<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">RN7f9kGTqSMwyKVCdVNvgGq</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2025000400308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="other">00308</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240464</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preditores Cl&#237;nicos e Microbiol&#243;gicos de Falha Terap&#234;utica em Infec&#231;&#245;es do S&#237;tio Cir&#250;rgico Esternal &#8211; Um Estudo Retrospectivo do Tipo Coorte</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palazzo</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Fabiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Augusto Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3516-9696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Besen</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Adler Maccagnan Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1610-7841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sambo</surname>
            <given-names>Caio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Fialkovitz da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallafrio</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Terra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gualandro</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Menosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cuello</surname>
            <given-names>Lani Paola Bonilla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3043-6978</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Rinaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa</role>
          <role>An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados</role>
          <role>Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito</role>
          <role>Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"><label>Correspond&#234;ncia</label>: Caio Sambo &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>caiosambo1912@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor respons&#225;vel pela revis&#227;o:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potencial conflito de interesse:</label>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>05</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>122</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <elocation-id>e20240464</elocation-id>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2024</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>Este &#233; um artigo de acesso aberto distribu&#237;do sob os termos da licen&#231;a de atribui&#231;&#227;o pelo Creative Commons</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> Embora as infec&#231;&#245;es do s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico (ISCs) esternal ap&#243;s cirurgias card&#237;acas sejam uma importante complica&#231;&#227;o, os preditores de falha terap&#234;utica s&#227;o pouco estudados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar preditores cl&#237;nicos e microbiol&#243;gicos de falha terap&#234;utica de ISC esternal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Pacientes que apresentaram uma ISC esternal foram retrospectivamente analisados. Foram avaliados dados relacionados a caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, achados cl&#237;nicos, achados laboratoriais e radiol&#243;gicos iniciais e tratamento da ISC &#237;ndice. O desfecho prim&#225;rio foi falha terap&#234;utica, incluindo relapso da infec&#231;&#227;o (ISC esternal cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s conclus&#227;o do tratamento) ou persist&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o (falha no tratamento ambulatorial com antimicrobiano). A microbiologia foi avaliada na infec&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice e no desfecho. Valores de p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Entre os 489 pacientes inclu&#237;dos, a idade m&#233;dia foi 58 anos, 265 (55%) eram do sexo feminino, 185 (38%) apresentaram diabetes mellitus. A preval&#234;ncia da falha terap&#234;utica foi 14% (67), ocorrendo em um tempo mediano de 174 (&#177;41) dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca &#237;ndice. As causas mais comuns foram cocos gram-positivos e <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae.</italic> Nenhum dos achados laboratoriais ou tomogr&#225;ficos tor&#225;cicos apresentados durante a ISC esternal &#237;ndice esteve relacionado ao desfecho. Ap&#243;s a an&#225;lise multivariada, <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>, Bacilos Gram-Negativos (BGN) resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos (GNB), fungos, diabetes mellitus e mediastinite /osteomielite foram preditores positivos de falha terap&#234;utica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> BGN resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos, fungos e S. aureus emergentes foram associados a um maior risco de falha terap&#234;utica na ISC esternal. Al&#233;m disso, DM e infec&#231;&#245;es profundas de les&#245;es esternais foram fatores contribuintes. Suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e o papel exato dos microrganismos multirresistentes requerem mais estudos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura Central:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Preditores Cl&#237;nicos e Microbiol&#243;gicos de Falha Terap&#234;utica em Infec&#231;&#245;es do S&#237;tio Cir&#250;rgico Esternal &#8211; Um Estudo Retrospectivo do Tipo Coorte</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>An&#225;lise multivariada de fatores associados com falha terap&#234;utica nas infec&#231;&#245;es de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico esternal.</attrib>
            <alternatives>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RN7f9kGTqSMwyKVCdVNvgGq/047edfc2d3815d960a8f2d0704517c0d0494fbd4.tif"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RN7f9kGTqSMwyKVCdVNvgGq/f9452cc56e262902613b18f2b361f9ef288cd602.png" specific-use="scielo-web"/>
              <graphic xlink:href="https://minio.scielo.br/documentstore/1678-4170/RN7f9kGTqSMwyKVCdVNvgGq/54fa20ada9dadeda4bf0572ddb8779681d377bba.jpg" specific-use="scielo-web" content-type="scielo-267x140"/>
            </alternatives>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o da Ferida Cir&#250;rgica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cirurgia Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mediastinite</kwd>
        <kwd>Falha de Tratamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A infec&#231;&#227;o em s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico (ISC) &#233; uma complica&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria importante, representando a terceira maior causa de infec&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora mais de 50% das infec&#231;&#245;es das feridas operat&#243;rias sejam preven&#237;veis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> elas representam a principal causa de interna&#231;&#227;o prolongada (com per&#237;odos de interna&#231;&#227;o mais de duas vezes mais longos), e uma das principais causas de reinterna&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Assim, a ISC constitui uma carga financeira com impacto negativo sobre a qualidade de vida e todos os sistemas de sa&#250;de, aumentando os custos em at&#233; 240%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre as ISCs, a infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida esternal &#233; um evento particularmente preocupante devido &#224; potencial r&#225;pida progress&#227;o para mediastinite.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Apesar de sua baixa incid&#234;ncia, variando entre 0,5-5,0%, a mediastinite p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica tem uma taxa de mortalidade alta, entre 15 e 47%, em contraste &#224; mortalidade geral de 2-4% por outras complica&#231;&#245;es cardiol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ainda, o tratamento da mediastinite p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica &#233; complexo, e geralmente inclui desbridamento, uso precoce e adequado de antibi&#243;ticos, e fechamento com retalho muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ISC recorrente &#233; comum, com estudos pr&#233;vios relatando uma taxa de ocorr&#234;ncia entre 2% e 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Como esses estudos focam principalmente em comparar t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e o manejo de feridas esternais, pode-se encontrar uma ampla gama de defini&#231;&#245;es de reinfec&#231;&#227;o/recorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o, o que dificulta a estimativa de sua real preval&#234;ncia. Apesar de sua import&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica, h&#225; escassez de estudos com foco em fatores de risco para recorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo &#233; avaliar preditores cl&#237;nicos e microbiol&#243;gicos para falha terap&#234;utica na infec&#231;&#227;o da ferida esternal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo conduzido em um centro de cardiologia quatern&#225;rio. Trata-se de um hospital com 70% dos leitos destinados a pacientes cir&#250;rgicos, em que s&#227;o realizadas 3800-4000 cirurgias card&#237;acas anualmente. O estudo foi aprovado pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica local (n&#250;mero 31593814.8.0000.0068); o consentimento do paciente n&#227;o foi obtido pela natureza do estudo.</p>
      <p>Entre janeiro de 2016 e dezembro de 2019, foram avaliados pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de ISC ap&#243;s serem submetidos &#224; cirurgia cardiotor&#225;cica. Pacientes com idade inferior a 15 anos ou que foram a &#243;bito durante a mesma interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar foram exclu&#237;dos. ISC esternal foi definida de acordo com <italic>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</italic> (CDC) / <italic>National Healthcare Safety Network</italic> (NHSN).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup>Todos os pacientes com evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de ISC esternal foram avaliados por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por cirurgi&#227;o pl&#225;stico, cirurgi&#227;o card&#237;aco e especialista em doen&#231;as infecciosas. A equipe de controle de infec&#231;&#245;es realiza diariamente uma vigil&#226;ncia ativa em unidades de interna&#231;&#227;o e visitas m&#233;dicas ap&#243;s a alta para a avalia&#231;&#227;o de ISC e orienta&#231;&#227;o na fase final da terapia. Protocolos institucionais recomendaram regime emp&#237;rico de antibi&#243;tico, geralmente com vancomicina e quinolona, de acordo com recomenda&#231;&#245;es internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A dura&#231;&#227;o do tratamento foi de 30 dias ou mais em pacientes submetidos a desbridamento cir&#250;rgico. Todas as mudan&#231;as nos procedimentos com antimicrobianos foram feitas de acordo com as orienta&#231;&#245;es do infectologista.</p>
      <p>O Dia 0 foi o primeiro dia de sintomas cl&#237;nicos, correspondendo ao dia de inclus&#227;o no estudo. Os pacientes foram acompanhados em consultas ambulatoriais regulares at&#233; julho de 2021.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes encaminhados a outras institui&#231;&#245;es foram contatados por telefone para verificar seus estados de sa&#250;de e convidados a comparecerem no hospital se necess&#225;rio. Mediastinite/osteomielite p&#243;s-esternotomia foi definida de acordo com os CDC/NHSN,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> caracterizando infec&#231;&#245;es de les&#245;es esternais profundas. Um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios era necess&#225;rio: (1) cultura bacteriana positiva de tecido mediastinal/&#243;sseo; (2) evid&#234;ncia cl&#237;nica de mediastinite/osteomielite durante a cirurgia; ou (3) uma das seguintes condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas &#8211; dor tor&#225;cica, instabilidade do esterno, febre (38<sup>o</sup>C) e secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta do mediastino ou achados radiol&#243;gicos sugestivos de mediastinite/osteomielite. ISC &#237;ndice foi o primeiro epis&#243;dio infeccioso na esternotomia mediana. A cirurgia card&#237;aca &#237;ndice foi a &#250;ltima abordagem card&#237;aca. Quanto ao tratamento da ISC &#237;ndice, foram avaliados desbridamento cir&#250;rgico inicial e tempo para terapia efetiva com antibi&#243;tico, definida de acordo cm o perfil de sensibilidade da bact&#233;ria. O per&#237;odo de incuba&#231;&#227;o foi definido como o per&#237;odo entre a cirurgia card&#237;aca &#237;ndice e desbridamento inicial ou o dia do in&#237;cio de um antibi&#243;tico emp&#237;rico para casos tratados n&#227;o cirurgicamente.</p>
      <p>Os dados foram coletados do registro hospitalar e os pacientes avaliados por sexo, idade e presen&#231;a de Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Dados laboratoriais foram coletados em at&#233; tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o Dia0, e dados tomogr&#225;ficos considerados v&#225;lidos se obtidos em at&#233; sete dias do Dia0. Os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com o tipo de cirurgia e se houvesse hist&#243;rico de esternotomia mediana.</p>
