebrovascular foi o &#250;nico preditor de melhoria na FEVE&#8805;10% (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Predi&#231;&#227;o de melhoria &#8805;10% na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo por regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                  <th>Beta estimado</th>
                  <th>SE</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                  <th>OR 95%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a trivascular</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,378</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68 (0,25-1,91)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE&lt;35%</td>
                  <td align="center">0,846</td>
                  <td align="center">0,53</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">2,33 (0,82-6,58)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de pontes inseridas &#8805; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,52</td>
                  <td align="center">0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">1,01 (0,36-2,79)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DA proximal &#8805;70%</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,165</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,85 (0,38-1,91)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LTCE &#8805; 50%</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,176</td>
                  <td align="center">0,41</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84 (0,37-1,88)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">0,165</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,65</td>
                  <td align="center">1,18 (0,57-2,42)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,532</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22 (0,08-0,55)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5">
                <p>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; OR: odds ratio; LTCE: les&#227;o do tronco da coron&#225;ria esquerda; DA: descendente anterior; SE: erro padr&#227;o.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica ao final do acompanhamento</title>
        <p>Nesta coorte de pacientes, observamos uma melhora significativa na classe funcional com a CRVM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>). No pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 65,4% dos pacientes eram muito sintom&#225;ticos e, ao final do acompanhamento, somente 10,3% permaneceram em classe funcional III ou IV (p&lt;0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central</label>
            <caption>
              <title>: O Efeito da Cirurgia de Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica na Fun&#231;&#227;o Contr&#225;til e Sintomas em Pacientes com Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240486-40486-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo mostrou que, em pacientes com SCC com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, a CRVM associou-se com melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE e regress&#227;o do volume e tamanho do VE. Al&#233;m disso, a classe funcional melhorou no final do acompanhamento.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios demonstraram que 30-60% dos pacientes apresentam uma melhora na FEVE&#8805; 5% ap&#243;s a CRVM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nosso estudo apresentou taxas ainda mais altas na recupera&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE. Uma vez que as medica&#231;&#245;es exercem um importante papel no remodelamento do VE, &#233; poss&#237;vel que o tratamento cl&#237;nico otimizado durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento tenha influenciado esse resultado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O momento em que houve melhora da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o &#233; um achado interessante. A melhoria na contratilidade foi sustentada no longo prazo, mas n&#227;o houve incremento adicional ap&#243;s o ganho do curto prazo. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com publica&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias, mostrando que uma resposta precoce ocorre no primeiro ano, mas sem melhorias adicionais ao longo do tempo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A coexist&#234;ncia de doen&#231;a carot&#237;dea e doen&#231;a arterial coronariana identifica um grupo de indiv&#237;duos com alta carga ateroscler&#243;tica e, portanto, com maior taxa de evento cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Visto que pacientes com doen&#231;a coronariana complexa e multivascular apresentam melhores resultados com a CRVM, isto que pode ser uma explica&#231;&#227;o para o papel da doen&#231;a cerebrovascular como um preditor de melhora na fun&#231;&#227;o do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s v&#225;rios estudos observacionais, o STICH foi o primeiro ensaio randomizado a estabelecer o valor progn&#243;stico da CRVM na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Surpreendentemente, um subestudo identificou que a redu&#231;&#227;o no volume do VE &#233; mais prov&#225;vel de acontecer naqueles submetidos a CRVM do que nos que ficaram em tratamento conservador, mas o benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o est&#225; relacionado a essa redu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Pacientes com SCC e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida submetidos &#224; CRVM apresentaram uma melhora no curto prazo, tanto na fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til como no tamanho do VE, com uma resposta ben&#233;fica no longo prazo na classe funcional.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo e observacional, com desfechos cir&#250;rgicos derivados de um &#250;nico centro. Embora o estudo tenha envolvido um n&#250;mero razo&#225;vel de pacientes, &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar que os exames de ecocardiografia n&#227;o foram padronizados e foram realizados por diferentes operadores.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</label>
        <p> Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Fernando Bassan pela Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.012.934. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240486i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effect of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery on Contractile Function and Symptoms in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0179-4661</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bassan</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Esporcatte</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3446-5741</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Correia</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Goulart</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6277-5985</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guina</surname>