      <p>Somente culturas obtidas por t&#233;cnica est&#233;ril do dreno da ferida ou da bi&#243;psia tecidual foram aceitas para an&#225;lise microbiol&#243;gica. Todos os isolados bacterianos foram identificados por espectrometria de massa e a sensibilidade foi testada usando o sistema MS Vitek 2 system (BioMe &#769;rieux). Os perfis de resist&#234;ncia foram definidos de acordo com o M100-S25 do <italic>Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute</italic> (CLSI). A resist&#234;ncia aos carbapen&#234;micos foi considerada se fosse identificada resist&#234;ncia a imipenem, meropenem ou ertapenem. Outro padr&#227;o de resist&#234;ncia considerado foi o de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> resistente &#224; oxacilina. Estafilococos coagulase-negativos (ECN) e contaminantes de pele foram considerados v&#225;lidos microbiologicamente somente se estivessem presentes duas ou mais amostras obtidas em ocasi&#245;es separadas. Infec&#231;&#227;o de corrente sangu&#237;nea (ICS) foi definida de acordo com as defini&#231;&#245;es do CDC/NHSN para ICS secund&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso desfecho prim&#225;rio foi falha terap&#234;utica da ISC esternal &#237;ndice, definida como relapso da infec&#231;&#227;o (recorr&#234;ncia do quadro cl&#237;nico de ISC no esterno, com rein&#237;cio de antibi&#243;ticos ap&#243;s a resolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica), ou persist&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o (tratamento antimicrobiano ambulatorial e readmiss&#227;o hospitalar). Os pacientes que apresentaram diferentes culturas de microrganismos durante o desfecho foram considerados como reinfec&#231;&#227;o e n&#227;o como falha terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados categ&#243;ricos foram resumidos como n&#250;mero e porcentagem. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados cont&#237;nuos foi avaliada por histogramas e pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. M&#233;dias e desvios padr&#245;es dos dados com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e medianas e Intervalos Interquartis (IIQs) dos dados assim&#233;tricos foram descritos. O teste t de <italic>Student</italic> para dados assim&#233;tricos foi usado para comparar vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, e o teste de Wicoxon para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste exato de Fisher foi usado par vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Um conjunto de vari&#225;veis preditoras que poderiam estar associadas com o desfecho foi pr&#233;-definido. Realizamos um rastreamento univariado com um ponto de corte para o p-valor de 0,1. As vari&#225;veis preditoras foram inclu&#237;das em um modelo de regress&#227;o multivariada de Cox. Em seguida, realizamos um procedimento de sele&#231;&#227;o <italic>backwards</italic>, escolhendo o melhor modelo de ajuste de acordo com os Crit&#233;rios de Informa&#231;&#227;o de Akaike (AIC) e Bayesiano (AIB). Avaliamos o pressuposto de riscos proporcionais usando o gr&#225;fico log-log e res&#237;duos de Schoenfeld. A curva de incid&#234;ncia cumulativa foi constru&#237;da pelo m&#233;todo Nelson-Aalen. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos somente uma vez, no Dia0, e o tempo final definido como morte por qualquer causa ou primeira ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando o programa Stata SE 16.0; valores p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, 16 330 cirurgias card&#237;acas foram realizadas e 588 epis&#243;dios de ISC esternal (3,6%) foram identificados. Entre esses, 14% (84/588) foram exclu&#237;dos por morte durante a interna&#231;&#227;o &#237;ndice e 3% (15/588) por perda de seguimento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 1</xref>). Dos 489 restantes, o desfecho prim&#225;rio ocorreu em 14% (67/489) em uma mediana de 174 (IIQ &#177; 41,2) dias ap&#243;s a cirurgia card&#237;aca &#237;ndice. Entre eles (49/67) foram considerados relapsos de infec&#231;&#227;o, e 27% (18/67) persist&#234;ncia da infec&#231;&#227;o, com a &#250;ltima ocorrendo em 15 (IIQ &#177; 36) dias. O per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento foi de dois anos (0,002- 489). Dados cl&#237;nicos, demogr&#225;ficos e terap&#234;uticos da ISC &#237;ndice s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e a incid&#234;ncia cumulativa na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Diagrama do estudo e crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240464-40464-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo e an&#225;lise univariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas basais / Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Todos os pacientes n=489 (%) </th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> Falha terap&#234;utica n=67 (13,7%) </th>
                <th>Sem falha terap&#234;utica n=422 (86,2%)</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Idade m&#233;dia, anos &#8805;50 anos</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">58,3 (&#177;15) 377 (77,1)</td>
                <td align="center">60,8 (&#177;14) 57 (85,0)</td>
                <td align="center">57,9 (&#177;15) 10 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,93-3,57</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 0,059</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo feminino</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">265 (54,2)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (59,7)</td>
                <td align="center">225 (53,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,36</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">185 (37,8)</td>
                <td align="center">36 (53,7)</td>
                <td align="center">149 (35,3)</td>
                <td align="center">1,25-3,28</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cirurgia card&#237;aca &#237;ndice</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Bypass</italic> da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">229 (54,0)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (69,0)</td>
                <td align="center">189 (51,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,11-2,97</td>
                <td align="center">0,014</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esternotomia mediana pr&#233;via</td>
                <td align="center">54 (11,0)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (14,9)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (10,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,29</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e tratamento da ISC &#237;ndice</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Per&#237;odo de incuba&#231;&#227;o &#8805;28 dias</td>
                <td align="center">94 (19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (19,4)</td>
                <td align="center">81 (19,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dreno purulento da ferida</td>
                <td align="center">427 (88,4)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (96,9)</td>
                <td align="center">364 (87,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,08-18,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Deisc&#234;ncia &#8805; 3cm</td>
                <td align="center">52 (10,6)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (10,4)</td>
                <td align="center">45 (10,7)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Febre</td>
                <td align="center">118 (24,5)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (23,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,17</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infec&#231;&#227;o de corrente sangu&#237;nea secund&#225;ria</td>
                <td align="center">89 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">71 (16,)</td>
                <td align="center">0,99-2,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mediastinite/osteomielite</td>
                <td align="center">88 (18,0)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (32,8)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (15,6)</td>
                <td align="center">1,41-3,93</td>
                <td align="center">0,002</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Demora em iniciar antibioticoterapia efetiva &#8805; 3 dias<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">93 (19,0)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (28,4)</td>
                <td align="center">64 (17,5)</td>
                <td align="center">1,01-2,94</td>
                <td align="center">0,05</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de desbridamento</td>
                <td align="center">259 (52,9)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (62)</td>
                <td align="center">217 (51,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Achados radiol&#243;gicos</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desalinhamento anormal</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (1,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#225;stase/deisc&#234;ncia esternal</td>
                <td align="center">34 (7,0)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (6,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esclerose/eros&#227;o esternal</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">9 (2,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reabsor&#231;&#227;o do esterno</td>
                <td align="center">9 (1,8)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,5)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1,9)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pr&#233;-esternal<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">131 (26,8)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (29,9)</td>
                <td align="center">111 (26,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>P&#243;s-esternal<sup>c</sup></td>
                <td align="center">205 (42)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (43,3)</td>
                <td align="center">176 (41,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Etiologia da ISC &#237;ndice</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cultura positiva</td>
                <td align="center">337 (68,9)</td>
                <td align="center">52 (77,6)</td>
                <td align="center">285 (67,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S.aureus SARM</td>
                <td align="center">108 (22,1) 18 (3,7)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (34,3) 5 (7,5)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (20,1) 13 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,14-3,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,016 0,085</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CoNs</td>
                <td align="center">148 (30,3)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (23,9)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (31,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Streptococcus</td>
                <td align="center">11 (2,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (2,4)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,00</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>BGN BGN resistentes a</italic> carbapen&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">127 (26) 25 (5,1)</td>
                <td align="center">26 (38,8) 8 (11,9)</td>
                <td align="center">101 (23,9) 17 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,30-5,72</td>
                <td align="center">0,016 0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fungos</td>
                <td align="center">23 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (4,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,94-5,06</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Enterococcus species</td>
                <td align="center">27 (5,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (6,0)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (5,5)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,78</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contaminantes na pele</td>
                <td align="center">15 (3,1)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (4,5)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (2,8)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Valores laboratoriais no Dia 0</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">1,34 (&#177;1,1)</td>
                <td align="center">1,32 (&#177;1,32)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prote&#237;na C-reativa (mg/L)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">123,3 (&#177;90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">119,6 (&#177;96,3)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,79</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Leuc&#243;citos (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">11,022 (&#177;4782)</td>
                <td align="center">10,826 (&#177;4845)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,77</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Plaquetas (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">387.983 (&#177;131)</td>
                <td align="center">300.977 (&#177;136)</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; OR: odds ratio; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; SARM: Staphylococcus aureus resistente &#224; meticilina; ECN: estafilococos coagulase-negativos; BGN: bacilos gram-negativos; ISC: infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico; Contaminantes da pele: Cutibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium spp., Micrococcus luteus, Propionibacterium sp.; a: infec&#231;&#227;o de s&#237;tio cir&#250;rgico; b: ajuste de antibi&#243;ticos devido &#224; resist&#234;ncia bacteriana; c: cole&#231;&#227;o de fluidos e edema de tecidos moles.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva de Nelson-Aalen mostrando a incid&#234;ncia acumulada.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240464-40464-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; ISC eternal &#237;ndice, o per&#237;odo de incuba&#231;&#227;o foi de 16 dias (&#177; 10) e o tempo para a terapia efetiva com antibi&#243;ticos foi de seis dias (&#177; 2,8 dias). Um total de 259 de 489 pacientes (53%) foram submetidos a um desbridamento inicial na ISC &#237;ndice. O tempo entre D0 e o primeiro desbridamento foi de dois dias (&#177;1,5), e o tempo para o fechamento externo foi 14 dias (&#177;0,7). No subgrupo de pacientes com ISC esternal &#237;ndice classificado como mediastinite/osteomielite, 93% (82/88) foram desbridamento na ICS esternal &#237;ndice, com participa&#231;&#227;o da equipe de cirurgia pl&#225;stica em 92% (76/82) dos casos em todos, realizou-se terapia de fechamento assistido por v&#225;cuo. Entre os pacientes com falha terap&#234;utica da ICS esternal &#237;ndice, 62% (42/67) haviam se submetido a desbridamento inicial para tratamento da ICS &#237;ndice. Entre os 38% dos pacientes (28/67) que receberam uma abordagem conservadora inicialmente, 42% (12/28) foram submetidos a desbridamento tardio devido a essa falha terap&#234;utica pr&#233;via. Osteomielite ocorreu em 31% (21/67) de todos os desfechos e em 95% (21/22) das falhas terap&#234;uticas no grupo mediastinite/osteomielite.</p>
      <p>Culturas de 84% (413/489) das ISCs esternais &#237;ndices foram obtidas; 84,5% (347/413) delas eram positivas, entre as quais 6,3% (21/347) foram consideradas contamina&#231;&#227;o e foram exclu&#237;das. Os microorganismos mais comumente encontrados foram S. aureus (22%), ECN (30 %) e bacilos gram-negativos (BGN) (26%). Das BGN, <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> foram 85%, com <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> correspondendo a 41% e bact&#233;rias n&#227;o fermentadoras 21%, com <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> representando 52% delas. Infec&#231;&#245;es polimicrobianas (&#8805; 2 etiologias) ocorreram em 25% (83/347).</p>
      <p>As infec&#231;&#245;es por BGN foram as principais causas de falha terap&#234;utica, respons&#225;veis por 58% (39/67) dos desfechos. Entre as 39 ocorr&#234;ncias de falha terap&#234;utica, 29 foram classificadas como relapso de infec&#231;&#227;o e 10 como persist&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o. S. aureus foi respons&#225;vel por 59% (23/39) das falhas terap&#234;uticas, 70% (16/23) foram submetidos a desbridamento para tratamento da ISC &#237;ndice. Infec&#231;&#227;o por BGN ocorreu em 39% (26/67) das falhas terap&#234;uticas &#8211; 16 foram casos de relapso de infec&#231;&#227;o e 10 de persist&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o. <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> foram respons&#225;veis por 76% (20/26) dos desfechos, sendo 70% (14/20) por <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae.</italic> Entre os oito desfechos causados por <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos, 75% (6/8) foram causados por <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> e 25% (2/8) por <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>. Desbridamento da ISC &#237;ndice foi realizado em 100% (8/8) das falhas terap&#234;uticas em BGN resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos. Vinte e tr&#234;s infec&#231;&#245;es foram causadas por fungos e mais de 90% (21/23) foram causadas por <italic>Candida spp</italic>., com uma preval&#234;ncia de 66% (14/21) de <italic>C. albicans</italic>. Somente um caso foi devido &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic> e um devido a <italic>Trichosporon asahii.</italic> Todas as oito falhas terap&#234;uticas foram por <italic>C. albicans</italic>, sendo que 50% (4/8) foram consideradas persist&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o. O desbridamento cir&#250;rgico inicial havia sido realizado em 83% (5/6). As vari&#225;veis que continuaram estatisticamente significativas s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura Central</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Modelo multivariado de Cox dos fatores associados com o tempo para falha terap&#234;utica</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Hazard-ratio</th>
                <th>Intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%</th>
                <th>Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">2,08</td>
                <td align="center">1,28- 3,37</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S. aureus</td>
                <td align="center">1,87</td>
                <td align="center">1,11-3,17</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bacilos gram-negativos resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos</td>
                <td align="center">2,89</td>
                <td align="center">1,36-6,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,005</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fungos</td>
                <td align="center">2,47</td>
                <td align="center">1,03- 5,91</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mediastinite/osteomielite</td>
                <td align="center">1,89</td>
                <td align="center">1,11-3,21</td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo sugere um importante papel da etiologia de ISC esternal na falha terap&#234;utica, principalmente se BGN resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos estejam envolvidos. Al&#233;m disso, infec&#231;&#227;o profunda de ferida esternal e DM tamb&#233;m pioraram o progn&#243;stico da ferida.</p>
      <p>A taxa global de falha terap&#234;utica foi de 14%; escolhermos adotar uma defini&#231;&#227;o abrangente, com combina&#231;&#227;o de desfechos, enfatizando a dificuldade em se tratar ISC esternal. Recorr&#234;ncias de ISC foram discutidas em estudos pr&#233;vios comparando t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas para o manejo de feridas esternais,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> geralmente sem uma defini&#231;&#227;o clara. Um estudo retrospectivo do tipo coorte envolvendo 43 casos de mediastinite p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> apresentou um total de 31% de reinfec&#231;&#245;es, com um per&#237;odo mediano de acompanhamento de quatro anos. Neste estudo, reinfec&#231;&#227;o foi definida como uma infec&#231;&#227;o de ferida esternal profunda ap&#243;s pelo menos uma tentativa de tratamento adequado ou nova interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. Outra revis&#227;o retrospectiva de 118 mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> relatou uma taxa de reinfec&#231;&#227;o de 9%, sem especificar a defini&#231;&#227;o de desfecho. Em outro estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> 101 pacientes com mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia, confirmada por cultura, foram analisados retrospectivamente, com uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de f&#237;stula esternal de 6%. Outro estudo do tipo coorte com 92 pacientes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> relatou uma taxa de reinfec&#231;&#227;o de 9,7%. Nesse estudo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> recorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o foi definida como secre&#231;&#227;o purulenta, cultura de sangue positiva na presen&#231;a de deisc&#234;ncia esternal e sinais sist&#234;micos de sepse. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> com 267 casos de infec&#231;&#245;es de feridas esternais profundas tamb&#233;m relataram uma taxa de recorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o de 9,7%, sem uma defini&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica de recorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, em nossa popula&#231;&#227;o, a maior propor&#231;&#227;o de relapsos de infec&#231;&#227;o com uma ocorr&#234;ncia mais tardia (cerca de seis meses) &#233; compat&#237;vel com a alta taxa de osteomielite envolvida, e sugere uma poss&#237;vel invas&#227;o &#243;ssea subcl&#237;nica/n&#227;o suspeita em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira ISC esternal.</p>
      <p>DM &#233; um fator de risco reconhecido para ICS esternal, por dificultar a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e de feridas, influenciando negativamente a vasculariza&#231;&#227;o e a fun&#231;&#227;o imune.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O estudo atual refor&#231;a o papel do DM na piora do progn&#243;stico da infec&#231;&#227;o, evidenciando-o como um fator de risco para falha terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>O desbridamento cir&#250;rgico &#233; atualmente considerado a terapia principal para mediastinite p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, com o fechamento assistido por v&#225;cuo mostrando resultados favor&#225;veis quanto &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o da recorr&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Um estudo coorte<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> com 118 pacientes relatou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na taxa de reinfec&#231;&#227;o entre os pacientes tratados com fechamento assistido por v&#225;cuo em compara&#231;&#227;o aos tratados com terapia convencional, de 18% para 2,9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Uma redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de reinfec&#231;&#227;o de 60% para 10% com terapia assistida por v&#225;cuo foi observada em um estudo coorte com 43 pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Outro estudo relatou uma menor taxa de mortalidade em 90 dias quando o fechamento assistido por v&#225;cuo foi usado em compara&#231;&#227;o a t&#233;cnicas convencionais entre 101 pacientes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> mas sem diferen&#231;a significativa na recorr&#234;ncia de f&#237;stula esternal. No presente caso, mais de 90% dos casos de mediastinite/osteomielite foram tratados com desbridamento.</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s an&#225;lises microbiol&#243;gicas, <italic>S. aureus</italic> foi o segundo pat&#243;geno mais prevalente envolvido na ISC esternal, mas a causa mais prevalente de falha terap&#234;utica e um fator de risco independente dessa complica&#231;&#227;o. O NHSN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> descreveu o <italic>S. aureus</italic> como o pat&#243;geno mais comum na ISC, principalmente para cirurgias ortop&#233;dicas, obst&#233;tricas/ginecol&#243;gicas, e card&#237;acas, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 27% nessas &#250;ltimas. Um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> coorte relatando 126 casos de mediastinite p&#243;s-esternotomia encontrou uma maior propor&#231;&#227;o de ECN (46%) e <italic>S. aureus</italic> como a segunda causa principal (26%). Al&#233;m disso, 109 infec&#231;&#245;es de les&#227;o esternal tamb&#233;m apresentaram uma preval&#234;ncia um pouco mais alta (36,7%) em compara&#231;&#227;o a S. aureus (30%) em outro estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>Outro estudo do tipo coorte de 291 infec&#231;&#245;es de ferida esternal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m relatou que o <italic>S. aureus</italic> foi o segundo pat&#243;geno mais comum (16,5%), causando 80% dos casos de mediastinite p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de mais de 3500 osteomielites<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> encontrou que <italic>S. aureus</italic> esteve relacionado com um risco mais alto de falha terap&#234;utica em pacientes com osteomielite vertebral. A literatura tamb&#233;m j&#225; chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o para mediastinite causada por <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> resistente &#224; meticilina (SARM),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> por&#233;m, em nosso estudo, o papel do SARM na falha terap&#234;utica n&#227;o foi avaliado devido &#224; sua baixa preval&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Mediastinite p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica causada por fungo tem uma incid&#234;ncia que varia entre 1,6% e 7,5% nos poucos artigos existentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Uma s&#233;rie de relatos de caso de 11 pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es de feridas esternais profundas causadas por <italic>C. albicans</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> mostrou uma alta preval&#234;ncia de osteomielite: seis pacientes apresentaram osteomielite esternal, um apresentou osteomielite e mediastinite, e quatro apresentaram infec&#231;&#245;es de feridas profundas que provavelmente envolviam osso. Ainda, tr&#234;s pacientes sofreram relapso de infec&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s seis meses de terapia antif&#250;ngica efetiva. Uma revis&#227;o de 76 casos de infec&#231;&#245;es de ferida esternal causada por <italic>Candida spp</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> encontrou uma taxa de 33% de relapso de infec&#231;&#227;o, definido como reinterven&#231;&#227;o. No presente estudo, observou-se uma preval&#234;ncia de 4,7% de <italic>Candida spp</italic>. Na ISC esternal. Apesar de sua baixa incid&#234;ncia, a infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Candida spp</italic>. Parece ser um fator de risco independente para falha terap&#234;utica.</p>
      <p>BGNs resistentes aos carbapen&#234;micos emergentes s&#227;o geralmente relatadas em infec&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; sa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> principalmente em infec&#231;&#245;es associadas ao dispositivo, com poucos estudos avaliando sua participa&#231;&#227;o na ISC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Um estudo prospectivo do tipo coorte com 50 pacientes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> avaliou infec&#231;&#227;o por <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> resistente a carbapen&#234;micos em ISC abdominal e encontrou uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta associada a tumor s&#243;lido/met&#225;stase, choque s&#233;ptico e transfus&#227;o de sangue. Um estudo nacional multic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte, conduzido na Ar&#225;bia Saudita,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> mostrou uma preval&#234;ncia de 73% de ISC por BGN ap&#243;s <italic>bypass</italic> coron&#225;rio, com uma incid&#234;ncia de at&#233; 10,8% de resist&#234;ncia antimicrobiana (incluindo resist&#234;ncia a cefalosporina, carbapen&#234;micos e multidrogas). Outro estudo do tipo coorte com 33 pacientes mostrou uma taxa de mortalidade de 33% associada com mediastinite p&#243;s-cir&#250;rgica causada por BGN resistente a carbapen&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Em um estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> do tipo coorte com 142 pacientes com infec&#231;&#245;es de pele e tecidos moles causadas por <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> resistente a carbapen&#234;micos, 26 (24,5%) eram ISC, sendo o segundo tipo mais prevalente de les&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, o estudo mostrou uma taxa de mortalidade hospitalar de 15,5%, e que aproximadamente metade dos sobreviventes receberam alta para outro local para receberem suporte cl&#237;nico mais intensivo. Nosso estudo sugere que, apesar de sua preval&#234;ncia mais baixa, a infec&#231;&#227;o por BGN resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos &#233; um fator de risco para falha terap&#234;utica na ISC esternal, uma vez que foi detectada entre pacientes com alta preval&#234;ncia de desbridamento cir&#250;rgico, fechamento assistido por v&#225;cuo e terapia com antibi&#243;ticos prolongada. Esse resultado &#233; plaus&#237;vel, considerando as op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas restritas e as condi&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas mais complexas associadas a essa etiologia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Dado o seu delineamento retrospectivo, os autores n&#227;o conseguiram evitar totalmente as vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o, tirar conclus&#245;es quanto &#224; causalidade, e avaliar o status funcional ou o progresso cl&#237;nico dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, por ser um estudo unic&#234;ntrico do tipo coorte, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel alcan&#231;ar valida&#231;&#227;o externa.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de BGN resistentes a carbapen&#234;micos, fungos e <italic>S. aureus</italic> foi associada a um risco mais alto de falha terap&#234;utica da ISC esternal. Al&#233;m disso, DM e infec&#231;&#245;es profundas de les&#245;es esternais foram fatores contribuintes. Suas implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e o papel exato dos microrganismos multirresistentes requerem mais estudos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Minha sincera gratid&#227;o a todos aqueles que contribu&#237;ram para este artigo. Agrade&#231;o profundamente por todo apoio e direcionamento recebido do meu supervisor e a todos que generosamente dedicaram seu tempo e esfor&#231;o para ajudar neste projeto.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Berr&#237;os-Torres SI, Umscheid CA, Bratzler DW, Leas B, Stone EC, Kelz RR, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017. JAMA Surg. 2017;152(8):784-91. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Berr&#237;os-Torres</surname>
              <given-names>SI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Umscheid</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bratzler</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Leas</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stone</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelz</surname>
              <given-names>RR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 2017</article-title>
          <source>JAMA Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>152</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>784</fpage>
          <lpage>791</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/jamasurg.2017.0904</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Umscheid CA, Mitchell MD, Doshi JA, Agarwal R, Williams K, Brennan PJ. Estimating the Proportion of Healthcare-Associated Infections that are Reasonably Preventable and the Related Mortality and Costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32(2):101-14. doi: 10.1086/657912.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Umscheid</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Doshi</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Agarwal</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brennan</surname>