            <given-names>Octavio Drummond</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Weigert</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme de Souza</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gracielle Christine do Nascimento</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Doen&#231;as do T&#243;rax, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address</label>: Fernando Bassan &#8226; Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia - Rua das Laranjeiras, 374. Postal Code 22240-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil E-mail: drfernandobassan@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Carlos E. Rochitte</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> The degree of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is an independent risk factor for poor outcomes in patients with chronic coronary syndrome. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is the standard care for the management of ischemic heart failure to improve symptoms and prognosis. However, the predictors of improvement are still uncertain.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To assess the effect of myocardial revascularization on LV function and symptoms in patients with CCS and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), as well as to identify the improvement predictors.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> We retrospectively analyzed the data and clinical status of 136 consecutive patients with LVEF&lt;50% that underwent CABG. During clinical follow-up echocardiographic LV function was reassessed at the short-term (3.6 months) and long-term (30.8 months), and compared to baseline.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Mean pre-operative LVEF was 40.9 &#177; 8.6% and wall motion score index (WMSI) was 1.99 &#177; 0.36, both improving at long-term to 48.1 &#177; 15.0% (p&lt;0.001) and 1.75 &#177; 0.49 (p&lt;0.001), respectively. We observed that 55.7% of the patients presented an improvement of LVEF&#8805;10% and 58.1% in WMSI &#8805;10%. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that cerebrovascular disease was the only variable to be predictor of LVEF improvement. At the end of follow-up, we observed a reduction in the rate of patients in functional class III/IV when compared to baseline (65.4 vs. 10.3% - p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Patients with CCS and reduced LVEF undergoing CABG experienced improvement in both LV contractile function and size, with beneficial response in functional class.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chronic Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Left Ventricular Dysfunction</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Revascularization</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Central Illustration</label>
          <caption>
            <title>: The Effect of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery on Contractile Function and Symptoms in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240486-40486-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ischemic cardiomyopathy remains the leading cause of death worldwide, and the degree of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction is one of the strongest prognostic marker. The etiology of heart failure is an important determinant, since patients with myocardial ischemia have lower survival as compared with non-ischemic patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In heart failure, patients who experienced favorable changes in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) had better prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Revascularization with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is indicated to improve survival, but the mechanism of improvement is uncertain since neither the presence of ischemia nor viability predicted the benefit.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this study, we aimed to analyze the effect of CABG on LV function in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and reduced ejection fraction.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study of consecutive, non-selected patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy that underwent CABG surgery from 2013 to 2017 in our institution. Eligible patients had (1) LVEF &lt;50% assessed by echocardiography in the preoperative period; (2) no need for LV reconstruction or associated cardiac valve intervention. Since acute ischemic events could be a strong bias for LV function recovery, we also excluded acute coronary syndrome patients with any event two months prior to surgery.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient management</title>
          <p>CABG indication has been decided at discretion of a multidisciplinary team composed of clinical cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. Euroscore II was used to assess the pre-operative risk. Post-operative stroke was defined as a new or worsening focal neurological event that persisted for &gt;24h during the hospitalization period. Post-operative myocardial infarction was defined according to the third universal definition of myocardial infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Cerebrovascular disease was defined as carotid stenosis &#8805;70% unilateral or &#8805;50% bilateral. After hospitalization, patients were followed regularly in outpatient settings. We performed a final evaluation of all patients at the end of the follow-up to check clinical status for analysis in this study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>Patients were submitted to resting transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) before the CABG (baseline), in the first six months after surgery (short-term) and at the end of the follow-up (long-term). TTE parameters were measured following standard recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> LV wall motion score index (WMSI) was measured using a 17-segment model. The following numerical score was assigned to each wall segment according to its contractile function as assessed visually: 1=normal; 2=hypokinetic; 3=akinetic; 4=dyskinetic; all defined by visual assessment. The WMSI was calculated as the sum of all scores divided by the total number of segments.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical data were described using frequency and percentage. Continuous variables were assessed for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test and described as mean and standard deviation or median with interquartile range. Chi-square and Fisher&#180;s exact tests were used to determine statistical associations between variables of interest. Repeated measures ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for echocardiographic data assessment. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were applied for functional class evaluation.</p>
          <p>Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was carried out for the outcomes of interest. Those variables with a p-value below 0.20 in the univariate logistic regression analysis were selected for the creation of the model. For the construction of the multivariate logistic regression model, the stepwise technique was used through the backward variable selection method. For all the statistical analyses, including the multivariate logistic regression analysis, a p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The statistical analysis and construction of the graphs were performed using the software Jamovi (version 2.6.13) and R (version 4.3.3), respectively.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Baseline characteristics</title>
          <p>One hundred and thirty six patients met the inclusion criteria and underwent CABG at the National Institute of Cardiology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Baseline characteristics are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Mean age of patients was 63.5&#177;9.5 years and 70.6% were male, with a mean LVEF of 40.9 &#177; 8.6%. Hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes were highly prevalent. On admission, chronic coronary syndrome was the main diagnosis with over 65% of the patients highly symptomatic, with functional class III and IV. Coronary anatomy assessment by coronariography has shown a high rate of three-vessel disease, and involvement of left main and left anterior descending artery.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline characteristics of the patients (n=136)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Characteristics </th>
                    <th scope="col">n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">63.5 &#177; 9.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male gender</td>
                    <td align="center">96 (70.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (91.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">80 (58.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Dyslipidemia</td>
                    <td align="center">102 (75)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Smoking (current/former)</td>