              <given-names>PJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimating the Proportion of Healthcare-Associated Infections that are Reasonably Preventable and the Related Mortality and Costs</article-title>
          <source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>101</fpage>
          <lpage>114</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/657912</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Bratzler DW, Hunt DR. The Surgical Infection Prevention and Surgical Care Improvement Projects: National Initiatives to Improve Outcomes for Patients Having Surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(3):322-30. doi: 10.1086/505220.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bratzler</surname>
              <given-names>DW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>DR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The Surgical Infection Prevention and Surgical Care Improvement Projects: National Initiatives to Improve Outcomes for Patients Having Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>43</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>322</fpage>
          <lpage>330</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/505220</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N, Hudson PM, Mitchell SA, Crosby C. Impact of Surgical Site Infection on Healthcare Costs and Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review in Six European Countries. J Hosp Infect. 2017;96(1):1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.004.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Badia</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Casey</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrosillo</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hudson</surname>
              <given-names>PM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Crosby</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Surgical Site Infection on Healthcare Costs and Patient Outcomes: A Systematic Review in Six European Countries</article-title>
          <source>J Hosp Infect</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>15</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.004</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Mazzeffi M, Gammie J, Taylor B, Cardillo S, Haldane-Lutterodt N, Amoroso A, et al. Healthcare-Associated Infections in Cardiac Surgery Patients with Prolonged Intensive Care Unit Stay. Ann Thorac Surg. 2017;103(4):1165-70. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.041.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mazzeffi</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gammie</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Taylor</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cardillo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haldane-Lutterodt</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Amoroso</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Healthcare-Associated Infections in Cardiac Surgery Patients with Prolonged Intensive Care Unit Stay</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>103</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1165</fpage>
          <lpage>1170</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.12.041</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Perrault LP, Kirkwood KA, Chang HL, Mullen JC, Gulack BC, Argenziano M, et al. A Prospective Multi-Institutional Cohort Study of Mediastinal Infections after Cardiac Operations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(2):461-8. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.06.078.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Perrault</surname>
              <given-names>LP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirkwood</surname>
              <given-names>KA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chang</surname>
              <given-names>HL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mullen</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gulack</surname>
              <given-names>BC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Argenziano</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Prospective Multi-Institutional Cohort Study of Mediastinal Infections after Cardiac Operations</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>461</fpage>
          <lpage>468</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.06.078</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Graf K, Ott E, Vonberg RP, Kuehn C, Haverich A, Chaberny IF. Economic Aspects of Deep Sternal Wound Infections. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37(4):893-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.10.005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Graf</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ott</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vonberg</surname>
              <given-names>RP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kuehn</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Haverich</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaberny</surname>
              <given-names>IF</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Economic Aspects of Deep Sternal Wound Infections</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>893</fpage>
          <lpage>896</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.10.005</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Red&#382;ek A, Mironicki M, Gvozdenovic A, Petrovic M, Cemerlic-Adic N, Ilic A, et al. Predictors for Hospital Readmission after Cardiac Surgery. J Card Surg. 2015;30(1):1-6. doi: 10.1111/jocs.12441.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Red&#382;ek</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mironicki</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gvozdenovic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Petrovic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cemerlic-Adic</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ilic</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Predictors for Hospital Readmission after Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>J Card Surg</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>6</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jocs.12441</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Broex EC, van Asselt AD, Bruggeman CA, van Tiel FH. Surgical Site Infections: How High are the Costs? J Hosp Infect. 2009;72(3):193-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.03.020.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Broex</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Asselt</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bruggeman</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>van Tiel</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgical Site Infections: How High are the Costs?</article-title>
          <source>J Hosp Infect</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>72</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>193</fpage>
          <lpage>201</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jhin.2009.03.020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Speir AM, Kasirajan V, Barnett SD, Fonner E Jr. Additive Costs of Postoperative Complications for Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients in Virginia. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(1):40-6. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.076.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Speir</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kasirajan</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barnett</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fonner</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Additive Costs of Postoperative Complications for Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Patients in Virginia</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>40</fpage>
          <lpage>46</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.03.076</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Omran AS, Karimi A, Ahmadi SH, Davoodi S, Marzban M, Movahedi N, et al. Superficial and Deep Sternal Wound Infection after More than 9000 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG): Incidence, Risk Factors and Mortality. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:112. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-7-112.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Omran</surname>
              <given-names>AS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karimi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmadi</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Davoodi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marzban</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Movahedi</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Superficial and Deep Sternal Wound Infection after More than 9000 Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG): Incidence, Risk Factors and Mortality</article-title>
          <source>BMC Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <size units="pages">112</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1471-2334-7-112</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Ridderstolpe L, Gill H, Granfeldt H, Ahlfeldt H, Rutberg H. Superficial and Deep Sternal Wound Complications: Incidence, Risk Factors and Mortality. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2001;20(6):1168-75. doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(01)00991-5.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ridderstolpe</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gill</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahlfeldt</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rutberg</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Superficial and Deep Sternal Wound Complications: Incidence, Risk Factors and Mortality</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1168</fpage>
          <lpage>1175</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1010-7940(01)00991-5</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Braxton JH, Marrin CA, McGrath PD, Ross CS, Morton JR, Norotsky M, et al. Mediastinitis and Long-Term Survival after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;70(6):2004-7. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01814-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Braxton</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Marrin</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McGrath</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ross</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morton</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Norotsky</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mediastinitis and Long-Term Survival after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2004</fpage>
          <lpage>2007</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01814-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Mahfood S, McHenry MC, Goormastic M, et al. J. Maxwell Chamberlain Memorial Paper. Sternal Wound Complications after Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Early and Late Mortality, Morbidity, and Cost of Care. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49(2):179-87. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(90)90136-t.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Loop</surname>
              <given-names>FD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lytle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cosgrove</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mahfood</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McHenry</surname>
              <given-names>MC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goormastic</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>J. Maxwell Chamberlain Memorial Paper. Sternal Wound Complications after Isolated Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Early and Late Mortality, Morbidity, and Cost of Care</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>179</fpage>
          <lpage>187</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0003-4975(90)90136-t</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Balachandran S, Lee A, Denehy L, Lin KY, Royse A, Royse C, et al. Risk Factors for Sternal Complications after Cardiac Operations: A Systematic Review. Ann Thorac Surg. 2016;102(6):2109-17. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.05.047.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Balachandran</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Denehy</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lin</surname>
              <given-names>KY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Royse</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Royse</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for Sternal Complications after Cardiac Operations: A Systematic Review</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2109</fpage>
          <lpage>2117</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.05.047</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Bryan CS, Yarbrough WM. Preventing Deep Wound Infection after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Review. Tex Heart Inst J. 2013;40(2):125-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bryan</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yarbrough</surname>
              <given-names>WM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Preventing Deep Wound Infection after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Review</article-title>
          <source>Tex Heart Inst J</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>40</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>139</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Karra R, McDermott L, Connelly S, Smith P, Sexton DJ, Kaye KS. Risk Factors for 1-Year Mortality after Postoperative Mediastinitis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;132(3):537-43. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.04.037.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Karra</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McDermott</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Connelly</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smith</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sexton</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaye</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for 1-Year Mortality after Postoperative Mediastinitis</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>132</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>537</fpage>
          <lpage>543</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jtcvs.2006.04.037</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Ottino G, De Paulis R, Pansini S, Rocca G, Tallone MV, Comoglio C, et al. Major Sternal Wound Infection after Open-Heart Surgery: A Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors in 2,579 Consecutive Operative Procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44(2):173-9. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)62035-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ottino</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Paulis</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pansini</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rocca</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tallone</surname>
              <given-names>MV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Comoglio</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Major Sternal Wound Infection after Open-Heart Surgery: A Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors in 2,579 Consecutive Operative Procedures</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>1987</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>173</fpage>
          <lpage>179</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0003-4975(10)62035-8</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Abu-Omar Y, Kocher GJ, Bosco P, Barbero C, Waller D, Gudbjartsson T, et al. European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Expert Consensus Statement on the Prevention and Management of Mediastinitis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;51(1):10-29. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw326.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abu-Omar</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kocher</surname>
              <given-names>GJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosco</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbero</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Waller</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gudbjartsson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery Expert Consensus Statement on the Prevention and Management of Mediastinitis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>10</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ejcts/ezw326</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Baillot R, Cloutier D, Montalin L, C&#244;t&#233; L, Lellouche F, Houde C, et al. Impact of Deep Sternal Wound Infection Management with Vacuum-Assisted Closure Therapy Followed by Sternal Osteosynthesis: A 15-Year Review Of 23,499 Sternotomies. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37(4):880-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.09.023.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Baillot</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cloutier</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montalin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>C&#244;t&#233;</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lellouche</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Houde</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Impact of Deep Sternal Wound Infection Management with Vacuum-Assisted Closure Therapy Followed by Sternal Osteosynthesis: A 15-Year Review Of 23,499 Sternotomies</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>880</fpage>
          <lpage>887</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.09.023</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Douville EC, Asaph JW, Dworkin RJ, Handy JR Jr, Canepa CS, Grunkemeier GL, et al. Sternal Preservation: A Better Way to Treat Most Sternal Wound Complications after Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78(5):1659-64. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.04.082.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Douville</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Asaph</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dworkin</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Handy</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Canepa</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grunkemeier</surname>
              <given-names>GL</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sternal Preservation: A Better Way to Treat Most Sternal Wound Complications after Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1659</fpage>
          <lpage>1664</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.04.082</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Sj&#246;gren J, Malmsj&#246; M, Gustafsson R, Ingemansson R. Poststernotomy Mediastinitis: A Review of Conventional Surgical Treatments, Vacuum-Assisted Closure Therapy and Presentation of the Lund University Hospital Mediastinitis Algorithm. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30(6):898-905. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.09.020.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sj&#246;gren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malmsj&#246;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gustafsson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ingemansson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Poststernotomy Mediastinitis: A Review of Conventional Surgical Treatments, Vacuum-Assisted Closure Therapy and Presentation of the Lund University Hospital Mediastinitis Algorithm</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>898</fpage>
          <lpage>905</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.09.020</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Petzina R, Hoffmann J, Navasardyan A, Malmsj&#246; M, Stamm C, Unbehaun A, et al. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Post-Sternotomy Mediastinitis Reduces Mortality Rate and Sternal Re-Infection Rate Compared to Conventional Treatment. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;38(1):110-3. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.01.028.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Petzina</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Navasardyan</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malmsj&#246;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stamm</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Unbehaun</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for Post-Sternotomy Mediastinitis Reduces Mortality Rate and Sternal Re-Infection Rate Compared to Conventional Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>113</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.01.028</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Sj&#246;gren J, Gustafsson R, Nilsson J, Malmsj&#246; M, Ingemansson R. Clinical Outcome after Poststernotomy Mediastinitis: Vacuum-Assisted Closure versus Conventional Treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79(6):2049-55. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.12.048.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sj&#246;gren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gustafsson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilsson</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Malmsj&#246;</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ingemansson</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Clinical Outcome after Poststernotomy Mediastinitis: Vacuum-Assisted Closure versus Conventional Treatment</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>79</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>2049</fpage>
          <lpage>2055</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2004.12.048</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Steingrimsson S, Gottfredsson M, Gudmundsdottir I, Sj&#246;gren J, Gudbjartsson T. Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy for Deep Sternal Wound Infections Reduces the Rate of Surgical Interventions for Early Re-Infections. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15(3):406-10. doi: 10.1093/icvts/ivs254.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Steingrimsson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gottfredsson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gudmundsdottir</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sj&#246;gren</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gudbjartsson</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy for Deep Sternal Wound Infections Reduces the Rate of Surgical Interventions for Early Re-Infections</article-title>
          <source>Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>406</fpage>
          <lpage>410</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/icvts/ivs254</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Gaudreau G, Costache V, Houde C, Cloutier D, Montalin L, Voisine P, et al. Recurrent Sternal Infection Following Treatment with Negative Pressure Wound Therapy and Titanium Transverse Plate Fixation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2010;37(4):888-92. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.07.043.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gaudreau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Costache</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Houde</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cloutier</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montalin</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Voisine</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Recurrent Sternal Infection Following Treatment with Negative Pressure Wound Therapy and Titanium Transverse Plate Fixation</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>37</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>888</fpage>
          <lpage>892</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejcts.2009.07.043</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion. Surgical Site Infection Event (SSI). Atlanta: CDC; 2022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases</collab>
            <collab>Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Surgical Site Infection Event (SSI)</source>
          <publisher-loc>Atlanta</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>CDC</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion. CDC/NHSN Surveillance Definitions for Specific Types of Infections. Atlanta: CDC; 2022.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</collab>
            <collab>National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases</collab>
            <collab>Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>CDC/NHSN Surveillance Definitions for Specific Types of Infections</source>
          <publisher-loc>Atlanta</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>CDC</publisher-name>
          <year>2022</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Weiner-Lastinger LM, Abner S, Edwards JR, Kallen AJ, Karlsson M, Magill SS, et al. Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Associated with Adult Healthcare-Associated Infections: Summary of Data Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41(1):1-18. doi: 10.1017/ice.2019.296.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weiner-Lastinger</surname>
              <given-names>LM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abner</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Edwards</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kallen</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Karlsson</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Magill</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Associated with Adult Healthcare-Associated Infections: Summary of Data Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network, 2015-2017</article-title>
          <source>Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>41</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>18</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/ice.2019.296</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. G&#229;rdlund B, Bitkover CY, Vaage J. Postoperative Mediastinitis in Cardiac Surgery - Microbiology and Pathogenesis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;21(5):825-30. doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(02)00084-2.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>G&#229;rdlund</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bitkover</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vaage</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Postoperative Mediastinitis in Cardiac Surgery - Microbiology and Pathogenesis</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>825</fpage>
          <lpage>830</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1010-7940(02)00084-2</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Lu JC, Grayson AD, Jha P, Srinivasan AK, Fabri BM. Risk Factors for Sternal Wound Infection and Mid-Term Survival Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003;23(6):943-9. doi: 10.1016/s1010-7940(03)00137-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Grayson</surname>
              <given-names>AD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jha</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Srinivasan</surname>
              <given-names>AK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fabri</surname>
              <given-names>BM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for Sternal Wound Infection and Mid-Term Survival Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2003</year>
          <volume>23</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>943</fpage>
          <lpage>949</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s1010-7940(03)00137-4</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Huang CY, Hsieh RW, Yen HT, Hsu TC, Chen CY, Chen YC, et al. Short- versus Long-Course Antibiotics in Osteomyelitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2019;53(3):246-60. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.01.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsieh</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yen</surname>
              <given-names>HT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>CY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>YC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Short- versus Long-Course Antibiotics in Osteomyelitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Int J Antimicrob Agents</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>53</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>246</fpage>
          <lpage>260</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.01.007</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Mekontso-Dessap A, Kirsch M, Brun-Buisson C, Loisance D. Poststernotomy Mediastinitis Due to Staphylococcus Aureus: Comparison of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(6):877-83. doi: 10.1086/319355.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mekontso-Dessap</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kirsch</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Brun-Buisson</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Loisance</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Poststernotomy Mediastinitis Due to Staphylococcus Aureus: Comparison of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Cases</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2001</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>877</fpage>
          <lpage>883</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/319355</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Tom TS, Kruse MW, Reichman RT. Update: Methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus Aureus</italic> Screening and Decolonization in Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(2):695-702. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tom</surname>
              <given-names>TS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kruse</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Reichman</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Update: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Screening and Decolonization in Cardiac Surgery</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>695</fpage>