                    <td align="center">75 (55.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sedentary</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (66.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (26.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Admission diagnosis</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Chronic coronary syndrome</td>
                    <td align="center">122 (89.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CCS (angina scale) functional class</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (5.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (28.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">56 (45.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (19.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart failure</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (10.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA functional class</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>I</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (21.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>II</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (14.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>III</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (28.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>IV</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (35.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR, (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">75.9 (56.6; 91.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>eGFR &lt;60 (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">48 (35.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.1 (24.8; 29.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 8.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Coronary anatomy</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LMCA &#8805; 50%</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (33.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAD &#8805; 70%</td>
                    <td align="center">131 (96.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Proximal LAD</td>
                    <td align="center">92 (67.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>One-vessel disease</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (0.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Two-vessel disease</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (16.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Three-vessel disease</td>
                    <td align="center">112 (82.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Euroscore II</td>
                    <td align="center">1.89 (1.13; 2.86)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>Data are presented as percentage, mean value &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range); CCS: Canadian cardiovascular society; NYHA: New York Heart Association; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BMI: body mass index; LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; LMCA: left main; LAD: left anterior descending.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>On-pump surgery was mostly performed with arterial conduits (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>); five (3.7%) patients died within 30 days after CABG and 28 (20.9%) during the entire follow-up. A high rate of surgical infection was observed during the study.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Operative details and outcomes</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Variables </th>
                    <th scope="col">n = 136 </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Arterial conduits*</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (96.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total grafts</td>
                    <td align="center">3.31 &#177; 0.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>On-pump surgery (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (91.2)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CPB time (min)</td>
                    <td align="center">98.7 &#177; 31.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>30-day mortality</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postoperative MI</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (3.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Atrial fibrillation</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (16.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postoperative stroke</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (2.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Wound infection</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (18.4)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mediastinitis</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (8.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>*2 patients with missing data. Data are presented as mean value &#177; standard deviation or n (%). CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; MI: myocardial infarction.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medical therapy</title>
          <p>At the index hospitalization for the intervention, we observed that patients had a high rate use of medications with cardiovascular impact that was maintained throughout the follow-up (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">table 3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Adherence to drug treatment of patients (n=136) with ischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery between 2013 and 2017</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col"> </th>
                    <th scope="col">Baseline n = 135 (%)</th>
                    <th scope="col">End of follow-up n = 97 (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Aspirin</td>
                    <td align="center">132 (97.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">91 (93.8)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Beta-blocker</td>
                    <td align="center">129 (95.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">87 (89.7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ACEi/ARB</td>
                    <td align="center">100 (74.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">81 (83.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Statin</td>
                    <td align="center">124 (91.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">84 (87.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>*1 patient with missing data. Data are n (%). ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic measures after revascularization</title>
          <p>At baseline, patients presented extensive regional contractile dysfunction with enlarged LV volumes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). At a mean of 3.6 months after CABG, LVEF increased from 40.9 &#177; 8.6% to 47.0 &#177; 12.6% (p&lt;0.001) and regional contractility also presented significant improvement with a reduction in the WMSI from 1.99 &#177; 0.36 to 1.80 &#177; 0.50 (p&lt;0.001). This represents an increase of 17.6% in LVEF and a reduction of 12.1% in the WMSI. Those results were also accompanied by a major decrease in median LV volume and size. It is important to notice that those improvements are restricted to the analysis between preoperative and short-term or long-term measurements, with non-significant differences between short-term and long-term values.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic parameters of patients (n=136) with ischemic cardiomyopathy who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery between 2013 and 2017</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Variable</th>
                    <th scope="col">Preoperative</th>
                    <th scope="col"> Short-term (3.6 months) </th>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col"> Long-term (30.8 months) </th>
                    <th scope="col">p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF %</td>
                    <td align="center">40.9 &#177; 8.6</td>