          <lpage>702</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.010</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Glower DD, Douglas JM Jr, Gaynor JW, Jones RN, Oldham HN Jr. Candida Mediastinitis after a Cardiac Operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990;49(1):157-63. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(90)90382-g.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Glower</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Douglas</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gaynor</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jones</surname>
              <given-names>RN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Oldham</surname>
              <given-names>HN</given-names>
              <suffix>Jr</suffix>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Candida Mediastinitis after a Cardiac Operation</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>49</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>157</fpage>
          <lpage>163</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0003-4975(90)90382-g</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Malani PN, McNeil SA, Bradley SF, Kauffman CA. Candida Albicans Sternal Wound Infections: A Chronic and Recurrent Complication of Median Sternotomy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(11):1316-20. doi: 10.1086/344192.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Malani</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McNeil</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bradley</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kauffman</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Candida Albicans Sternal Wound Infections: A Chronic and Recurrent Complication of Median Sternotomy</article-title>
          <source>Clin Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1316</fpage>
          <lpage>1320</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1086/344192</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Arikan AA, Omay O, Kanko M, Horuz E, Yagli G, Kagan EY, et al. Treatment of Candida Sternal Infection Following Cardiac Surgery - A Review of Literature. Infect Dis. 2019;51(1):1-11. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1518583.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Arikan</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Omay</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanko</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Horuz</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yagli</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kagan</surname>
              <given-names>EY</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment of Candida Sternal Infection Following Cardiac Surgery - A Review of Literature</article-title>
          <source>Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>51</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/23744235.2018.1518583</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Mora-Guzm&#225;n I, Rubio-Perez I, Gonz&#225;lez RM, Garcia DD, Mart&#237;n-P&#233;rez E. Surgical Site Infection by Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae. A Challenge for Today's Surgeons. Cir Esp. 2020;98(6):342-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2019.11.006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mora-Guzm&#225;n</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rubio-Perez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gonz&#225;lez</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mart&#237;n-P&#233;rez</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Surgical Site Infection by Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae. A Challenge for Today's Surgeons</article-title>
          <source>Cir Esp</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>342</fpage>
          <lpage>349</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ciresp.2019.11.006</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. El-Saed A, Balkhy HH, Alshamrani MM, Aljohani S, Alsaedi A, Al Nasser W, et al. High Contribution and Impact of Resistant Gram Negative Pathogens Causing Surgical Site Infections at a Multi-Hospital Healthcare System in Saudi Arabia, 2007-2016. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):275. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-4939-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>El-Saed</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Balkhy</surname>
              <given-names>HH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alshamrani</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aljohani</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alsaedi</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Al Nasser</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>High Contribution and Impact of Resistant Gram Negative Pathogens Causing Surgical Site Infections at a Multi-Hospital Healthcare System in Saudi Arabia, 2007-2016</article-title>
          <source>BMC Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">275</size>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/s12879-020-4939-6</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Abboud CS, Monteiro J, Stryjewski ME, Zandonadi EC, Barbosa V, Dantas D, et al. Post-Surgical Mediastinitis Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Clinical, Epidemiological and Survival Characteristics. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(5):386-90. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.02.015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Abboud</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Monteiro</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stryjewski</surname>
              <given-names>ME</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zandonadi</surname>
              <given-names>EC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barbosa</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dantas</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Post-Surgical Mediastinitis Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae: Clinical, Epidemiological and Survival Characteristics</article-title>
          <source>Int J Antimicrob Agents</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>47</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>386</fpage>
          <lpage>390</lpage>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.02.015</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Henig O, Cober E, Richter SS, Perez F, Salata RA, Kalayjian RC, et al. A Prospective Observational Study of the Epidemiology, Management, and Outcomes of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4(3):ofx157. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofx157.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Henig</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cober</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Richter</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Perez</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Salata</surname>
              <given-names>RA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kalayjian</surname>
              <given-names>RC</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Prospective Observational Study of the Epidemiology, Management, and Outcomes of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Due to Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae</article-title>
          <source>Open Forum Infect Dis</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>4</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <elocation-id>ofx157</elocation-id>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/ofid/ofx157</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica:</label>
        <p> N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado:</label>
        <p> Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CAAE 31593814.8.0000.0068. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <label>Fontes de financiamento:</label>
        <p> O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20240464i</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical and Microbiology Predictors for Therapeutic Failure in Sternal Surgical Site Infections - A Retrospective Cohort Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palazzo</surname>
            <given-names>Jaqueline Fabiano</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Diego Augusto Medeiros</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3516-9696</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Besen</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Adler Maccagnan Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Statistical analysis</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1610-7841</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sambo</surname>
            <given-names>Caio</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Fialkovitz da Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gallafrio</surname>
            <given-names>Samuel Terra</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gualandro</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Menosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cuello</surname>
            <given-names>Lani Paola Bonilla</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Acquisition of data</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3043-6978</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcus Vinicius Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Strabelli</surname>
            <given-names>Tania Mara Varej&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Writing of the manuscript</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pomerantzeff</surname>
            <given-names>Pablo Maria Alberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Siciliano</surname>
            <given-names>Rinaldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <role>Conception and design of the research</role>
          <role>Analysis and interpretation of the data</role>
          <role>Critical revision of the manuscript for content</role>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><label>Mailing Address:</label> Caio Sambo &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr. Eneas Carvalho de Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: caiosambo1912@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <label>Editor responsible for the review:</label>
          <p>Alexandre Colafranceschi</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <label>Potential conflict of interest:</label>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Although sternal surgical site infections (SSI) are an important complication after cardiac surgeries, predictors of treatment failure are poorly studied.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> The aim of this study is to assess the clinical and microbiology predictors of a sternal SSI therapeutic failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Patients who presented a sternal SSI were retrospectively analyzed. Data regarding demographic characteristics, clinical findings, initial laboratory and radiologic findings and treatment of index sternal SSI were evaluated. Primary outcome was treatment failure, comprising infection relapse (clinical sternal SSI after complete treatment) or infection persistence (outpatient antimicrobial treatment failure). The microbiology was assessed at the index infection and in the outcome. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Among 489 included patients, mean age was 58 years, 265 (55%) were female, 185 (38%) had diabetes mellitus. The overall prevalence of therapeutic failure was 14% (67), occurring in a median of 174 days (&#177;41) after index cardiac surgery. Most frequent etiologies were cocci Gram-positive and Klebsiella pneumoniae. None of laboratory or thoracic tomographic findings presented during the index sternal SSI was related to outcome. After multivariate analysis, Staphylococcus aureus, carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (GNB), fungi, diabetes mellitus and presence of mediastinitis/osteomyelitis were positive predictors of therapeutic failure.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p> Emerging carbapenem-resistant GNB, fungi and S. aureus were etiologies associated with higher risk of therapeutic failure in sternal SSI. DM and deep sternal wound infections were also contributing factors. Its clinical implications and the exact role of multi-resistant microorganism itself are subject for more studies.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <abstract abstract-type="graphical">
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Central Illustration:</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Clinical and Microbiology Predictors for Therapeutic Failure in Sternal Surgical Site Infections - A Retrospective Cohort Study</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Multivariate analysis of factors associated with therapeutic failure in sternal surgical site infections.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240464-40464-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Surgical Wound Infection</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic Surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Mediastinitis</kwd>
        <kwd>Treatment Failure</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Surgical site infection (SSI) is a major postoperative complication, representing the third cause of health care-associated infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Even though more than 50% of wound infections are preventable,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> they represent the main cause of prolonged hospital stay, leading to a hospitalization period more than twice longer, and one of the main causes of hospital readmission.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, SSI constitutes a financial burden and negatively impacts quality-of-life and healthcare systems, increasing costs by up to 240%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Among SSIs, sternal wound infection is an event of special concern due to its potential rapid progression for mediastinitis. Although its low incidence, ranging from 0.5-5%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> a postsurgical mediastinitis has an associated mortality rate as high as 15-47%, in contrast to 2-4% overall mortality due to other postoperative cardiologic complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Moreover, the treatment of postsurgical mediastinitis is complex and generally includes debridement, earlier and adequate intravenous antibiotics and flap closure of mediastinum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recurrent sternal SSI is common, with an occurrence rate ranging from 2% to 60%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> As these studies mainly focus on comparing surgical techniques and management of sternal wounds, a wide range definitions of re-infection / infection recurrence can be found, which makes it difficult to assess its real prevalence. Despite its clinical importance, there is a lack of studies focused on risk factors for infection recurrence. Considering this, the aim of the current study is to assess clinical and microbiology predictors for therapeutic failure in sternal SSI.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a retrospective cohort study conducted in a quaternary cardiology center. This is a hospital with 70% of its beds for surgical patients, in which 3800-4000 cardiac surgeries are performed yearly. Ethical approval was given by the local committee (registration number 31593814.8.0000.0068). Patients&#8217; consent was not taken due to the retrospective nature of the analysis.</p>
        <p>From January 2016 to December 2019, patients diagnosed with SSIs after cardiothoracic surgery were evaluated. Patients aged under 15 years or who died during the same hospitalization were excluded. Sternal SSI was defined in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) / National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> All patients with clinical evidence of sternal SSI were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team consisting of plastic surgeon, cardiac surgeon and infectious diseases specialist. The infection control team performs daily active surveillance in inpatient units and post-discharge medical visits for SSI evaluation to guide the end of therapy. Institutional protocols recommended empiric antibiotic regimen usually with vancomycin plus quinolone, according to international recommendations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Treatment duration was at least 30 days in patients undergoing surgical debridement<sup>.</sup> All changes in antimicrobial procedures were made according to the infectologist&#8217;s instructions.</p>
        <p>Day 0 was the first day of clinical symptom, corresponding to study inclusion. Patients were followed up in outpatient clinics with regular visits until July 2021.</p>
        <p>Patients who were referred to other institutions were contacted by telephone to check their health status and invited to hospital if needed. Post-sternotomy mediastinitis/osteomyelitis were defined in accordance with CDC/NHSN,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> characterizing deep sternal wound infections. It was required at least one of the following criteria: (1) positive bacterial culture from mediastinal/bone tissues; (2) clinical evidence of mediastinitis/osteomyelitis during surgery; or (3) one of the following clinical conditions &#8211; chest pain, sternal instability, fever (38&#176;C) and purulent discharge from the mediastinum or radiologic findings suggestive of mediastinitis/osteomyelitis. Index SSI was the first infectious episode in median sternotomy. Index cardiac surgery was the last cardiac approach. Regarding index SSI treatment, initial surgical debridement and time to effective antibiotic therapy were assessed, which was established in accordance with bacterial sensitivity profile. Incubation period was defined as the period between index cardiac surgery and initial debridement or day of initiation of an empirical antibiotic for non-surgical treated cases.</p>
        <p>Data were collected from the hospital registry and patients were evaluated by gender, age and presence of diabetes mellitus (DM). Laboratorial data were collected within three days of Day0 and tomographic data were considered valid if collected within seven days of Day0. Patients were classified according to the type of index surgery and if there was any previous median sternotomy.</p>
        <p>Only cultures obtained by sterile technique from wound drain or tissue biopsy were accepted for microbiology analyses. All bacterial isolates were identified by mass spectrometry and had the sensitivity tested using the MS Vitek 2 system (BioMe &#769;rieux). Resistance profiles were defined according to M100-S25 of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Carbapenem resistance was considered if any carbapenem resistance (imipenem, meropenem, or ertapenem) was identified. Another resistant pattern of concern was oxacillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic>. Coagulase-negative <italic>Staphylococcus spp.</italic> (CoNS) and skin contaminants were microbiologically valid only if present &#8805; 2 samples drawn on separate occasions. Bloodstream infection (BSI) was defined in accordance with CDC/NHSN definitions of secondary BSI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our primary outcome was therapeutic failure of index sternal SSI, defined as: infection relapse (resumption of the clinical picture of sternal SSI, restarting antibiotic after clinical resolution) or infection persistence (outpatient antimicrobial treatment failure and hospital readmission). Patients who had a different microorganism cultured during the outcome were considered as reinfection and not taken as therapeutic failure.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical data were summarized as number and percentage. Data distribution of continuous data was assessed through histograms and the Shapiro-Wilk test. The mean and standard deviations were reported for normally distributed data, and median and interquartile ranges (IQRs) for skewed data. The unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test was used to compare normally distributed variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for non-normally distributed continuous variables. The Fisher exact test was used for categorical variables. A priori a set of predictor variables that could be associated with the outcome was defined. We performed a univariate screening with a <italic>p</italic>-value cutoff of &lt; 0.1. Those predictor variables were included in a multivariable Cox regression model. Then, a backwards purposeful selection procedure, choosing the best fitted model with Akaike and Bayesian information criteria (AIC/BIC) was used. We evaluated the proportional hazards assumption with log-log plots and Schoenfeld residuals. The cumulative incidence curve was plotted by Nelson-Aalen method. Patients were included just once, at Day0, and time-out was death by any cause or first outcome occurrence. Statistical analysis was performed using the software Stata SE 16.0. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>During the study period, 16,330 cardiac surgeries were performed, and 588 sternal SSI episodes (3.6%) were found. Among them, 14% (84/588) were excluded due to death during index hospitalization and 3% (15/588) due to loss of follow-up (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 1</xref>). Of the remaining 489, the primary outcome occurred in 14% (67/489) in a median of 174 days (IQR&#177;41.2) after index cardiac surgery. Among them, 73% (49/67) were considered infection relapses, and 27% (18/67) infection persistence, with the last occurring in 15 (IQR&#177;36) days. The mean follow-up was two years (range 0.002 - 489). Demographic, clinical and therapeutic data of index SSI are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and cumulative incidence in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Study diagram and exclusion criteria.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240464-40464-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of the study population and univariate analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Baseline Characteristic/ Variables</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">All patients n=489 (%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Therapeutic failure n=67 (13.7%)</th>
                  <th>No therapeutic failure n=422 (86.2%)</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Mean age, years &#8805;50 years-old</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">58.3 (&#177;15) 377 (77.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">60.8 (&#177;14) 57 (85.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">57.9 (&#177;15) 10 (14.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93-3.57</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 0.059</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Female</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">265 (54.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (59.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">225 (53.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.36</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes mellitus</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">185 (37.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (53.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (35.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.25-3.28</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Index cardiac surgery</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary by-pass</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (54.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (69.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">189 (51.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11-2.97</td>
                  <td align="center">0.014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous median sternotomy</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (11.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (14.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (10.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.29</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Clinical presentation and treatment of SSI index</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Incubation period &#8805;28 days</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (19.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (19.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Purulent wound drained</td>
                  <td align="center">427 (88.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (96.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">364 (87.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.08-18.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dehiscence &#8805; 3cm</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (10.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (10.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (10.7)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fever</td>
                  <td align="center">118 (24.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (31.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (23.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.17</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Secondary bloodstream infection</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 (16.)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99-2.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediastinitis/osteomyelitis</td>
                  <td align="center">88 (18.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (32.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (15.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.41-3.93</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Delay of effective antibiotics &#8805; 3 days<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">93 (19.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (28.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">64 (17.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.01-2.94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.05</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Debridment surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">259 (52.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (62)</td>
                  <td align="center">217 (51.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Radiologic findings</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sternal misalignment</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (1.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sternal diastasis/dheiscence</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (7.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (6.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sternal sclerosis/erosion</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (2.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sternal resorption</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (1.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1.9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pre-sternal<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">131 (26.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (29.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">111 (26.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Poststernal<sup>c</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">205 (42)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (43.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">176 (41.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etiology SSI</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>a</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>index</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Positive culture</td>
                  <td align="center">337 (68.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 (77.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">285 (67.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S.aureus MRSA</td>
                  <td align="center">108 (22.1) 18 (3.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (34.3) 5 (7.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (20.1) 13 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.14-3.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016 0.085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CoNs</td>
                  <td align="center">148 (30.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (23.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (31.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Streptococcus</italic> group</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (2.4)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">1.00</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>GNB GNB</italic> carbapenem-resistant</td>
                  <td align="center">127 (26) 25 (5.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (38.8) 8 (11.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">101 (23.9) 17 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.30-5.72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.016 0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fungi</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (4.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94-5.06</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Enterococcus species</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (5.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (6.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (5.5)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.78</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Skin contaminants</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">15 (3.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (4.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (2.8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Lab values at Day 0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.34 (&#177;1.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.32 (&#177;1.32)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">C-reactive protein (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">123.3 (&#177;90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">119.6 (&#177;96.3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.79</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Leukocyte (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">11.022 (&#177;4782)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.826 (&#177;4845)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.77</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Platelets (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">387.983 (&#177;131)</td>