                    <td align="center">47.0 &#177; 12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">48.1 &#177; 15.0</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WMSI</td>
                    <td align="center">1.99 &#177; 0.36</td>
                    <td align="center">1.80 &#177; 0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">1.75 &#177; 0.49</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ESV (ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">97.3 (70.0:118.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">78.6 (50.9:107.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">78.0 (47.7:112.8)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EDV (ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">166.6 (135.3:201.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">147.4 (123.8:180.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">147.4 (123.8:180.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVESD (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.6 (4.0:5.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 (3.5:4.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.2 (3.4:4.9)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDD (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.8 (5.3:6.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.5 (5.1:6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">5.5 (5.1:6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">p&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>Data are presented as mean value &#177; standard deviation or median (interquartile range). LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; WMSI: wall motion score index; ESV: end-systolic volume; EDV: end-diastolic volume; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>As shown by the Sankey diagrams delineating the dynamic change of LVEF over the entire follow-up, the improvement is more likely to occur among patients with ejection fraction values between 30% and 40% at baseline (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Sankey diagrams depicting the change in LVEF (%) from baseline to short and long-term follow-up.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240486-40486-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>We found that 55.7% of the patients presented &#8805;10% increase of baseline LVEF and 58.1% presented an improvement &#8805;10% of the WMSI.</p>
          <p>The logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of cerebrovascular disease was the only predictor of improvement &#8805; 10% in LVEF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate logistic regression prediction for improvement of LVEF&#8805;10%</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">Variable</th>
                    <th scope="col">Beta estimate</th>
                    <th scope="col">SE</th>
                    <th scope="col">p</th>
                    <th scope="col">OR 95%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Three vessel disease</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.378</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68(0.25-1.91)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF&lt;35%</td>
                    <td align="center">0.846</td>
                    <td align="center">0.53</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">2.33(0.82-6.58)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of grafts inserted &#8805; 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.52</td>
                    <td align="center">0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">1.01(0.36-2.79)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Proximal LAD &#8805;70%</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.165</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69</td>
                    <td align="center">0.85(0.38-1.91)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LM &#8805; 50%</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.176</td>
                    <td align="center">0.41</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84(0.37-1.88)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes</td>
                    <td align="center">0.165</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.65</td>
                    <td align="center">1.18(0.57-2.42)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cerebrovascular disease</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.532</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22 (0.08-0.55)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN5001">
                  <p>LVEF: left ventricle ejection fraction; LAD: left anterior descendent; LM: left main; OR: odds ratio; SE: standard error.</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical assessment at the end of the follow-up</title>
          <p>In this cohort of patients, we observed a significant improvement in symptoms with CABG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Figure</xref>). Preoperatively, 65.4% of patients were highly symptomatic, while at the end of follow-up, only 10.3% remained in functional class III or IV (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study has shown that in patients with chronic coronary syndrome with reduced ejection fraction, CABG was associated with improvement in LV function and regression of LV volume and size. In addition, functional class improved at the end of the follow-up.</p>
        <p>Prior studies have demonstrated that 30-60% of the patients present an improvement &#8805; 5% in LVEF after CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Our study presented even higher rates in the LV function recovery. Since medication plays an important role on LV remodeling, it is possible that optimal medical treatment during the follow-up could have influenced this result.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The timing of the LV function improvement after revascularization is an interesting finding. Contractility improvement was sustained in the long-term, but there were no additional increments after the short-term follow-up. These findings are in harmony with previous publication, showing that an early response occurs in the first year, but without additional improvements over time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The coexistence of carotid and coronary artery disease identified a group of individuals with high atherosclerotic burden and, therefore, with an elevated level of cardiovascular event.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Since multivessel and complex coronary artery disease patients have better results with CABG, this can be an explanation for the role of cerebrovascular disease as a predictor of LV function improvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>After several observation studies, STICH was the first randomized trial to establish the prognosis value of CABG in ischemic heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Surprisingly, a sub-study found that the reduction in LV volume is more likely to occur in CABG than in the conservative arm, but the revascularization prognosis benefit is not linked to this reduction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Patients with chronic coronary syndrome and reduced ejection fraction undergoing CABG experienced short-term improvement in both LV contractile function and size, with beneficial long-term response in their functional class.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective and observational study, with operative outcomes of a single center. Even though the study involved a reasonable number of patients, it is necessary to consider that the echocardiograms were not standardized and were performed by different operators.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association</label>
          <p> This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Fernando Bassan, from Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia under the protocol number 2.012.934. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