                  <td align="center">300.977 (&#177;136)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>CI: confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; S. aureus: Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; CoNs: coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp.; GNB: Gram-negative bacilli; Skin contaminants: Cutibacterium acnes, Corynebacterium spp., Micrococcus luteus, Propionibacterium sp.; a: Surgical site infection; b: antibiotic adjustments due to bacterial resistance; c: fluid collections and soft tissue swelling.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Nelson-Aalen cumulative incidence curve.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-122-04-e20240464-40464-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding index sternal SSI, the incubation period was 16 days (&#177; 10) and time to effective antibiotic therapy was six days (&#177;2.8). A total of 259 out of 489 patients (53%) underwent an initial debridement at index SSI. Time from Day0 to first debridement was two days (&#177;1.5), and time to sternal closure was 14 days (&#177;0.7). An average of three surgical procedures were performed per patient. In the subgroup of patients with index sternal SSI classified as mediastinitis/osteomyelitis, 93% (82/88) were debridement at index sternal SSI, with participation of plastic surgeons in 92% (76/82) of the cases; in all of them, vacuum-assisted closure was performed. Among patients with therapeutic failure of index sternal SSI, 62% (42/67) had undergone initial debridement for index SSI treatment. Among the 38% (28/67) who initially had a conservative approach, 42% (12/28) had late debridement due to this previous therapeutic failure. Osteomyelitis occurred in 31% (21/67) of all outcomes and in 95% (21/22) of therapeutic failures in the mediastinitis/osteomyelitis group.</p>
        <p>A total of 84% (413/489) index sternal SSIs were cultured; 84.5% (347/413) of them were positive, among which 6.3% (21/347) were considered contamination and excluded. The most common microorganisms were S. aureus (22%), coagulase-negative staphylococci (30%) and gram-negative bacilli (GNB) (26%). Of GNB, <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> were 85%, with <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> 41% <italic>and</italic> non-fermenting 21%, with <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic> representing 52% of them. Polymicrobial infections (&#8805; 2 etiologies) occurred in 25% (83/347).</p>
        <p>Gram-positive infections were the main attributed cause of therapeutic failure, accounting for 58% (39/67) of outcomes. Among the 39 therapeutic failures, 29 were classified as infection relapse and 10 as infection persistence. <italic>S. aureus</italic> was responsible for 59% (23/39) of therapeutic failures, 70% (16/23) had undergone debridement for treatment of index SSI. GNB occurred in 39% (26/67) of therapeutic failures &#8211; 16 were infection relapse and 10 infection persistence. <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> were responsible for 76% (20/26) of outcomes, 70% (14/20) of these due to <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae.</italic> Among the eight outcomes caused by carbapenem-resistant <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic>, 75% (6/8) were <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic> and 25% (2/8) were <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>. Debridement of index SSI was performed in 100% (8/8) of therapeutics failures in GNB carbapenem-resistant. Fungal etiology occurred in 23 infections and more than 90% (21/23) were due to <italic>Candida spp</italic>., with a prevalence of 66% (14/21) of <italic>C. albicans</italic>. Only one case was due to <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic> and 1 due to <italic>Trichosporon asahii.</italic> All the eight therapeutic failures were due to <italic>C. albicans</italic>, 50% (4/8) of them being considered infection persistence. Initial surgical debridement had been performed in 83% (5/6). The variables that remained statistically significant are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Central Illustration</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Multivariable Cox model of factors associated with time to therapeutic failure</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Hazard-ratio</th>
                  <th>95% Conf. Interval</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">2.08</td>
                  <td align="center">1.28- 3.37</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S. aureus</td>
                  <td align="center">1.87</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11-3.17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacilli</td>
                  <td align="center">2.89</td>
                  <td align="center">1.36-6.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fungi</td>
                  <td align="center">2.47</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03- 5.91</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mediastinitis/osteomyelitis</td>
                  <td align="center">1.89</td>
                  <td align="center">1.11-3.21</td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study suggests an important role of etiology of sternal SSI on treatment failure, mainly if emergent GNB carbapenem-resistant are involved. Additionally, deep sternal wound infection and DM also worsened the infection&#8217;s prognosis.</p>
        <p>The overall rate of therapeutic failure was 14%; we chose to adopt a combination of outcomes to define therapeutic failure, to focus on the difficulty in treating sternal SSI. Sternal SSI recurrences were discussed in previous studies comparing surgical techniques for management of sternal wounds,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> frequently without a clear definition. A retrospective cohort study involving 43 cases of post-surgical mediastinitis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> showed a rate of 31% of re-infections with a median follow-up of four years. In this study, re-infection was defined as a deep sternal wound infection after at least one adequate treatment attempt or new surgical intervention after hospital discharge. Another retrospective review of 118 poststernotomy mediastinitis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> reported a 9% reinfection rate, without specifying the outcome definition. In another study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> 101 patients with post-sternotomy mediastinitis, confirmed by culture, were retrospectively analyzed, with 6% of sternal fistula recurrence. Another cohort study of 92 patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> reported a 9.7% recurrence infection. In this study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> infection recurrence was defined as purulent discharge, positive blood culture in the presence of sternal dehiscence and systemic signs of sepsis. Similarly, one study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> with 267 cases of deep sternal wound infections also reported a 9.7% infection recurrence, without a specific infection recurrence definition. Moreover, in our population, the higher proportion of infection relapses with a late occurrence (around six months) is compatible with the high rate of osteomyelitis involved and suggests a scenario of possible subclinical / unsuspected bone invasion regarding the first sternal SSI.</p>
        <p>DM is a well-recognized host risk factor for sternal SSI by its impairing wound and bone healing, negatively influencing vascularity and immune function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>The current study reinforces its role in worsening infection prognosis by showing it as a risk factor for therapeutic failure.</p>
        <p>Surgical debridement is nowadays understood as the mainstay therapy for postoperative mediastinitis, with vacuum-assisted therapy showing favorable results regarding lowering infection recurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> One cohort study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> of 118 patients reported a significantly reduced re-infection rate among patients treated with vacuum-assisted therapy compared to those treated to conventional therapy, from 18% to 2.9%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A lowering in re-infection rate from 60% to 10% with vacuum-assisted therapy was seen in a cohort study with 43 patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Another study reported lower 90-day mortality when vacuum was used compared to conventional techniques among 101 patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> but no significant difference in sternal fistula recurrence. In the current case, more than 90% of mediastinitis/osteomyelitis were treated with debridement.</p>
        <p>Regarding the microbiology analyses, <italic>S. aureus</italic> was the second most prevalent pathogen involved in sternal SSI, but the most prevalent etiology of therapeutic failure and an independent risk factor for this complication. The NHSN<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> described <italic>S. aureus</italic> as the most common pathogen for all SSIs, mainly for orthopedic, obstetric/gynecologic, and cardiac surgeries, with an incidence of 27% in the last one. A cohort study reporting 126 cases of post-sternotomy mediastinitis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> found a higher proportion of CoNS (46%) and S. aureus as the second main etiology (26%). Simillary,109 sternal wound infections also presented a slightly high prevalence of CoNs (36.7%) compared to <italic>S. aureus</italic> (30%) in another study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Another cohort study of 291 sternal wound infections<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> also reported <italic>S. aureus</italic> as the second most common pathogen (16.5%), causing 80% of postsurgical mediastinitis. A systematic review of more than 3500 osteomyelitis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> found that <italic>S. aureus</italic> was related to a higher risk of treatment failure in patients with vertebral osteomyelitis. Literature has also drawn attention to mediastinitis caused by methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> however, in our study, the role of MRSA in therapeutic failure was not assessed due to its low prevalence.</p>
        <p>Postoperative fungal mediastinitis has an incidence ranging from 1.6-7.5% in the few existing reports.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> A serial case report of 11 patients with deep sternal wound infections due to <italic>C. albicans</italic><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> showed a high prevalence of osteomyelitis: six patients had sternal osteomyelitis, one had osteomyelitis and mediastinitis, and four had deep wound infections that probably involved bone. Moreover, three patients experienced infection relapse after six months of antifungal effective therapy. A review of 76 cases of sternal wound infections due to <italic>Candida</italic> spp.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> found a 33% primary infection relapse, defined as re-intervention. In the present study, there was a prevalence of 4.7% of <italic>Candida</italic> spp. in sternal SSI. Although its low incidence, it appears as an independent risk factor for therapeutic failure.</p>
        <p>Emerging carbapenem-resistant GNBs are generally reported in health-associated infections,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> mainly in device-associated infections, with few studies assessing its participation in SSI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A prospective cohort study of 50 patients<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> assessed carbapenem-resistant <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic> infection in abdominal SSI and found a higher mortality rate associated with solid tumor/metastasis, septic shock and blood transfusion. A multicenter national cohort study conducted in Saudi Arabia<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> showed a 73% prevalence of SSI due to GNB after coronary-bypass, with an incidence of up to 10.8% antimicrobial resistance (including cephalosporin, carbapenem and multidrug resistance patterns). Another cohort study with 33 patients exhibited 33% mortality rate associated with post-surgical mediastinitis caused by carbapenem-resistant GNB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In a cohort study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> with 142 patients with skin and soft tissue infection due to carbapenem resistant <italic>Enterobacteriaceae</italic>, 26 (24.5%) were SSI, which was the second most prevalent wound type. Besides, it showed a 15.5% intra-hospital mortality, and approximately one-half of survivors were discharged to a location to receive higher level supportive care. Our study suggests that, despite its low prevalence, carbapenem-resistant GNB infection is a risk factor for sternal SSI therapeutic failure, as it was detected among patients with high prevalence of surgical debridement, vacuum-assisted closure and prolonged antibiotic therapy. This result is plausible, considering the restricted therapeutic options and more complex clinical conditions associated with this etiology.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Given the retrospective design, the authors were unable to fully account for confounding variables, draw conclusions regarding causality and assess patients&#8217; functional status and clinical progress. As a single center cohort, external validation could not be achieved.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Emerging carbapenem-resistant GNB, fungi and <italic>S. aureus</italic> were associated with higher risk of therapeutic failure in sternal SSI. In addition, DM and deep sternal wound infections were also contributing factors. Its clinical implications and the exact role of multi-resistant microorganisms should be further investigated.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>To all of those who have contributed to this research paper, my sincere gratitude. I am deeply grateful for all the support and guidance during this research from my supervisor and to all of those who generously gave their time and effort to help this project.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Study association:</label>
          <p> This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Ethics approval and consent to participate:</label>
          <p> This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo under the protocol number CAAE 31593814.8.0000.0068. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <label>Sources of funding:</label>
          <p> There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
